CHAPTERI

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

A.Backgr
ound

Engl
i
shasoneoft
hel
anguageusedasat
oolofshar
ing

i
deasorget
ti
ngi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom ot
herpeopl
ear
oundt
hewor
ld.I
t

hasbeenbecomi
ngt
hei
nter
nat
ionall
anguaget
hati
swi
del
yused

i
nwr
it
ingandspeaki
ngal
lovert
hewor
ld.Ther
ear
efourski
l
lst
hat

shoul
d be mast
ered by st
udent
sinl
ear
ning Engl
i
sh.They ar
e

l
i
steni
ng,speaki
ng,r
eadi
ng and wr
it
ing.Wr
it
ing as a ski
l
lfor

l
ear
ningEngl
i
shmustber
equi
redf
oracademi
candwor
kpl
acet
ext
.

The l
ear
ner
scoul
d use accept
abl
e gr
ammar
,convent
ions,and

l
exi
calchoi
cest
ofor
mideasandt
hought
sinEngl
i
shasaf
orei
gn

l
anguagei
ntoani
ntel
l
igi
blet
ext
.

Accor
dingt
oHar
mer(
2004)
,thr
oughwr
it
ingst
udent
sar
e

abl
eto expr
ess t
hei
rideas,t
houghtand f
eel
i
ng i
nto wr
it
ten

symbol
s.I
nfactt
he l
ear
ner
s encount
ered some pr
obl
ems i
n

wr
it
ing some genr
es oft
ext
.Per
haps,t
hei
rmi
stakes wer
ea

compl
etel
yinadequat
eessay,di
sor
gani
zedoft
hei
rcomposi
ti
on,

uni
ntel
l
igi
ble sent
ence st
ruct
ure,di
sregar
dfor Engl
i
sh wr
it
ing

convent
ions,and i
nappr
opr
iat
e use of vocabul
ary.However
,

wr
it
ing i
s consi
der
ed t
he mostdi
ff
icul
tski
l
lto be t
aughtand

l
ear
ned.

1
 Accor
ding t
o Tuan (
201
1),and Anggai
ra(
201
2),Genr
e-

based appr
oach can be asan ef
fect
ive appr
oach t
o enhance

st
udent
s` wr
it
ing per
for
mance and per
haps t
o sol
ve wr
it
ing

pr
obl
ems.Ri
char
dsandSchmi
dt(
2002)addedt
hatgenr
eisat
ype

ofdi
scour
set
hatoccur
sinapar
ti
cul
arset
ti
ng,t
hathasdi
sti
nct
ive

i
nrecogni
zabl
epat
ter
ns,nor
msoft
heor
gani
zat
ion,st
ruct
ure,and

di
sti
nct
ive communi
cat
ive f
unct
ions. One of t
he uni
que

char
act
eri
sti
cs of GBA i
sthat gi
ves t
he expl
i
cit knowl
edge

(
communi
cat
ive pur
pose,r
het
ori
calst
ruct
ure,and gr
ammat
ical

pat
ter
ns)t
obel
ear
nedbyst
udent
sinwr
it
ing.Fur
ther
,thest
udy

hi
ghl
i
ght
edt
heef
fect
ivenessusi
ngt
hegenr
e-basedappr
oachi
n

i
ncr
easi
ngt
hest
udent
s'wr
it
ingski
l
lsi
nnar
rat
ivet
ext
.

Nar
rat
ive t
exti
sthe mostcommon t
extt
hatwe f
ound i
n

Seni
orhi
ghschool
’sEngl
i
shbook,sot
heyar
eexpect
edt
hatt
hey

can make a good nar

rat
ive t
ext wi
th a good cont
ent and

coher
ence,butbased on t
he pr
eli
minar
y dat
a dur
ing pr
act
ical

t
eachi
ngpr
act
iceconduct
edbyt
her
esear
cher
,St
udent
sdi
dnot

haveanyi
deast
owr
it
eanddi
dn’tknow t
her
ightt
ensest
owr
it
e

nar
rat
ivet
extal
sot
hegener
icst
ruct
ure.I
not
herwor
ds,t
heyhad

bl
ankmi
ndswhent
heywer
easkedt
owr
it
eanar
rat
ivet
ext
.

Rel
ated t
o t
he descr
ipt
ion above, Der
ewi
anka (
2000)

expl
aint
hati
n agenr
e-based appr
oach,t
eacherdoesnotonl
y

t
eachst
ruct
ureandgr
ammat
icalf
eat
uresofspokenandwr
it
ten

2
l
anguage butal
so al
l
ows f
ordevel
opi
ng ofl
anguage ski
l
lsi
n

r
elat
iont
ogenr
ethr
oughcer
tai
nst
ages.Theappr
oachmaynot

onl
ycont
ri
but
etohel
pindevel
opi
ngst
udent
s’ ski
l
lingr
ammar

and vocabul
arybutal
so f
aci
l
itat
est
he devel
opmentofr
eadi
ng,

speaki
ng,l
i
steni
ng,and wr
it
ing.Thus,t
hef
ocust
oteach genr
e

t
hroughcer
tai
nst
agesi
ntheappr
oach,i
npar
ti
cul
ar,mi
ghthel
pin

devel
opi
ngst
udent
s’ compet
encei
nwr
it
ingandal
sosi
gni
fi
cant

t
oreducet
hei
ranxi
etydur
ingt
hel
ear
ningpr
ocess.

The pur
pose of t
he i
mpl
ement
ati
on of Genr
e-based

appr
oach i
nteachi
ng Engl
i
sh atMAN Bant
aeng i
stoi
mpr
ove

St
udent
s ski
l
lin wr
it
ing nar
rat
ive t
extand make t
he st
udent
s

i
nter
est
edi
nthemat
eri
al,andt
heycoul
dgetnew i
deasaboutt
he

mat
eri
al.Mor
eover
,togi
vemor
echancesf
orst
udent
sunder
stand

i
nEngl
i
sht
ext
,andpar
ti
cipat
eint
eachi
ngmat
eri
als.

Basedont
hebackgr
oundabove,t
her
esear
cherwoul
dli
ke

t
otakear
esear
chst
udyonr
eadi
ngundert
het
it
le:“Theuseof

genr
e-based appr
oach t
o i
mpr
ove st
udent
s` wr
it
ing ski
l
lin

nar
rat
ivet
extatt
het
ent
hgr
adeofMANBant
aeng”.

B.Pr
obl
em St
atement

Thi
sresear
ch conduct
ed at t
he t
ent
h gr
ade of MAN

Bant
aeng andi
sai
medt
oanswert
hequest
ion:Doest
heuseof

genr
e-based appr
oach can i
mpr
ove st
udent
s`wr
it
ing ski
l
lin

3
nar
rat
ivet
ext
?

C.Obj
ect
iveoft
heResear
ch

Theobj
ect
iveoft
her
esear
cht
oimpr
ovet
hewr
it
ingski
l
lin

nar
rat
ivet
extoft
ent
hgr
adeofMAN Bant
aengt
hrought
heuseof

t
hegenr
e-basedappr
oach.

D.Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heResear
ch

Theor
eti
cal
l
y,t
he si
gni
fi
cance oft
hisr
esear
ch i
sto gi
ve

r
edundancyi
nputt
otheor
iesoft
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningEngl
i
shasa

f
orei
gn l
anguage f
ort
he st
udent
s,especi
all
yint
he pr
ocessof

t
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningact
ivi
ti
es.

Pr
act
ical
l
y,t
hisr
esear
chwi
l
lgi
veunder
standi
ngdeal
i
ngwi
th

t
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onandi
tsi
nfl
uence,andt
heef
fect
ivenessofGBA.

Hopef
ull
y,i
twi
l
lbecomear
efl
ect
iont
othet
eacher
sint
hepr
ocess

oft
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningact
ivi
ti
es,f
ort
her
esear
cherwhoi
sal
so

an Engl
i
sh t
eacher
, she wi
l
lhave a di
rect exper
ience and

under
standi
ng oft
he use ort
he i
mpl
ement
ati
on ofGBA i
nthe

t
eachi
ngofEngl
i
sh.

E.Scopeoft
heResear
ch

I
nthi
sresear
ch,t
he r
esear
cherobser
ved Fort
he pol
i
cy

maker
s,especi
all
yin Engl
i
sh subj
ectmat
teri
nthe seni
orhi
gh

school
s,t
her
esul
toft
hisr
esear
chwi
l
lbecomeani
mpor
tantt
hing

4
t
oenhancet
hest
udent
s’ i
nter
esti
nlear
ningEngl
i
sh,andt
heywi
l
l

bemot
ivat
edi
nst
udyi
ngEngl
i
shasaf
orei
gn-l
anguage.

Theski
l
loft
hest
udent
swr
it
ingski
l
latMAN Bant
aengusi
ng

Genr
e-based appr
oach t
o i
mpr
ove st
udent
s wr
it
ing ski
l
lin

nar
rat
ivet
extf
ocusedongr
ammarandvocabul
ary.

5
 CHAPTERI
I

REVI
EW OFRELATEDLI
TERATURES

A.ThePr
evi
ousRel
atedResear
chFi
ndi
ngs

I
nthi
s Pr
oposal
,the r
esear
chert
akes r
evi
ew ofr
elat
ed

l
i
ter
atur
efr
om t
heot
hergr
aduat
ingpaperascompar
ison:

1
. KURNI
YATY (
201
5),Theuseofgenr
e-basedappr
oachi
n

t
eachi
ng

pr
ocedur
alt
ext
stoi
mpr
ovet
hest
udent
s`wr
it
ingski
l
latSMA

Neger
i9Gowa.Sheusesr
esear
chmet
hodquasiexper
iment
al

desi
gn.Sheassi
gnedt
wogr
oupsnamel
yexper
iment
algr
oup

andcont
rolgr
oup,eachgr
oupconsi
stedof20st
udent
s.The

sampl
ewaschosenbyappl
yi
ngr
andom sampl
i
ngt
echni
que.

Ther
esear
cherwasassi
gnedt
hest
udent
stowr
it
epr
ocedur
al

t
exti
nexper
iment
algr
oupbyusi
ngGenr
ebased appr
oachand

cont
rolgr
oup was al
so assi
gned t
o use non genr
e based

appr
oach.The r
esear
ch r
esul
tshowed t
hatGenr
e based

appr
oach gave gr
eat
ercont
ri
but
ion t
othe st
udent
s`wr
it
ing

pr
ocedur
alt
ext
.Itwaspr
ovenbyt
her
esul
tofi
nfer
ent
ial
stat
ist
ic

anal
yzedoft
hest
udent
s`scor
eei
theri
npr
etestori
npost
test
.

Basedont
her
esul
toft
hedat
aanal
ysi
s,t
her
ewasa si
gni
fi
cant

di
ff
erencebet
weent
her
esul
tofpost
-testoft
heexper
iment
al

andcont
rolgr
oup,wher
ethest
udent
sinexper
iment
algr
oup

6
showedsi
gni
fi
cant
lygr
eat
eri
mpr
ovement(
M=69,
75)t
hant
he

cont
rolgr
oup (
M=52,
75)
,ther
efor t
her
esear
cherconcl
uded

t
hatt
he appl
i
cat
ion ofGenr
e based appr
oach i
mpr
oved t
he

st
udent
swr
it
ingski
l
l.

2. RI
A ASTERI
A (
201
1),The ef
fectofusi
ng genr
e-based

appr
oach

t
owar
d st
udent
s`abi
l
ityi
nwr
it
ing r
ecountt
extatt
hesecond

yearofst
ateseni
orhi
ghschool1Tambangdi
str
ictofKampar

r
egency.Shef
oundsi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erenceonst
udent
s`abi
l
ityi
n

wr
it
ing r
ecountt
extbet
weent
hose who ar
etaughtbyusi
ng

genr
e-basedappr
oachandt
hosewhoar
enotatt
hesecond

yearofSMANeger
i1Tambang.Thet
echni
queusedi
ntaki
ng

t
he sampl
e was cl
ust
er r
andom sampl
i
ng t
echni
que.Thi
s

r
esear
chi
squasiexper
iment
alr
esear
ch.Thei
nst
rumentoft
he

r
esear
chwast
est
,consi
stofpr
e-t
estandpost
-test
,forbot
h

exper
iment
alandcont
rolcl
ass.Shef
oundt
hataf
teranal
yzed

dat
abyusi
ngi
ndependentsampl
eT-t
est
,ther
eissi
gni
fi
cant

di
ff
erenceonst
udent
s`abi
l
ityi
nwr
it
ingr
ecountt
extbet
ween

t
hose who ar
etaughtby usi
ng genr
e-based appr
oach and

t
hose who ar
e notatt
he second yearofSMA Neger
i1

Tambang.

3. ROHI
MAHNA(
201
9),Agenr
ebasedappr
oachi
nimpr
ovi
ng

st
udent
s`wr
it
ingnar
rat
ivet
extatt
hesecondgr
adest
udent
s`of

7
 seni
orhi
ghschoolKar
angt
engahGar
ut.Sheusedi
nst
rument

pr
e-t
est and post
-test
. She used a pr
opor
ti
onalr
andom

sampl
i
ng,sot
her
ewer
e34st
udent
sast
hesampl
e(25%)oft
he

popul
ati
on:1
5mal
esand 1
9femal
es.Ther
esear
cheraused

quant
it
ati
ve met
hod and t
he pr
e-exper
iment
aldesi
gn.Two

var
iabl
esi
nthi
sresear
ch:t
hei
ndependentvar
iabl
eresear
ch

wasusi
ngGenr
e-basedappr
oachi
nteachi
ngnar
rat
ivet
extand

dependentvar
iabl
ewasusi
ngnar
rat
ivet
exti
nimpr
ovi
ng t
he

wr
it
ing ski
l
l.The r
esul
tshowed t
hatt
her
e wasa si
gni
fi
cant

ef
fectont
heuseofaGenr
e-based appr
oachi
nlear
ning t
o

wr
it
enar
rat
ivet
extand76% ofst
udent
swhowr
otenar
rat
ive

t
extusi
ngaGenr
e-basedappr
oachi
ncr
eased.

B.SomePer
ti
nentI
deas

1
. Nar
rat
ivet
ext

a.Def
ini
ti
onofnar
rat
ivet
ext

Nar
rat
ivet
exti
sat
extwhi
chcont
ainsaboutf
ant
asy,

f
air
ytal
es,orat
ruest
oryt
hathasbeenexagger
ated.Ther
eis

usual
l
y a mor
alt
o be l
ear
ned att
he end oft
he st
ory.

Def
ini
ti
on about nar
rat
ive t
ext accor
ding t
o exper
ts:

Accor
dingt
ouni
ts.
muohi
o.edu,anar
rat
ivet
exti
ssomeki
nd

ofr
etel
l
ing,of
teni
nwor
ds(
thoughi
tispossi
blet
omi
mea

st
ory)
,ofsomet
hingt
hathappened(
ast
ory)
.Thenar
rat
ivei
s

nott
hest
oryi
tsel
fbutr
athert
het
ell
i
ngoft
hest
orywhi
chi
s

8
why i
tis so of
ten used i
n phr
ases such as “wr
it
ten

nar
rat
ive”,“or
alnar
rat
ive,
”

b. Gener
icst
ruct
ure

1
)Or
ient
ati
on:sett
hesci
ence:wher
eandwhent
hest
ory

happenedand i
ntr
oducedt
hepar
ti
cipant
soft
hest
ory:

whoand whati
sinvol
vedi
nthest
ory.

2)Compl
i
cat
ion:t
ellt
hebegi
nni
ng ofpr
obl
emswhi
ch

l
eadst
othecr
isi
s(cl
i
max)oft
hemai
n par
ti
cipant
s.

3)Resol
uti
on:t
hepr
obl
ems(
thecr
isi
s)i
sresol
ved,ei
ther

i
nahappyendi
ngori
nasad(
tragi
c)endi
ng.

4)Re-or
ient
ati
on:t
hisi
sacl
osi
ng r
emar
ktot
he st
ory

and i
tisopt
ionali
tconsi
stofamor
all
essons,advi
ceor

t
eachi
ngf
rom t
hewr
it
er.

c. Languagef
eat
ure

1
)Act
ivever
bs:go,r
est
,wal
l
ow.

2)Thef
ir
stper
son(
IorWe)andt
het
hir
dper
son(
he,she,

ort
hey)
.

3)Conj
unct
ion:i
n,so,not
,onl
y,wher
ever
,then,et
c.

4)Speci
fi
cnoun:owl
,theki
ng,t
hequeen,et
c.

5)Si
mpl
epastt
ense:Isentt
hel
ett
ert
omymot
herl
ast

9
 week.

6)Adj
ect
iveandadver
b.

2. Wr
it
ingski
l
l

a. Someconceptofwr
it
ing

I
tcanbesai
dthatwr
it
ingi
sacr
uci
alpar
tinourgl
obal

soci
ety.Wr
it
ing has many gener
alconcept
s.Ther
e ar
e

sever
aldef
ini
ti
onsofwr
it
ingt
hatcanbest
atedasf
oll
ows:

Wr
it
ing i
sa soci
alactt
hatcan onl
yoccurwi
thi
na

speci
fi
c si
tuat
ion.I
tist
her
efor
einf
luenced bot
h by t
he

per
sonalat
ti
tudesandsoci
alexper
iences.Hammer(
2004:
8)

st
ates t
hatwr
it
ing i
s di
ff
erentf
rom speaki
ng,t
he f
inal

pr
oductofwr
it
ingi
snotnear
lyi
nst
ant
.Wecansayt
hatt
he

wr
it
ing cannotonl
ybe t
aught
;itt
akescont
inualpr
act
ice.

Mayer
ssayst
hatwr
it
ingi
swayt
opr
oducel
anguagewhen

youdospeak.Wr
it
ingcommuni
cat
eswi
thot
her
sinaver
bal

way.Wr
it
ing i
s a way pr
oduce l
anguage whi
ch you do

nat
ural
l
y when you speak.Wr
it
ing i
s communi
cat
ing i
n

ver
balway.Wr
it
ingi
spar
tl
yat
alent
,buti
tismost
lyaski
l
l,

andl
i
keanyski
l
l,i
timpr
ovewi
thpr
act
ice.Wr
it
ingi
sal
soan

act
ionapr
ocessofdi
scover
ingandor
gani
zi
ngyouri
deas,

put
ti
ngt
hem onapaper
,reshapi
ngandr
evi
si
ngt
hem.

b. Thei
mpor
tanceofwr
it
ing

Wr
it
ing has become a pr
omi
nentpar
tin peopl
e’s

1
0
ever
yday l
i
fe.When st
udent
stestt
hei
rfor
eign l
anguage

abi
l
iti
esorot
herski
l
ls,of
tenr
elyont
hest
udent
s’ wr
it
ing

pr
ofi
ciencyi
n or
dert
o measur
e knowl
edge.I
n al
mostal
l

aspect
sofl
i
fe,wr
it
ingi
nwhat
everf
ormi
tbe,pr
ovest
obe

anef
fect
ivewayofcommuni
cat
ion.Wr
it
ingasoneoft
he

l
anguageski
l
l,hasgi
venani
mpor
tantcont
ri
but
iont
ohuman

wor
k.Besi
des,mostj
obsnowadaysaswel
lasf
utur
ejobs

wi
l
lrequi
rewr
it
ingski
l
l;event
oappl
yforaj
ob,goodwr
it
ing

ski
l
lisdemanded.Mostofexami
nat
ionsr
equi
ret
hest
udent
s

t
ouset
hewr
it
ingski
l
l.I
not
herwor
ds,st
udent
`ssuccessat

school
ispar
tl
ydet
ermi
nedbyt
hei
rwr
it
ingski
l
l.Fur
ther
mor
e,

i
tiscommonl
yknown t
hatgood wr
it
ing wi
l
lfost
ergood

t
hinki
ng and vi
ce ver
sa.When t
he st
udent
sar
etr
ying t
o

wr
it
e,t
heyshoul
daut
omat
ical
l
ythi
nkbecauset
heydevel
op

t
hei
rideasandsomet
imesr
evi
set
hathavewr
it
ten.Ont
he

ot
herhand,goodt
hinki
ng,i
fbei
ngpr
oper
lyappl
i
ed,gi
ves

r
iset
owhatso-cal
l
edgoodwr
it
ing.

Accor
ding t
o Par
diyono (
2007)
,the f
oll
owi
ng poi
nts

shoul
dbeconsi
der
edi
nwr
it
ingnar
rat
ivet
ext
:

1
) Communi
cat
ivepur
pose

The communi
cat
ive pur
pose i
s t
o amuse or

ent
ert
ainandgi
veagoodl
essont
her
eader
s.

2) Rhet
ori
cal
str
uct
ures

1
1
 The r
het
ori
calst
ruct
ure ofnar
rat
ive t
extf
ocuses

onaser
iesofst
agest
hatpur
poset
obui
l
dast
ory.The

st
ages i
ncl
ude or
ient
ati
on (
the i
ntr
oduct
ion of t
he

char
act
erswhoi
nvol
vei
nthest
ory,t
ime,andt
hepl
ace

wher
ethest
oryt
akespl
ace)
,sequenceofevent
swhi
ch

ar
epr
obl
emat
ict
heki
ndst
oconf
li
ct-cl
i
max,r
esol
uti
on

(
theendi
ngoft
hest
orycont
aini
ngt
hepr
obl
em sol
uti
on)

andcoda(
mor
all
esson)
.

3) Gr
ammat
ical
pat
ter
n

Wr
it
ing nar
rat
ivet
extusi
ngt
hepastt
enset
otel
l

aboutpastact
ivi
ti
esorevent
sint
hepast
.Thenat
ureof

t
he sent
ence.A sent
ence i
s a gr
oup ofwor
ds t
hat

cont
ainsa subj
ectand a ver
bto expr
essa compl
ete

t
hought
,whi
chbegi
nswi
thacapi
tal
let
terandendedwi
th

aper
iod.A sent
encecanbef
ormed f
rom oneort
wo

cl
auses t
hat j
oined wi
th conj
unct
ions or r
elat
ive

connect
or e:"
s.Exampl Once upon a t
ime i
n Bat
akl
and

l
i
vedaf
isher
mannamedBhat
araGur
uSahal
a."

4) El
ement
sofsent
ences

Asent
enceconsi
stsofsever
alr
elat
edel
ement
sin

i
t:subj
ect
,pr
edi
cat
e,obj
ect
,andadver
b.Subj
ectmust

beanoun,t
hepr
edi
cat
emustbeaver
bandobj
ectmust

beanoun.Ei
thersubj
ectorobj
ectcant
aket
hef
orm ofa

1
2
 wor
d,aphr
aseoracl
ause,whi
l
epr
edi
cat
ecanonl
ytake

t
hef
orm ofawor
dandaphr
ase.Mostadver
bsar
eint
he

f
orm ofphr
ases,whi
char
efor
medbyusi
ngpr
eposi
ti
ons.

Ther
efor
e,each pr
oposi
ti
on i
susual
l
yint
he adver
bial

phr e:t
ase.Exampl heywer
ehappi
l
ymar
ri
ed,andgott
wo

beaut
if
ulsmar
tdaught
ers.
”

5) Adver
bspl
ayi
mpor
tanti
nit
srol
eofcont
ri
but
ingf
or

bet
tercl
ari
tyoft
hemessageconveyedi
nthesent
ence.

I
tcanexpr
esst
hei
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
ime,pl
ace,

r
eason,pur
pose,st
atus,andf
requency.Lot
sofadver
bs

ar
emar
kedwi
tht
heuseofpr
eposi
ti
ons;i
n,at
,for
,af
ter
,

as,t
oo,as,et e:onceuponat
c.exampl ime,oneday,as

soonas,et
c.

3. Genr
ebasedappr
oach

Genr
ebasedappr
oach(
GBA)i
sal
ear
ningappr
oacht
hat

hel
p st
udent
sbecomemor
e compet
enti
nlanguage,abl
eto

communi
cat
e t
hrough mast
ery ofl
anguage ski
l
lsi
ncl
udi
ng

l
i
steni
ng,speaki
ng,r
eadi
ngandwr
it
ing.Genr
ebasedappr
oach

(
GBA)i
sanappr
oachwhi
chgui
desst
udent
stounder
standt
he

soci
alpur
pose,or
gani
zat
ion,andl
anguagef
eat
uresonever
y

ki
ndoft
ext
.Tuan(
201
1p.
1)st
atest
hat"
eachoft
ext
shast
he

soci
alpur
pose t
hatr
efl
ect
sit
s schemat
ic st
ruct
ure ort
ext

or
gani
zat
ion and l
anguage f
eat
ures, namel
y gr
ammar
,

1
3
vocabul
ary,connect
ors,et
c.Accor
dingt
oDer
ewi
anka(
2000)

and Gi
bbons (
2009)
,ther
e ar
efourst
ages i
nthe t
eachi
ng

wr
it
ingusi
ngGenr
e-basedappr
oach(
GBA)
.

a.Bui
l
dingknowl
edgeoft
hef
iel
d(BKOF)
.

Thi
sst
ageai
mst
odevel
opst
udent
s'knowl
edgeabout

t
het
opi
cwi
l
lbewr
it
ten.I
nthi
sst
ageal
so ai
mst
o bui
ld

cont
extorst
udent
s`knowl
edge oft
he t
opi
cst
hey wi
ll

st
udy. Thi
s act
ivi
ty i
nvol
ves r
eadi
ng and l
ist
eni
ng

act
ivi
ti
es. To check st
udent
s` under
standi
ng of t
he

r
eadi
ng and l
ist
eni
ng compr
ehensi
onoft
het
opi
cst
hey

r
eadandl
ist
ent
o,t
het
eachercanaskst
udent
stowr
ite.

The t
eacher al
so t
eaches aspect
s of expr
essi
on,

vocabul
ary,andgr
ammarr
elat
edt
othet
extt
hatst
udent
s

ar
e st
udyi
ng.Next
,the t
eacheral
so asks st
udent
sto

wr
itedownphr
aseandvocabul
aryt
hatt
heycani
nwr
iti
ng.

Thet
eacher
`sr
olei
sver
ydomi
nantsot
hatl
aterst
udent
s

canwor
kindependent
ly.

I
nthi
s st
age,t
he t
eacher can appl
y pr
ogr
essi
ve

br
ainst
ormi
ng i
n or
dert
orecal
lst
udent
s'pr
iorknowl
edge

andt
hest
udent
sar
eal
l
owedt
ouset
hef
ir
stl
anguage.The

st
udent
sar
einagr
oup.Theywr
it
esomei
nfor
mat
iont
hat

t
heyknow aboutt
het
opi
cbyusi
ngapar
ti
cul
arcol
or-pen.

Next
,inaf
ew mi
nut
es,t
hest
udent
sleavet
hei
rwor
ksand

1
4
movet
othenextgr
oup.Theyaddsomei
nfor
mat
iont
othei
r

f
ri
ends'paperwi
tht
hei
rcol
or-penandmovet
otheot
her

gr
oupsunt
ilt
heyar
ebackt
othei
rpr
evi
ousposi
ti
on.Af
ter

t
hat
,theyr
epor
ttot
hecl
assr
oom aboutwhatt
heyhavei
n

t
hei
rpapernow.Forot
heract
ivi
ti
es,some pi
ctur
es and

some ki
nds oft
extr
elat
ed t
othe t
opi
c ar
e shown and

becomet
hest
udent
'sgui
dance.Thest
udent
sdi
scusst
he

vocabul
ary,phr
ases,expr
essi
ons whi
ch ar
e used t
otel
l

aboutsomet
hingorsomeonei
ntr
oducet
othest
udent
s.

b.Themodel
i
ngoft
ext(
MOT)
.

Thi
sst
ageai
mst
ogui
dest
udent
stogai
nknowl
edge

abouta par
ti
cul
argenr
e.St
udent
s ar
eint
roduced t
o be

f
ami
l
iar wi
th t
he pur
pose, or
gani
zat
ions, and l
anguage

f
eat
uresofa par
ti
cul
argenr
e.The t
eacherexpl
ainsabout

gr
ammarandt
extor
gani
zat
ions.Thensever
almodel
soft
he

par
ti
cul
argenr
ewi
l
lbedi
str
ibut
edt
othest
udent
s.Theywi
l
l

compar
ethemodel
sandf
ocusont
hel
anguagef
eat
uresof

t
henar
rat
ivet
ext
.

c. Joi
ntconst
ruct
ionoft
ext(
JCOT)
.

Att
hisst
age,t
het
eacherandst
udent
swor
ktoget
her

t
ocomposet
het
ext
.Thet
opi
catt
hisst
ageI
snotexact
ly

t
hesameast
heonewi
l
lbewr
it
tenf
ori
ndependentwr
it
ing.

Thet
eacherbecomest
hescr
ibei
nfr
ontoft
hecl
ass.Eachof

1
5
 t
hest
udent
sdel
i
ver
shi
s/heri
deat
otel
laboutsomet
hingor

someone.St
udent
swi
l
lbegui
dedt
obei
nli
newi
tht
hegenr
e

ofnar
rat
ivet
exti
nthecont
extofgr
ammar
,textor
gani
zat
ion,

andl
anguagef
eat
ures.

d. I
ndependentconst
ruct
ionoft
ext(
ICOT)
.

Att
hisst
age,st
udent
sal
readyhavet
heknowl
edgeand

ski
l
ltowr
it
eindependent
ly.Bef
orecomi
ngt
othi
sst
age,t
he

t
eachermakessur
ethatst
udent
shaveal
readygot
tent
he

compet
enci
es,t
hest
udent
sar
easkedt
ocomposednar
rat
ive

t
exti
ndi
vi
dual
l
y.Theydr
aft
,revi
se,andsubmi
tthei
rwor
kto

t
he t
eacher
.Fur
ther
,theygetf
eedback f
rom t
he t
eacher

aboutt
hei
rwr
it
ing.

Genr
ebasedappr
oachi
sanappr
oacht
hatf
ocuseson

t
he soci
alpur
pose ofl
anguage and notj
ustt
he f
orm of

l
anguage i
tsel
f.I
n addi
ti
on,t
he genr
e based appr
oach i
s

compl
ement
edbyapr
ocessbasedappr
oach.I
nagenr
ebased

appr
oacht
owr
it
ing,st
udent
sst
udycer
tai
ntext
singenr
ethey

ar
egoi
ngt
owr
it
ebef
oret
heyembar
kont
hei
rwr
it
ing.

Sl
amet(
201
2),st
atedt
hatgenr
ebasedappr
oachai
mst
o

pr
epar
e st
udent
sto ent
er r
ealwor
ldl
anguage usage by

f
ocusi
ngonhow l
anguagei
susedf
orachi
evevar
iousgoal
s.

Forexampl
e make an exper
iment
,tel
la st
ory,orexpl
ain

somet
hing.I
naddi
ti
on,basedl
ear
ninggenr
eal
soai
mssot
hat

1
6
st
udent
scanunder
standsci
encet
hrought
het
exti
spr
esent
ed

i
naccor
dancewi
thspeci
fi
csoci
algoal
sandunder
standment
al

devel
opmentf
orsol
ver
eal
li
fepr
obl
emsbyt
hinki
ngcr
it
ical
l
y.

Thi
sgenr
e-based l
ear
ning seen ashavi
ng advant
ages

compar
edt
othemet
hodot
herl
anguagel
ear
ningbecauset
his

l
ear
ning al
l
owsst
udent
stol
ear
nlanguage expl
i
cit
ly.Besi
des

t
hat
,genr
e-basedl
ear
ningabl
edevel
opski
l
lsst
udent
s`cr
it
ical

t
hinki
ngbecauset
hisl
ear
ningi
sver
ythi
ckbyspeaki
ng,r
eadi
ng,

andwr
it
ingwhi
chi
sthewayt
hatmostef
fect
ivef
ordevel
opi
ng

cr
it
ical
thi
nki
ngski
l
ls.

Li
nda Ger
otand Pet
erWi
gnel
l(1
994 :
17)expl
aint
hat

genr
eist
he t
extt
ypes t
hatcan be def
ined as a cul
tur
all
y

speci
fi
ctextt
ypeswhi
ch r
esul
tfr
om usi
ng l
anguage bot
hin

wr
it
ten and spoken t
o hel
p accompl
i
sh somet
hing.Genr
e

comes f
rom exper
ience,so t
hrough genr
eindi
vi
dualcan

devel
opt
hei
rrel
ati
onshi
ps,bui
l
dthei
rcommuni
cat
ionandbe

abl
etoachi
evet
hei
rgoal
s.Ther
efor
ebyst
udyi
nggenr
esi
tis

i
ntendedt
hatst
udent
scanunder
standt
heconcept
sandt
hey

wi
l
lbeabl
etoi
dent
if
ytheki
ndoft
extt
hatst
udent
sshoul
dwr
it
e.

Fi
nal
l
y,i
tisi
mpor
tantf
orst
udentt
o st
udy genr
es t
o

knowl
edge t
hei
rexper
iencesi
n ever
ydayl
i
fe asassi
gned i
n

wr
it
ingandspeaki
ng.I
not
herwor
ds,t
hest
udent
scanexpr
ess

t
hei
rideast
hrought
hei
rexper
iencest
olear
nther
ightt
ypesof

1
7
genr
es.

I
nfi
nalpr
ojectt
her
esear
cherconcent
rat
eont
eachi
ng

nar
rat
ive t
extby usi
ng genr
e based appr
oach t
o anal
yze

gener
icst
ruct
ureandl
anguagef
eat
uresofi
t.

1
. Gr
ammar

I
nthe ar
ea ofEngl
i
sh as f
orei
gn l
anguage l
ear
ning,

wr
it
ing has been t
he mostdi
ff
icul
tand compl
ex ski
l
lto

acqui
re.Gr
ammari
sthe st
ruct
ure ofwr
it
ten orspoken

l
anguage.Ref
erst
othe par
ts ofspeech and how t
hey

combi
net
oget
hert
ofor
m sent
ences.Thati
swhynor
mali
f

t
hepr
ocessoft
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningi
nthecl
assr
oom r
efl
ect

t
hatwr
it
tencycl
eshoul
dbegi
venaf
tert
hespokencycl
ehas

beendone.I
tisassumpt
iont
hatt
hest
udent
sar
ereadyt
o

wr
it
e af
tert
hey ar
e pr
epar
ed wi
th a cer
tai
n amountof

vocabul
aryorwor
dsand t
he wayt
heyar
ranged t
hrough

whi
cht
hei
rcommuni
cat
ionpur
posear
erepr
esent
ed.When

t
heyhavet
owr
it
e,t
heycancommuni
cat
eanddevel
opt
hei
r

i
deas t
hrough t
hei
rwr
it
ing.Thati
s why t
he t
eachi
ng of

l
anguage component
s,namel
ygr
ammar
,vocabul
ary,and

sound syst
em (
pronunci
ati
on,i
ntonat
ion,et
c.)shoul
d be

t
argetas much as possi
blet
o enhance t
he mast
ery of

l
anguageski
l
l.

2.Vocabul
ary

1
8
 Vocabul
aryi
sthe l
i
stofwor
d and somet
imes pl
us

usual
l
yar
rangedi
nal
phabet
icalor
dert
hatexpi
redatdi
stal
l
y,

gr
ouchy.Vocabul
aryi
san ar
ea whi
ch gi
vest
he st
udents

var
iouski
ndsofl
ear
ning pr
obl
ems,i
ncl
udi
ng spel
l
ing.I
tis

al
so an ar
ea wher
eitcan be usef
ulf
ort
hem t
o have

r
efer
encel
i
sts,i
nthef
orm ofl
exi
calset
s,suchascl
othes,

f
urni
tur
e,f
ood,et
c.

C.Concept
ualFr
amewor
k

Teachingwri
ti
ng
narrati
vet
ext

Teachi
nggenrebased
appr
oach

I
mpr
ovi
ngstudent
s
wri
ti
ngski
ll

Fi
gur
e2.
1

The f
oll
owi
ng ar
ethe nar
rat
ive of conduct
ing Genr
e based

appr
oach:

1
.Wr
it
ingmat
eri
alwi
l
lbebasedonkeywor
dsgi
ven.

2.The st
udent
swi
l
lbe asked t
o wr
it
e Nar
rat
ive t
extt
hrough

genr
ebasedappr
oach.

1
9
 3.St
udent
s`wr
it
ingski
l
lst
hei
mpr
ovementofst
udent
s`wr
it
ing

achi
evement
.

D.Hypot
hesi
s

On t
he r
evi
ew of r
elat
ed l
i
ter
atur
e and some f
indi
ngs

pr
evi
ousl
ydescr
ibe,t
he wr
it
ershypot
hesi
sar
efor
mul
ated asi
n

f
oll
owi
ng:

1
.Nul
lhypot
hesi
s(H0)
:isnotef
fect
ivet
oimpr
ovet
hest
udent
s

wr
it
ingski
l
l.

2.Al
ter
nat
ive hypot
hesi
s(H1
):i
s ef
fect
ive t
oimpr
ove t
he

st
udent
swr
it
ingski
l
l.

20
 CHAPTERI
II

RESEARCHMETHOD

A.Resear
chDesi
gn

Thi
sresear
cherusedpr
e-exper
iment
aldesi
gnwi
thpr
e-

t
estandpost
-test
.Thet
reat
mentwasgi
venbet
weenpr
e-t
est

andpost
-test
.Thedesi
gnoft
her
esear
chi
sshowasf
oll
ows:

E=O1xO2
Not
es:

E :Exper
iment
alCl
ass

O1:Pr
e-t
est

O2:Post
-test

X :Tr
eat
ment

(
Gay,L.
R.(
2006)
)

B.Var
iabl
esofResear
ch

Thevar
iabl
eoft
her
esear
char
easf
oll
ows:

1
.Independent var
iabl
e(x) i
sthe usi
ng of genr
e based

appr
oachatt
het
ent
hgr
ade.

2.Dependent var
iabl
e (
y) ar
e t
he st
udent
s` wr
it
ing

achi
evement
.

C.Subj
ectoft
heResear
ch

1
. Popul
ati
on

Thepopul
ati
onoft
hisr
esear
chwast
akenf
rom t
het
ent
h

21
 gr
adeofMANBant
aeng.Thest
udent
sincl
assX.
MIA2wi
tht
he

t
otal
numberofst
udent
swer
e18st
udent
s.

2. Sampl
e

The sampl
i
ng t
echni
que of t
hisr
esear
cher was a

pur
posi
ve sampl
i
ng t
he t
ent
h gr
ade ofMAN Bant
aeng i
n

academi
c year 2022 was chosen as t
he sampl
e of t
he

r
esear
cher
.

D.I
nst
rumentoft
heResear
ch

Thei
nst
rumentoft
her
esear
cheri
sawr
it
ingt
est
.Pr
e-

t
estwasgi
venbef
oret
het
reat
mentandpost
-testwasgi
ven

af
tert
het
reat
ment
.

E.Pr
ocedur
eofCol
l
ect
ingDat
a

1
.Pr
e-t
est

Ther
esear
chergavepr
e-t
estt
oknowt
hest
udent
sski
l
lin

wr
it
ing.The Resear
cherasked t
he st
udent
sto answert
he

quest
ionaboutnar
rat
ivet
extandt
heyhavet
ofi
nishi
tin60

mi
nut
es.

2.Tr
eat
ment

Thest
epsi
nteachi
ngnar
rat
ivet
extbyusi
nggenr
ebased

appr
oachi
never
ymeet
ingar
e:

a.Thef
ir
stmeet
ingt
het
eachert
oldt
hest
udent
swhatt
hey

shoul
ddoatmeet
ing.

b.The second meet

ing,t
he t
eacheri
ntr
oduced nar
rat
ive

22
 t
extand used t
he genr
e based appr
oach i
nteachi
ng

pr
ocess.

c.The t
hir
d meet
ing,t
eachergave exampl
es ofsi
mpl
e

nar
rat
ivet
extandst
udent
s askedt
oident
if
ythemai
n

char
act
er,set
ti
ngevent
ssuchast
imeandpl
ace.

d.The f
our
th meet
ing,Teacher checked t
he st
udent
s`

wr
it
ing and t
eacher cl
osed t
he cl
ass wi
th gi
vi
ng

assi
gnmentf
orhomewor
k.

3.Post
-test

The r
esear
cher gave post
-test t
o t
he st
udent
sto

measur
ethei
rwr
it
ing compr
ehensi
on.The r
esear
cherasked

t
hest
udent
stoanswert
hequest
ionaboutnar
rat
ivet
extand

t
heyhavet
ofi
nishi
tin60mi
nut
es.

F.Techni
queofDat
aAnal
ysi
s

Bef
oreanal
yzi
ngt
hedat
a,t
her
esear
chercol
l
ect
edand

anal
yzed t
he dat
afr
om t
he t
est by usi
ng t
he f
oll
owi
ng

pr
ocedur
es:

1
. Thef
ormul
afori
ndi
cat
ingt
hest
udent
s`scor
easf
oll
ow:

Obt
ainedscor
es

Scor
e= X1
00

Maxi
mum scor
es

(
Depdi
knas,2006)

a.Gr
ammar

23
 Scor
e Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion Cat
egor
y

1
8-20 Excel
l
ent Nat
ural Engl
i
sh mi
nimal er
ror
s

compl
eter
eal
i
zat
ionoft
het
askset
.

1
6-1
7 Ver
ygood Good gr
ammar
, above t
he si
mpl
e

sent
encel
evel
.Er
ror
snon-basi
c

1
2-1
5 Good Si
mpl
ebutaccur
ater
eal
i
zat
ionoft
ask.

Suf
fi
cientnat
ural
nessnotmanyer
ror
s.

8-1
1 Pass Reasonabl
y cor
rect i
f awkwar
d or

nat
uralt
reat
mentofsubj
ectwi
thsome

ser
iouser
ror
s.

5-7 Weak Gr
ammari
nadequat
efort
het
askset
.

0-4 Ver
ypoor I
ncoher
ent
. Er
ror
s showi
ng l
ack of

basi
cknowl
edgeofEngl
i
sh.

(
Heat
on,1
998)

b.Vocabul
ary

Scor
e Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion Cat
egor
y

51
-60 Excel
l
ent Sophi
sti
cat
edchangeef
fect
ivewor
ds

ori
diomschoi
ceusage.

41
-50 Ver
ygood Adequat
erangeoccasi
onal
err
orsof

wor
ds,t
hemeani
ngnotobscur
ed.

31
-40 Good I
nthepar
agr
aphcont
ainf
requent
s

er
ror
s

24
 ofwor
dsandt
hemeani
ngconf
used.

21
-30 Aver
age I
fthepar
agr
aphar
edomi
nat
edby

er
ror
s ofvocabul
ary.

1
1-20 Poor I
fthewor
dsusagear
eal
li
ncor
rect
.

1
-10 Ver
ypoor I
ftheuseofvocabul
aryi
nthet
extar
e

al
li
ncor
rect
.

(
Jacobs,1
999)

2. Cl
assi
fyi
ngt
hest
udent
`sscor
es

Cl
assi
fyi
ngt
hescor
esoft
hest
udent
sanswer
.Thescor
es

cl
assi
fi
ed i
nto si
xlevelcl
assi
fi
cat
ion whi
ch adapt
ed t
othe

scor
ingsyst
em f
rom Depdi
knas(
2006)asf
oll
ows:

No Scor
e Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion

1 86-1
00 6 Excel
l
ent

2 71
-85 5 Ver
ygood

3 56-70 4 Good

4 41
-55 3 Aver
age

5 26-40 2 Poor

6 0-25 1 Ver
ypoor

Tabl
e3.
2.Scor
ingcl
assi
fi
cat
ionofst
udent
swr
it
ing

ski
l
l

25
3. Cal
cul
ati
ngt
hemeanscor
e

Tof
indoutt
hemeanscor
e,st
andar
ddevi
ati
onand

t
het
estval
uebet
weent
hepr
e-t
estandpost
-test
.(Gayet

al
,2006)
.

a.Comput
ingt
hef
requencyoft
her
ateper
cent
ageoft
he

st
udent
sscor
e:

P= X1
00

Wher
e:

P :Per
cent
age

F :Fr
equency

N :Thet
otal
number
sofst
udent
s

(
Mason&Br
ambl
e,201
0)

b.Cal
cul
ati
ngt
hemeanscor
eoft
hest
udent
s’ answerby

usi
ngf
ormul
a:

X=

Wher
e:

26
 X :MeanScor
e

:Tot
alScor
e

N :Tot
alNumberofSt
udent
s

(
Gay,1
981
:289)

c.Cal
cul
ati
ng t
he f
requencyand per
cent
age ofst
udent
s

scor
e

%= x1
00

Wher
e:

n :Fr
equency

N :Thet
otal
numberofst
udent
s

(
Mason&Br
ambl
e,1
979:
73)

d.Cal
cul
ati
ngt
hest
andar
ddevi
ati
onofst
udent
s’ pr
e-t
est

and post
-test
,the r
esear
cher wi
l
lappl
ythe f
oll
owi
ng

f
ormul
a:

SD=

27
 Wher
e:

SD :St
andar
dDevi
ati
on

x :Tot
alr
owofscor
e

N :Numberofst
udent
s

(
Gay,2006:
321
)

e.Cal
cul
ati
ngt
heval
ueoft
-testt
oindi
cat
ethesi
gni
fi
cance

bet
ween t
he mean scor
e ofpr
e-t
estand post
-test
,the

r
esear
cherf
ormul
atedt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
a:

t
:

Wher
e

t
:Thet
estofsi
gni
fi
cant

D:Themeanofdi
ff
erentscor
e

:Thesum oft
otal
scor
edi
ff
erent

:Thet
otal
numberofpupi
l
s

:Numberofst
udent
s

(
Ari
kunt
o,1
992:327)
.

28
 CHAPTERI
V

FI
NDI
NGSANDDI
SCUSSI
ON

A.Fi
ndi
ngs

Thef
indi
ngsoft
hisr
esear
chdealwi
tht
hest
udent
s’

cl
assi
fi
cat
ionsoft
hepr
etestandpost
test
,thef
requencyand

r
ate per
cent
ages of t
he st
udent
s’ cl
assi
fi
cat
ions, and

hypot
hesi
stest
ing.

1
. TheCl
assi
fi
cat
ionofSt
udent
s’ Pr
e-TestScor
es

Tabl
e4.
1

St
udent
s’ Scor
eofPr
e-Testi
nGr
ammar

No Pr
e-Test

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion Scor
e Fr
equency Per
cent
age

1 Excel
l
ent 1
8-20 0 0%

2 Ver
ygood 1
6-1
7 0 0%

3 Good 1
2-1
5 0 0%

4 Pass 8-1
1 6 33.
0%

5 Weak 5-7 7 38.

2%

6 Ver
ypoor 0-4 5 27.
0%

Tot
al 1
8 1
00%

29
 Thet
abl
e4.
1showst
hatt
her
ewer
e6(
33.
0%)st
udent
s

who cl
assi
fi
ed as passcl
assi
fi
cat
ion,t
her
e was7(
38.
2%)

st
udent
swho cl
assi
fi
ed asa weakcl
assi
fi
cat
ion and al
so 5

(
27.
0%)st
udent
swho obt
ained ver
ypoorcl
assi
fi
cat
ion.The

meanscor
ewas6.
44 whi
chi
ndi
cat
eweakcl
assi
fi
cat
ion.

Tabl
e4.
2

St
udent
s’ Scor
eofPr
e-Testi
nVocabul
ary

No Pr
e-Test

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion Scor
e Fr
equency Per
cent
age

1 Excel
l
ent 51
-60 0 0%

2 Ver
ygood 41
-50 0 0%

3 Good 31
-40 0 0%

4 Aver
age 21
-30 7 38.
0%

5 Poor 1
1-20 9 50.
1%

6 Ver
ypoor 0-1
0 2 1
1.0%

Tot
al 1
8 1
00%

Thet
abl
e4.
2showst
hatt
her
ewer
e7(
38.
0%)st
udent
s

whocl
assi
fi
edasaver
agecl
assi
fi
cat
ion,t
her
ewas9(
50.
1%)

st
udent
s who cl
assi
fi
ed asa poorcl
assi
fi
cat
ion and al
so 2

30
(
11.
0%)st
udent
swho obt
ained ver
ypoor cl
assi
fi
cat
ion.The

meanscor
ewas21
.66whi
chi
ndi
cat
epoorcl
assi
fi
cat
ion.

Tabl
e4.
3

TheRat
ePer
cent
ageofSt
udent
s’ Scor
egr
ammarand

vocabul
aryi
nPr
e-Test

No Pr
e-Test

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion Scor
e Fr
equency Per
cent
age

1 Excel
l
ent 86-1
00 0 0%

2 Ver
ygood 71
-85 0 0%

3 Good 56-70 0 0%

4 Aver
age 41
-55 1 5.
0%

5 Poor 26-40 1
1 61
.0%

6 Ver
ypoor 0-25 6 33.
1%

Tot
al 1
8 1
00%

Tabl
e4.
3aboveshowst
her
ateper
cent
ageofscor
ein

pr
e-t
estf
rom 1
8st
udent
s.Noneofst
udent
sobt
ainedexcel
l
ent

scor
e.Ther
ewer
ewho1
1st
udent
s(61
.0%)i
nPoor
,1st
udent

(
5.0%)i
nAver
agescor
eand6st
udent
s(33.
1%)i
nver
ypoor
.

Basedont
hef
requencyoft
heaboveshowedt
hatl
ow achi
ever

wer
ebi
ggerandnoneeveni
nhi
ghachi
ever
s.I
tsi
gni
fi
est
hat

st
il
lneedt
obei
mpr
oved.

31
2. TheCl
assi
fi
cat
ionofSt
udent
s’ Post
-TestScor
es

Tabl
e4.
4

St
udent
s’ Scor
eofPost
-Testi
nGr
ammar

No Post
-Test

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion Scor
e Fr
equency Per
cent
age

1 Excel
l
ent 1
8-20 5 27.
3%

2 Ver
ygood 1
6-1
7 1 5.
0%

3 Good 1
2-1
5 4 22.
0%

4 Pass 8-1
1 4 22.
0%

5 Weak 5-7 3 1
6.0%

6 Ver
ypoor 0-4 1 5.
0%

Tot
al 1
8 1
00%

Thet
abl
e4.
4.showst
hat1
0(54.
3%)outof1
8st
udent
s

gotexpect
edscor
eandt
her
est8(
43.
0%)oft
hem acqui
red

bel
ow t
heaver
age.Themeanscor
ewas1
2.77whi
chi
ndi
cat
e

goodcl
assi
fi
cat
ion.

Tabl
e4.
5

St
udent
s’ Scor
eofPost
-Testi
nVocabul
ary

32
 No Pr
e-Test

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion Scor
e Fr
equency Per
cent
age

1 Excel
l
ent 51
-60 5 27.
2%

2 Ver
ygood 41
-50 2 1
1.0%

3 Good 31
-40 3 1
6.0%

4 Aver
age 21
-30 4 22.
1%

5 Poor 1
1-20 3 1
6.0%

6 Ver
ypoor 0-1
0 1 5.
0%

Tot
al 1
8 1
00%

Thet
abl
e4.
5.showst
hat1
0(54.
2%)outof1
8st
udent
s

gotexpect
edscor
eandt
her
est8(
43.
1%)oft
hem acqui
red

bel
ow t
heaver
age.Themeanscor
ewas37.
44 whi
chi
ndi
cat
e

goodcl
assi
fi
cat
ion.

Tabl
e4.
6

TheRat
ePer
cent
ageofSt
udent
s’ Scor
egr
ammarand

vocabul
aryi
n Post
-Test

No Post
-Test

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion Scor
e Fr
equency Per
cent
age

1 Excel
l
ent 86-100 0 0%

2 Ver
ygood 71
- 85 2 1
1.0.
%

33
 3 Good 56-70 6 33.
0%

4 Aver
age 41
-55 2 1
1.0%

5 Poor 26-40 7 38.

2%

6 Ver
ypoor 0-25 1 5.
0%

Tot
al 1
8 1
00%

Tabl
e4.
6.showst
hatt
hest
udent
s`wr
it
ingachi
evement

i
n post
test got i
mpr
ovement af
ter t
he t
reat
ment
. The

per
cent
age oft
he st
udent
s`wr
it
ing achi
evementi
n post
test

t
end t
o spr
ead i
n hi
gh achi
evercat
egor
y.The f
requencyof

post
testcat
egor
izedashi
ghachi
evert
her
ewer
e10st
udent
s

(
55.
0%)andl
owachi
everwer
eonl
y8st
udent
s(43.
2%)
.

3.MeanScor
e

Ther
esear
chert
hecal
cul
atedt
hemeanscor
einpr
e-t
est

andpost
-test
,thedi
ff
erencemeansbet
weenpr
e-t
estandpost

-t D)
est( ,devi
ati
on ofeach subj
ect
,and t
he r
esul
toft
he

si
gni
fi
cantofst
udent
s’ wr
it
ing ski
l
l.Theyar
e pr
esent
ed as

f
oll
ow:

Af
tercal
cul
ati
ngt
her
esul
toft
hemeanscor
eofpr
e-t
est

andpost
-testandst
andar
ddevi
ati
oncanbepr
esent
edi
nthe

f
oll
owi
ngt
abl
e:.

34
 Tabl
e4.
7

TheMeanscor
eandSt
andar
dDevi
ati
onoft
heSt
udent
s`

wr
it
ingachi
evementi
nPr
etestandPost
test
.

Component Mean St
andar
dDevi
ati
on

Pr
etest 29.
22 8.
87

Post
test 49.
66 1
8.78

Thet
abl
e4.
7.showst
hedi
ff
erenceofmeanscor
eand

st
andar
ddevi
ati
oni
npr
etestandpost
test
.

The dat
afr
om t
he t
abl
e above shows t
hatt
he mean

scor
eofst
udent
sinpr
e-t
estwasdi
ff
erentbet
weent
hemean

scor
einpost
-test
.Thepost
-testscor
eishi
ghert
hant
hepr
e-

t
estscor
e.Wher
ethepost
-testscor
e49.
66andt
hest
andar
d

devi
ati
onwas1
8.78.Whi
l
ethepr
e-t
estscor
e29.
22and t
he

st
andar
ddevi
ati
on was8.
87.I
tmeanst
hatt
hest
udent
sgot

i
mpr
ovement
.

=Meanofdi
ff
erencescor
ebet
weenpr
e-t
estandpost
-test

=X2– X1 =20.
44

=49.
66– 29.
22

4. TestofSi
gni
fi
canceTest
ing

35
 I
sbet
tert
oknow whet
herornott
hemeanscor
ewas

di
ff
erentbet
weenpr
e-t
estandpost
-test
.Ther
esear
cherused

t
het
-testcal
cul
ati
onasf
oll
ows:

Tabl
e4.
8

Di
str
ibut
iont
heval
ueoft
-testandt
-tabl
e

Var
iabl
e T-TestVal
ue T-Tabl
eVal
ue

X1
-Y1 6.
04 3.
965

Tabl
e4.
8indi
cat
est
hatt
heval
ueoft
het
-testwashi
gher

t
han t
he val
ue oft
he t
-tabl
e.I
tmeans t
hatt
her
e was a

si
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencebet
weent
her
esul
toft
hest
udent
s’ pr
e-

t
estandpost
-test
.

7. Hypot
hesi
sTest
ing

Tof
indoutt
hedegr
eeoff
reedom (
df)
,ther
esear
cher

usedt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
a:

Df =N-1 (
N=Numberofst
udent
s)

Df =1
8-1

Df =1
7

Fort
hel
evelofsi
gni
fi
cance(
p)0.
05anddf1
7,t
he

val
ueoft
het
-test(
6.04)i
shi
ghert
hant
-tabl
e(3.
965)
.it

meanst
hatH0i
srej
ect
ed andH1i
saccept
ed.Sot
he

36
 r
esear
cherconcl
udest
her
ewasasi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erence

bet
ween t
he pr
e-t
estand post
-testoft
he st
udent
s’

wr
it
ing ski
l
laf
ter t
reat
ment by usi
ng Genr
e Based

Appr
oacht
oimpr
ovest
udent
s`wr
it
ing ski
l
linnar
rat
ive

t
ext
.

B.Di
scussi
on

Toknow t
hest
udent
s`achi
evementoft
henar
rat
ivet
ext
,

t
hewr
it
ewoul
dli
ket
odi
scussi
t,basedont
her
esul
toft
het
est
.

1
.Gr
ammar

Thi
scomponental
so wasnotso di
ff
icul
tfort
he

st
udent
s.I
twaspr
ovedbyt
het
otalscor
ethatwas230

andt
hemeanscor
eoft
hest
udent
swas1
2.77whi
chal
so

cl
assi
fi
edasgood.Thus,t
het
ent
hyearst
udent
sofMAN

BANTAENG have a good ski

l
lto wr
it
e nar
rat
ive t
ext

r
elat
ingt
oli
ngui
sti
cfeat
ureoft
het
ext
.

2.Vocabul
ary

As t
he second component above, vocabul
ary

componentwasal
sonott
oodi
ff
icul
ttot
hest
udent
s.I
t

37
 waspr
ovedbyt
het
otal
scor
ethatwas674andt
hemean

scor
ewas37.
44whi
chal
socl
assi
fi
edasgood.Thus,t
he

t
ent
hyearst
udent
sofMAN BANTAENG havegoodski
l
l

t
owr
it
enar
rat
ivet
extvi
ewedf
rom t
heuseofvocabul
ary.

Resear
chert
hink t
hatl
ear
ning wr
it
ing t
hrough genr
e

basedappr
oachi
sver
yhel
pfulf
ori
mpr
ovi
ngst
udent
s'wr
it
ing

under
standi
ng becausei
tissuppor
ted byt
hef
requencyand

pr
opor
ti
onofst
udent
s`scor
esont
hepr
e-t
estandpost
-test
.

The pr
e-exper
iment
al r
esear
ch whi
ch i
mpl
ement
ed

Genr
eBasedAppr
oachi
nor
dert
oimpr
ovest
udent
s’ wr
it
ing

ski
l
lsuchasst
udent
s’ gr
ammarandvocabul
ary.Basedont
he

r
esul
toft
her
esear
ch,i
tcanbeconcl
udedt
hatasat
heor
ythat

i
s GBA can i
mpr
ove st
udent
s’ wr
it
ing ski
l
l.The st
udent
s

showed t
hatt
heuseofGBA make t
hem i
nter
estt
ojoi
nthe

cl
ass.They al
so wer
e mor
e cr
eat
ive and act
ive dur
ing t
he

l
ear
ningpr
ocess.

Af
tert
eachi
ng Genr
e Based Appr
oach as st
rat
egy i
n

l
ear
ning pr
ocess,t
he r
esear
cherf
ound t
hatt
he r
esul
twas

ef
fect
ive.Thi
sassumpt
ioni
sst
atedwi
thevi
dence.Dur
ingt
he

appl
i
cat
ionpr
ocessoft
reat
ment
,ther
esear
chershowst
hatt
he

st
udent
s wer
e ver
yint
erest
ed t
o t
he mat
eri
alst
hat t
he

38
r
esear
cherpr
esent
ed.Basedont
her
esul
toft
hewr
it
ingt
est
,

t
hest
udent
s’ ski
l
linwr
it
ingi
simpr
oved.I
twassuppor
tedby

t
her
esul
tofpr
e-t
estandpost
-testf
rom t
hecomponent
sof

wr
it
ing.

The r
esul
tof dat
a anal
ysi
s,t
he r
esear
cher f
ound

i
mpr
oved i
n st
udent
s’ wr
it
ing ski
l
l.The st
udent
s’ wr
it
ing

ski
l
latt
het
ent
hgr
adest
udent
sofMAN BANTAENG bef
ore

t
eachi
ngbyusi
ngGBAasast
rat
egywasst
il
ll
ow especi
all
yin

t
he st
udent
s’ gr
ammarand vocabul
ary.I
nthe pr
e-t
est
,

t
her
ewer
enost sgetexcel
udent l
ent
,ver
ygoodandgood

cl
assi
fi
cat
ion(
0%)
.Ther
ewer
ewho 1
1st
udent
s(63.
0%)i
n

Poor
,1st
udent(
10.
3%)i
n Aver
age scor
e and 6 st
udent
s

(
20.
7%)i
nver
ypoor
.Whi
l
eint
hepost
-testcat
egor
izedas

hi
gh achi
ever t
her
e wer
e10 st
udent
s(65.
5%) and l
ow

achi
ever wer
e onl
y 8 st
udent
s(35%)
. Looki
ng at t
he

compar
ison of t
he st
udent
s’ pr
e-t
estand post
-testi
n

f
requencyandr
ateper
cent
age,t
her
esear
chercanconcl
ude

t
hatt
her
eisan i
mpr
oved oft
he st
udent
s’ wr
it
ing ski
l
lin

Genr
eBasedAppr
oachasast
rat
egyi
nlear
ningpr
ocess.

I
nthepr
evi
oussect
ion,t
her
ewasasi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erence

bet
weenpr
e-t
estandpost
-testoft
hest
udent
s’ wr
it
ingski
l
l

af
tergi
vi
ngat
reat
ment
.Itwasst
udent
s’ meanscor
einpr
e-

t
estwas29.
22andt
hepost
-testwas49.
66.I
tshowedt
hatt
he

39
st
udent
s’ wr
it
ingski
l
linpost
-testwashi
ghert
hant
hepr
e-t
est
.

Thet
-testval
uewas6.
04andi
twasgr
eat
ert
hant
-tabl
e3.
965

att
hel
evel
ofsi
gni
fi
cance(
α)=0,
05anddegr
eeoff
reedom (
df)

=1
8-1=1
7.I
twasf
oundt
hatr
esul
toft
-testval
uewasgr
eat
er

t
hant
-tabl
e(6.
04>3.
965)
.

Fr
om t
her
esul
t,i
tcanbeconcl
udedt
hatt
hest
udent
s’

wr
it
ing ski
l
lwas i
mpr
oved dur
ing t
he t
reat
mentby usi
ng

Genr
eBasedAppr
oachasast
rat
egyi
nlear
ningandt
eachi
ng

pr
ocess, and i
t means t
hat t
he st
udent
s acqui
red t
he

mat
eri
alsbet
ter
.

40
 CHAPTERV

CONCLUSI
ONANDSUGGESTI
ON

Thi
schapt
erconsi
stsoft
wopar
ts.Thef
ir
stpar
tdi
scussest
he

concl
usi
onsandt
hesecondpar
tdi
scussessuggest
ions.

A.Concl
usi
on

Based on t
he r
esul
tsoft
heanal
ysi
soft
hisst
udy,t
he

r
esear
cherconcl
udedt
hatt
heuseofgenr
ebased appr
oach

coul
d i
mpr
ove st
udent
s' wr
it
ing under
standi
ng at MAN

BANTAENG.Resear
cher
sfound t
hatt
her
e wasa si
gni
fi
cant

di
ff
erencei
nst
udentl
ear
ningout
comesof6.
04(
t-t
est
)andt
he

l
evelofsi
gni
fi
cance(
ᾱ)=0.
05and(
df=N-1
)=1
8-1=1
7.The

t
-tabl
eval
uewas3.
965whi
l
ethet
-testval
ue(
6.04)
>t-t
abl
e

val
ue(
3.965)
.Thi
smeanst
hatt
het
-testval
uei
shi
ghert
hant
he

t
-tabl
e val
ue.So,t
he r
esear
cherconcl
udes t
hatt
he Zer
o

Hypot
hesi
sisr
eject
ed and t
he Al
ter
nat
ive Hypot
hesi
sis

accept
ed.I
n ot
herwor
ds,t
he genr
e based appr
oach can

i
mpr
ovest
udent
s'under
standi
ngofwr
it
ing.

The use ofgenr

e based appr
oach i
nlear
ning wr
it
ing

at
tract
ed t
hei
nter
estofst
udent
satMAN BANTAENG i
nthe

2021
/2022schoolyear
s,sot
hatt
heywer
emot
ivat
edt
olear
n

Engl
i
shi
ngener
alandl
ear
nwr
it
ingi
npar
ti
cul
ar.

41
B.Suggest
ions

Based on t
he anal
ysi
s and dat
a concl
usi
ons, t
he

r
esear
cherpr
oposest
hef
oll
owi
ngsuggest
ions:

1
.Teacher
s shoul
d use genr
e based appr
oach i
n

t
eachi
ng wr
it
ing as an al
ter
nat
ive t
echni
que i
n

t
eachi
ng Engl
i
sh t
o i
mpr
ove st
udent
s' wr
it
ing

under
standi
ngandbemor
ecr
eat
ive,sot
hatst
udent
s

wi
l
lbemor
eint
erest
edandmot
ivat
edt
olear
nEngl
i
sh.

2.Resear
chersuggestt
hatst
udent
susevar
ioust
ypesof

t
ext
s, especi
all
y nar
rat
ive t
ext
s t
o hel
p t
hem

under
standt
hei
rwr
it
ing.

3.Resear
chersuggestt
hatot
herr
esear
cher
scant
ryt
his

medi
abyusi
ngt
opi
csandsub-t
opi
csr
elat
edt
othe

cur
ri
cul
um i
nschool
s.Thesegenr
ebasedappr
oach

canhel
pbui
l
dst
udent
s'pr
evi
ousknowl
edge.

4.The def
ici
ency of t
hisr
esear
cher i
sthe l
ack of

exampl
esofnar
rat
ivet
ext gi
vent
ost
udent
sdur
ing

t
hepost
-test
,pr
e-t
estandt
eachi
ngpr
ocesses.The

r
esear
chersuggest
sthatt
henextr
esear
chercanuse

genr
e based appr
oach medi
atoi
mpr
ove st
udent
s'

wr
it
ingski
l
ls.

42
5.The r
esear
cher al
so suggest
ed t
hat t
he next

r
esear
chercoul
dassesst
hest
udent
s'gr
ammarand

vocabul
aryski
l
ldur
ingt
hewr
it
ingski
l
ltest
.

43