Attachment

7 inch
2.5 inch MOLE CONCEPT 2.5 inch
2.5 inch
I N D E X
Topic Page No.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
MOLE CONCEPT
01. Mole 01
02. Methods to calculate mole 03
03 Laws of chemical combination 06
04. Significance of chemical equation 09
05. Limitingreagent 10
06. Problems related with mixture 11
07. Percentage Yield 11
08. Percentage purity 12
09. Problems related with sequential reaction 13
10. Problems related parallel reaction 14
11. Principle of atom conservation 15
12. Average atomic Mass 16
13. Average molecular mass 16
14. Empirical and molecular formula 17
15. Experimental methods for determination 19
MOLE CONCEPT
Topic Page No.
16. Eudiometry 23
17. Volume expansion and contraction in the edudiometer tube 24
18. General reactions for combustion of organic compounds 24
19. Analysis of gaseous mixture 25
20. Volume - Volume analysis 26
21. Determination of molecular formula of gaseous hydrocarbon 26
22. Determination of molecular formula of gases 27
23. Concentration Terms 28
24. Methods of expressing concentration of solution 28
25. Molarity of ionic compounds 35
26. Mixing or dilution of solution 36
27. Mixing of acid and base solutions 36
28. Problems involving precipitation 36
29. Some typical concentration terms 37
30. Relationship between different concentration terms 38
31. Solved examples 40
32. Exercise - 1 53
Exercise - 2 59
Exercise - 3 65
Exercise - 4 72
33. Answer Key 74
34. Hints/Solution 76
ACC- CH-MOLE CONCEPT 1
MOLE CONCEPT
1. MOLE
A mole is the amount of substance that contains as many species [Atoms, molecules, ions or other
particles] as there are atoms in exactly 12 gm of C-12.
1 mole  6.022  10 23 species
2.1 Atomic mass
Atomic mass of an element can be defined as the number which indicates how many times the mass of
1
one atom of the element is heavier in comparison to th part of the mass of one atom of Carbon-12.
12
[Mass of an atom of the element] Mass of an atom in amu

Atomic mass = =
1 1 amu
 [Mass of an atom of carbon - 12]
12
2.2 Atomic mass unit (amu) or Unified mass (u)
1
The quantity [ × mass of an atom of C–12] is known as atomic mass unit.
12
The actual mass of one atom of C-12 = 1.9924 × 10–26 kg
1 .9924  10  26
 1 amu = kg
12
1
= 1.66 × 10–27 kg = 1.66 × 10–24 gm = N gm
A
2.3 Gram atomic mass
The gram atomic mass can be defined as the mass of 1 mole atoms of an element.
16
e.g., Mass of one oxygen atom = 16 amu = N gm.
A
16
Mass of NA oxygen atom = N .N A = 16 gram
A
BANSAL CLASSES Private Ltd. ‘Gaurav Tower’, A-10, Road No.-1, I.P.I.A., Kota-05
2 ACC- CH-MOLE CONCEPT
Illustration
(a) What is the mass of one atom of Cl? (b) What is the atomic mass of Cl?
(c) What is the gram atomic mass of Cl?
Sol. (a) Mass of one atom of Cl = 35.5 amu.
Mass of an atom in amu 35.5amu

(b) Atomic mass of Cl = = = 35.5
1amu 1amu
(c) Gram atomic mass of Cl = [Mass of 1 Cl atom × NA]
35.5
= 35.5 amu × NA = N × NA gram = 35.5 gram
A
Exercise
(a) What is the mass of one atom of S?
(b) What is the atomic mass of S ?
(c) What is the gram atomic mass of S?
Ans. (a) 32 amu, (b) 32, (c) 32 gram
3.1 Molecular mass

Molecular mass is the number which indicates how manytimes one molecule of a substance is heavier in
1
comparison to th of the mass of one atom of C-12.
12
Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)

Molecular mass = 1
 [Mass of an atom of C - 12]
12
Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)

= 1 amu
3.2 Gram Molecular mass
Gram molecular mass can be defined as the mass of 1 mole of molecules.

32
e.g., Mass of one molecule of O2 = 32 amu = N gram .
A
32
Mass of NA molecules of O2 = N  N A gm = 32 gm
A
Illustration
(a) What is the mass of one molecule of HNO3?

(b) What is the molecular mass of HNO3?
(c) What is the gram molecular mass of HNO3?
Sol. (a) Mass of one molecule of HNO3 = (1 + 14 + 3 × 16) amu = 63 amu.
63 amu
(b) Molecular mass of HNO3 =  63
1 amu
(c) Gram molecular mass of HNO3 = Mass of 1-molecule of HNO3 × NA
63
= 63 amu × NA = N gm × NA = 63 gram
A
Exercise
(a) What is the mass of one molecule of H2SO4.
(b) What is the molecular mass of H2SO4.
(c) What is the gram molecular mass of H2SO4.
Ans. (a) 98 amu (b) 98 (c) 98 gram
4. METHODS TO CALCULATE MOLES

M
e
m
as
lu
s
Vo
Mole
No. of
particles
4.1 From number of particles :
Given no. of Paritcles [atoms/molecules/ ions]

No. of mole 
NA
Illustration
A piece of Cu contains 6.022 × 1024 atoms. How many mole of Cu atoms does it contain?
6.022  10 24 6.022  10 24
Sol. No. of mole = = = 10 mole
NA 6.022  10 23
Exercise
5 mole of CO2 are present in a gaseous sample. How many molecules of CO2 are present in the sample?
Ans. 5 NA
4.2 From given Mass :

Given mass of the substance(gm)
(a) For atoms : No. of mole = = No. of g-atoms
Gram atomic mass
Given mass of the substance(gm)
(b) For molecules : No. of mole = = No. of g-molecules
Gram molecular mass
Illustration
What will be the mass of 5 mole of SO2?

Ans. Molecular mass of SO2 = 64 gm
mass (gm)
5=
64
 mass = 320 gm
Exercise
(a) How many mole of O atoms are present in 88 gm CO2?

(b) What will be the mass of 10 mole of H3PO4?
Ans. (a) 4 mole (b) 980 gm
4.3 From the given volume of a gas :
volume of gas at 1 bar pressure and 273 K (in litre)

n
22.7
S.T.P.: 1 bar pressure and 273 K.
volume of gas at 1atm and 273K(in litre)

n
22.4
Note: According to old IUPAC agreement, STP condition was 1 atm pressure and 273 K temperature
but according to new agreement it is 1 bar pressure and 273K temperature. Although many books
are still using the condition of 1 atm and 273K for STP.
If volume is given under any other condition of temperature and pressure, then use the ideal gas equation
to find the no. of moles.
PV
No. of mole(n ) 
RT
Units of Pressure :
1 atm = 76 cm Hg = 760 torr = 1.01325 bar = 1.01325 × 105 pa.
Units of temperature :
K  C  273
Value of R :
R = 0.0821 litre-atm/mole.K
= 8.314 J/mole.K = 1.987  2 cal/mole.K
Units of volume :
1 dm 3  10 3 cm 3  1 litre  10 3 m 3  103 ml
1m3 = 103 litre
Illustration
A sample of He gas occupies 5.6 litre volume at 1 atm and 273 K. How many mole of He are present in
the sample?
5.6
Sol. No. of mole =  0.25
22.4
Exercise
How much volume will be occupied by 2 mole CO2 gas at STP?

Ans. 45.4 L
Note : We can use the following relationship as per requirement of question.

No. of particle mass (gm )
No. of mole  =
NA [gm at. or mol. mass ]
V () occupied by a Gas at STP V () occupied by a Gas at 1atm and 273K
= =
22.7 22.4
Illustration
How many molecules of O2 are present in 5.6 litres of O2 at 1 atm and 273 K?
No. of molecules V( ) at 1 atm and 273 K
Sol. 
NA 22.4
 No. of molecule = N A = 1.505 × 1023

No. of molecules 5.6 1

NA 22.4 4 4
Exercise
How many molecules of water are present in 9 gram of water?

Ans. 3.011 × 1023
5. LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION
5.1 Law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier – 1774) :

In any physical or chemical change, mass can neither be created nor be destroyed.
It means :
Total mass of the reactants = total mass of the products.
This relationship holds good when reactants are completely converted into products.
In case the reacting material are not completely consumed the relationship will be –
Total mass of the reactants = Total mass of the products + mass of unreacted reactants
Limitation : In nuclear reactions, some mass of reactant is converted into energy, so mass of reactant is
always less than that of product.
Illustrations
1.7 gram of silver nitrate dissolved in 100 gram of water is taken. 0.585 gram of sodium chloride
dissolved in 100 gram of water is added to it and chemical reaction occurs. 1.435 gm ofAgCl and 0.85
gm NaNO3 are formed. Show that these results illustrate the law of conservation of mass.
Sol. Total mass before chemical change = mass of AgNO3 + Mass of NaCl + Mass of water
= 1.70 + 0.585 + 200 = 202.285 gram
Total mass after the chemical reaction = mass of AgCl + Mass of NaNO3 + Mass of water
= 1.435 + 0.85 + 200 = 202.285 gram
Thus in the given reaction
Total mass of reactants = Total mass of the products.
Exercise
If 6.3 gram of NaHCO3 are added to 15 gram CH3COOH solution. The residue is found to weigh
18 gram. What is the mass of CO2 released in this reaction?
Ans. 3.3 gram
5.2 Law of constant composition : [Proust 1799]

A chemical compound always contains the same element combined together in fixed proportion by
mass.
Limitations : In case of isotopes, ratio is not fixed
e.g. 12
CO 2 14
CO 2
12: 32 14 : 32
3:8 7 : 16
Illustration
1.08 gram of Cu wire was allowed to react with nitric acid. The resulting solution was dried and ignited
when 1.35 gram of copper oxide was obtained. In another experiment 2.3 gram of copper oxide was
heated in presence of Hydrogen yielding 1.84 gram of copper. Show that the above data are in accor-
dance with law of constant composition?
Sol. Case-I
HNO 
Cu  3  Cu(NO3)2  CuO
1.08 gram 1.35 gram
1.35 gram CuO contains 1.08 gram Cu.
1.08
100 gram CuO contains   100 = 80 gram Cu
1.35
% Cu in CuO = 80%
% O in CuO = 20%
Case-II
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
2.3 gram 1.84 gram
2.30 gram CuO contains 1.84 gram Cu.
1.84100
100 gram CuO contains  = 80 gram Cu
2.30
% Cu in CuO = 80%
% O in CuO = 20%
Both sample have the same composition & hence the data are in accordance with law of constant
composition.
Exercise
7.95 gram of cupric oxide was reduced by heating in a current of hydrogen and the weight of copper that
remained was 6.35 gram. In another experiment, 19.05 gram of Cu was dissolved in the nitric acid and
the resulting copper nitrate is converted into cupric oxide byignition. The weight of cupric oxide formed
was 23.85 gram. Show that these results illustrate the law of constant composition.
5.3 Law of multiple proportion : [Dalton 1806]

When two elements combine to form two or more compounds, the different masses of one element
which combine with a fixed mass of the other element, bear a simple ratio to one another.
Illustration
Two compounds each containing only tin and oxygen had the following composition.
Mass % of Tin Mass % of oxygen
CompoundA 78.77 21.23
Compound B 88.12 11.88
Show that these data illustrate the law of multiple proportion?
Sol.
In compoundA
21.23 parts of oxygen combine with 78.77 parts of tin.
78.77
1 part of oxygen combine with = 3.7 parts of Sn.
21.23
In compound B
11.88 parts of oxygen combine with 88.12 parts of tin.
88.12
1 part of oxygen combined with = 7.4 parts of tin.
11.88
Thus the mass of Tin in compoundAand B which combine with a fixed mass of oxygen are in the ratio
3.7 : 7.4 or 1 : 2. This is a simple ratio. Hence the data illustrate the law of multiple proportion.
Exercise
Carbon and oxygen are known to form two compounds. The carbon content in one of these is 42.9%
while in the other it is 27.3%. Show that these data are in agreement with the law of multiple proportion.
5.4 Law of reciprocal proportion : [Richter 1794]

When two different elements combine with the same mass of a third element, the ratio in which they do
so will be same or simple multiple if both directly combined with each other.
Illustration
The % composition of NH3, H2O and N2O3 is as given below :

NH3 82.35% N and 17.65% H.
H2O 88.9% O and 11.1% H
N2O3 63.15% O and 36.85% N
On the basis of above data prove the law of reciprocal proportion?
82.35
Sol. (i) For NH3 1-part of hydrogen reacts with = = 4.67 part N.
17.65
88.90
(ii) For H2O 1-part of hydrogen reacts with = = 8.01 part O.
11.10
Thus the ratio N : O = 4.67 : 8.01 = 

(iii) For N2O3 : N and O reacts with each other N : O = 36.85 : 63.15 
Because the two ratios are same, thus law of reciprocal proportion is proved.
5.5 Gay-Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes [Gay-Lussac–1808] :

When gases combined or produced in a chemical reaction, they do so in a simple ratio by volume
provided all the gases are at same temperature and pressure.
6. SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Achemical equation describes the chemical process both qualitativelyandquantitatively.The stoichiometric

coefficients in the chemical equation give the quantitative information of the chemical process. These
coefficients represent the relative number of molecules or moles of the reactants and products, e.g.,
2 NH3 (g)  N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)
2 molecules 1 molecule 3 molecules
or 2 N molecules N molecules 3 N molecules
or 2 moles 1 mole 3 moles
Again, Avogadro’s principle states that under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal
volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules. Thus, for homogeneous gaseous reactions, the
stoichiometric coefficients of the chemical equation also signifythe relative volumes of each reactant and
product under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, e.g.,
H2(g) + I2 (g)  2 HI (g)
1 molecule 1 molecule 2 molecule
or 1 mole 1 mole 2 mole
or 1 volume 1 volume 2 volume (T & P constant)
or 1 pressure 1 pressure 2 pressure (T & V constant)
6.1 LIMITING REAGENT
The reactant which gives least amount of product on being completely consumed is known as limiting
reagent. It may also be defined as the reactant that is completely consumed when a reaction goes to
completion. It comes into the picture when reaction involves two ore more reactants. For solving such
reactions, first step is to calculate Limiting Reagent.
Calculation of Limiting Reagent:

Method-I : By calculating the required amount by the equation and comparing it with given amount.
[Useful when only two reactant are there]
Method-II : By calculating amount of any one product obtained taking each reactant one by one
irrespective of other reactants. The one giving least product is limiting reagent.
Method-III : Divide given moles of each reactant by their stoichiometric coefficient, the one with
least ratio is limiting reagent. [Useful when number of reactants are more than two.]
Illustration
If 20gm of CaCO3 is treated with 20gm of HCl, how many grams of CO2 can be generated according
to following reaction?
CaCO3(g) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g)
20
Sol. Mole of CaCO3 =  0.2
100
20
Mole of HCl =  0.548
36.5
 Mole  0.2
 Stoichiometric co - efficient  for CaCO3 =  0.2
  1
 Mole  0.548
 Stoichiometric co - efficient  for HCl =  0.274
  2
So CaCO3 is limiting reagent

According to reaction :
100 gm of CaCO3 gives 44gm of CO2
44
20 gm CaCO3 will give  20 = 8.8 gm CO2
100
Exercise
Calculate the mass of carbon tetrachloride can be produced by the reaction of 144gm of carbon with 71
gm of Chlorine.
Ans. 77 gm
6.2 PROBLEMS RELATED WITH MIXTURE
Illustration
4 gram of a mixture of CaCO3 and Sand (SiO2) is treated with an excess of HCl and 0.88 gm of CO2
is produced. What is the percentage of CaCO3 in the original mixture?
Ans. CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
SiO2 + HCl No reaction
CaCO3 = x gm
100 gm CaCO3 gives 44 gm CO2
x gm CaCO3 gives 0.88 gm CO2
100 44
    x = 2 gram
x 0.88
2
% CaCO3 =  100 = 50%
4
Exercise
44 gram sample of a natural gas, consisting of methane [CH4] and ethylene [C2H4] was burned in excess
of oxygen yielding 132 gm CO2 and some H2O as products. What is the mole % of ethylene in the
sample?
Ans. 50%
6.3 PERCENTAGE YIELD
In gener59al, when a reaction is carried out in the laboratory we do not obtain the theoretical amount of
product. The amount of product that is actually obtained is called the actual yield. Knowing the actual
yield and theoretical yield, the % yield can be calculated by the following formula–
Actual yield
Percentage yield =  100 %
Theoritical yield
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Q.1 Naturally occurring chlorine is 75.53% Cl35 which has an atomic mass of 34.969 amu and 24.47%
Cl37 which has a mass of 36.966 amu. Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine-
(A) 35.5 amu (B) 36.5 amu (C) 71 amu (D) 72 amu
Ans. (A)
% of I isotope  its atomic mass  % of II isotope  its atomic mass
Sol. Average atomic mass =
100
75.53 x 34.969  24.47 x 36.96
=
100
= 35.5 amu.
Q.2 How many carbon atoms are present in 0.35 mol of C6H12O6 -
(A) 6.023 × 1023 carbon atoms (B) 1.26 × 1023 carbon atoms
(C) 1.26 × 1024 carbon atoms (D) 6.023 × 1024 carbon atoms
Ans. (C)
Sol.  1 mol of C6H12O6 has = 6 NA atoms of C
 0.35 mol of C6H12O6 has
= 6 × 0.35 NA atoms of C
= 2.1 NA atoms
= 2.1 × 6.022 × 1023 = 1.26 × 1024 carbon atoms
Q.3 Calculate the mass in gm of 2NA molecules of CO2 -

(A) 22 gm (B) 44 gm (C) 88 gm (D) None of these.
Ans. (C)
Sol.  NA molecules of CO2 has molecular mass = 44 gm
 2NA molecules of CO2 has molecular mass = 44 × 2 = 88 gm.
Q.4 How many years it would take to spend Avogadro's number of rupees at the rate of 1 million rupees
in one second -
(A) 19.098 × 1019 years (B) 19.098 years
(C) 19.098 × 109 years (D) None of these
Ans. (C)
Sol.  106 rupees are spent in 1sec.
23 1  6.022  10 23
 6.022 × 10 rupees are spent in = sec
10 6
1 6.023  10 23
= years = 19.098 × 109 year
10 6  60  60  24  365
Q.5 Calculate the number of Cl– and Ca+2 ions in 222 g anhydrous CaCl2.
(A) 2NA ions of Ca+2 4 N ions of Cl– (B) 2NA ions of Cl– & 4N ions of Ca+2
+2 –
(C) 1NA ions of Ca & 1N ions of Cl (D) None of these.
Ans. (A)
Sol.  mol. wt. of CaCl2 = 111 g
  111 g CaCl2 has = NA ions of Ca+2
N A  222
 222g of CaCl2 has = 2NA ions of Ca+2
111
Also  111 g CaCl2 has = 2NA ions of Cl–

2 N A  222
 222 g CaCl2 has = ions of Cl– = 4NA ions of Cl– .
111
Q.6 What is the molecular mass of a substance, each molecule of which contains 9 carbon atoms, 13
hydrogen atoms and 2.33 × 10–23 g of other component?
Ans. 135.04
Sol. The molecule has C, H and other component.
Mass of 9 C atoms = 12 × 9 = 108 amu
Mass of 13 H atoms = 13 × 1 = 13 amu
2.33 1023
Mass of other component =  14.04amu
1.66 1024
Total mass of one molecule = 108 + 13 + 14.04 = 135.04 amu
Mol. mass of substance = 135.04
Q.7 The density of O2 at 0ºC and 1 atm is 1.429g / litre. The molar volume of gas is -
(A) 22.4 lit. (B) 11.2 lit (C) 33.6 lit (D) 5.6 lit.
Ans. (A)
Sol.  1.429 gm of O2 gas occupies volume = 1 litre.
32
 32 gm of O2 gas occupies = = 22.4 litre/mol.
1429
.
Q.8 How many molecules are in 5.23 gm of glucose (C6H12O6) -

(A) 1.65 × 1022 (B) 1.75 × 1022 (C) 1.75 × 1021 (D) None of these
Ans. (B)
Sol.  180 gm glucose has = NA molecules
5.23  6.022  10 23
 5.23 gm glucose has = = 1.75 × 1022 molecules
180
Q.9 How many g of S are required to produce 10 moles and 10g of H2SO4 respectively?
Ans. 320 g, 3.265 g
Sol.  1 mole of H2SO4 has = 32g S
 10 mole of H2SO4 has = 32 × 10 = 320 g S
Also, 98g of H2SO4 has = 32 g S
 10 g of H2SO4 has = (32 × 10)/98 = 3.265 g S
Q.10 P and Q are two elements which form P2Q3 and PQ2 molecules. If 0.15 mole of P2Q3 and PQ2
weighs 15.9 g and 9.3g, respectively, what are atomic mass of P and Q?
Ans. P = 26, Q = 18
Sol. Let at. mass of P and Q be a and b respectively,
 Mol. mass of P2Q3 = 2a + 3b
and Mol. mass of PQ2 = a + 2b
 (2a + 3b) × 0.15 = 15.9
and (a + 2b) × 0.15 = 9.3
a = 26, b = 18
atomic mass of P = 26
atomic mass of Q = 18
EXERCISE-1 (Exercise for JEE Mains)
[SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]
Q.1 Which is heaviest :

(A) 25 g of Hg (B) 2 mole of H2O (C) 2 mole of CO2 (D) 4 g-atom of O
[2020112299]
Q.2 16 g of SOx occupies 5.6 litre at STP. Assuming ideal gas nature, The value of x is :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
[2020110849]
Q.3 The density of liquid (mol. wt. = 70) is 1.2 g mL–1. If 2 mL of liquid contains 35 drops, the number
of molecules of liquid in one drop are :
1 .2 1 1.2
(A) ×N A (B) ×N A (C) ×N A (D) 1.2 N A
3. 5 35 352
[2020110582]
Q.4 How many moles of magnesium phosphate Mg3(PO4)2 will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms:
(A) 0.02 (B) 3.125 ×10–2 (C) 1.25 ×10–2 (D) 2.5 × 10–2
[2020110100]
Q.5 Rearrange the following (I to IV) in the order of increasing masses.

(I) 0.5 mole of O3 (II) 0.5 gm molecule of Nitrogen
23
(III) 3.011 × 10 molecules of O2 (IV) 11.35 L of CO2 at STP.
(A) IV < III < II < I (B) II < III < IV < I (C) III < II < I < IV (D) I < II < III < IV
[2020110110]
Q.6 Amixture of gas ''X'' (mol. wt. 16) and gas Y (mol. wt. 28) in the mole ratio a : b has a mean molecular
weight 20. What would be mean molecular weight if the gases are mixed in the ratio b : a under identical
conditions (gases are non reacting).
(A) 24 (B) 20 (C) 26 (D) 40
[2020111599]
Q.7 The percentage bymole of NO2 in a mixture of NO2(g) and NO(g) having average molecular mass 34 is :
(A) 25% (B) 20% (C) 40% (D) 75%
[2020111450]
Q.8 An iodized salt contains 0.5 % of NaI.Aperson consumes 3 gm of salt everyday. The number of iodide
ions going into his body everyday is
(A) 10–4 (B) 6.02 ×10–4 (C) 6.02 × 1019 (D) 6.02 × 1023
[2020111898]
Q.9 The number of carbon atoms present in a signature, if a signature written by carbon pencil weights
1.2 × 10–3 g is
(A) 12.04 × 1020 (B) 6.02 × 1019 (C) 3.01 × 1019 (D) 6.02 × 1020
[2020110919]
EXERCISE-2 (Exercise for JEE Advanced)
[PARAGRAPH TYPE]
Paragraph for Question Nos. 1 to 2
FeSO4 undergoes decomposition as

2FeSO4 (s)  Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
At 1 atm & 273 K if (7.6gm) FeSO4 is taken then [2020110028]
Q.1 The volume occupied by the gases at 1 atm & 273 K
(A) 22.4 lit (B) 11.2 lit (C) 1.12 lit (D) 2.24 lit
Q.2 The average molar mass of the gaseous mixture.
(A) 72 (B) 36 (C) 48 (D) 60

NaBr, used to produce AgBr for use in photography can be self prepared as follows :
Fe + Br2  FeBr2 ....(i)
3FeBr2 + Br2  Fe3Br8 ....(ii) (not balanced)
Fe3Br8 + Na2CO3  3NaBr + CO2 + Fe3O4 ....(iii) (not balanced)
[2020110049]
Q.3 Mass of iron required to produce 2.06 × 103 kg NaBr
(A) 420 g (B) 420 kg (C) 4.2 × 105 kg (D) 4.2 × 108 g
Q.4 If the yield of (ii) is 60% & (iii) reaction is 70% then mass of iron required to produce 2.06 × 103 kg
NaBr
(A) 105 kg (B) 105 g (C) 103 kg (D) None
Q.5 If yield of (iii) reaction is 90% then mole of CO2 formed when 2.06 × 103 gm NaBr is formed
(A) 20 (B) 10 (C) 40 (D) None
A 10 ml mixture of N2, a alkane & O2 undergo combustion in Eudiometry tube. There was contraction
of 2 ml, when residual gases are passed through KOH. To the remaining mixture comprising of only one
gas excess H2 was added & after combustion the gas produced is absorbed by water, causing a reduction
in volume of 8 ml. [20202120210]
Q.6 Gas produced after introduction of H2 in the mixture?

(A) H2O (B) CH4 (C) CO2 (D) NH3
Q.7 Volume of N2 present in the mixture?

(A) 2 ml (B) 4 ml (C) 6 ml (D) 8 ml
Q.8 Volume of O2 remained after the first combustion?
(A) 4 ml (B) 2 ml (C) 0 (D) 8 ml
Q.9 Identify the hydrocarbon.
(A) CH4 (B) C2H6 (C) C3H8 (D) C4H10
EXERCISE-3 (Miscellaneous Exercise)
Q.1 Find the number of g-molecules of oxygen in 6.023 × 1024 CO molecules.

[2020112647]
Q.2 On heating 1.763 g of hydrated barium chloride [BaCl2.x H2O] to dryness, 1.505 g of anhydrous
salt remained. Find the value of x. [2020110598]
Q.3 The abundance of three isotopes of oxygen are as follows

% of O16 = 90%
% of O17 + % of O18 = 10%
Assume at. mass same as mass no. Find out % of O17 and O18, if the isotopic mass is 16.12.
[2020111246]
Q.4 1.44 gram of Titanium (Ti) reacted with excess of O2 and produced x gram of non-stoichiometric
compound Ti1.44O. Calculate The value of x be [2020110146]
Q.5 How many g of HCl is needed for complete reaction with 69.6 g MnO2 ?
HCl + MnO2  MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2 [2020111201]
Q.6 Flourine reacts with uranium to produce uranium hexafluoride, UF6, as represented by this equation
U(s) + 3F2(g)  UF6(g)
How many fluorine molecules are required to produce 2.0 mg of uranium hexafluoride, UF6, from an
excess of uranium ? The molar mass of UF6 is 352 gm/mol. [2020111576]
Q.7 What total volume, in litre at 600°C and 1 atm, could be formed by the decomposition of 16 gm of
NH4NO3 ? Reaction : 2 NH4NO3  2N2 + O2 + 4H2O(g). [2020110801]
Q.8 Calculate mass of phosphoric acid required to obtain 53.4g pyrophosphoric acid.
[2020110500]
Q.9 Calculate the amount of H2SO4 produced (in g) when 40 ml H2O (d = 0.9 gm/ml) reacts with 50 l SO3
at 1 atm. and 300 K, according to the following reaction ?
H2O + SO3  H2SO4 [2020111926]
Q.10 In one process for waterproofing, a fabric is exposed to (CH3)2SiCl2 vapour. The vapour reacts with
hydroxyl groups on the surface of the fabric or with traces of water to form the waterproofing film
[(CH3)2SiO]n, by the reaction
n(CH3)2SiCl2 + 2nOH–  2nCl– + nH2O + [(CH3)2SiO]n
where n stands for a large integer. The waterproofing film is deposited on the fabric layer upon layer.
Each layer is 6.0 Å thick [ the thickness of the (CH3)2SiO group]. How much (CH3)2 SiCl2 is needed to
waterproof one side of a piece of fabric, 1.00 m by 3.00 m, with a film 300 layers thick ? The density of
the film is 1.0 g/cm3. [2020111550]
EXERCISE-4
SECTION-A
(IIT JEE Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 Which has the maximum number of atoms : [IIT-JEE 2003]

(A) 24 g C (12) (B) 56 g Fe (56) (C) 27 g Al (27) (D) 108 g Ag (108)
[2020110647]
Q.2 Calculate the molarity of pure water using its density to be 1000 kg m-3. [JEE’2003]
[2020211198]
Q.3 One gm of charcoal absorbs 100 ml 0.5 M CH3COOH to form a monolayer, and thereby the molarity
of CH3COOH reduces to 0.49. Calculate the surface area of the charcoal adsorbed by each molecule
of acetic acid. Surface area of charcoal = 3.01 × 102 m2/gm. [JEE'2003]
[2020212244]
Q.4 Calculate the amount of calcium oxide required when it reacts with 852 g of P4O10.
[IIT-JEE 2005]
[2020111000]
Q.5 20% surface sites have adsorbed N2. On heating N2 gas evolved from sites and were collected at
0.001 atm and 298 K in a container of volume is 2.46 cm3. Density of surface sites is 6.023×1014/cm2
and surface area is 1000 cm2, find out the no. of surface sites occupied per molecule of N2.
[JEE 2005]
[2020212593]
Q.6 Dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in 1000 g of water gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. The
molarity of the solution is [JEE 2011]
(A) 1.78 M (B) 2.00 M (C) 2.05 M (D) 2.22 M
[2020210589]
Q.7 The volume (in ml) of 0.1 MAgNO3 required for complete precipitation of chloride ions present in 30 ml
of 0.01 M solution of [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2, as silver chloride is close to [JEE 2011]
[2020210539]
SECTION-B
(AIEEE Previous Year's Questions)
Q.8 A solution containing 2.675 g of CoCl3.6 NH3 (molar mass = 267.5 g mol–1) is passed through a cation
exchanger. The chloride ions obtained in solution were treated with excess ofAgNO3 to give 4.78 g of
AgCl (molar mass = 143.5 g mol–1). The formula of the complex is
(At. mass of Ag = 108 u) [AIEEE-2010]
(A) [CoCl3 (NH3)3] (B) [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 (C) [Co(NH3]6Cl3 (D) [CoCl2(NH3)4]Cl
[2020114017]
Q.9 29.5 mg of an organic compound containing nitrogen was digested according to Kjeldahl's method and
the evolved ammonia was absorbed in 20 mL of 0.1 M HCl solution. The excess of the acid required 15
mL of 0.1 M NaOH solution for complete neutralization. The percentage of nitrogen in the compound is:
(A) 23.7 (B) 29.5 (C) 59.0 (D) 47.4
[AIEEE-2011]
[2020113966]
Q.10 A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol, CH3OH, is supplied. What is the mole fraction of methyl
alcohol in the solution ? [AIEEE-2011]
(A) 0.100 (B) 0.190 (C) 0.086 (D) 0.050
[2020113915]
Q.11 The molarityof a solution obtained bymixing 750 mL of 0.5 (M) HCl with 250 mL of 2 (M) HCl will be:
(A) 1.00 M (B) 1.75 M (C) 0.975 M (D) 0.875 M
[JEE MAIN-2013]
[2020114119]
Q.12 A gaseous hydrocarbon gives upon combustion 0.72 g of water and 3.08 g of CO2. The empirical
formula of the hydrocarbon is:
(A) C3H4 (B) C6H5 (C) C7H8 (D) C2H4
[JEE MAIN-2013]
[2020114170]
EXERCISE-1
Q.1 (C) Q.2 (B) Q.3 (C) Q.4 (B)

Q.5 (B) Q.6 (A) Q.7 (A) Q.8 (C)
Q.9 (B) Q.10 (C) Q.11 (C) Q.12 (D)
Q.13 (C) Q.14 (A) Q.15 (A) Q.16 (A)
Q.17 (A) Q.18 (C) Q.19 (A) Q.20 (D)
Q.21 (A) Q.22 (D) Q.23 (B) Q.24 (A)
Q.25 (C) Q.26 (B) Q.27 (A) Q.28 (C)
Q.29 (B) Q.30 (C) Q.31 (A) Q.32 (B)
Q.33 (B) Q.34 (C) Q.35 (C) Q.36 (B)
Q.37 (A) Q.38 (D) Q.39 (C) Q.40 (A)
Q.41 (A) Q.42 (C) Q.43 (C) Q.44 (A)
Q.45 (A) Q.46 (B) Q.47 (D) Q.48 (A)
Q.49 (B) Q.50 (A)
EXERCISE-2
Q.1 (C) Q.2 (A) Q.3 (B) Q.4 (C)

Q.5 (B) Q.6 (D) Q.7 (B) Q.8 (C)
Q.9 (A) Q.10 (A) Q.11 (A) Q.12 (A), (C)
Q.13 (A) Q.14 (C) Q.15 (C) Q.16 (B)
Q.17 (C) Q.18 (D) Q.19 (A) Q.20 (A)
Q.21 (B) Q.22 (D) Q.23 (A) Q.24 (B), (D)
Q.25 (A), (B), (D) Q.26 (A), (C) Q.27 (A), (B) Q.28 (A), (C)
Q.29 (A), (C) Q.30 (A), (C) Q.31 (B), (D) Q.32 (B), (D)
Q.33 (A), (C) Q.34 [(A) R, (B) P, (C) Q]
Q.35 [(A) R, (B) Q, (C) P ] Q.36 [A-Q ; B-P, R ; C-P,R; D-P]
Q.37 [A-Q, B-R, C-P, D-T] Q.38 [(A) P; (B) P,Q ; (C) S; (D) R]
Q.39 [(A) Q; (B) P; (C) S; (D) R] Q.40 [(A) –R, (B) – S, (C) – P, (D)–Q]
EXERCISE-3
Q.1 [5 g-mole] Q.2 [2] Q.3 [16.12 ] Q.4 [1.77 g]

Q.5 [116.8 g] Q.6 [1.0 ×1019] Q.7 [50.14 litre] Q.8 [58.8 g]
Q.9 [0196] Q.10 [0.9413 g] Q.11 [9.12] Q.12 [0.25 mole]
Q.13 [1.1458 g ] Q.14 [Al = 66.6%] Q.15 [CaCO3 = 28.4%; MgCO3 = 71.6%]
Q.16 [NaHCO3 = 14.9 %; Na2CO3 = 85.1 %] Q.17 [45%]
Q.18 [12.3 ] Q.19 [39.18] Q.20 [61.5 g] Q.21 [320.3 g]
Q.22 [(i) Fe2O3 + 2 Al  Al2O3 + 2Fe; (ii) 80 : 27; (iii)10,000 units]
Q.23 [19.4 g ] Q.24 [12.15g, N2 = 14.28 % H2 = 42.86%, NH3 = 42.86 %]
Q.25 [470.4 g] Q.26 [(a)59.17 g (b) 61.97 g] Q.27 [92.70 g/mol]
Q.28 [0.532 : 1.00] Q.29 [.(i) 0.5 , 0.5 ; (ii) 2, 1 (iii) 1, 2 ] Q.30 [59.72%]
Q.31 [10 ml] Q.32 [NO = 44 ml; N2O = 16 ml]

Q.33 [C2H2 = 6 ml, CO = 14 ml] Q.34 [CH4 = 4.5 ml, CO2 = 1.5 ml]
Q.35 [C2H2 = 16 ml, CO = 24 ml]
Q.36 [(a) CO2, H2O and O2 ; (b) n CO 2 = 3, n H 2O = 4; (c) C2H4 and CH4 are the H.C; (d) n O2 = 8]
Q.37 [(a) 40 ml, (b) 20%, (c) 72 ml] Q.38 [0.2,0.2,0.3,0.3]
Q.39 [NH3] Q.40 [13.15] Q.41 [16.67%] Q.42 [1.288]
Q.43 [0.15 M] Q.44 [0.06 M] Q.45 [45.45%] Q.46 [3 ×10–3 M]
Q.47 [16.8 g] Q.48 [0.6667, 0.6667] Q.49 [1.736 litre]
Q.50 [2 M ] Q.51 [1.5 ml] Q.52 [0.05] Q.53 [5.56 ml]
Q.54 [250 ]
Q.55 [(i) 20 gm H2SO4 ; (ii) 35.4 gm H2SO4; (iii) H2SO4= 35.4 gm, H2O = 34.6gm ]
Q.56 [44.8 V]
Q.57 [24.51 ml]
Q.58 [(a) 0.2; (b) 0.4 moles; (c) 0.45; (d) 50.4 'V']
Q.59 [0.05]
Q.60 [0.331g, 2.25 × 10–4, 2.81, 0.0482, 321, 5.72]
EXERCISE-4
SECTION-A
Q.1 (A) Q.2 [55.5 mol L–1] Q.3 [5 × 10–19 m2]

Q.4 [1008 g] Q.5 [2] Q.6 (C) Q.7 [6]
SECTION-B
Q.8 (C) Q.9 (A) Q.10 (C) Q.11 (D)

Q.12 (C)
EXERCISE-1
Q.1 (a) wt of Hg = 25 g
(b) wt. of H2O = 2 × 18 = 36 g
(c) wt of CO2 = 2 × 44 = 88 g
(d) wt. of O = 4 × 16 = 64 g
Q.2 One mole of a gas occupies 22.4 litre at STP

gram mol wt. of SOx = 32 + 16 x g
16  22.4
gram mol wt. of SOx = = 32 + 16 x g
5 .6
x=2
1 .2  2
Q.3 wt. of one drop of liquid = gram
35
70 gram of liquid contain NA molecules
1 .2  2 N A 1.2  2 1.2
gram of liquid contain  = N
35 70 35 352 A
1
Q.4 Moles of Mg3(PO4)2 =  0.25 = 3.125 × 10–2
8
Q.5 Convert all the value in mass and the increasing order is (II < III < IV < I)
a  16  b  28
Q.6 = 20
ab
16 a + 28 b = 20 a + 20 b
4a = 8b  a = 2b  a/b = 2
16b  28a 16  28a / b 16  28  2
Now = = = 24
ba 1 a / b 1 2
x.M NO2  100  x M NO

Q.7 Mavg =
100
x  46  100  x 30
34 =
100
x = 25%
Q.8 Moles of I¯ = moles of NaI

wt. of NaI  0 .5  3  1
= =  
Mol. mass of NaI  100  150
= 10–4 moles
No. of Iodine ions = moles of I¯ × NA
= 6.02 × 1019
1.2  10 3
Q.9 No. of carbon atoms = × NA = 6.02 × 1019
12
79  24  21  x   25  x  26
Q.10 Mavg = 24.31 =
100
x = 10
Q.11 (a) 8 g sulphur is present in 100 g of the compound

(For minimum molecular mass, one mole of compound should contain at least one mole of
sulphur)
100
Hence 32 g S (1 mole) will be present =  32 = 400 g
8
So minimum molecular weight = 400
400
(b) Molecular weight when four atoms are present = 4
8
= 1600
18 n
Q.12 × 100 = 55.9
142  18 n
n = 10
0.33
Q.13 Wt of iron = × 67200 = 222.76 amu.
100
222.76
Atoms of iron = = 3.98  4
56
Q.14 Atomic wt. of S = 32 amu

100  32
Minimum molecular weight of insulin =  914.176
3 .4
Q.15 
Ag2CO3  2Ag + CO2 + 1/2 O2
276 g 216g
216
wt. of Ag =  2.76 = 2.16 g
276
Q.16 NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + CO2 + H2O
1 1 1 1 1
Vol. = 22.4 litre at STP
7 inch
2.5 inch 2.5 inch
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7 inch

2.5 inch MOLE CONCEPT 2.5 inch

1 mole  6.022  10 23 species

2.1 Atomic mass

[Mass of an atom of the element] Mass of an atom in amu

2.2 Atomic mass unit (amu) or Unified mass (u)

2.3 Gram atomic mass

Mass of an atom in amu 35.5amu

3.1 Molecular mass

Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)

Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)

3.2 Gram Molecular mass

Gram molecular mass can be defined as the mass of 1 mole of molecules.

(a) What is the mass of one molecule of HNO3?

(c) Gram molecular mass of HNO3 = Mass of 1-molecule of HNO3 × NA

4. METHODS TO CALCULATE MOLES

4.1 From number of particles :

Given no. of Paritcles [atoms/molecules/ ions]

4.2 From given Mass :

What will be the mass of 5 mole of SO2?

(a) How many mole of O atoms are present in 88 gm CO2?

4.3 From the given volume of a gas :

volume of gas at 1 bar pressure and 273 K (in litre)

S.T.P.: 1 bar pressure and 273 K.

volume of gas at 1atm and 273K(in litre)

How much volume will be occupied by 2 mole CO2 gas at STP?

Note : We can use the following relationship as per requirement of question.

 No. of molecule = N A = 1.505 × 1023

How many molecules of water are present in 9 gram of water?

5. LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

5.1 Law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier – 1774) :

5.2 Law of constant composition : [Proust 1799]

5.3 Law of multiple proportion : [Dalton 1806]

5.4 Law of reciprocal proportion : [Richter 1794]

The % composition of NH3, H2O and N2O3 is as given below :

Thus the ratio N : O = 4.67 : 8.01 = 

5.5 Gay-Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes [Gay-Lussac–1808] :

6. SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Achemical equation describes the chemical process both qualitativelyandquantitatively.The stoichiometric

6.1 LIMITING REAGENT

Calculation of Limiting Reagent:

So CaCO3 is limiting reagent

6.2 PROBLEMS RELATED WITH MIXTURE

6.3 PERCENTAGE YIELD

Q.3 Calculate the mass in gm of 2NA molecules of CO2 -

Also  111 g CaCl2 has = 2NA ions of Cl–

Q.8 How many molecules are in 5.23 gm of glucose (C6H12O6) -

EXERCISE-1 (Exercise for JEE Mains)

[SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]

Q.1 Which is heaviest :

Q.5 Rearrange the following (I to IV) in the order of increasing masses.

EXERCISE-2 (Exercise for JEE Advanced)

Paragraph for Question Nos. 1 to 2

FeSO4 undergoes decomposition as

Paragraph for Question Nos. 3 to 5

Paragraph for Question Nos. 6 to 9

Q.6 Gas produced after introduction of H2 in the mixture?

Q.7 Volume of N2 present in the mixture?

EXERCISE-3 (Miscellaneous Exercise)