APH201L

ECT
URENOT
E
I
NTRODUCT
ION
Ani
malpr
oduct
ionembr
acesal
ldi
sci
pli
nesi
nthebi
ologi
calandphysi
calsci
ences
t
hati
nfl
uenceani
mal
s’l
if
e.I
tal
sor
efer
stot
het
otalst
oreofknowl
edgewi
thr
egar
ds
t
ofeedi
ng,br
eedi
ng,gener
almanagement
,mar
ket
ingandpr
ocessi
ngofandt
hei
r
pr
oduct
s.Ani
malagr
icul
tur
eut
il
izebi
ologi
calpr
ocessest
opr
oduceani
malpr
oduct
s
usef
ult
ohumanandt
hesuccessofhuman(
s)bei
ngsonear
thcanbeat
tr
ibut
edt
o
ani
malt
hatf
eed,
clot
hed,
car
ri
edt
hemandcul
ti
vat
ethei
rfi
elds.
T
hehi
stor
yofagr
icul
tur
edat
edbackt
othehi
stor
yoft
heear
lymancanbegr
ouped
i
ntof
ourst
agesofdevel
opmentbef
oreadventofmoder
nagr
icul
tur
e.
Pal
eol
it
hicorSt
oneage:T
hisi
stheear
li
estandl .Per
ongest iodofhuman.hi
stor
y
Per
hapsmor
ethanami
ll
ionyear
s,i
nthi
sage,
far
mingdi
dnotexi
stnordi
ddomest
ic
ani
mal
sexi
st.Ear
lymenoft
hisageusedf
ir
e,chi
ppedpi
eceofhar
dst
oneand
i
mpl
ement
ssuchascr
udehandaxes.T
hesewer
eusedf
orhur
ti
ngandgat
her
ingof
f
rui
tandgr
asses.
Mesol
it
hicorMi
ddl
est
oneage:T
hisagewasbet
ween12,
000t
o
8,
000B.
C.Dur
ingt
hisper
iod,mendevel
opedandl
ivedwi
tht
hespear
,thebowand
f
ishi
ngnet
,Thei
ncent
ivet
oset
tl
edownandhavi
ngaf
ami
lycamef
romt
hest
orageof
gat
her
edgr
asseswher
ekeepi
ngvi
gili
snecessar
y,.T
hisl
edt
ohi
gherbi
rt
hrat
e,
i
ncr
easedpopul
ati
onand-
kil
li
ngofmor
eani
mal
s,anddwi
ndl
ingsuppl
yofgame,
due
t
oover
-hunt
ing.T
her
efor
e,t
heyhadt
odependmor
eandmor
eont
hesuppl
yofst
ored
gr
ain.Wander
ingi
npur
sui
tofgameani
mal
swasr
epl
acedbypr
imi
ti
vef
armi
ng.
Neol
it
hicorNewst
oneage:T
hisagebeganatabout6000B.
Cwhenpol
ishedst
one
t
ool
sdevel
opedandwi
del
yusedbyt
ri
alander
ror
,ear
lymeni
dent
if
iedt
hose pl
ant
s
ofgoodval
uet
othem andf
oundt
hatt
heseedsofsuchpl
ant
scoul
dbesavedand
pl
ant
edt
opr
oducemor
epl
ant
sther
ebyensur
ingar
egul
arf
oodsuppl
y,Wi
tht
ime,
the
cul
tur
e,t
radi
ti
onandbehavi
ouro
fpeopl
echangedwi
thmanbecomi
ngmor
eofa
set
tl
ert
hanahunt
er.Someoft
heani
mal
swer
ebr
oughthomeandr
ear
ed.
T
heyoungani
mal
sresul
ti
ngf
rom br
eedi
ngi
ncapt
ivi
tyher
ekept
.Thoset
hatr
etai
ned
mor
eoft
hewi
ldgenesi
nthem wer
eki
ll
ed.Fi
nal
ly,t
hepopul
ati
onofani
mal
sthat
wer
ekeptbecamemor
edoci
leandt
hatwast
hebegi
nni
ngofdomest
icat
ion.
T
hebr
onzeage:T
hest
oneageadvancedi
ntot
hebr
onzeageandl
ateri
ntot
hei
ron
age.Bet
tert
ool
swer
edevel
opmentt
omeett
heagr
icul
tur
alneedsofman.T
hef
iel
dof
ani
malpr
oduct
iondevel
opedwi
thdomest
icat
ionofani
mal
sint
heNeol
it
hicper
iod
whent
hewor
ldpopul
ati
onwasabout5mi
ll
ion.T
hiswast
hebegi
nni
ngofhumani
ti
es
t
ransf
ormat
ion f
rom t
he scavengert
othe ci
vil
ized wayofl
if
e(ur
ban dwel
ler
).
Successf
ulani
malpr
oduct
ion i
sasr
esul
tofyear
sofexper
ienceand sci
ent
if
ic
r
esear
ch.T
he f
ori
mpr
ovementover
alll
ivest
ocki
ndust
rybecome obvi
ous when
vi
ewedagai
nst
:
1 T
hebackgr
oundofourevergr
owi
ngpopul
ati
on,
2 Ourdwi
ndl
ing f
orei
gn exchanger
eser
vewhi
chpl
acesmor
econst
rai
nton
i
mpor
tat
ionofl
ivest
ockandi
tspr
oduct
s.
3 T
hepr
esentunsat
isf
act
orydai
lypr
otei
nint
akeacr
osst
hecount
ry.
4 T
heneedt
oimpr
oveonf
orei
gnexchangef
romagr
icul
tur
e.

Ni
ger
iansdependl
argel
yonpl
ant
sfort
hei
rsour
ces,ofpr
otei
n,t
hebi
ologi
cal
val
ueofwhi
chi
snotashi
ghast
hoseofsour
cesT
hisi
swhyt
her
ear
emanycasesof
mal
nut
ri
ti
on,kwashi
orkorandmar
asmusi
nthecount
ry.Pl
antpr
otei
nisf
oundt
obe
def
ici
enti
nsul
phurcont
aini
ngami
noaci
dswher
easani
malpr
otei
ncont
ainsal
lthe
essent
ialami
noaci
ds.
FAO(
1984)r
ecommended65.
0gast
heaver
aget
otalpr
otei
nrequi
rementper
per
sonperday,42.20goft
hismustbeofani
malor
i nand22.
gi 75g.
ofpl
antor
igi
n.
Butwhato
per
atesi
nNi
ger
iai
sthataver
aget
otalpr
otei
nint
akei
sputat55.
0g,
10.7g
ofwhi
chi
sofani
malor
igi
nand43.
7gofpl
antor
igi
n.T
hisshowst
hatpr
otei
nint
akei
s
f
arbel
owt
her
ecommendedl
evel
.
T
he obj
ect
ive ofani
malpr
oduct
ion t
her
efor
eist
ofi
nd ways ofr
epl
aci
ng t
he
t
radi
ti
onalsyst
em ofani
malhusbandr
ywi
tht
hemoder
nsyst
em andt
hisi
nvol
ves
mor
esyst
emat
icappr
oach.

ROL
EOFL
IVEST
OCKI
NNAT
IONALECONOMY
T
hei
mpor
tanceofl
ivest
ocki
sasf
oll
ows:
1. Sour
ceofFood:
Meatobt
ainedf
rom l
ivest
ocksuppl
yhi
ghqual
it
ypr
otei
ninNi
ger
iandi
et.Mi
lk
i
sal
soobt
ainedandt
hisi
sregar
dedasacompl
etef
oodi
nthati
tcont
ainspr
otei
n,
car
bohydr
ate,f
at,mi
ner
alsandvi
tami
ns.T
het
ypeandqual
it
yofeachdependson
br
eedandenvi
ronmenti
nwhi
cht
hel
ivest
ockar
ekept
,eggsar
eal
soobt
ained.T
hisi
s
al
soacompl
etef
oodasmi
lk
.Ani
malpr
oduct
sforf
eedi
ngofl
ivest
ockar
eal
so
obt
ained.T
hesei
ncl
udebonemeal
,bl
oodmeate.
t.
c.

2. Sour
ceofCl
othi
ngandRawMat
eri
alsf
orI
ndust
ri
es:
Hi
desandSk
inar
eusedi
n.maki
ngl
eat
hermat
eri
alsf
orshoesandal
lki
ndsofbel
t.
Wool
,hai
randpel
tar
emadei
ntobl
anket
sandot
hercl
othi
ngmat
eri
alofsuper
ior
qual
it
yandf
orpr
otect
ionf
romt
heel
ement
sandaest
het
icador
nment
.
3. Sour
ceofPowerandT
ranspor
tat
ion:
Someani
mal
scanpr
ovi
demanwi
thpowert
ocar
ryhi
sbur
den,pul
lhi
scar
tsand
t
il
lageequi
pment
,tot
hreshhi
sgr
ain,oper
atehi
sir
ri
gat
ion pumpsand pr
ovi
de
t
ranspor
tat
ion.I
tisest
imat
edt
hatovert
hree-
quar
terofal
lagr
icul
tur
alpoweri
nthe
wor
ldcomesf
rom ani
mal
s.Ass,hor
se,donkey’
scamel
sandmul
ear
eusedt
ocar
ry
l
oadsoverl
ongdi
stances.Bul
l,Buf
fal
oandhor
sear
eusedt
ooper
atet
hreadmi
ll
s
anddr
agl
argef
armi
mpl
ement
s.
4. Sour
ceofFuelandFer
ti
li
zer
:
Dungcanbeusedf
orf
uel
,fer
ti
li
zerorasaf
eedsour
cef
orwor
m pr
oduct
ion.
Manur
ecanbeusedasf
uelwher
ether
eisscar
cit
yoff
ir
ewoodandwher
efossi
l
f
ueli
sexpensi
ve.Dungcanbeei
therbur
neddi
rect
lyorputi
ntoaf
erment
ati
on
vatt
opr
oducemet
hanegast
hatcanbebur
nedf
orheat
.Dr
oppi
ngsf
rom ani
mal
s
appl
iedasf
ert
il
izeri
mpr
ovest
het
il
tandper
meabi
li
tyoft
hesoi
landsuppl
ies
ni
tr
ogen,
phosphat
eandpot
ashaswel
l.However
,thef
ert
il
izi
ngval
uewi
lldepend
onwhatt
heani
mal
sat
e.Dungcanser
vesasf
eedf
orcompostwor
mssuchas
L
umbr
icusr
ubel
luspr
oduci
ngupt
o200t
imesi
nit
ialwei
ghti
nayearandt
hese
ar
eexcel
lentsour
cesofpr
otei
nforpoul
tr
y,pi
gsandorf
ishori
nsomecasest
hey
ar
eeat
enbyman.Wor
msr
educet
heammoni
aandot
herodour
s,t
hef
li
esandt
he
f
aecalmass.
5. Sour
ceofI
ncome/
Economi
cResour
ce:
T
hei
ndust
rygi
vesagr
eat
erandqui
ckerr
etur
noni
nvest
ment
.Ani
mal
sar
eval
uabl
e
t
radi
ngt
ool
sthatcanusual
lyber
eadi
lysol
dtomeetcashneedsoremer
genci
es
Ani
mal
smayi
mpr
ovet
heecono
micst
atusoft
hef
ami
lyorcont
ri
but
etobet
ter
st
andar
dofl
ivi
ngoft
hef
armer
sbypr
ovi
dingsuchpr
oduct
sasl
iveani
mal
s,eggs,
mi
lk
,meato
rpel
tsf
orsal
e.T
het
radei
nli
vest
ockpr
oduct
ionr
aisest
heeconomyof
t
hecount
ryt
hroughf
orei
gnexchangeear
ner
.Thet
radei
sal
soani
nsur
anceagai
nst
cr
opf
ail
ure.
6, Ani
mal
sPr
ovi
deMedi
cine:
-
Medi
cinalandot
herpr
oduct
scanbeder
ivedf
rom ani
mal
s,e.
g.I
nsul
incanbe
ext
ract
edf
romt
hepancr
easofst
eer
stokeept
hedi
abet
icsal
ive.
7. Ani
mal
sPr
ovi
deCompani
onshi
p:-
Smal
lani
mal
skeepyoungchi
ldr
enoccupi
ed.T
hehumansoulf
indscont
ent
menti
n
associ
ati
ngwi
thani
mal
s.T
hiscan.
beadi
sadvant
agehowever
,si
nceonceanani
mal
becomesapett
her
eissomer
eluct
ancet
oeati
t.
8. Sour
ceofEmpl
oymentOppor
tuni
ti
es:
-
I
nNi
ger
ia,t
heFul
ani
’
sar
eful
lyengagedi
ncat
tl
e,sheepandgoatr
ear
ing.T
hisi
sa
t
radi
ti
onalj
obpasseddownt
hroughgener
ati
on.I
nrecentt
imes,
becauseoft
heneed
f
ormor
eani
malpr
otei
npr
oduct
ion,manyi
ndi
vidual
shavesetupt
hei
rownf
arms.
T
heowner
sint
urnempl
oyf
arm manager
s,at
tendant
s,st
orekeeper
set
c.t
o.Hel
p
t
hem r
unt
hef
arm ef
fect
ivel
ythust
hoseempl
oyedear
nthei
rli
ving.T
hiscont
ri
but
es
t
oeconomi
cgr
owt
h.L
ivest
ockr
ear
ingal
soenhancesbet
terdi
str
ibut
ionofl
abori
.e.
whenl
essi
stobedoneo
nani
mal
syoucanconcent
rat
eoncr
opspr
oduct
ionandvi
ce
ver
sa,
9. Ani
mal
susedf
orSoci
alSt
atues:
Far
m ani
mal
s ar
e used f
orsoci
ologi
calf
unct
ions l
ike paymentofbr
ide pr
ice,
r
eli
gionsr
it
eset
c.Ki
ll
ingofgoat
s,cowset
c,i
sast
atussymboli
nthesoci
ety.Ani
mal
ar
eal
sousedasgi
ft
s.
10. Ani
mal
sser
veasSt
orage:
-
Ani
mal
smayser
veasast
orager
eser
voi
rofener
gy,pr
otei
nandot
hernut
ri
ent
s
t
hatar
epr
oducedi
ngr
ain,f
orageandot
hercr
ops.T
hepl
antgr
owni
nexcessof
cur
rentneedsi
seat
enbyt
heani
malandconver
tedi
ntoani
malt
issue(
growt
h
and f
at)t
hatcan l
aterbe consumed by man.Cer
tai
n by-
product
s ofcr
op
pr
oduct
iont
hatcannotbeco
nsumedbymanbecauseoft
hepoorqual
it
yand
t
oxi
cit
ye.
g.yam peel
,cassavapeel
,ri
cebr
anet
c,ar
efedt
oani
mal
sfr
om whi
ch
hi
ghqual
it
ypr
otei
n can beder
ived.Ani
mal
sadd val
uet
ocr
opr
esi
duesby
conver
ti
ngt
heser
esi
duest
opr
efer
redani
malpr
oduct
s.
PROBL
EMSOFL
IVEST
OCK.PRODUCT
IONI
NNI
GERI
A
1. NUT
RIT
ION:
Ata gi
ven l
evelofmanagementand di
seasecont
rol
,li
vest
ockpr
oduct
ion i
sa
f
unct
ionoft
hel
eveloff
eedi
ng.Feedconst
it
utesabout70% oft
het
otalcostof
l
ivest
ockpr
oduct
ioni
nNi
ger
ia.T
hesuppl
yofpr
otei
ninconcent
rat
efornon-
rumi
nant
f
eedi
nghasbeengr
ossl
yinadequat
eduet
othef
actt
hatt
hef
oodi
sbei
ngcompet
ed
f
orbyment
her
ebymaki
ngi
tscar
ceandexpensi
vet
obewi
thi
nther
eachoff
armer
s.

2. MARKET
INGANDDI
STRI
BUT
ION
Over90% ofcat
tl
eand70% ofsheepandgoatf
oundi
nNi
ger
iaar
elocat
edi
nthe
Sudan-
Sahelzonewher
etheyar
emanagedundert
het
radi
ti
onalsyst
em.Mostoft
he
ani
mal
sar
emovedt
otheSout
her
nmar
ketonf
oot
,tr
uckorr
ail
.Heavi
erl
ossesi
n
t
erms ofwei
ghtand numbero
fdead ani
mal
s ar
e usual
lyencount
ered dur
ing
t
rekki
ngofani
mal
s.
Formostl
ivest
ockandi
tspr
oduct
s,t
her
eisr
arel
yanyor
gani
zedmar
ketf
oref
fect
ive
di
str
ibut
ionandsal
es.T
hisi
sbecauset
her
eisal
waysagener
all
ackofmar
ket
i
nfor
mat
ionwi
thr
egar
dst
oquant
it
yandqual
it
yoft
hepr
oducti
ndemandandwher
e
t
heyar
edemanded.
3. CAPI
TAL
L
ivest
ockpr
oduct
ioni
scapi
tali
ntensi
vei
nter
msofi
nvest
ment
sinhi
ghqual
it
y
br
eedi
ngst
ock,
housi
ng,
equi
pment
,landacqui
sit
ionandhi
ri
ngofgoodqual
it
ylabor
.
Soconsi
der
abl
ecr
edi
tfaci
li
ti
esar
erequi
redf
orsuccessf
ull
ivest
ockoper
ati
ons.But
t
hecr
edi
tfaci
li
ti
esar
enoteasyt
ocomebyorsecur
ed,sol
ivest
ockagr
icul
tur
al
pr
oduct
ionhasbeenl
efti
nthehandsofpeasantf
armer
.Thesoci
o-economi
cst
atus
oft
her
uralcommuni
tydwel
ler
shasl
imi
tedt
hei
rfi
nanci
alcapabi
li
tyr
esul
ti
ngi
n
i
nadequat
efundi
ngofl
ivest
ockpr
oduct
ion.
4. L
ACKOFQUAL
IFI
EDMANPOWER
L
ivest
ock i
ndust
ryi
s a compl
ex one whi
ch r
equi
res l
arge t
eam ofdi
ff
erent
pr
ofessi
onal
s al
lwor
king t
oget
her t
o ensur
ethatpr
oduct
ion,mar
ket
ing and
di
str
ibut
ionsyst
emswi
thi
ntheent
erpr
iseoper
ateef
fi
cient
ly.Butt
her
eisagener
al
l
ackorshor
tageofqual
if
iedmanpoweratal
llevel
sofl
ivest
ockpr
oduct
ioni
nNi
ger
ia.
T
her
ear
enotenoughvet
eri
nar
ian,
li
vest
ockext
ensi
onagent
sandqual
if
iedpeopl
eto
manar
easl
ikenut
ri
ti
on,
breedi
ng,
past
ureagr
onomy,
repr
oduct
ivephysi
ologyet
c.
5.L
ACKOFADEQUAT
EDAT
A
T
her
eisl
ackofadequat
edat
aofl
ivest
ockatbot
hSt
ateandFeder
all
evel
sforpr
oper
l
ivest
ockpr
ogr
ammepl
anni
ng.Whati
savai
labl
eisanunr
eli
abl
ecensusf
igur
es
whi
chi
smor
eorl
essaguessmat
e.T
hishasmadeanobj
ect
iveappr
aisalofpr
esent
st
atusofl
ivest
ockpr
oduct
iondi
ff
icul
tandf
utur
econst
ruct
ivepl
anal
mosti
mpossi
ble.

6.T
YPEOFANI
MAL
L
ivest
ockpr
oduct
ionai
msatopt
imum pr
oduct
ionwi
thi
nashor
tti
mebutani
mal
sthat
ar
eindi
genoust
oourcl
imat
ear
ever
ysmal
l,havesl
ow gr
owt
hrat
e,havehi
gh
mor
tal
it
yrat
eandnotver
yeconomi
cali
nani
ntensi
vesyst
em ofagr
icul
tur
e.But
t
hesei
ndi
genousani
mal
scant
oler
atet
hehumi
dit
y,l
ighti
ntensi
ty,
hight
emper
atur
e,
ar
emor
eresi
stantt
odi
seasesandpar
asi
tes.Sosel
ect
ionandcr
ossbr
eedi
ngoft
he
i
ndi
genousani
mal
swi
tht
heexot
icbr
eeds:wi
llgoal
ongwayi
nimpr
ovi
ngt
he
per
for
manceoft
heani
mal
s.
7.REL
IGI
OUSBEL
IEF
T
hisaf
fect
sli
vest
ockpr
oduct
ioni
nNi
ger
ia,e.
g.Musl
imsdonoteatpor
kandsopi
g
r
aisi
ngi
nNor
ther
npar
tofNi
ger
iawhi
chi
sMusl
imsdomi
nat
edi
sdi
scour
aged.
8.GOVERNMENTPOL
ICY
Anot
hermaj
orpr
obl
em beset
ti
ng l
ivest
ockpr
oduct
ion .
in Ni
ger
iai
sthel
ackof
gover
nmentpol
icy dr
ive f
ormeani
ngf
uland r
esul
t-
ori
ent
ed r
esear
ch and al
so
i
rr
egul
arpol
i
ciesonani
malpr
oduct
ion,Al
lthesehavel
edt
oimpr
oper
lypl
annedand
poor
lyi
mpl
ement
edl
ivest
ockdevel
opmentpr
oject
sbot
hatNat
ionalandSt
atel
evel
s.
9.I
NADEQUAT
EGOVERNMENTFI
NANCI
ALPROVI
SION
T
he money made avai
labl
etot
he agr
icul
tur
alsect
ori
nthe AnnualBudget
ing
Al
locat
ion has al
ways been gr
ossl
yinadequat
e.T
his has l
ed t
o di
ff
icul
tyi
n
acqui
sit
ion ofdr
ugsand ot
hernecessar
yinput
sand hascont
inued t
ohamper
l
ivest
ockpr
oduct
ionanddevel
opment
.
10.DI
SEASESANDPARASI
TES
Ni
ger
iai
sat
ropi
calcount
rywi
tht
heat
tendanthumi
dcl
imat
ewhi
chi
sconduci
vet
o
t
her
api
dmul
ti
pli
cat
ionanddevel
opmentofpat
hogeni
cor
gani
smsandpar
asi
tes.
T
hey have cause unt
oldl
osses t
her
eby l
imi
ti
ng pr
oduct
ivi
ty and pr
oduct
ion of
l
ivest
ock.

DI
STRI
BUT
IONOFL
IVEST
OCKI
NNI
GERI
A
Sheep,goat
,cat
tl
e,r
abbi
ts,pi
gsandar
ecommoni
nNi
ger
ia.T
hei
rdi
str
ibut
ion
var
yfr
om onear
eat
otheot
her
.Gener
all
ytheNor
ther
npar
thasmor
eoft
hese
ani
mal
sthant
heSout
her
npar
t.Amaj
orf
act
orf
ort
hisi
scl
imat
e.T
heNor
ther
npar
t
suppor
tst
hegr
owt
hofgr
asseswhi
char
enecessar
yformosther
bivor
ousani
mal
s
t
husmostr
umi
nantani
mal
sar
efoundi
ntheNor
th.
Di
seasesl
iket
rypanosomi
asi
sduet
otset
sei
nfest
ati
onar
ecommoni
nthe
Nor
thandt
hist
endst
oli
mitt
henumberofani
mal
sfoundi
ntheSout
h.
Envi
ronment
alcondi
ti
oni
ntheSout
hfavour
shi
ghhumi
dit
yandt
emper
atur
ethus
necessi
tat
ingconst
ruct
ionoff
arm st
ruct
urewhi
chwi
llai
dther
educt
ionofheatand
humi
dit
y.
T
abooi
sanot
herf
act
orandi
susual
lyassoci
atedwi
thr
eli
giousbel
ief
.The
r
esul
tantef
fectoft
hisi
sthatsomeani
mal
swi
llbef
oundi
nsomear
easandnot
f
oundi
nano
ther
.InNi
ger
ia,t
hepopul
ati
onofpi
gsi
slowi
ntheNor
thandf
air
lyhi
gh
i
nsomepar
tsoft
heSout
h,T
hisi
sbecauseofI
slami
crel
igi
onsi
nceMusl
imsar
e
pr
edomi
nanti
ntheNor
tht
hani
ntheSout
h.T
hei
rbel
iefi
sthatpi
gsar
eunhol
yani
mal
s
andI
slami
cal
lyf
orbi
ddent
obeeat
en.I
tisat
aboof
oraMusl
imt
oeatpor
k.Swi
ne
pr
oduct
ioni
nthesear
eaar
ether
efor
elowsi
ncet
hei
rdemandi
slow.
T
hesoci
o-economi
cst
atusofani
ndi
viduali
smeasur
edi
nsomear
easbyt
hemat
eri
al
t
hingshepossesses.T
heFul
ani
sat
tachser
iousi
mpor
tancet
otheheadsofcat
tl
ein
t
hei
rher
d.
I
thasbeen obser
vedt
hatanaver
ageFul
anir
arel
lysel
lshi
sani
mal
s.Hi
skeepi
ng
t
hem i
nthe r
ange i
s associ
ated wi
th a soci
alst
atus.I
nthe Sout
her
n Ni
ger
ia
especi
all
yinvi
ll
ages,f
ami
li
esar
eal
sor
ankedi
nter
msofnumberofgoat
s,sheep,
cat
tl
eet
c.t
hatar
ekept
.Amanwi
thaver
ylar
gesi
zeofher
doveri
sconsi
der
ed
weal
thy.T
heobser
vabl
eef
fectoft
hisi
sthatani
mal
sar
econcent
rat
edi
nar
easwher
e
br
eedi
ngexceedsconsumpt
ionamongot
herr
easons.

FACT
ORSOFCL
IMAT
EANDT
HEI
REFFECTONL
IVEST
OCKPRODUCT
ION
Ani
mal
shaveopt
imal.
rangeofcl
i
mat
icf
act
orsf
ort
hei
rmaxi
mum pr
oduct
ion.Maj
or
cl
imat
icf
act
orsaf
fect
ingl
ivest
ockar
eambi
entt
emper
atur
e,r
ainf
allandhumi
dit
y?
Radi
ati
on,
wind,
lengt
hofdayl
ight
,e.
tc.
T
heyhaveef
fect
sonl
ivest
ocki
n2ways.
1.DI
RECTEFFECT
T
hismaj
orl
yhast
odowi
tht
emper
atur
eofenvi
ronmentver
susbodyt
emper
atur
ein
r
elat
iont
other
malr
egul
ati
on.Al
lofl
ivest
ockar
ehomoeot
her
mici
.e.keept
hei
rbody
t
emper
atur
econst
antwi
th.
li
tt
levar
iat
ion.Eachspeci
ehast
hei
rownt
emper
atur
e
r
ange.Ani
mal
smai
ntai
nthei
rtemper
atur
ebykeepi
ng a bal
ancebet
ween heat
pr
oducedorgai
nedf
rom envi
ronment
,i.
e.heatpr
oducedandheatl
osst
hrough
pr
ocessesl
ikeevapor
ati
on,conduct
ionet
c.Evapor
ati
onoccur
sthr
oughsweat
ing;i
n
poul
tr
yito
ccur
sthr
oughpant
ingandt
hrought
henet
wor
kofai
rsaci
nthei
rlungs.

HOTCL
IMAT
E
Ani
mal
’
sresponset
oheati
ncl
udes:
i
)Decr
easei
nfeedi
ntaket
oreduceheatpr
oduced(
asar
esul
tofeat
ing?di
gest
ing
andut
il
izi
ngf
eed)
.Foodconsumpt
ionandr
umi
nat
ionmaypr
act
ical
lyceasei
ncat
tl
e
as ambi
entt
emper
atur
erses above 40oC.Ef
i fi
ciency off
eed ut
il
izat
ion al
so
decr
easesati
ncr
easi
ngambi
entt
emper
atur
e.
i
i)Reduct
ioni
ndur
ati
onofgr
azi
ng,
i
ii
)Incr
easedwat
eri
ntakeandsubsequenti
ncr
easei
nur
inar
yout
put
,
i
v)Hi
ght
emper
atur
eaf
fect
spr
oduct
ioni
nter
msofgr
owt
h,mi
lkpr
oduct
ion,egg
pr
oduct
ion. T
her
ewi
llbedecr
easedpr
oduct
ion,
v)Repr
oduct
ioni
saf
fect
ed.I
nfemal
es,
ageatpuber
ty,
regul
ari
tyanddur
ati
on
ofoest
ruscycl
e,i
nci
denceofabnor
mal
it
iesofova,
embr
yoni
cmor
tal
it
y,
f
oet
aldeat
hrat
e,gest
ati
onl
engt
handf
oet
alsi
zear
eaf
fect
edwhi
lei
nmal
es
ageatpuber
ty,
sexual
li
bido,
ther
mor
egul
ator
yfunct
ionoft
hescr
otum
af
fect
ingsper
mat
ogenesi
sandsemenchar
act
eri
sti
csar
eaf
fect
ed,
vi
)Decr
easedt
hyr
oidact
ivi
tywi
thasubsequentr
educedmet
abol
icr
ate,
vi
i)Sweat
ingoccur
s.Butani
mal
sli
ker
abbi
tscoolby,
transudat
ionand
appl
yingsal
ivar
ymoi
stur
etot
hehai
rbyl
icki
ngt
hemsel
ves.Pi
gswal
lowt
o
keepcoo
l
vi
ii
)Pant
ingandexcessi
vesal
ivat
ion(
Slobber
ing)t
oevapor
ate
wat
erf
romupperr
espi
rat
oryandor
alcavi
ti
es.
i
x)Gr
owt
hwi
llbeaf
fect
edascl
imat
icst
ress,
depr
essappet
it
e,
r
educesf
eedi
ntakeandgr
azi
ngt
ime.
x)Vasodi
lat
ati
on
xi
)Incr
easedbodyt
emper
atur
e
xi
i)Comaandf
inal
lydeat
hcanr
esul
t.
Col
dCl
imat
e:
i
)Newbor
nani
mal
sar
emor
esuscept
ibl
etocol
d.
i
i)Ener
gyr
equi
rementanddi
seasesuscept
ibi
li
tyi
ncr
easewhen
ani
mal
sar
ekepti
nwetpen.
i
ii
)Ani
mal
shumpup,
shr
inkt
heski
ntor
educebodysur
facear
ea
T
her
ebyr
educi
ngr
ateofr
espi
rat
ion.
i
v)Vasoconst
ri
cti
onoccur
s.
v)T
her
eiser
ect
ionofhai
randt
hisi
ncr
easesi
nsul
ati
on
val
ue.
vi
)Ther
eisi
ncr
easedheatpr
oduct
ionbyshi
ver
ing.
vi
i)Ani
mal
seatmor
efoodanddr
inkl
esswat
er.
vi
ii
)Ani
mal
sgr
owmor
ehai
randdeposi
tlayeroff
atundert
he
ski
n.
2.I
NDI
RECTEFFECT
T
hemaj
ori
ndi
rectef
fecti
sont
hequant
it
yandqual
it
yoff
eedavai
labl
e.T
hemost
i
mpor
tantcl
imat
icf
act
orst
hatl
imi
tpl
antgr
owt
h and.hence quant
it
y off
eed
avai
labl
ear
eambi
entt
emper
atur
e,r
ainf
all
,lengt
hofdayl
ight
,andi
ntensi
tyofsol
ar
r
adi
ati
on.Excessr
aincanaf
fectf
eedsuppl
y,dr
oughtr
educesf
oragesuppl
yand
f
eedi
ngi
ngr
edi
ent
s.T
her
eisal
sot
hepr
obl
em ofpar
asi
teanddi
seasedur
ingt
he
r
aini
ngseason.Pat
hogensar
ever
yact
ivedur
ingt
hisseason.

COMMONANI
MALHUSBAHDARYT
ERMI
NOL
OGI
ES
RUMI
NANTHERBI
VORE:Ani
mal
s wi
thf
ourcompar
tment
alst
omachs.T
hey f
eed
mai
nlyonpast
ure,
.e.
g.cat
tl
e,sheepandgoat
.
NON-
RUMI
NANTHERBI
VORE:T
heyar
e:ani
mal
sthatf
eedongr
assesandher
bage,
butt
heyl
ackcompar
tment
alst
omach,
e.g.donkey,
rabbi
ts.
MONOGAST
RIC:
-Non-
her
bivor
e;Ani
mal
swi
thsi
mpl
est
omach.
CAT
TLET
ERMI
NOL
OGY
Dai
ry:Adai
ryi
sabui
ldi
ngwher
emi
lkandmi
lkpr
oduct
sar
ehandl
ed.
Bar
n:Abui
l
dingwher
egr
aini
sst
oredorcat
tl
ear
erear
ed.
Pen:Asmal
lencl
osur
eforcat
tl
e,pi
gs,
goat
s,sheepet
c.
Paddock:Asmal
lfi
eldwher
ecat
tl
e,hor
seset
car
efencedi
n.
Cr
ush: Fencedpassagewi
thf
unnelshapedendal
ongwhi
chcat
tl
ear
edr
iveni
n
si
ngl
efi
lef
orbr
andi
ng,
spr
ayi
nget
c.
St
anchi
on:Anupr
ightbarorapai
rofbar
sforco
nfi
ningcat
tl
einast
all
.
St
all
:Acompar
tmentf
ori
ndi
vidualani
mal
sinacowhouseorst
abl
e.
Bul
l:Asexual
lymat
uredmal
eani
makeptf
orbr
eedi
ngpur
poses.
St
eer
:Abul
lcast
rat
edwhi
leyoungandr
ear
edf
orbeef
.
St
ag:Abul
lcast
rat
edwhenal
mostmat
ure.
Bul
lock:Cast
rat
edbul
lusedf
orwor
k.
Cal
f:Ayoungani
malupt
o12mont
hsol
d.
Cal
ving:T
heactofpar
tur
it
ioni
ncat
tl
e.
Year
li
ng:Anani
malbet
ween12and.24mont
hsol
d.At24mont
hsi
tbecomesat
wo
year
li
ng.
Hei
fer
:Ayo
ungf
emal
eani
mal
,thathasnotyethadherf
ir
stcal
f.Shebecomesacow
soo
naf
tert
hef
ir
stcal
fisweaned.
Fr
eemar
ti
n:Whenaf
emal
ecal
fisbor
ntwi
ntoamal
ecal
fandsomet
imessuch
f
emal
eisi
nfer
ti
le/
ster
il
ewheni
treachesmat
uri
ty(
Ahei
ferwhi
chi
sst
eri
lebecause
shewast
wint
obul
lcal
f)
Cow:Amat
uref
emal
ecat
tl
e(bovi
ne)
.
Beef
:Fl
eshofadul
tcat
tl
e.
Veal
:Fl
eshofyoungcat
tl
e.
Nymphomani
acBul
ler
:Anani
malt
hati
sonheatmor
efr
equent
lyt
hannor
maland
per
sist
ent
lyso.I
tisof
tenduet
opr
esenceoff
oll
icul
arcyst
sint
heovar
ies.
Est
rus/
Oest
rusorHeat
:Theper
iodwhent
hef
emal
erecei
vest
hemal
e.I
tisof
ten
char
act
eri
zedbyswel
li
ngoft
hevul
va,r
est
lessness,mount
ingandbei
ngmount
ed
et
c.
Ser
vice:Actofmat
ing.
SHEEPT
ERMI
NOL
OGY
Ram:Ful
lymat
uremal
esheep.
St
udorT
upr
am:Mal
esheepkeptf
orbr
eedi
ngpur
poses.
Ewe:Ful
lymat
uredf
emal
esheepal
readyl
ambi
ng,
orpr
oduci
ng.
Raml
amb:Ayoungmal
esheepunderoneyear
.
Ewel
amb:Ayoungf
emal
esheepunderoneyear
L
amb:Ayoungsheepofei
thersex
.
Wet
her
/wedder
:Cast
rat
edmal
esheep.
Gi
mmer
:Sheepr
eadyf
orser
vice.
L
ambi
ng:Actofpar
tur
it
ionorgi
vingbi
rt
hinsheep
Fl
ock:Gr
oupofsheep
Fl
eece:Hai
rofsheep
Mut
ton:Meatofsheep
Shear
ing:Cut
ti
ngt
hehai
rofsheepf
orcommer
cialuse.
Docki
ng:Shor
teni
ngorcut
ti
ngofsheept
ailt
opr
eventbl
owf
lyst
ri
ke.
T
uppi
ng:Actofmat
ingi
nsheep
GOATT
ERMI
NOL
OGY
Ki
d:Ayounggoatofei
thersexunder
:a-
year
.
Buck-
Kid:Ayoungmal
egoatunder1year
Doe-
Kid:-Ayoungf
emal
egoatunder1year
Buck/
Bil
lygoat
/Hegoat
:Ful
lymat
uredmal
egoatabove2year
s
ofage.
Doe/
Nannygoat
/she-
goat
:Ful
lymat
uredf
emal
egoatabove2year
sofage.
Cast
rat
e:Mal
egoatwho
set
est
icl
eshasbeenr
emoved.
Ki
ddi
ng:Actofgi
vingbi
rt
hingoat
.
Ser
vice:Actofmat
ing.
Chevr
on:Fr
eshmeatofgoat
.

PI
GTERMI
NOL
OGY
Boar
:Amat
uremal
epi
gofanyage
St
udboar
/st
ock:Amat
uremal
epi
gofanyageusedf
orser
vice.
Gi
lt
:Ayoungf
emal
epi
gwhi
chhasnotf
arr
owed.
L
it
ter
:Agr
oupofpi
glet
sfr
omt
hesamemot
her
,Noofpi
glet
bo
rnperbi
rt
hbyt
hesamesow.
Br
own:Ayoungmal
epi
gwhi
chhasnotbeenusedf
ormat
ing.
Bar
row/
Hog:T
hisi
sacast
rat
edmal
epi
g.
Her
d:Acol
lect
ionorgr
oupofpi
gs.
On-
heat
:Thear
tofshowi
ngt
hedesi
ref
ormat
ing.
Far
rowi
ng:T
hear
tofgi
vingbi
rt
hinpi
g.
I
n-pi
gsow:Af
emal
epi
gthati
spr
egnant
.
I
n-pi
gGi
lt
:-Ayoungf
emal
epi
gthati
spr
egnantf
ort
hef
ir
stt
ime.
Dr
ySow:Af
emal
epi
gwhoseyoungoneshavej
ustbeenweaned.
Pi
glet
s:Ar
etheyoung(
baby
)pi
gshavi
ngupt
o10kgbodywei
ght
.
Weaner
:Ar
epi
gsbet
ween10-
20kgbodywei
ght
.
Gr
ower
:Pi
gshavi
ngupt
o45kgbodywei
ght
.
Fat
tener
s:T
hosepi
gst
hatar
efedpur
posel
ytogai
nwei
ght
.Theyhaveupt
o90kg
bo
dywei
ght
.
Ser
vice:Actofmat
ingbet
weenmal
eandf
emal
epi
gs
Por
k:Fr
eshmeatofpi
g.
L
ard:Fatcont
entoft
hemeatofpi
g.
Runt
:Smal
lestpi
gleti
nal
it
ter
,usual
lyt
hel
astt
obef
arr
owed.
RABBI
TTERMI
N0L
OGY
Buck:Amat
uremal
erabbi
t.
Doe:Amat
uref
emal
erabbi
t.
Fr
yer
s:Youngr
abbi
tofabout2mont
hsofei
thersex.
Dr
ydoe:Af
emal
erabbi
twhi
chhasj
ustweanedf
ryer
.
Ki
ndl
ing:Ar
tofgi
vingbi
rt
hinr
abbi
t.
L
it
tersi
ze:Numberofyoungpr
oducedi
nonegest
ati
on.
Ki
tt
ens:Youngofr
abbi
ts.
Fost
er(
mot
her
)dam:Adoewhi
chactasdami
npl
aceofr
ealdam.
Weani
ng:Actofsepar
ati
ngt
heyo
ungonef
rontt
hedam.
Cul
li
ng:Actofr
emovi
ngt
hesi
ckandunpr
oduct
iveani
malf
romt
heher
dorf
lock.
MI
LKANDMI
LKPRODUCT
S
Whol
emi
lk:Fr
eshmi
lkunchangedi
nfor
m exceptbypast
eur
isi
ng.Mi
lkdr
awnf
rom
t
hecat
tl
e.
Mi
lk cr
eam: Concent
rat
ed f
atpor
ti
on ofmi
lk made by subj
ect
ing mi
lkt
o
cent
ri
fugat
ioni
nacr
eamoper
ator
.Itcont
ainsabout40%f
at.
Ski
m mi
lk:T
her
emnantwhencr
eam i
ssepar
atedf
rom whol
emi
lk.I
tcont
ainsabout
0.
05%f
at.
But
ter
: Ami
lkpr
oductmadef
rom cr
eam.I
tcont
ainsabout80% f
at,t
her
emnant
bei
ngwat
er,
sal
tandt
racesofot
hersubst
ances.
Col
ost
rum: Mi
lkpr
oducedf
ort
hef
ir
st3-
4daysaf
terpar
tur
it
ion.I
tscomposi
ti
on
changesgr
adual
lyf
rom 27% sol
i
dsont
hef
ir
stdayt
oanor
malmi
lkcomposi
ti
on
aboutsi
xdaysl
ater
.Iti
sof
tenr
efer
redt
oasabnor
malmi
lk.
Cheese:Madebycoagul
ati
ngsomeoft
hepr
otei
nsi
nwhol
emi
lkorski
m mi
lkby
bact
eri
alf
erment
ati
onort
reat
mentwi
thenzymes.T
her
ear
emanydi
ff
erentt
ypesof
cheeseegCheddar
,Mar
ibo,
Danbocheeses.
Whey:Aby-
productofcheese.I
tcont
ainswat
er,
sugar
,somepr
otei
nsandmi
ner
als.
Ver
yusef
uli
nfeedi
ngyoungcat
tl
e.
FEEDI
NGT
ERMS
Rat
ion:Quant
it
yoff
eedof
fer
edanani
mal
ina24hourper
iod.
Adl
ibi
tum:Pr
ovi
dingunr
est
ri
ctedquant
it
yoff
eed.Feedi
ngt
oappet
it
e,opposi
teof
r
est
ri
ctedf
eedi
ng.
Zer
ogr
azi
ng/
soi
li
ng:T
hepr
act
iceoff
eedi
ngwher
ethef
oragei
scutf
ort
heani
malt
o
f
eedonwher
eiti
sconf
ined.
St
eami
ng-
up:T
hepr
act
iceoff
eedi
ngext
ragr
ainorconcent
rat
etopr
egnantani
mal
s
af
ewweeksbef
orepar
tur
it
ion.
Fl
ushi
ng: T
hepr
act
iceoff
eedi
ngext
raconcent
rat
ether
ebyr
aisi
ngt
hel
evelof
nut
ri
ti
ont
oani
mal
sbef
oremat
ingper
iodt
oincr
easeovul
ati
onr
atedur
ingt
het
imeof
ser
vice.
Concent
rat
e/gr
ain: A mi
xtur
eoff
eedshi
ghi
n ener
gy,l
ow i
nfi
berand hi
ghl
y
di
gest
ibl
e.
Roughage:Af
eedusual
l
yfor
ages,
lowi
npr
otei
nandener
gyandhi
ghi
nfi
bre.

MEASUREMENTOFHERDFERT
ILI
TY
CAL
VINGRAT
E:-Numberofcal
vesbor
nal
iveandheal
thyaspr
opor
ti
onof
al
lbr
eedi
ngco
wsi
ntheher
d.
Weani
ngRat
e:-Numberofcal
vesweanedasapr
opor
ti
onofal
lbr
eedi
ng
Cowsi
ntheher
d.
Cal
vingi
nter
val
:-Numberofmont
hsbet
weensuccessi
vecal
vesofacow.
Pr
egnantr
ate:-Numberofcowspr
egnantaspr
opor
ti
onofal
lcowsexami
nedat
 anyonet
ime.
Concept
ionRat
e:-
Numberofcowst
hatconcei
veannual
ly,
asapr
opor
ti
onof
al
lcowsmat
edori
nsemi
nat
ed.
Numberofser
vicesperconcept
ion:
-Numberoft
imescow i
sser
vedori
nsemi
nat
ed
bef
oreconcept
iont
akespl
ace.
Gest
ati
on:
-Theper
iodofpr
egnancy,
bet
weenconcept
ionandpar
tur
it
ion
T
hegest
ati
onper
iod
Cat
tl
e 280days(
9mont
hs)
Sheep 140-
160day
s
Go
at 145-
153day
s
Pi
g 112-
114day
s
Rabbi
ts 31day
s

Est
ruscycl
e:-T
hecycl
eofevent
soccur
ri
ngbet
weensuccessi
veest
rus.Aper
iodand
ano
ther
.
Est
rusper
iod
Cat
tl
e 17-
23days
Sheep 14-
19days
Go
at 18-
21days
Pi
g 21day
s

Heatper
iod:
-Theper
iodwhenaf
emal
eani
malmaybeser
vedbyamal
eani
maland
possi
bleconcei
ve.
Br
eed:
-Agr
oupofani
mal
spossessi
ngcer
tai
nchar
act
eri
sti
cst
hatar
ecommont
othe
i
ndi
vidual
swi
thi
nthegr
oupe.
gsi
ze,col
our
.Thi
sdi
sti
ngui
shest
hem f
rom ot
her
gr
oupsofani
mal
swi
thi
nthesamespeci
es.T
hesechar
act
eri
sti
csar
ethet
rademar
k
oft
hatbr
eedandar
etr
ansmi
tt
edf
romonegener
ati
ont
oanot
her
.
CAT
TLE
T
hreemaj
ort
ypesofcat
tl
ewer
eimpor
tedi
ntoNi
ger
iawi
tht
henor
madsi
ntoNor
th
Eastpar
tofAf
ri
ca.T
hesear
eancest
orsofmostoft
hecat
tl
einAf
ri
cat
oday.T
he
cat
tl
ewer
e:-
(
a)Hami
ti
cLonghor
n(HL
H)
(
b)Cel
ti
cShor
thor
n(CSH)
(
c)T
heZebu.
Hami
ti
cLonghor
n andCel
ti
c Shor
thor
nar
e consi
der
ed t
obeancest
orsofBos
t
aur
us(
humpl
esscat
tl
e)whi
let
heZebuoft
heBosi
ndi
cus(
humpedcat
tl
e).
i
ndi
cus (
humpedcat
tl
e).T
hesecat
tl
emi
xatvar
ioust
imesandwayst
opr
oducet
he
Sangacat
tl
e.
Hami
ti
cLo
nghor
n(HL
H)ent
eredEgyptatabout5000BC andt
heywer
efol
lowedat
about2700-2500BCbyCel
ti
cShor
thor
n(CSH)
.Ast
heCSHpeopl
ecame,
ther
ear
ose
acompet
it
ionandt
her
ewasvol
unt
arySout
hwar
dmi
grat
ionoft
heownerofHL
Hunt
il
t
heyr
eachedMor
occoandt
henf
urt
hersubdi
videi
nto2gr
oups.T
heN'
Damai
sa
descendantoft
heHami
ti
cLongho
rn.I
nthei
rmi
grat
ion,
theL
onghor
nst
ook3r
out
es:
1.West
war
dal
ongt
heMedi
ter
ranean.T
hisr
eachedMor
occo.
2.Sout
hwestwar
dvi
aTi
best
ihi
ghl
andar
eas.
3.Sout
hwar
dsupt
heMi
let
oWestAf
ri
ca.
Anot
hergr
oupofHL
HisKur
iorBudumat
hathassoundchar
act
eri
sti
cs.I
nci
dent
all
y
N'
damaseemst
obet
hechi
efbr
eedofbeefcat
tl
einWestAf
ri
ca.T
heN'
damahas
sur
vived due t
othei
rresi
stance and t
oler
ance t
oresi
stance and t
oler
ance t
o
t
rypanosomi
asi
sandt
heyar
ecommoni
nWestAf
ri
cancoastwhi
leKur
iandBuduma
ar
eisol
atedar
oundL
akeChad.T
heyar
egr
eatswi
mmer
s.N'
damaar
epr
edomi
nant
l
ocal
lyi
nShepet
eri
,Shak
i,Oyo.
Fr
om t
heCel
ti
cShor
thor
nar
oset
heMut
uru,al
sor
efer
redt
oasWestAf
ri
canDwar
f
Shor
thor
n.T
heyar
eal
sor
esi
stantt
otr
ypanosomi
asi
sbutt
heyar
elesst
oler
antt
han
N’
dama.T
he l
atestar
ri
valandt
hir
dtypeofcat
tl
eist
hechesthumpedZebu.T
hey
wer
eimpor
tedi
nsmal
lnumber
sint
oEgyptbyt
heAr
abi
nvader
sasear
lyas2500-
2000BC.T
odayt
heyar
erepr
esent
edbyt
heWhi
teFul
aniwhi
chi
nci
dent
all
yist
he
wi
del
ydi
str
ibut
edbr
eedofcat
tl
eint
heNi
ger
ia.Zebucat
tl
ehol
dthei
rexi
stencet
o
t
hei
rbei
ngr
esi
stantt
ori
nder
pestt
hant
hehumpl
essorSangacat
tl
e,
Sangadescr
ibesacer
tai
ntypeofcat
tl
eorami
xtur
eofZebuandHami
ti
cand/
or
Shor
thor
n.

T
ypesofcat
tl
e
1.Beeft
ype:
- Pr
oducedf
ormeat
.Char
act
eri
zedbyt
hei
rgr
eatwi
dth,dept
hofbody
(
hei
ghti
nrel
ati
ont
ogr
owt
h)andr
elat
ivel
ysho
rtl
egs.Conver
tfeedef
fi
cient
lyi
nto
hi
ghqual
i
tymeatf
orhumanconsumpt
ion.
e.
gMut
uru,
Ket
eku,
N'dama,
Her
efor
d,Br
ahman.
2.Dai
ryt
ype-T
heyar
especi
fi
cal
lyadopt
edt
oconver
tfeedef
fi
ciencyi
ntomaxi
mum
hi
ghqual
it
ymi
lk.T
heyar
echar
act
eri
zedbyal
eanangul
arf
ormandawel
ldevel
oped
mammar
ysyst
em .e.
gWhi
teFul
ani
,Kur
i,Sokot
oGudal
i,Fr
iesi
an,Hol
stei
n,Br
own
Swi
ss,
Guer
nsey
,Jer
sey.
3.DualPur
poset
ype-I
nter
medi
atebet
weenbeefandmi
lkt
ype(
bycombi
ningt
he
char
act
eri
sti
csoft
het
wo)bot
hinconf
ormat
ionandi
npr
oduct
ionofmi
lkandmeat
,e
.
g.Whi
teFul
ani
,Kur
i,et
c
4.Dr
aftt
ype:
-combi
nechar
act
eri
sti
csr
equi
redf
orgoodwor
kli
kef
reemovi
ngl
imbs,
soundf
eet,
greatsi
zeandr
uggednesswi
thaqui
ett
emper
amentandsubmi
ssi
ont
o
di
sci
pli
ne. Candodi
ff
erentt
ypesofwor
kli
kepl
oughi
nget
ce.
gSokot
oGudal
i,
Ger
manBr
own.
BREEDS
1.N’
DAMA
T
hesear
ethemostwi
del
ydi
str
ibut
edbr
eedi
nWestAf
ri
ca.I
tist
hehumpl
essbr
eed
ofHL
Htypeandt
heancest
orso
fthi
sbr
eedwer
epr
obabl
ythef
ir
stdomest
icat
ed
cat
tl
einAf
ri
ca.I
tispr
efer
redi
nthet
se-
tsef
lyi
nvest
edar
easofSout
hNi
ger
ia
becauseofi
tsr
esi
stancet
otr
ypanosomi
asi
sand r
elat
ivel
ylar
gesi
ze.I
thasa
compactwel
lpr
opor
ti
onedbodywi
thagoodbeefconf
ormat
ionsetonshor
tlegs.T
hey
ar
epoormi
lker
s;t
heyar
egoodmeatani
mal
swei
ghi
ngabout18kgatbi
rt
h,134kgat
oneyearol
d,300kgasmat
urecowand320-365kgasmat
urebul
l.T
heyar
eal
so
used f
ordr
aughtpur
poses.T
hey ar
e gol
den yel
low t
o br
owni
sh i
n col
ourand
somet
imeswi
thwhi
temar
kingsont
hef
ace,
bel
lyandl
egs.T
heyhavear
eput
ati
onf
or
l
ongevi
ty.Cowhasabr
eedi
ng
Spanof14-15year
s.Ageatf
ir
stcal
vingi
s3year
s
2.MUT
URU
T
hisi
sthehumpl
essshor
thor
nani
mal
sfoundi
nfor
estzoneofWestAf
ri
ca.T
hebr
eed
i
srear
edf
ori
tsmeatandi
tisr
esi
stantt
otr
ypanosomi
asi
s.I
tisasmal
lthi
ckset
ani
malwei
ghi
ngabout230kgatmat
uri
ty,ver
yar
erugged.
Redt
obr
owni
ncol
our
wi
thbr
oadheadandshor
tlumps.T
heyar
epoormi
lker
susedf
orwor
king pur
poses,
butt
hest
ami s:l
nai imi
ted. T
he.
ani
malpossessbr
oadpol
l,shor
thor
nsandhave
l
it
tl
edewl
ap.
WHI
TEFUL
ANI
Al
soknownasBunaj
iorWhi
teBor
oro,T
heyar
eownedexcl
usi
vel
ybynomadi
c
Ful
anii
nthecent
ral.
past
oralbel
tofNi
ger
ia.T
heyar
ear
anget
ypeofcat
tl
e,most
numer
ousandwi
del
ydi
str
ibut
edi
nNi
ger
iaf
indcol
ouri
swhi
tebutcanr
angef
rom
br
ownt
obl
ack.T
hedewl
api
slar
gecommenci
ngatt
het
hroutandi
scar
ri
edwel
l
bet
weent
hef
rontl
egs.T
hehumpi
swel
ldevel
oped.T
heaver
agecal
vingagei
s3
year
s7mont
hsandal
if
espanof9-
10year
s.I
tisat
ri
plepur
posebr
eed.Use
pr
imar
il
yformi
lkpr
oduct
ion;goodbeefani
mal
spossessi
ngl
ightskel
etonandgood
butsl
owwor
ker
s.T
heyhaveawel
ldevel
opedandst
rongl
yat
tachedudder
.Al
though
mi
lkyi
eldi
slowbutwhenr
aisedundergoodmanagementwi
thgoodf
eedi
ng
condi
ti
onsi
tiscapabl
eofpr
oduci
ngmuchmor
eyi
eld.
SOKOT
OGUDAL
I
T
hiscat
tl
eist
ypi
caloft
heshor
tho
rnedzebuf
oundi
nWestAf
ri
ca.T
hisbr
eedi
s
somewhatbi
ggerandheavi
ert
hanWhi
teFul
ani
.Theyar
emedi
umsi
zedeepbodi
ed,
sho
rthor
ned,
humpedcat
tl
efoundi
nSokot
oar
eaofNor
thWest
ernNi
ger
ia.T
hehai
ris
sho
rtandski
nismedi
umt
hickl
ooseandpi
gment
ed.
Thei
rcol
ourvar
iesf
romwhi
tet
o
gr
ayi
shwhi
tet
ocr
eamwhi
te.Haswel
lpr
onounceddewl
ap.Humpi
swel
ldevel
oped
i
nbot
hsexes.T
hisbr
eedi
slessr
esi
stantt
otr
ypanosomi
asi
sandi
tsmi
lkpr
oduct
ion
i
sal
so,
lowert
hant
hatoft
heWhi
teFul
ani
,Aver
ageageatcal
vingi
s3year
swhi
le
act
ivel
if
espan10year
s.I
thaspot
ent
ial
sasdualpur
poseani
mal
.Asdai
ry,
theyar
e
f
airmi
lker
swhi
leasdr
aughtt
heyar
esl
ow,
doci
le,
stur
dyandr
eli
abl
e.
FRI
ESI
AN
I
t.i
sal
soknownasHol
stei
n-Fr
iesi
an.I
tisadai
rybr
eedoft
het
emper
atezone.T
he
col
ouri
sbl
ackwi
thwhi
temar
king.T
hemat
urecowwei
ghs880kg,
mat
urebul
l998
kgwhi
lewei
ghtatbi
rt
hisabout45kg.T
hecal
vesar
est
rongandvi
gor
ousandt
he
mal
esar
erankedhi
ghasbeefpr
oducer
samongstt
hedai
rybr
eed,
bei
ng
p\
zar
ti
cul
arl
ywel
lsui
tedt
oint
ensi
vef
att
eni
ngsy
stem.Aver
agemi
lkyi
eldi
sabout
4800l
i
tresperl
act
ati
on.
J
ERSEY
I
tisal
soadai
rybr
eedoft
het
emper
atezone,
inavar
iet
yofshadesofyel
low.T
hey
haveagr
eyr
ingofhai
rbehi
ndabl
ackmuzzl
e,Mat
uredcowandbul
lwei
gh464Kg
and880kgr
espect
ivel
y.I
ntr
opi
calar
eas,
Jer
seycat
tl
eiscr
ossedwi
tht
heZebu
br
eeds.I
thasanaver
ageyear
lypr
oduct
ionof3400l
it
resofmi
lkwi
thabout5%f
at
cont
enti
susedf
orbut
ter.
 Ovi
SHEEP( sar
ies)
.
Domest
icsheepbel
ongt
othef
ami
lyBovi
dae(
Hol
lowhor
ns)andf
ourdi
ff
erentmaj
or
t
ypesofsheepwer
eint
roduct
edi
ntoAf
ri
casi
ncedomest
icat
ioni
nAsi
a:-
1.T
hepr
imi
ti
veMouf
fl
on
2.T
hescr
ew-
hor
nedhai
rysheep
3.Wool
ledsheepoft
heAmmont
ype
4.Fat-r
umpedhai
ryt
ype
T
hef
ir
stt
hreewi
ldspeci
escont
ri
but
edt
othegenet
icmakeupofmoder
nbr
eedsof
sheep.Sheepar
eval
uedf
ort
hei
rmeatandwoo
landassuchcanbecl
assi
fi
edi
nto
meatt
ypeandwoolt
ype.
WOOLT
YPE;Maybecl
assi
fi
edi
nto3mai
ngr
oups
1.L
ongwoolbr
eed
Hasaf
leeceofl
ongwhi
tewool
.Mat
ureandf
att
eneasi
ly.e.
gLei
chest
er
2.Shor
twoolbr
eed
T
hesepr
oduceshor
twool
.Hasawi
deheadwi
thwoolal
lovert
hef
ore-
head
3.Mount
ainbr
eed
T
hisbr
eedi
smai
nlyadapt
edt
omount
ainousr
egi
ons.Hascoar
sehai
rywool
whi
char
eonl
yusef
ulf
ort
oughcoat
ingandcar
petmanuf
act
uri
nge.
gScor
ch
bl
ack,
Chevi
ot.
MEATT
YPE:
T
hist
ypei
susef
ulf
ormeatandal
sof
ori
tsski
n,mi
lkandhai
rpur
poses.T
heyar
e
mai
nlyf
oundi
ntheT
ropi
cs.T
heycanbehai
ryorwool
led.T
hehai
rycanbet
hint
ail
ed.
T
hesmal
ltype(
e.g.WestAf
ri
canDwar
f)and.t
hel
argert
ype(
e.g.
,Yankasa.
,Ouda)
.
T
hehai
rycanal
sobef
att
ail
ede.
g.Sudanesedeser
ttype.
BREEDS
OUDA
T
hisi
stheFul
anit
ypeort
heT
uar
egt
ypef
oundi
nNi
ger
,They ar
eal
sof
ound
t
hroughoutt
heSahel
-Sudanveget
ati
onzonei
nNi
ger
ia.Buti
tismor
e pr
edomi
nant
ly
f
oundi
ntheNor
th-
West
ernpar
toft
hecount
ry,T
heyar
elar
ege,t
hinandl
ongt
ail
ed
ani
mal
swi
thmoder
atel
ylongf
lappyear
s.Mal
esar
ehor
nedwhi
char
equi
tel
arge
emer
ging si
deways and sl
ight
ly backwar
dswi
that
wist
.Mat
uremal
ess.
si-
.sur
e
upt
o84cm att
heshoul
der
s. I
thas2col
our
s;amberandr
eachesupt
othe
abdomi
nalr
egi
onandt
hepost
eri
ori
swhi
te.T
heyar
esuscept
ibl
etohel
mint
hesand
t
rypanosomi
asi
s.T
heyar
eusedwi
del
yfort
hei
rmeatt
hroughoutNi
ger
iaandt
hei
r
ski
naval
uabl
eexpor
tcommodi
ty;mat
urel
ivewei
ght
sar
e30-45kgi
nfemal
esand
30-80kgi
nmal
es.I
tisadapt
edt
oext
ensi
vegr
azi
ngandsur
vivesunderhotanddr
y
envi
ronment
.
YANKASA
T
hisi
saf
air
lybi
gani
malwi
thamat
ureswei
ghtof30-
45kgand25-
40kgf
orr
ams
andewesr
espect
ivel
y T
her
amshaveawel
ldevel
opedhor
nwhi
let
hef
emal
eis
pol
led.T
heani
mal
sar
eusual
lywhi
tet
houghbl
ackpat
chesoccuratt
imes.T
heyhave
sho
rtear
sandar
ebr
oughtf
rom t
heNor
ther
nregi
onofNi
ger
iat
otheSout
hfor
sl
aught
erespeci
all
ydur
ingf
est
iveper
iods. I
tist
hemostwi
del
ydi
str
ibut
edand
mostnumer
ousbr
eedofsheepi
nNi
ger
ia.
WESTAFRI
CANDWARF
T
hisbr
eedi
sfoundal
loverWestAf
ri
caespeci
all
ytheFor
estandder
ivedGui
nea
savanna.I
thasf
inehai
rusual
lywhi
tei
ncol
ourorami
xtur
eofbl
ackandwhi
te.T
hey
ar
esmal
l,
shor
t.l
agged,
har
dyandt
oler
antt
otr
ypanosomi
asi
s.
T
heyar
eal
soknown f
ort
hei
rscavengi
nghabi
tar
oundcompounds,vi
ll
ages,t
owns
andt
heyl
iveunconf
inedal
mostent
ir
elyongr
assesandbushes.Mat
urel
ivewei
ght
i
s15-
25kgi
newesand20-
30kgi
nrams.T
heewei
shor
nlesswhi
let
hemal
eshave
hor
n.
BAL
AMI
I
tisf
oundt
hroughoutt
heNor
thEast
ernpar
toft
hecount
rybutmor
econcent
rat
edi
n
Bor
noSt
ate.I
tisabi
g,pr
edomi
nant
lywhi
tewi
thconvexf
acebr
eedofsheep.T
heear
i
slar
geanddr
oopy.T
het
aili
sthi
nandl
ong.Hor
nsar
epr
omi
nenti
nramsbutabsent
i
ntheewes.Mat
urewei
ghti
s40-
65kgi
nmal
esand30-
45kgi
nfemal
es.Bal
amihasa
good pot
ent
ialasa meatpr
oducerand i
thasabi
li
tyt
osur
viveunderadver
se
condi
ti
ons.
Capr
GOAT( ahi
rcus)
Go
atsbel
ongt
otheFami
lyBovi
daeandgenusCapr
a.
Go
atsar
ewi
del
ydi
str
ibut
edandver
yimpor
tanti
nsubsi
stenceagr
icul
tur
ebecause
ofi
tsabi
li
tyt
oadaptandmai
ntai
nit
sel
finhar
shenvi
ronment
.InAf
ri
cat
heyar
ekept
f
ormeat
.Theyal
sopr
oducemi
lk
,ski
nandhai
r.
T
hemeati
spr
efer
redt
obot
hmut
tonandbeefduet
o:
(
a)I
tshi
gherl
eancont
ent
(
b)Somespeci
alf
eat
uresl
ikei
tsbei
ngmor
ecompactandcol
our
sl
ight
lydar
kert
hanmut
ton.
Go
atmi
lki
sausef
ulpr
oductf
orsubsi
stencepeasantf
armer
sandani
mpor
tant
pr
otei
nsour
ce.
Advant
agesofGoatMi
lkoverCow'
smi
lk
1.Fr
eef
romi
nfect
ionoft
uber
clebaci
ll
i.
2.Cont
ainshi
gherpr
opor
ti
onofsmal
lerf
atgl
obul
eswhi
chf
aci
li
tat
eseasy
di
gest
ion.
3.Hashi
ghpr
opor
ti
onofvi
tami
nsandmi
ner
als,
4.Hascer
tai
nant
i-
all
ergi
cpr
oper
ti
es.
T
hehai
risusedf
ormaki
ngcar
petandi
sal
sousef
uli
ntext
il
eindust
ry

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofgoat
s:T
hisi
sdoneusi
ng4met
hodsnamel
y:-
(
a)Or
igi
n
(
b)Bodysi
ze
(
c)Earshapeandl
engt
h
(
d)Funct
ion
Ont
hebasi
sofor
igi
nther
ear
e;
1.Eur
opeant
ypee.
g.Saanem,
Alpi
ne
2.Or
ient
alt
ypee.
g.Nubi
an,
Angor
a,Damascus
3.Asi
ati
ctypee.
g.J
amnapar
i,Kashmi
r
4.Af
ri
cant
ypee.
g.RedSokot
o(mar
adi
)WestAf
ri
canDwar
f
5.Sout
hAmer
icant
ypee.
g.Moxo
to,
Mar
ota.
Ont
hebasi
soff
unct
iont
her
ear
e:-
1. Mi
lkT
ype:Foundmai
nlyi
nthet
emper
atezonese.
g.Angl
o-Nubi
an,Saanem,
DamascusandJ
amnapar
i,
2. WoolT
ype:Pr
oducesubst
ant
ialqual
it
yofwoolwhi
char
ehar
vest
edatdef
ini
te
i
nter
val
sfori
ndust
ri
alpr
oduct
ionofsweat
er,bl
anket
s,car
pet
sanddust
erse.
g.
Angor
a–Mohai
rpr
oduct
ion
3.MeatT
ype:e.
g.J
amnapar
i.
T
heski
nofSokot
oRedi
sver
ygoodcommer
cial
ly
.Iti
st ni
hebestgoatski nt
hewor
ld.
BREEDS
1 REDSOKOT
O(MARADI
):
T
hisi
sthemosti
mpor
tantNor
ther
nbr
eedandwi
del
ydi
str
ibut
edbr
eedofgoati
n
Ni
ger
ia.I
tisoneoft
he-
fewwel
ldef
inedbr
eedsofgoat
sandi
schar
act
eri
zed.
byi
ts
uni
for
mdar
k-r
edcoatcol
our
,shor
tandhor
izont
alear
sand
hor
ns i
nbot
hsexes.I
thasf
air
lyl
ongl
egsandf
air
ly si
ze.Mat
urel
ivewei
ght
sar
e
20k
gand25kgf
orewesandbucksr
espect
ivel
y.

2 WESTAFRI
CANDWARF:
T
hisi
s al
so known as WestAf
ri
can Fout
a Dj
all
on.T
his br
eed i
sresi
stantt
o
t
rypanosomi
asi
s.I
tisabout40-
50cm i
nhei
ghtandwei
ght
sabout25kgatmat
uri
ty.
T
hemeanbi
rt
hwei
ghti
s1.
40kg.
,wei
ghs12.
85kgatoneyearofage.T
hisappear
sto
beget
ti
ngsmal
leri
nsi
zeasi
tmovesSout
hwar
ds.I
tisusual
lybl
ack,br
ownorwhi
te
i
ncol
ourandhar
dy.
3SAHEL
IAN;I
tisf
oundi
nthesemi
-deser
tar
easofL
akeChadi
ntheNor
th-
East
ern
par
toft
hecount
ry.I
tisl
argei
nsi
zewi
thl
ongl
egs.I
tisusual
lywhi
teorwhi
tewi
th
br
owni
ncol
our
.
4SAANEM:T
hisi
sanexot
icbr
eed.I
tisabi
gani
malandwhi
tei
ncol
our
.Iti
sfr
om
Swi
tzer
landi
nSaanem val
ley
.Thenat
urewei
ghtoft
hedoei
s54kgwhi
let
hatofbuck
i
s84kg.T
hemi
lkyi
eldi
s2250kgperl
act
ati
onyear
.Thi
sbr
eedcanbecr
ossedwi
th
WestAf
ri
canDwar
fgoat
.
5ANGORAT
hisbr
eedi
sfr
omT
urkey(
Angor
aDi
visi
on)
,Iti
sal
mostpur
ewhi
teandt
he
out
ercoati
smadeUPofl
ongst
andsofhai
rknownasMohai
r.
6 NUBI
AN T
he br
eed exi
stsi
n al
lcol
our
s -bl
ack,whi
te,r
ed,whi
te and al
l
combi
nat
ions.T
hemi
lkyi
eldi
saver
aged1979kgper305dayl
act
ati
on.

POUL
TRY
Poul
tr
yisusedasagener
alnamef
ormanybi
rdst
hatar
eusedasf
oodbyman.T
her
e
ar
efourcommonspeci
esofdomest
icpoul
tr
y:
(
a)Fowl
s(chi
ckens)Gal
lusgal
lus
(
b)DucksCai
ri
namoschat
a
(
d)T
urkey Mel
eagr
isgal
lopavo
BREEDSOFDOMEST
ICFOWL
S
I
tispr
act
ical
lyi
mpossi
blet
ocompi
leacompr
ehensi
vel
istoft
hebr
eedofdomest
ic
f
owlbecausenew onesar
ebei
ngdevel
opeddai
ly.However
,thesebr
eedscanbe
char
act
eri
zedt
oagr
eatext
entt
hrought
hei
rpl
acesofor
igi
nandut
il
it
y,
T
hesear
ethef
oll
owi
ngcl
asses:
1. MEDI
TERRANEAN CL
ASS:T
heyhavesmal
lbodi
es,whi
teearl
obes,l
argeand
most
lysi
ngl
ecombs.T
heymat
ureear
lyandpr
oducewhi
teshel
leggs.T
heyar
eof
f
li
ght
yorner
vousdi
sposi
ti
onandt
heyar
enon-
broody.T
heyar
eref
err
edt
oasl
ight
br
eed.Mat
urecocker
elsandhenappr
oxi
mat
ely2.
7kgand1.
8kgr
espect
ivel
y.e.
g
L
eghor
n,Mi
nor
ca,
Ancona.
2.ASI
ATI
CCL
ASS:T
heyhavel
argebodi
esandr
edear
lobes.T
heypr
oducet
int
edor
br
ownshel
leggs.T
heyar
ebr
oodyandf
labby(
weak)i
ndi
sposi
ti
one.
gBr
ahma,
Cochi
n.
3. AMERI
CANCL
ASS;T
hisbr
eedi
sdevel
opedbyAmer
ican.T
heyar
e char
act
eri
zed
byyel
low ski
n,r
edear
lobesandbr
ownshel
leggse.
g.Rhodes I
sland.Red(
RIR)
,
Pl
ymout
hRock,
NewHamshi
re,
Wyendot
te.
4. BRI
TISH/
ENGL
ISHCL
ASS;T
heyhavewhi
teski
nandr
edear
lobes,Al
mostal
llay
br
ownshel
leggsandt
heyar
eref
err
edt
oasheav
ybr
eeds.
e.
g.Cor
nish,
Dor
king,
Sussex,
Aust
ral
orp,
Orphi
ngt
on,
Heavybr
eedst
hatar
epr
eval
entunderT
ropi
calenvi
ronmentar
eRhodes I
slandRed,
New Hampshi
re,Pl
ymout
hRockandAust
ral
orp.Amongt
hel
ightbr
eedt
hemost
popul
ari
stheWhi
teL
eghor
n.I
tisnot
edt
obeheatt
oler
ant
.Ot
herexampl
esi
ncl
ude
Mi
nor
caandAnconi
a.T
heyar
eal
lsmal
l,
ear
lymat
uri
ngandt
heypr
oducewhi
teshel
l
eggs.
5. I
NDI
GENOUSBREEDS:T
hei
ndi
genousbr
eedar
ehybr
idsoft
hel
ightand
heavybr
eedst
hathavebeenbr
edbyt
hel
argescal
eInt
ernat
ionalPoul
tr
y
Br
eedi
ngCor
por
ati
ons.T
he,
indi
genousf
owl
sinNi
ger
iaseem t
ohavemor
e
oft
hechar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hel
ightt
hant
heheavybr
eed.I
tissmal
linsi
ze,
ear
lymat
uri
ng,havener
vousdi
sposi
ti
on,andpr
oducewhi
teshel
leggs.
Butl
iket
heheavybr
eeds,
iti
snot
ori
ousl
ybr
oody
.

PI
GS
Al
lthepr
esentdomest
icat
edbr
eedsofpi
gsar
eder
ivedf
rom Sus.vi
tt
atusandSus
scr
ofa.
.Gener
all
ypi
gscanbecl
assi
fi
edi
nto3t
ypesnamel
y:-
(
a)Por
ktype
(
b)Bacont
ype
(
c)L
ardt
ype.
Por
ktypecombi
nesmuscl
ing,l
engt
hofbodyandabi
li
tyt
oreachmar
ketwei
ght
wi
thoutexcessbodyf
at.T
heycanbemar
ket
edwhenal
ivewei
ghtof.
40-80kgi
s
r
eachedo
rasheavypor
ker
sat80-
80kg.
Bacont
ypehavewel
ldevel
opedhamsandl
ongbodi
esandeyemuscl
e(l
ongi
ssi
mus
dor
si)
.Theyhavesuf
fi
cientmuscl
efort
hepr
oduct
ionofdesi
rabl
ebacon.
L
ardt
ypesar
egr
ownt
oheavywei
ght
sofbet
ween100-150kgandt
heyar
efeddi
ets
t
hatpr
omot
efatdeposi
ti
on.Atsl
aught
er,
thef
ati
sremovedandpr
ocessedi
ntol
ard.
BREEDS
BRI
TISHBREEDS
1.L
argeWhi
te(
Yor
kshi
re)
:Iti
sal
arge,l
ong,whi
tecol
our
edpi
gwi
thl
ong
er
ectear
s.T
heheadi
smoder
atel
ylongwi
thsl
ight
lydi
shedf
aceandbr
oad
snout
.Thebr
eedi
shi
ghl
ypr
oli
fi
c(pr
oduci
ngmanyyoungs)andhavegood
mot
her
ingabi
li
ty.I
tist
her
efor
eref
err
edt
oasmot
herbr
eed.Aver
agel
it
ter
si
zei
sabout12-
15.I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
oduct
ionofbaconi
nthet
emper
ate
zonesandpor
kTr
opi
cs.I
thast
headvant
agesofexpr
essi
ngsunbur
nsi
f
undul
yexposedandt
hiscal
lsf
orext
racar
etopr
ovi
dehousi
ngf
aci
li
ti
es.
2. Ber
kshi
re:I
tisaver
ylar
gebl
ackpi
gwi
th6whi
tepoi
ntsoni
tsf
eet
,nose
andt
ail
.Ithasal
ongandcur
vedsnout
.Ital
sohasal
ongt
hickbutnot
deepbodyandshor
tlegs.I
tisagoodmeatt
ypewi
ther
ectear
sthatt
akes
about8-
6%mont
hst
oreachmar
ketwei
ghtofabout92kg.I
tsaver
agel
it
ter
si
zei
sabout9-
11.
3.L
argeBl
ack:T
hisbr
eedi
susedext
ensi
vel
yinAf
ri
ca.I
tisasol
idbl
ack
col
our
edpi
g,l
ongwi
thdr
oopi
ngear
s.I
tisal
soagoodmeatt
ypeused
ext
ensi
vel
yforcr
ossi
ngnat
ivepi
gsi
nthet
ropi
cs.

AMERI
CANBREEDS
1. POL
ANDCHI
NA:T
hisi
sal
argebl
ackl
ardt
ypeofpi
gwi
th6whi
tepoi
ntsl
iket
he
Ber
kshi
re.Butt
hePol
andChi
nahasal
ongf
ace,
droopi
ngear
sand awhi
tepoi
nton
t
henose.T
hisbr
eedwasobt
ainedf
rom cr
ossesf
rom about8br
eedsofpi
gs.Hasan
aver
agel
it
tersi
zeofabout7-
9.
2. DUROC:T
henamei
sder
ivedf
rom t
heshor
tenedf
ormernameDur
ocJ
ersey.A
combi
nat
ionof2popul
arst
rai
nsofJ
erseyRedwhi
chi
sal
argeani
malnot
edf
ori
ts
r
api
dgr
owt
handl
argenessandDur
oc,whi
chi
sal
sol
argebutmor
e compact
.The
Dur
oci
sredi
ncol
ourandhavedr
oopi
ngear
s.,T
heyar
esoundandvi
gor
ous;gr
ows
f
astwi
thmo
der
atef
eed,
havel
argesi
zeandal
sopr
oli
fi
c.T
heypossessar
chedback.
3. HAMPSHI
RE:T
hisi
sabl
ackpi
geasi
lyr
ecogni
zedbyawhi
tebel
torcol
larar
ound
t
heshoul
der
sand/
incl
udi
ngt
hef
orel
egs.T
hepi
gsar
ever
yact
ive,
ver
ypr
oli
fi
c,good
nur
singmot
her
sandt
heyhavegoodf
eedl
otper
for
mance.T
heyyi
eldl
eanandr
ed
meat
.Theyar
ecommonl
yusedf
orbr
eedi
ngpur
posesandt
heyar
epr
obabl
ythebest
por
ktypeofpi
g.L
it
tersi
zei
sabout11-
13.
4. L
ANDRACE:T
hisbr
eedi
swhi
tei
ncol
ourwi
thl
ongdr
oopi
ngear
s.I
thast
he
l
ongestbodyl
engt
hofal
lthebr
eeds.
T
heyar
eal
sopr
oli
fi
c,ofgoodmot
her
ingabi
li
ty andf
astgr
owi
ng.T
heyar
egood
baconer
scont
aini
nghi
ghpr
opor
ti
onofl
eanmeat
.Iti
sknownt
obehi
ghl
yadapt
ivet
o
t
het
ropi
calenvi
ronment
.
L
OCAL
/INDI
GEBONUSBREEDS
T
heyar
esmal
linsi
zewi
thl
ongsnout
;backsweptearandast
rai
ghtt
ail
.They ar
e
char
act
eri
zedbyst
unt
edgr
owt
h,poorr
epr
oduct
iveper
for
manceofaver
ageof3
pi
glet
s.L
ivewi
eghtatmat
uri
tyi
sabout60kg.T
heyar
ever
yhar
dyandhaveshar
p
f
eet
.Thecommonestcol
our
sar
ebr
ownwi
thbl
ackpat
ches,
brown,bl
ackwi
thgr
eyor
whi
tepat
ches,