I

NDEX

 AI
M
 I
MPORTANTTERMS
 OPTI
CALFI
BRECABLE(
OFC)
 APPLI
CATI
ONS
 PRI
NCI
PLEOFOPERATI
ON
 MECHANI
SM
 MANUFACTURI
NG
 PROCESS
 COATI
NG
 ELECTRONI
CALLYBASEDPROJECT
 BI
BLI
OGRAPHY
 AI
M
Tost
udyt
heopt
icalfi
brecabl
epr
inci
pleandi
ts
appl
icat
ions

I
MPORTANT TERMS
REGARDI
NGOPTI
CALFI
BRES
 Opt
icalFi
ber
:
Anopt i
calfiber( orfi
bre)isagl assorpl asti
cf iberthat
carriesli
ghtalongitslength.Fiberopti
csistheov erlapofappl ied
science and engi neeri
ng concer ned wi t
h t he desi gn and
applicati
onofopt i
calfibers.Opti
calfi
bersarewi del yusedi nf i
ber
-opt iccommuni cati
ons,whi chpermitstransmi ssionov erlonger
distancesandathi gherbandwi dths(datarates)t hanot herforms
ofcommuni cati
ons.

 Ref
ract
ion:

Ref
ract
ionisthechangeindirecti
onofawav eduetoa
changeinit
sspeed.Thisismostcommonl yobser v
edwhena
wavepassesfrom onemedium toanother.Refract
ionofli
ghtis
themostcommonlyobservedphenomenon, butanyt y
peofwav e
canrefr
actwhenitinter
actswit
hamedi um,f orexamplewhen
soundwavespassf r
om onemedium intoanotherorwhenwat er
wavesmoveintowaterofadif
fer
entdepth.
 Ref
lect
ion:
Reflect
ioni
sthechangeindirecti
onofawav ef
rontatan
i
nterf
ace between t
wo di f
fer
entmedi a so t
hatthe wavefr
ont
ret
urns i
ntot he medium from which itori
ginat
ed.Common
examplesincl
udetherefl
ecti
onofl
ight,soundandwaterwaves.
 Scat
ter
ing:
Scatteri
ngisagener alphy sicalprocesswher esome
f
ormsofr adiati
on,suchasl i
ght,sound,ormov i
ngpar t
icl
es,are
f
orced to devi
atef r
om a st r
aightt raject
orybyone ormor e
l
ocali
zednon-unif
ormiti
esinthemedi um t hr
oughwhi chtheypass.
I
n conventi
onaluse,t his al
so incl
udes dev i
ation ofrefl
ected
r
adiat
ionfr
om t heanglepredi
ctedbyt hel awofr efl
ecti
on.

 At
tenuat
ion:
I
tist
hegraduallossi nint
ensit
yofanyki ndoff
lux
throughamedium.Forinstance,sunli
ghtisat
tenuat
edbydark
glasses,
andX-r
aysar
eattenuatedbylead.
 Tot
alI
nter
nal
Ref
lect
ion:
Tot alinternalref
lection (TIR)isthe opti
cal
phenomenon  i
nwhi ch 
wav es arriv
ingatt he i
nterf
ace (boundary)
fr
om one medi um  t
oanot her(e. g.
, fr
om wat ertoair)are
not 
refr
acted intot hesecond( "external"
)medi um, but
completely
 reflected backintot hef ir
st("i
nternal"
)medi um.It
occurswhent hesecondmedi um hasahi gherwav espeed( i
.e.
,
l
ower  
refr
activei ndex)thant hef ir
st ,
andt hewav esar einci
dentat
asuffi
cientl
yobl i
queangl eont hei nter
face.
 OPTI
CALFI
BRECABLE(
OFC)
Anopt icalfiber(orfibre)isagl assorpl asti
cfibert
hatcar ri
es
l
ightal
ongi tslength.Fiberopti
csistheov erl
apofappli
edsci ence
andengi neeringconcer nedwi ththedesi gnandappl icati
onof
opti
calf ibers.Opt i
calf iber
s ar e widely used inf iber
-opti
c
communi cations, whi ch permits t r
ansmi ssi
on ov er longer
dist
ancesandathi gherbandwi dt
hs( datarates)t
hanot herfor
ms
ofcommuni cati
ons.
Speci
fi
cal
l
y,
 Fibersareusedi nsteadofmet alwiresbecausesi gnal
stravel
al
ong t hem wi t
hl ess l oss,and they are also immune t o
el
ect r
omagnet i
c inter f
erence. Fibers ar e also used f or
i
ll
umi nati
on,andarewr appedinbundl essotheycanbeusedt o
carryimages,thusal lowingv i
ewingi ntightspaces.Special
ly
designedf i
bersareusedf orav arietyofot herappli
cat
ions,
i
ncludingsensorsandf i
berlasers.
 Li
ghtiskepti nthecor eoft heopticalfiberbyt otali
nternal
refl
ecti
on.Thiscausest hef i
bertoactasawav eguide.Fibers
whichsuppor tmanypr opagati
onpat hsort r
ansversemodes
arecall
edmul ti
-modef i
bers(MMF) ,
whi lethosewhi chcanonl y
supportasi nglemodear ecal l
edsingle-modef i
bers(SMF) .
Multi-
modef ibersgener all
yhav eal argercor ediameter,and
are used forshor t
-distance communi cation li
nks and f or
appli
cati
onswher ehi ghpowermustbet ransmit
ted.Single-
modef i
ber
sar eusedf ormostcommuni cati
onl i
nkslonger
than550met ers(1,800f t).
 Joini
nglengthsofopt i
calfiberismor ecomplexthanjoining
electr
ical
wireorcable.Theendsoft hef i
ber
smustbecar efull
y
cleaved,andt henspli
cedt ogethereithermechani
call
yorby
fusingthem togetherwit
hanel ect
ri
car c.Speci
alconnectors
areusedt omaker emovableconnections.
 Opti
calfi
bercanbeusedasamedi um f ortelecommuni cation
andnetworkingbecausei ti
sf l
exibleandcanbebundl edas
cabl
es. Iti s especiall
y advantageous f or l ong-
distance
communicati
ons,becausel i
ghtpr opagat est hrought hef i
ber
wit
hlit
tl
eattenuati
oncompar edtoel ectri
calcabl es.Eachf i
ber
cancarrymanyi ndependentchannel s,eachusi ngadi ffer
ent
wavel
engthoflight{
wav el
ength-
div
isionmul tiplexing(WDM) }

Abundl
eofopt
icalf
ibr
es ATOSLI
NKopt
icalf
ibr
e
 APPLI
CATI
ONS
Opt
ical
fibercommuni
cat
ion

Optical f
ibercanbeusedasamedi um f ortel
ecommuni cation.the
per-
channell ight si gnal s propagat ing int he fiber can be
modul atedatr atesashi ghas111gi gabitspersecond,al t
hough
10or40Gb/ sist ypi
cali ndeployedsy stems.Eachfibercancar r y
manyi ndependentchannel s,eachusi ngadi ff
erentwav el
engt hof
l
ight(wav elength-divi
si onmul t
ipl
exing( WDM) ).Thenetdat arate
(dat
ar atewi t
houtov er headby t
es)perf iberistheper -channel
datar ater educedbyt heFECov erhead,mul ti
pli
edbyt henumber
ofchannel s.Thecur rentl aboratoryfiberopticdatar ater ecord,
heldbyBel lLabsi nFr ance,ismul t
iplexi
ng155channel s,each
carr
y i
ng100Gb/ sov era7000km f iber.
 Forshor tdistanceappl ications,suchascr eatinganet wor k
withi
nanof fi
cebui l
ding,f i
ber-opti
ccablingcanbeusedt o
savespacei ncabl educt s.Thi sisbecauseasi nglef i
bercan
oft
encar rymuchmor edat at hanmanyel ect r
icalcabl es,
suchasCat -
5 Et hernetcabl i
ng.Fiberi sal so immunet o
el
ectricalint
erference;therei snocr oss-
talkbet weensi gnals
i
ndi fferentcabl esandnopi ckupofenv i
ronment alnoi se.
Non-ar moredf ibercablesdonotconductel ectri
city,whi ch
makesf i
beragoodsol utionf orprotect
ingcommuni cati
ons
equipmentl ocat edi nhi ghv olt
ageenv ir
onment ssuchas
power gener ation facili
ties pr one to lightning st ri
kes.
Wiretapping i s mor e di ffi
cult compar ed t o el ectri
cal
connect i
ons,andt herear econcent ricdualcor efiberst hat
aresaidt obet ap-proof.
 Fi
beropt
icsensor
s
Fibershavemanyusesi nr emot esensing.Insomeappl i
cations,
thesensori sit
selfanopt i
calfiber.I
not hercases, f
iberisusedt o
connecta non- fi
ber
opt i
c sensort o a measur ementsy stem.
Dependingont heappl i
cation,fi
bermaybeusedbecauseofi ts
smallsize,ort hefactthatnoel ectr
icalpoweri sneededatt he
remotel ocati
on,orbecausemanysensor scanbemul ti
plexed
alongthel engthofaf i
berbyusi ngdiff
erentwav elengthsofl ight
foreachsensor ,orbysensi ngt het i
medel ayasl ightpasses
along the f i
ber through each sensor .Ti me del ay can be
determined using a dev ice such as an opt i
calt ime-domai n
refl
ectomet er
.
Opt i
calfiberscanbeusedassensor st omeasur e
strai
n,temper ature,pressureandot herquantit
iesbymodi fyinga
fi
bersot hatt hequant i
tyt obemeasur edmodul atestheintensi t
y,
phase, polar
izati
on, wavelengthortransi
tt i
meofl i
ghtinthef iber.
Sensorst hatv ar
yt heintensi
tyofli
ghtar ethesimplest,si
nceonl y
asi mplesour ceanddet ect
orarer equired.Apar t
icul
arl
yusef ul
featureofsuchf iberopt icsensorsist hattheycan,ifrequi red,
providedistr
ibutedsensi ngoverdistancesofupt oonemet er
.
Ext
rinsi
cfiberopticsensor suseanopt i
calfibercabl e,
normallyamul ti-modeone,t ot r
ansmitmodul atedlightf rom
ei
ther a non- fiber opti
calsensor ,or an el ectroni
c sensor
connectedt oanopt icaltr
ansmi tter.Amaj orbenefitofextrinsic
sensorsi st heirabili
tytor each places which are otherwi se
i
naccessible.Anexampl ei st hemeasur ementoft emper ature
i
nsideai r
craftjetenginesbyusi ngaf i
bertot r
ansmi tradiation
i
ntoar adiati
onpy rometerlocatedout si
detheengine.
 Ot
herusesofopt
icalf
iber
s
Fibersarewidelyusedi nill
umi nat i
onappl i
cations.Theyar eused
aslightguidesinmedi calandot herappl icati
onswher ebright
l
ightneedst obeshownonat argetwi thoutacl earline-of-sight
path.Insomebui l
dings, optical fi
ber sareusedt orout esunl ight
fr
om t herooftoot herpar tsoft hebui l
ding.Opt icalfiber
i
ll
umi nati
oni salsousedf ordecor ativeapplicati
ons, including
signs,art
,andar ti
fi
cial Christmast rees.Swar ovskibout iquesuse
opticalfi
berstoill
umi natet heircr ystalshowcasesf rom many
diff
erentangleswhi leonl yempl oyingonel ightsour ce.Opt ical
fi
beri sanintri
nsicpartoft hel ight-transmitti
ngconcr etebui lding
product,LiTr
aCon.
 Opticalf
iberi salsousedi nimagi ngoptics.Acoherent
bundleoff i
ber sisused, somet i
mesal ongwi t
hlenses,fora
l
ong, thi
nimagi ngdev i
cecalledanendoscope, whi
chisused
toviewobj ectst hroughasmal l
hole.Medi cal
endoscopes
areusedf ormi ni
mal l
yinvasi
v eexplorator
yorsurgical
procedures( endoscopy ).I
ndust r
ialendoscopes(see
fi
berscopeorbor escope)areusedf orinspecti
ngany t
hing
hardtoreach, suchasj etengineinteri
ors.
Inspectroscopy ,opti
calfi
berbundl esar eusedt otr
ansmit
l
ightfrom aspect r
ometertoasubst ancewhi chcannotbe
placedinsidet hespectrometeritself
,inordert oanal
yzeit
s
composi ti
on.Aspect romet eranalyzessubst ancesby
bouncinglightof fofandthrought hem.Byusi ngfi
bers,
a
spectromet ercanbeusedt ostudyobj ectsthataretoolar
ge
tofiti
nside, orgasses,orreacti
onswhi choccurinpressur
e
vessels.
AFr
isbeei
l
luminat
edbyf
ibr
e
opt
ics

Li
ghtrefl
ectedfrom opt
ical
f
ibr
eil
luminatesexhibi
ted
model

Opti
calfi
ber
sdopedwi
thawav el
engthshif
terar
eusedt
ocol
l
ect
sci
nti
ll
ati
onli
ghti
nphy
sicsexper
iments.
 Opt i
calfi
bercanbeusedtosupplyalowlevel
ofpower
(aroundonewat t)t
oelect
roni
cssit
uatedi
nadiff
icul
t
electr
icalenv
ironment
.
 Anopti
calfi
berdopedwithcer
tainrar
eeart
helementssuch
aserbi
um canbeusedast hegainmedium ofal
aseror
opt
icalampli
fi
er.Thepr
ocessthatcausest
heamplif
icat
ion
i
sstimulat
edemi ssi
on.
 PRI
NCI
PLEOFOPERATI
ON
Anopt i
calfiberisacyli
ndri
caldiel
ectri
cwav eguide
(nonconduct
ingwaveguide)thatt
ransmitsl
ightalongit
saxi s,by
the pr
ocess of tot
ali nternalref
lect
ion.The f iber corei s
surr
oundedbyacladdinglayer.
I
ndexof Ref
ract
ion
Thei ndexofr efr
actioni sawayofmeasur i
ngt he
speedofl i
ghti namat er
ial.Lightt r
av elsfastestinav acuum,
suchasout erspace.Theact ualspeedofl ightinav acuum i s
about300 mi ll
ion met ers persecond.I ndexofr efraction i
s
calculat
edbydi vidingt hespeedofl ightinav acuum byt hespeed
ofl i
ghti n someot hermedi um.Thei ndexofr efr
action ofa
vacuum i st herefore1.Thet ypi
calv aluef orthecladdingofan
opticalf
iberi s1.46.Thecor evalueist ypical
ly1.48.Thelargerthe
i
ndexofr efracti
on, thesl owerlighttravelsinthatmedi um.Agood
rul
eoft humbi st hatsi gnalusingopt i
calf i
berforcommuni cati
on
wil
l tr
avel ataround200mi l
li
onmet erspersecond.
  Tot
alI
nter
nalRef
lect
ion
When l ightt r
avell
i
ng in a dense medi um hi tsa
boundar yatast eepangl e(l
argerthanthe" cri
ticalangle"fort he
boundar y)
,thel i
ghtwi llbecompl etel
yref l
ected.Thisef fecti s
usedi nopt icalfiberst oconfi
nel i
ghtint hecor e.Li
ghtt ravels
alongt hef iberbounci ngbackandf ort
hof foft heboundar y
.
Becauset hel ightmustst ri
ketheboundar ywi thanangl egr eater
thant hecr i
ticalangl e,onl
yl i
ghtthatent erst hef i
berwi thi na
certainrangeofangl escant r
aveldownt hef iberwi t
houtl eaki ng
out.Thi srangeofangl esiscall
edt heaccept anceconeoft he
fi
ber .The si ze oft hisacceptance cone isa f uncti
on oft he
refr
act i
veindexdi ff
erencebetweent hefi
ber'scor eandcl addi ng.
Insi
mpl erter
ms,therei
samaxi mum anglefrom the
fi
beraxi s atwhi ch li
ghtmayent erthe fiberso thati twil
l
propagate,ort r
avel,inthecor eoft hefiber.Thesineoft his
maximum angl eisthenumer i
calapertur
e(NA)oft hefiber.Fi
ber
withal argerNAr equir
eslessprecisi
ontospl iceandwor kwith
thanfi
berwi thasmal l
erNA.Singl
e-modef i
berhasasmal lNA.

Al
aserbounci
ngdownanacr
yli
crod,i
ll
ust
rat
ingthetotal
int
ernal
r
efl
ecti
onofl
i
ghti
namul t
i-
modeopt i
calf
ibre
  Si
ngl
eModeFi
ber
Fi
berwi t
h acor edi amet erlesst han aboutt en
ti
mest hewav elengthoft hepr opagat i
ngl ightcannotbemodel ed
using geomet ri
c optics.I nstead,i tmustbe anal yzed as an
elect
romagnet i
cst r
ucture,bysol utionofMaxwel l'
sequat ionsas
reduced t o t he el ect r
omagnet i
c wav e equat i
on. The
elect
romagnet i
canal ysismayal so ber equired to under st
and
behaviour s such as speckl et hatoccurwhen coher entl ight
propagat esinmul t
i-
modef i
ber .Asanopt icalwav eguide, thefiber
support soneormor econf inedt ransv ersemodesbywhi chlight
canpr opagat ealongt hef i
ber .Fibersuppor tingonl yonemodei s
call
edsi ngle-modeormono- modef iber.Thebehav iourofl ar
ger-
core mul ti
-mode f i
bercan al so be model ed using t he wav e
equati
on,whi chshowst hatsuchf i
bersuppor tsmor et hanone
modeofpr opagati
on ( hencet hename) .Ther esul tsofsuch
model i
ng ofmul ti
-mode f iberappr oximat ely agr ee wi tht he
predi
ctionsofgeomet ricopt ics,ifthefibercor eislargeenought o
supportmor ethanaf ewmodes.

Thestr
uctur
eofat y
pical
si
ngl
e-modefiber:
1.Cor
e:8µm di
amet
er
2.Cl
addi
ng:125µm di
a.
3.Buf
fer
:250µm di
a.
4.Jacket
:400µm di
a.
  Mul
tiModeFi
ber
Thepropagati
onofli
ghtthroughamulti
-modeopti
cal
f
iber
.Alaserbouncingdownanacryli
crod,i
ll
ust
rat
ingthet
otal
i
nter
nal
reflect
ionofli
ghtinamult
i-
modeopt i
calfi
ber
.
Fiberwi thlargecor edi amet er(greatert han10* 10^-6m)
maybeanal yzedbygeomet ricalopt i
cs.Suchf i
beri scal l
edmul t
i-
modef iber ,fr
om t heel ectromagnet icanal ysi
s.I nast ep-i
ndex
mul ti
-modef i
ber, r
ay sofl i
ghtar eguidedal ongt hef ibercoreby
totalinternal refl
ect i
on.Ray st hatmeett hecor e-claddi ng
boundar yatahi ghangl e( measur edr elati
vetoal inenor mal to
theboundar y),greatert hant hecr it
ical anglefort hisboundar y,are
compl etel yreflected.Thecr iti
cal angle( minimum angl efortotal
i
nt ernalref l
ect i
on)i sdet erminedbyt hedi ffer
encei ni ndexof
refracti
onbet weent hecor eandcl addingmat eri
al s.Thecr it
ical
angl edet ermi nest heaccept anceangl eoft hef i
ber ,often
repor t
edasanumer ical aperture.Thehi ghnumer i
cal apert
ure
i
ncr easest heamountofdi sper sionasr aysatdiff erentangles
hav edifferentpat hlengt hsandt herefor etakedif ferenttimest o
traverset hef iber.
Fi
g.Si
ngl
emodeopt
icalf
ibr
ecabl
e

Fi
g.Mul
ti–modeopt
icalf
ibr
ecabl
e
 MECHANI
SMSOFATTENUATI
ON
At t
enuat ioninf iberopt ics,alsoknownast r
ansmi ssi
onl oss,is
ther educt i
oni nintensi
tyoft helightbeam (orsignal)withrespect
todist ancet ravell
edthroughat ransmissi
onmedi um.Attenuation
coeff i
cientsinf i
beropt icsusual lyuseunitsofdB/ km t
hrought he
medi um due t ot he relati
velyhi gh qualit
yoft ransparencyof
moder n opt i
calt ransmi ssion medi a.The medi um ist ypi
call
y
usual l
yaf i
berofsi li
cagl asst hatconfinestheincidentli
ghtbeam
tot he i nside.At tenuation i s an importantfact orli
mi t
ing the
transmi ssionofadi gi
tal si
gnal acrosslargedistances.
Thus,muchresearchhasgonei nt
obothli
mi t
ingt he
att
enuati
onandmaxi mizi
ngtheampl i
fi
cat
ionoftheopt
icalsignal
.
Empiri
calresearchhasshownt hatatt
enuat
ioninopti
calfiberis
causedpri
mar i
lybybothscat
teri
ngandabsorpti
on.
 Li
ghtscat
ter
ing
The pr opagation ofl i
ghtt hrough t he core ofan
opti
calfi
berisbasedont otali
nternalref
lecti
onoft hel i
ghtwav e.
Roughandi r
regularsur f
aces,ev enatt hemol ecularlevel,can
causelightrayst o ber eflect
edi nr andom di recti
ons.Thi si s
cal
led diff
use r eflect
ion or scat teri
ng,and i tis t y
pically
charact
eri
zedbywi devari
et yofr
eflecti
onangl es.
Lightscat t
eringdependsont hewav el
engthoft he
l
ightbeingscat ter
ed.Thus,l imit
st ospati
alscalesofv isibil
ity
ari
se,dependingont hef requencyoftheincidentli
ght
-wav eand
thephysicaldimension( orspat i
alscal
e)ofthescatter
ingcent er,
whichist y
picall
yinthef or m ofsomespecifi
cmi cro–st r
uct ural
feat
ure.
 Fi
g.Specul
arRef
lect
ion Fi
g.Di
ff
useRef
lect
ion

Thus,attenuati
onr esul
tsf rom t heincoher entscatter
ing
ofl i
ghtati nt
ernalsurfacesandi nt erf
aces.In( poly)cr
yst
alli
ne
mat eri
alssuchasmet al
sandcer ami cs,inaddit
iont opor es,most
oft hei nter
nalsur f
acesori nt
erfacesar eint hef orm ofgr ai
n
boundar iesthatseparatetinyregionsofcr ystall
ineor der.Ithas
recentlybeenshownt hatwhent hesi zeofthescat teri
ngcent r
e
(orgrainboundar y)i
sreducedbel owt hesizeoft hewav el
engthof
thel i
ghtbeingscat ter
ed,thescat teringnol ongeroccur stoany
signif
icantext ent.This phenomenon has gi v en r i
se tot he
productionoft r
ansparentceramicmat er
ial
s.
Simil
arl
y,thescat t
eringofl i
ghtinopt i
calquali
tyglass
fi
beri scausedbymol ecularlevelir
regul
ari
ti
es(compositi
onal
fl
uctuati
ons)intheglassstructur
e.Indeed,oneemergingschool
oft houghtist hata glass is simplythe li
miti
ng case ofa
poly
crystal
li
nesolid.
 MANUFACTURI
NG
 Mat
eri
als
Gl
assopt icalfi
bersarealmostalwaysmadef r
om si l
ica,
but some ot her mat eri
als, such as f l
uor
ozirconate,
fl
uor oaluminate,andchal cogenidegl
asses,areusedforl onger-
wav elengthi nfrared appl i
cati
ons.Like other gl
asses,t hese
gl
asses hav ear ef r
acti
vei ndex ofabout1. 5.Typicall
yt he
di
ffer encebetweencor eandcl addi
ngislesst
hanoneper cent.
Plasti
copt i
calfiber
s( POF)ar e commonl ystep-
index
mult
i-
modef iberswithacorediameterof0.5mi l
l
imetersorl
arger
.
POF typi
call
yhav e higherattenuat
ion coeff
ici
entsthan glass
fi
ber
s,1dB/ m orhigher,
andthishighatt
enuationli
mitsther
ange
ofPOF-basedsy st
ems.
SI
LICA
Sil
ica exhi bit
sf ai rl
ygood opt icaltransmi ssion ov era
wi de range ofwav elengt hs.Si l
ica can hav e ext remel yl ow
absor pti
onandscat t
eringl ossesoft heor derof0.2 dB/ km.Ahi gh
transparencyi nt he1.4-µm r egioni sachi evedbymai nt aininga
l
ow concent rationofhy droxy lgr oups( OH).Alternatively,ahi gh
OHconcent rationi sbet t
erf ort ransmi ssi onintheul traviolet( UV)
region.Si l
ica can be dr awn i ntof i
ber s atr easonabl y hi gh
temper atur
es,andhasaf airl
ybr oadgl asstransfor mat i
onr ange.
Oneot heradv ant ageist hatf usionspl icingandcl eavingofsi li
ca
fi
ber sisrelativelyeffective.Si l
icaf iberal sohashi ghmechani cal
strengthagai nstbot hpul li
ngandev enbendi ng.Si licai sal so
relati
velychemi call
yinert.Inpar ticular,itisnothy groscopi c(does
notabsor bwat er).
 COATI
NG
St andardopt icalf i
bersar emadebyf i
rstconstructi
ngal arge-
diamet erpr eform,wi t
h a car efull
ycont roll
ed refr
activeindex
pr ofi
le,andt henpul l
ingthepr eformt oformt helong,thinopt ical
fiber.Thepr eformi scommonl ymadebyt hreechemi calv apor
deposi ti
on met hods:i nside v apor deposi ti
on,out side v apor
deposi ti
on, andv aporaxialdeposition.Fiberopt i
ccoatingsareUV
-cured ur ethane acr yl
ate composi te mat eri
als appli
ed tot he
out sideoft hef i
berdur ingt hedr awi ngpr ocess.Thecoat ings
pr otectthev er ydelicatestrandsofgl assfiber—aboutt hesizeof
ahumanhai r—andal l
owi ttosur vivether i
gorsofmanuf act
ur ing,
pr ooftesting,cabl ingandi nstall
ation.Today ’
sglassopt i
calf i
bre
dr aw processesempl oyadual– l ayercoat i
ngappr oach.The
i
nnerpr i
mar ycoat i
ngmi nimi zeattenuat i
on.
El
ect
roni
cal
l
yBasedPr
oject

ToTestPassageofLightt
hroughCommerci
al/
Indust
ri
al
Opt
icalFi
berCable(
OFC)

Dev
icesUsed:
1.I
ndust
ri
alOpt
ical
FiberCabl
e(Mul
ti
-Mode)
2.LED(
3V)
3.PCBCi
rcui
tBoar
d
4.3VDCRect
if
ier
 BI
BLI
OGRAPHY

Books:

 Phy
sics(
Par
t1&2)–Text
bookf
orCl
assXI
I;Nat
ional
Counci
lofEducat
ional
Resear
chandTr
aini
ng
 Ency
clopaedi
as

Websi
tes:
I
mageCour
tesy
:
www.
googl
e.com/
images
www.
wiki
pedi
a.or
g

Sour
ceandot
herI
nfor
mat
ion:
www.
googl
e.com
www.
icbse.
com
www.
wiki
pedi
a.or
g