07-Oct-22

SESSION 3
MODULE OUTLINE

Camera controls
PHOTOGRAPHY
Menus in your camera
SRI LANKA INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Introduction and significance of - Aperture & Shutter

Behavior and characteristics of sensitivity

Storage & Camera care

© Panduka de Silva Hon FISLP Handling your camera efficiently

THE CONTROLS
IN A BASIC CAMERA
All cameras from the cheapest to the most expensive are complex but
have a similar basic construction.

The once familiar box

camera was introduced
in 1888 and brought
AN ADVERTISEMENT FOR THE photography with-in easy
KODAK BOX BROWNIE CAMERA reach of ordinary people.
In 1900, the Eastman Kodak Company
sold over 250,000 Brownie cameras to
the American public.

CONVENTIONAL CONVENTIONAL
FILM BASED CAMERAS FILM BASED CAMERAS

110 camera
Field camera
Press
Range finder camera camera

120 TLR
camera

Disc camera Technical camera

Instant camera 120 SLR camera

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CAMERAS ON MENUES ON
THE MOBILE THE MOBILE
PHONES PHONES

DIGITAL SLR CAMERA DIGITAL SLR CAMERA

CANON EOS 1D X
18.1 million pixels SLR design
3.2 inch 1,040,000 dot LCD monitor
Dual Digic 5+ Processor
63-zone TTL full aperture metering
ISO sensitivity
100 - 51,200 ISO
Nikon D810
Shutter speeds 36.3 million pixels SLR design
30 sec. – 1/8000 3.2 inch 1,229k dot LCD monitor
61 Point Auto focus system Expeed3 Processor
Continuous shooting ISO sensitivity
- 14 frames per second 64 – 12,800 ISO
Live view Shutter speeds
30 sec. – 1/8000
51 Point Auto focus system
Continuous shooting
- 5 frames per second
Live view

DIGITAL CAMERAS
Digital cameras – New developments
………… THE EXTREME PROFESSIONAL MODELS

Canon EOS M2 – 18 megapixel

Hasselblad H2D – 39 megapixel CCD

Leica M9 – 18 megapixel
Nikon V1 – 10 megapixel Fujifilm X Pro1 – 16 megapixel – APS-C

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SLR CAMERA
THE SLR CAMERA OPERATION SEQUENCE
(SINGLE LENS REFLEX)

CAMERA CONTROLS CAMERA CONTROLS

CAMERA CONTROLS DIGITAL CAMERA

…………THE MENUS

One area where digital cameras have a distinct advantage

over film cameras is in the amount of control that you have
over the camera's settings.

The menus that appear on a digital camera’s LCD monitor

and provide control that you never had the chance to
experience with a film camera.

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DIGITAL CAMERA
…………THE MENUS

Sensitivity

Shutter

Aperture

APPLICATION OF
SPEED / SENSITIVITY
FILM

The Formats
35 mm
24 X 36 mm in size
120
6 X 6 cm, 6 X 4.5 cm, 6 X 7 cm, 6 X 8 cm
Large format
5 X 4”, 8 X 10”, 10 X 12”
110
126
APS
Instant

PROCESSED
35MM FILMS

35MM COLOUR FILMS

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APPLICATION OF
SPEED / SENSITIVITY
SENSITIVITY
Slow (50 / 50 ISO)
Special application with ultra sharpness

Medium (100 / 200 / 400 ISO)

General application with extreme sharpness

High (800 ISO)

Available light and action stopping photography

Very high (1600 ISO)

News and sports coverage under out door available light

Ultra high (3200 / 6400 ……. 204,800 ISO)

News and sports coverage under extreme low light and high shutter speed

APPLICATION OF
SPEED / SENSITIVITY IMAGE NOISE?

For digital images, ‘noise’ appears as random speckles on an

otherwise smooth surface and can significantly degrade image
quality.
In digital cameras……
When the sensitivity (ISO) of a digital camera is increased, the Noise increases with the sensitivity setting in the camera, length of
pixels don't change the way film does. Instead, the gain is the exposure, temperature, and even varies amongst different
turned up to magnify the signal produced from each pixel and camera models.
this gives rise to ‘Image noise’.
One can think of image noise as analogous to the subtle background ‘hiss’
you may hear from your audio system at full volume.

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IMAGE NOISE COMPARISON IMAGE NOISE

160 ISO

IMAGE NOISE IMAGE NOISE

200 ISO 500 ISO

IMAGE NOISE IMAGE NOISE

1600 ISO 5000 ISO

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IMAGE NOISE

IMAGE NOISE

8000 ISO

6400 ISO

SHUTTER SHUTTER CONTROLS

SHUTTER SPEEDS
SHUTTER
All shutters apart from those of the most basic of cameras have
a range of speeds and usually in a doubling sequence running
from 1 full second and as far as 1/8000 of a second.
The shutter has two functions. One to regulate the amount of light; a
duty which is shared with the aperture and the other to freeze the
image sharply. The opening and closing of the shutter is governed by a clock
work mechanism or an electromagnetic system and are of two
types,
The speed of the shutter determines how much, if any, subject
movement is recorded on the film while the shutter is open. If the the Leaf shutter and the Focal-plane shutter.
shutter speed is fast enough then all subject movement is arrested.
The shutter speeds used are,
However, even static subjects can record as un-sharp if there is any
camera movement during exposure. B 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500
1/1000 1/2000 1/4000 1/8000

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EFFECTS ON
CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED

ISO 100; f32 – 0.8sec.

EFFECTS ON EFFECTS ON
CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED

ISO 640; f20.0 – 1/5 ISO 125; f20.0 – 1/8

EFFECTS ON EFFECTS ON
CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED

ISO 160; f13 – 1/25

ISO 200; f7.1 – 1/30

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EFFECTS ON EFFECTS ON
CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED

ISO 1600; f2.8 – 1/100

ISO 200; f16 – 1/30

EFFECTS ON
EFFECTS ON
CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED
CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED

ISO 200; f10 – 1/250 ISO 200; f6.3 – 1/500

EFFECTS ON EFFECTS ON
CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED

ISO 640; f6.3 – 1/640 ISO 400; f6.3 – 1/800

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EFFECTS ON
EFFECTS ON
CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED
CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED

ISO 400; f8 – 1/1600 ISO 400; f7.1 – 1/1600

EFFECTS ON EFFECTS ON
CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED CHANGE OF SHUTTER SPEED

ISO 800; f5.0 – 1/2000

ISO 400; f8.0 – 1/1600

SHUTTER MECHANISM
LEAF SHUTTER
Shutters in cameras are of two types

Leaf shutter
Usually fitted within a lens assembly

Focal plane shutter

Positioned just in front of the film
(sensor); at the focal plane.

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SHUTTER MECHANISM SHUTTER MECHANISM

FOCAL PLANE SHUTTER FOCAL PLANE SHUTTER

Maximum flash sync speed

WHAT IS AN APERTURE?

An aperture is simply a hole with-in a lens

through which light can travel in to the camera
body.

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APERTURE

Aperture adjusts how much The Aperture, then is one of the most important single
light is able to filter through,
very similar to the size of our components of any camera and the ‘iris diaphragm’ is
pupils. A larger aperture size located between the lens elements. The primary purpose of
means more light is allowed in which, is to control the light passing through the lens.
and for the human eye, this
occurs when a room is dark
and we want to let in more
light so we can see more.
The aperture
Controls exposure
A small Aperture size allows
very little light in; and for our Establishes optimum sharpness
eye, the pupil size gets smaller Provides depth of field
when we are in a room with
bright light in order not to
overexpose or overwhelm our
eyes with too much light.

APERTURE CONTROLS APERTURE ….. CONSTRUCTION

EFFECTIVE APERTURES EFFECTIVE APERTURES

The aperture – represented by an ‘ f ’ The aperture – represented by an ‘ f ’

and found in cameras range generally from and found in cameras range generally from

f 32 f 32
f 22 f 22
f 16 f 16
f 11 f 11
f 8 f 8
f 5.6 f 5.6
f 4 f 4
f 2.8 f 2.8
f 1.8 f 1.8
f 1.4 f 1.4
f 1.2 f 1.2

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EFFECTS ON CHANGE OF APERTURE

APERTURE

ISO 200; f2 – 1/2000

EFFECTS ON CHANGE OF APERTURE EFFECTS ON CHANGE OF APERTURE

ISO 200; f4 – 1/200

ISO 400; f8 – 1/160

EFFECTS ON CHANGE OF APERTURE

EFFECTS ON CHANGE OF APERTURE

ISO 400; f9.0 – 1/400

ISO 250; f10 – 1/50

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EFFECTS ON CHANGE OF APERTURE

EFFECTS ON CHANGE OF
APERTURE

ISO 200; f11 – 1/400 sec.

ISO 250; f13 – 1/320

EFFECTS ON CHANGE OF APERTURE EFFECTS ON CHANGE OF APERTURE

ISO 250; f14 – 20 sec. ISO 400; f16 – 25 sec.

EFFECTS ON CHANGE OF APERTURE

How a DSLR Camera Works - YouTube

How Shutter Works - YouTube

ISO 1600; f16.0 – 1/8

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DIGITAL MEDIA
Common Sensor sizes - a comparison

CCD sensor
CMOS sensor

Foveon sensor

Common Sensor size comparison

IMAGE SENSOR & PIXEL COUNT SIZE

PROPER HANDHOLDING OF YOUR CAMERA
One major factor that influences the quality of a digital camera’s
image is the performance of the image sensor. In other words,
the number of pixels and the sensor size are important. • Hold camera in a firm but relaxed grip with your right hand on
The larger these numbers, the more clearer and detailed the your camera and the left cradling the lens.
image
• Tuck your hands towards your body.

• Plant your feet apart for a steady stand

• Breathe in a regular rhythm and trigger your shot mid-breath.

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PROPER HANDHOLDING OF YOUR CAMERA CARING FOR YOUR

CAMERA

Where do you store your camera?

SILICA-GEL DESICCANT
SILICA-GEL DESICCANT

Silica gel can adsorb about 40 percent of its weight in

moisture and can take the relative humidity in a closed
container down to about 40 percent.

Once saturated, you can drive the moisture off and reuse
silica gel by heating it above 300 degrees F (150 C).

CARING FOR YOUR CAMERA CARING FOR YOUR CAMERA LENS

• Never touch the surface of the lens

• The most important thing you can do to preserve the condition of the
lens is to never to touch it with your fingers!
• It is advised that you fix a protective filter on your lens
• Clean the outside of the camera by wiping with a clean, dry cloth.
Never use harsh or abrasive cleaners or organic solvents on the • Lightly wipe the lens with a soft, dry cloth or lens cleaning paper.
camera or any of its parts
• When needed, wipe the lens with a few drops of lens cleaning fluid. It's a
• Use blower brush to remove dust, squeeze the end of the brush. good idea to put the fluid on the lens cleaning paper and not directly onto
Bursts of air come through the soft bristles. the lens.

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• Dust on the sensor?

– Better to leave cleaning to a professional

“For me, the camera is a sketch book, an instrument of

intuition and spontaneity.”
- Henri Cartier Bresson

© Panduka de Silva Hon FISLP

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