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Index of environmental pollution and adaptation of Avicennia marina around

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DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012016

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ICMMBT-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 967 (2022) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012016

Index of environmental pollution and adaptation of

Avicennia marina around the ex-bauxite mining area in
Bintan Island

D Azizah 1*, F Lestari1,2, Susiana1, D Kurniawan1, W R Melany 1, T Apriadi1

and S Murtini3
1
Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Marine Sciences and
Fisheries, UMRAH (Maritime Raja Ali Haji University), Senggarang,
Tanjungpinang, Kepulauan Riau 29111, Indonesia
2
Postgraduate Program of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Marine Sciences and
Fisheries, UMRAH (Maritime Raja Ali Haji University), Senggarang,
Tanjungpinang, Kepulauan Riau 29111, Indonesia
3
Departement of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bina Insan, Lubuk
Kupang, Lubuk Linggau, Sumatera Selatan, 31626, Indonesia
*
Corresponding author: diana_azizah@umrah.ac.id

Abstract. Bintan Island has high bauxite resource potential. However, its utilization is not
balanced with efforts to restore ex-mining land. Physical damage includes erosion and
sedimentation of red mud along the coast and the surrounding mangrove forest. This study
aims to determine environmental pollution based on the accumulation of lead (Pb) and
chromium (Cr) in redmud found in mangrove forests around the bauxite ex-mining area and
the adaptation of Avicennia marina to heavy metals. This research was conducted from April
to December 2020. Research survey and laboratory analysis using Atomic Absorban
Spectrophotometry. The results showed that Pb in the sediments and organs of A. marina
was higher than Cr. The results showed that the mangrove forest around the bauxite ex-
mining area of Bintan Island was contaminated with low levels of Pb and Cr metals (CF<1,
PLI<1) and the environment is lightly polluted (0<Igeo<1). Adaptation of A. marina showed
that the metal uptake mechanism was rhizofiltration (BCF<1, TF<1, BCF<TF) and the
physical condition was slightly damaged. There was no significant effect between Pb and Cr
metals in the sediments and organs of A. marina on the stem diameter and tree height (Sig.>
0.05).

Keywords: A. marina; bauxite ex-mining area; Bintan Island; environmental index

1. Introduction
Land clearing in Bintan Island, Riau Islands Province has increased from year to year. There is a
former bauxite mine area of PT. Aneka Tambang (ANTAM) in Bintan Regency and Tanjungpinang
City has become an office area, densely populated settlement activities [1]. However, most of the
ex-bauxite mining areas in Bintan Island have not been adequately restored, causing erosion and
sedimentation of red-mud accumulated around the mangrove forest. In contrast the mangrove
ecosystem relies heavily on its root system to preserve itself. In addition, the mud containing humus
in the substrate contains organic and inorganic elements such as phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and
potassium (K) which are needed by mangroves [2]. Meanwhile, the physico-chemical properties of
the soil derived from the former bauxite mine on Bintan Island showed low contain N, P and K
content values due to soil leaching [3]. Concentration of pollutants produced from bauxite could
disrupt the environmental structure of the soil layer, so that heavy metal content from mining
activities can accumulate and cause the concentration of heavy metal levels to increase [4]. The
increase in pollutants accumulated in the sediments harms effect on the ecosystem and the quality of
the surrounding environment.
Avicennia marina is one of the many types of mangroves found on the coast of Bintan Island
According to several research results, A. marina can absorb heavy metal elements through its root

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
ICMMBT-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 967 (2022) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012016

system [5,6]. However, there has been no study on the ability of A. marina located around the former
bauxite mining area of Bintan Island to accumulate heavy metals. Therefore, this research is expected
to be a source of information in the phytoremediation of heavy metals by A. marina around the
former bauxite mining area.

2. Materials and methods

This research was conducted from April to August 2020 in Senggarang and Carang River Villages,
Tanjungpinang City, Wacopek, and Tembeling at Bintan Regency. Laboratory analysis at the
Bioprocess Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Riau University, Pekanbaru. The research method
was conducted by a survey. Determination of the station was determined by purposive sampling
based on consideration of conditions that were indeed exposed to red-mud sediment from the former
bauxite mining area and the condition of the area of A. marina was found. Determination of the
sampling location for A. marina stands was determined by purposive sampling referring to the cluster
plot technique according to Mangold [7] and USDA-FS [8] (figure 1). Trees were taken only in the
plot and had trunk circumferences from 35-50 cm. Sampling used a line transect divided into three
plots with 10m2 on stands of A. marina trees with trunk diameters > 10 cm, only one tree from each
plot. The main tools used were a core sampler for sediment sampling, a knife for slicing A. marina
organs, utilizing a roll meter, plastic samples, label paper, markers, laboratory equipment for
destruction and Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy (AAS) with the Spectra AA plus. The main
chemical solutions used are concentrated HNO 3, HCl, and aquadest.
Sediment samples were taken at low tide, as much as ± 500 grams using a core sampler on the
substrate under the canopy of the A. marina tree sample. A. marina organ samples taken consisted
of roots, stems and leaves. Leaf samples were selected from the bottom of the canopy, dark green as
much as 500 grams (about 20-30 old leaves). The tree trunk was measured 1.3 meters from the base
of the roots in the tree, then sliced with a size of 10 m2 and ± 2 cm thick. Root samples were taken
from the largest part of the root compared to other roots, as much as ± 500 grams (about 5-10 roots).
The destruction of each sample referred to the ash method (English et al., 1994). Sediment samples
and each organ sample were heated in an oven at 105 oC for 12 hours. After the sample was dry, 5
grams was taken and then dissolved using concentrated HNO 3 and HClO4, aquadest was added until
the volume was 50 ml. The sample solution was heated until the volume was reduced by 30 ml. The
sample was deposited briefly, then filtered. The solution obtained was analyzed using AAS. The
heavy metal concentrations tested were Pb and Cr. The status and level of environmental pollution
of the ex-bauxite mining area contaminated with heavy metals weredetermined using the
Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) [9, 10,
11] with the formula:

Contamination Factor (CF) = Cx / Cbackground (Bn) (1)

Cx = concentration of metal x at sample 1<Cf<3 = middle contamination
Bn = concentration of metal x normal in nature 3<Cf<6 = enough contamination
Cf <1 = low contamination Cf>6 = hyper contamination.

Pollution Load Index (PLI) = [CF1 x CF2 x CFn]1/n (2)

n = metal quantity PLI 2-4 = Medium polluted environment

CF = Contamination Factor PLI 4-6 = Severely polluted environment
PLI <1 = Environment is not polluted PLI 6-8 = Very heavily polluted environment
PLI 1-2 = Lightly polluted environment PLI 8-10 = Extremely polluted environment.

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ICMMBT-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 967 (2022) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012016

Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) = log2 (Cx/1,5 Bn) (3)

Cx = Metal concentration X in the

1<Igeo<2 = Medium polluted environment
sample
Bn = Mean of metal X in nature 2<Igeo<3 = The environment is quite polluted
1.5 = Constant 3<Igeo<4 = The environment is heavily polluted
I_geo<0 = Environment is not polluted 4<Igeo<5 = Extremely polluted environment
0<I-geo<1 = Lightly polluted environment Igeo>5 = Extremely polluted environment

𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑓

𝑇𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑓𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 = (4)
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝐵𝐶𝐹 = (5)
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Table 1. Category of TF and BCF value [12].

Category Value Range
High accumulator >1.0
Middle accumulator > 0.1 – 1.0
Low accumulator 0.01 – 0.1
Non accumulator <0.01

Table 2. Results of Pb and Cr metals in seawater and sediment at sampling sites.

Average Value of Measurement Results by
Location
No Parameter Unit
Sei
Wacopek Senggarang Tembeling
Carang
1. Metal in water
Pb ppm 0.0136 0.0139 0.0120 0.0013
Cr ppm 0.0080 0.0059 0.0037 0.0001
2. Metal in sediment
Pb ppm 0.2323 0.2375 0.2387 0.0596
Cr ppm 0.0393 0.0460 0.0406 0.0121

The results of the measurement of metal content in the sediment were then analyzed for the value
of the translocation factor (TF). while the metal values in A. marina were analyzed for the value of
the bio-concentration factor (BCF) based on the following equation [12]. TF and BCF value
categories are presented in table 1.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Metals in water and sediment
This study used the analysis of Pb and Cr as heavy metals to be tested for accumulation in mangrove
organs which had the highest density and frequency index at the research site. The analysis results
showed that the sediments and waters contained heavy metals Pb and Cr at each sampling location.
The proportion of Pb and Cr content in sediments tends to be higher than those dissolved in water.
The values of Pb and Cr metal content in sediment and seawater from the sampling location in April

3
ICMMBT-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 967 (2022) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012016

2020 are presented in table 2. Based on table 2, it is known that the average value of Pb content

Figure 1. Sampling location in Bintan Island: (a) Tembeling, (b) Senggarang, (c) Sungai Carang and (d) Wacopek.
(d)
(b)
(a)

(c)

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ICMMBT-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 967 (2022) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012016

Tabel 3. CF, Igeo and PLI values in mangrove forest sediments.

Pb Cr
Location PLI
Concentration Concentration
CF Igeo CF Igeo
(ppm) (ppm)
Sei Carang 0.2323 0.0116 0.0023 0.0393 0.0025 0.0005 0.0053
Wacopek 0.2375 0.0119 0.0024 0.0460 0.0029 0.0006 0.0058
Senggarang 0.2387 0.0119 0.0024 0.0406 0.0025 0.0005 0.0055
Tembeling 0.0596 0.0030 0.0006 0.0121 0.0008 0.0002 0.0015

dissolved in seawater around the mangrove forest that grows in the post-bauxite mining area of
Bintan Island ranges from 0.0013-0.0139 ppm. The highest Pb value was in Wacopek, followed by
Carang River, Senggarang and the lowest was in Tembeling. The Pb value in the sediment at the
exact location ranged from 0.0596 – 0.2387 ppm. However, the highest Pb content in the sediment
was Senggarang while the lowest was Tembeling. Based on the quality standard according to
Environment Minister's Decision No. 51 of 2004 Appendix III for Marine Biota and Marine
Ecotourism [13] value in seawater around the post-bauxite mining area in the Carang, Wacopek and
Senggarang Rivers has exceeded the limit maximum quality standard.
The average value of Cr in the sea waters at the study site ranged from 0.0001 to 0.0080 ppm.
The highest value was found in Carang River, then Wacopek, Senggarang and the lowest value were
found in Tembeling. In sediments, the average Cr content is higher than in dissolved in water. The
highest Cr value was found in Wacopek, then, Senggarang, Carang River and the lowest was found
in Tembeling. Concentration of Cr is influenced by organic material in the sediment [14]. Chromium
in nature is never found as a pure metal. Sources of Cr in nature are very few, namely rock chromite
(Fe4Cr2O4) and chromate oxide (Cr2O3). Generally, Cr comes from the industrial waste of metals,
textiles, paper, leather tanning, wool treatment and others [15].

3.2. Index of environmental pollution.

The average Pb and Cr content values in the sediments from our study found are smaller than the
research by Putra et al. [16]. According to Putra et al. [16] in Bintan Island the Pb content is higher
than Cr. Wacopek area has the highest Pb concentration value of 0.421 ppm while Sei Carang is
0.273 ppm. The value of Cr concentration in sediment in Wacopek is 0.018 ppm then in Sei Carang
is 0.046 ppm.
This difference in levels is possible due to the variability of metal deposition in sediments caused
by currents, adsorption, tides or deposition. Generally, bauxite mine sediments are fine sediments
that are small in size and easily distributed by currents in the form of suspension, while the larger
ones will settle to the bottom. The difference in rainfall each time will also affect the amount of
accumulated sediment because the heavy flow of water from the land will cause erosion and bring
suspended sediments into the waters [17, 18].
The content of heavy metals in sediments around coastal areas can be used as an indicator of the
level of pollution of an environment [19]. This indication is obtained by using an analytical tool or
method. The methods commonly used to assess environmental quality based on heavy metal content
in sediments include the Contamination Factor (CF/Contamination Factor), Pollution Load Index
(PLI/Pollution Load Index) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo/Geoaccumulation Index). The results
of CF, Igeo and PLI calculations on mangrove forest sediments around the former bauxite mining
area of Bintan Island are presented in table 3.
Based on the table, the value of the contamination factor (CF) of Pb and Cr metals in sediments
in mangrove forests shows a low level of contamination (CF value < 1). The pollution load value
(PLI) in mangrove forests also shows a PLI value < 1. The mangrove forest environment does not
experience Pb and Cr metals pollution around the former bauxite mining area. While the value of the
geo-accumulation index (Igeo) of Pb and Cr metals in mangrove forest sediments indicates that the

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ICMMBT-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 967 (2022) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012016

Table 4. Metal results in A. marina organs.

Metal Results
Location Sample
Pb (ppm) Cr (ppm)
Roots 2.1691 0.0446
Sei Carang Stems 2.0215 0.0290
Leafs 1.7320 0.0267
Roots 2.0770 0.1043
Wacopek Stems 1.7558 0.0937
Leafs 1.7785 0.0886
Roots 2.1281 0.0744
Senggarang Stems 2.1516 0.0875
Leafs 2.0097 0.0951
Roots 0.8056 0.0123
Tembeling Stems 0.7789 0.0085
Leafs 0.8015 0.0170

environment is classified as lightly polluted because 0 < I_geo < 1. Based on these values, the
environmental conditions of mangrove forests in the former bauxite mining area Bintan Island has
not experienced heavy metal pollution. Whilst, they have been contaminated by heavy metal
elements. However, several types of mangrove vegetation and another aquatic biota in the area,
suspected that heavy metal accumulation has occurred in this vegetation and biota. Suppose the
accumulation continues for a long time. In that case, it will endanger the ecological system in the
mangrove ecosystem, such as the food chain process, which will impact on humans as consumers at
the highest trophic level.

3.3. Adaptation of A. marina

Based on the test results, the average value of Pb and Cr metal content in mangrove organs (roots,
stems and leaves) showed varying values. The average Pb and Cr content values in A. marina
mangrove roots are higher than the stems and leaves. Based on table 4, it is known that Tembeling
has the lowest accumulation of Pb and Cr metals in its mangrove plant organs. The area with the
highest metal accumulation in its mangroves is Senggarang, then Wacopek and Carang River. The
variation of metal accumulation in mangrove organs is also related to Pb and Cr metals in seawater
and sediments. Based on the study results, Tembeling is an area with the lowest average value of Pb
and Cr metal content in seawater, sediments and mangroves. Meanwhile, the Carang, Wacopek and
Senggarang rivers have a higher average metal accumulation value in seawater, sediments and
mangroves.
From the analysis results, mangrove species of A. marina can absorb Pb and Cr metals through
their roots and then translocate them to other plant parts such as stems and leaves. The high content
of heavy metals in the roots of the two types of mangroves indicates an attempt to localize toxic
materials that enter the body that is more immune to the effects of toxic materials. Heavy metal
elements in plants tend to be toxic, Pb concentration of 1 ppm has a siginificant impact on plant
processes, including photosynthesis and respiration. The tolerable Pb concentration in plants was
around 0.1-10 ppm dry matter [20].
The ability to absorb Pb and Cr in A. marina is known from the BCF (Bio-Concentration Factor)
and TF (Translocation Factor) values. The BCF and TF values for Pb and Cr metals in the two types
of mangroves are presented in the following table 5.
Based on Table 5, it is known that the absorption mechanism of Pb and Cr of A. marina has a TF
value < 1 and BCF > 1. This value indicates that the absorption mechanism carried out by plants is
classified as phytostabilization. Mangroves are found to translocate pollutants from the soil to the
roots effectively. The results of the calculation of TF for Pb metal in A. marina also show a TF value

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ICMMBT-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 967 (2022) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012016

Table 5. BCF and TF calculation results for A. marina in Bintan

Island post-mining bauxite area
A. marina
No Metals Location
TF BCF
Sei Carang 0.80 25.50
Wacopek 0.86 23.63
1 Pb
Senggarang 0.94 26.35
Tembeling 0.99 40.06
Sei Carang 0.60 2.55
Wacopek 0.85 6.23
2 Cr
Senggarang 1.28 6.32
Tembeling 1.38 3.13

< 1, but for Cr metal there is a TF value > 1, namely in the Senggarang and Tembeling areas. These
differences indicate that A. marina in the Carang and Wacopek River areas, the heavy metal
absorption mechanism is classified as a phytostabilization mechanism. In contrast, in the Senggarang
and Tembeling areas, it is a phytoextraction mechanism. The TF value was obtained from the
comparison of metal accumulation in the mangrove leaves with the roots. The TF value is calculated
to determine the translocation of heavy metal contaminants that enter the plant parts from the soil to
the roots or to other parts of the plant. If the TF value > 1 indicates that the plant effectively
translocates pollutants from the soil to the roots. Furthermore, the calculation of BCF and TF can be
used to determine the status of plants as phytoextraction (TF>1) and phytostabilization (TF<1).
The BCF value is the ratio between the total accumulation of mangrove organs (roots, stems and
leaves) and metals in the sediment. The BCF parameter compares the concentration of compounds
in the environment and the tissues or bodies of organisms [21]. A plant in accumulating heavy metals
could be divided into three, namely BCF > 1 classified as Accumulator, BCF < 1 classified as
Excluder while BCF = 1 classified as Indicator [22]. Based on table 5, A. marina are classified as
plants that are low heavy metal accumulators because the BCF value is < 250.
In general, the absorption mechanism for Pb and Cr metals shows BCF values > 1 and BCF > TF.
This value indicates that the species is classified as an accumulator plant that cannot prevent heavy
metals Pb and Cr from the sediment to the roots. It is just that the mechanism of absorption of heavy
metal elements carried out by the roots is selected by rhizofiltration by the root system, so that it
does not poison the body. That mechanism is a form of adaptation of A. marina to the accumulation
of heavy metals in high sediments. Thus, allow A. marina to survive in such conditions, classified as
effective plants in translocating metals from the soil to the roots.

4. Conclusions
The status of the environmental pollution index in the former bauxite mining area on Bintan Island
is classified as unpolluted but has been lightly contaminated by heavy metals. The values of Pb and
Cr metals that accumulated in the sediment and dissolved in the waters of the mangrove forest
ecosystem were still of low value, and varied. The adaptation of A. marina to the accumulation of
Pb and Cr was rhizofiltration and phytostabilization. This adaptation shows that A. marina can live
in former bauxite mining areas that contain heavy metals and accumulate them in their bodies
without experiencing physical disturbances.

Acknowledgments
Thanks are conveyed to the Bioprocess Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Riau. Also
to Deded Ananda, a student majoring in marine science at the Maritime University Raja Ali Haji
Tanjungpinang who has assisted in field sampling.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 967 (2022) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012016

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