Building For Disaster

FAREAST INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Final Assignment
Semester: Spring - 2021
Program: Bachelor of Architecture
Department: Architecture
Course Title: BUILDING FOR DISASTER: DISASTER

MANAGEMENT
Course teacher: Shahreen Mukashafat Semontee
Submitted by:
Student ID: 18228006
Name: Md Sadek Ahmed

Ans to the question no 1
There is no part of the country that remains free of high wind events, from
powerful nor'easters and hurricanes to blizzard conditions and high-speed
straight-line winds often seen in the plains. Every structure that rises above
ground level must be able to handle extreme wind and weather events.
General design principles for strong wind has been described below:
Winds residence factors: There are several factors to consider when

designing a metal building for wind resistance.
● Exposure ratings indicate the threat level of the wind in various

regions of the country, including the impact of urbanization.
● Exposure B denotes the low wind threat generally found in urban,
suburban, or wooded areas with plenty of windbreaks such as
buildings that sit close together. Exposure B is used as the default
absent other characteristics for a different exposure rating.
● Exposure C includes open, rural areas with few buildings or hills
below 30 feet high. With the lack of windbreaks, appropriate wind
load design is required.
● Exposure D ratings are assigned to flat expanses of land with no
obstructions.
Wind forces break down into shear load, lateral load and uplift load. Shear
load is caused by horizontal wind pressure and can force a structure to tilt
and sway. Lateral load includes horizontal wind forces that push or pull and
can move a building off the foundation. Uplift load is the lifting pressure
exerted by wind over a surface, damaging roofs and walls.
The impact of wind forces depends on the building’s orientation to the wind
direction, the method of construction, and the strength of the wind.
Finally, building designers must take the prevailing wind of a region into
account. While the wind can blow from any direction, most regions of the
country experience prevailing winds, which regularly arrive from a single
direction. In Texas and Oklahoma, strong southern winds prevail. Building
design must take this into account to ensure the durability of the structure
over the decades.
FRAME OPTIONS: Steel frame buildings offer the best protection against
wind loads. Steel has the highest strength to weight ratio of any
construction material, so you have a lightweight material that remains
strong in the face of wind loading.
Rigid frame (I-beam) is used in commercial and industrial construction.

Paired with a shallow roof, rigid frame buildings can survive extreme wind
events.
Open web truss is found in residential areas. The buildings are heavier and
of greater strength than those constructed of other materials, and are
durable in the face of high wind conditions.
Engineers have developed better methods of construction through years of
experience, analysis, and innovation. For example, designers have found
that wall junctures and roof edges are the weakest points in the building.
Additional reinforcement is added to reduce the risk of damage.
There is always more to learn, but a steel building constructed today stands
a better chance of survival than one built 50 years ago.
General Design Principles For Earthquakes: Earthquakes are very rare.

Most people don’t take the threat seriously. People in third-world countries
are more concerned about fire and crime, so they don’t bother to design for
earthquakes. Also, big earthquakes can strike in areas that are not known
for seismic activity. One of the most powerful earthquakes in American
history occurred in the Midwest, and laid entire towns to waste. Classic
design principles can prevent damage from earthquakes in unexpected and
low-cost areas.
Buildings with Stable Shapes

● Symmetry – Early Renaissance architects used simple symmetrical
design because it was easier to figure out how earthquake forces
would shake the buildings. If parts of a building deviate from a
uniform whole, they become weak points.
● Circular – Circular shapes are generally more stable. Dinner plates,

man-hole covers, and castle towers all rest more securely on the
ground because they are circular. The dome is one of the strongest
shapes you can use for a roof.
● Basic Shapes – Buildings can be kept to simple shapes by separating

complex parts with separation joints. Depending on the size and
relationship of these parts, the joint can be subtle or very sizable.
Flexible joints should also be used for details, such as pipes and
wiring conduits.
● Low Center of Gravity – A building is a lot like a ship floating on

waves. The momentum of the earthquake will push over top-heavy
buildings with significant force. But if the structure is attached to a
heavy foundation, the earthquake will have a difficult time pushing it
around. Avoiding cantilevers. Avoiding a soft-story design, such as a
parking garage on ground level. Avoiding using brick veneer, even if it
is attached to an internal structure. Brick walls are always the first to
topple. They are thoughtfully fitted into a stable structure and strongly
secured.
Not to Follow Le Corbusier – As the leader of Modernism, Le Corbusier

championed the use of reinforced concrete and pilotis on a building’s base.
Corbusier introduced a free and open floorplan, with columns and slab
floors attached in a grid. His designs spread far and wide, but then they
caused many thousands of deaths when the buildings collapsed.The piloti
is not a stable base, and reinforced concrete is not the magical solution to
earthquake forces. But the bigger problem is Corbusier’s unrealistic attitude
of pre-packaged industrialization in construction. The older I get, the more I
realize Corbusier got it wrong.
Avoiding Resonant Frequency: Everything has a different resonate

frequency. For example, if you shake a small tree very quickly, not much
will happen. But it you shake it broadly back and forth, it will start to break.
The type of building materials you use will determine the structure’s
frequency.
Make sure that your building’s resonate frequency does not match a typical
earthquake’s frequency, by testing models and considering materials.
Lighter structures are generally better because there is less mass there to
gain momentum, but this is not always the case. Heavy structures might be
better if they don’t resonate with the earthquake.
Byzantine architects prevented resonance by breaking up their walls into

layers. They alternated rock and limestone mortar with layers of brick
because these materials have different mass. As long as these materials
are strongly secured to each other, the overall structure does not resonate.
Relatively flat areas—those with slopes of 2 percent or less—can be

treated to a large extent through controlled clearing and grading, mulch,
and temporary or permanent seed. Slopes greater than that, however,
require more attention to sheet runoff volume and the management of
areas where flows converge and are transported to downstream receiving
waters. Sediment barriers, rolled erosion control products, and greater
attention to downslope drainage are usually needed on slopes, especially
those that are steep and long.
Slope Protection:
Protecting slopes from erosion requires several actions that must be taken
together. No single approach will be successful, especially if the slope is
steep or has highly erodible soils.
Using one or more of the following actions to reduce erosion on slopes:
Divert upland runoff—Install a berm or channel above the slope to divert

upland rain runoff around the bare soil area or a stable ditch to move
upland flows through the site without picking up additional sediment.
Controlling slope runoff—If slopes are broken up into benches or steps,

runoff can be collected and diverted along berms or in channels to pipe or
channel slope drains. Till seedbed or condition the soil—Dozer tracks up
and down slopes help hold soil in place.
Seed and mulch—This is the best and cheapest protection by far. See
temporary and permanent seeding Fact Sheets for details on seed types,
application rates, and mulch, blanket, and mat products.
Silt fence or brush barrier—These should be installed at the toe of the

slope, and every 75 to 125 feet apart on long slopes.
Retaining wall—Extremely steep slopes can be leveled out and shortened
into two or more steps or benches by installing retaining walls of rock, brick,
block, wood, logs, or other material. If rock layers are present along the
slope, use these to establish firm benches in a
stair-step pattern.
Blankets or armoring—Long slopes (greater than 100 feet) exceeding

3H:1V with highly erodible soils need to be protected with erosion control
blankets or turf reinforcement mats. Rock mulch and lined downdrain
channels might be needed on steep slopes to control gullying.

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FAREAST INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Program: Bachelor of Architecture

Course Title: BUILDING FOR DISASTER: DISASTER

Course teacher: Shahreen Mukashafat Semontee

Student ID: 18228006

Name: Md Sadek Ahmed

Winds residence factors: There are several factors to consider when

● Exposure ratings indicate the threat level of the wind in various

Rigid frame (I-beam) is used in commercial and industrial construction.

General Design Principles For Earthquakes: Earthquakes are very rare.

Buildings with Stable Shapes

● Circular – Circular shapes are generally more stable. Dinner plates,

● Basic Shapes – Buildings can be kept to simple shapes by separating

● Low Center of Gravity – A building is a lot like a ship floating on

Not to Follow Le Corbusier – As the leader of Modernism, Le Corbusier

Avoiding Resonant Frequency: Everything has a different resonate

Byzantine architects prevented resonance by breaking up their walls into

Relatively flat areas—those with slopes of 2 percent or less—can be

Using one or more of the following actions to reduce erosion on slopes:

Divert upland runoff—Install a berm or channel above the slope to divert

Controlling slope runoff—If slopes are broken up into benches or steps,

Silt fence or brush barrier—These should be installed at the toe of the

Blankets or armoring—Long slopes (greater than 100 feet) exceeding

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