What is the meaning of “A war of Independence”?

A war that is fought to gain independence. It is fought to break

free from the superior power/country suppressing an inferior
power/county and form an new independent state with its own
government.
The American Revolution—also called the U.S. War of
Independence—was the insurrection fought between 1775 and
1783 through which 13 of Great Britain's North American colonies
threw off British rule to establish the sovereign United States of
America, founded with the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
What is the meaning of “A Civil War”?
A civil war is a violent conflict between opposing groups within a
country that becomes so intense that it appears like a war. Due to
the violent conflict between both these ethnic groups thousands
of people of both the communities have been killed. Many
families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many
more lost their livelihoods.
American Civil War, also called War Between the States, four-year
war (1861–65) between the United States and 11 Southern states
that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States
of America.
American Revolution, also called United States War of
Independence or American Revolutionary War, (1775–83),
insurrection by which 13 of Great Britain’s North American
colonies won political independence and went on to form the
United States of America. The war followed more than a decade
of growing estrangement between the British crown and a large
and influential segment of its North American colonies that was
caused by British attempts to assert greater control over colonial
affairs after having long adhered to a policy of salutary neglect.
Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British
Empire, but afterward it became an international war as France
(in 1778) and Spain (in 1779) joined the colonies against Britain.
Meanwhile, the Netherlands, which provided both official
recognition of the United States and financial support for it, was
engaged in its own war against Britain. From the beginning, sea
power was vital in determining the course of the war, lending to
British strategy a flexibility that helped compensate for the
comparatively small numbers of troops sent to America and
ultimately enabling the French to help bring about the final British
surrender at Yorktown.
Seven Years War (1756-1763)
Although the Seven Years War was a multinational conflict, the
main belligerents were the British and French Empires. Each
looking to expand their territory across numerous continents,
both nations suffered mass casualties and racked up copious
Taxes and Duties
If the Seven Years War had not exacerbated the divide between
the colonies and the British metropole, the implementation of
colonial taxation certainly did. The British witnessed these
tensions first-hand when the Stamp Act of 1765 was introduced.
Colonists bitterly opposed the new direct taxation on printed
materials and forced the British Government to eventually repeal
the legislation a year later.
Boston Massacre (1770)
Just a year after the imposition of the Townshend Duties, the
governor of Massachusetts was already calling for the other
twelve colonies to join his state in resisting the British and
boycotting their goods, which coincided with a riot in Boston over
the seizure of a boat aptly named Liberty for smuggling.
Boston Tea Party (1773)
In 1772, a British ship which had been enforcing unpopular trade
regulations was burned by angry patriots, while Samuel Adams set
about creating Committees of Correspondence – a network of
rebels across all of the 13 colonies.
Intolerable Acts (1774)
Rather than attempting to appease the rebels, the Boston Tea
Party was met with the passing of the Intolerable Acts in 1774 by
the British Crown. These punitive measures included the forced
closure of Boston port and an order of compensation to the East
India Company for damaged property. Town meetings were now
also banned, and the authority of the royal governor was
increased.
King George III’s Speech to Parliament (1775)
On 26 October 1775 George III, King of Great Britain, stood up in
front of his Parliament and declared the American colonies to be
in a state of rebellion. The King’s speech was long but certain
phrases made it clear that a major war against his own subjects
was about to commence.
After such a speech, the Whig position was silenced and a full-
scale war was inevitable. From it the United States of America
would emerge, and the course of history radically changed.
The Civil War is the central event in America's historical
consciousness. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the
United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind
of nation it would be. The war resolved two fundamental
questions left unresolved by the revolution: whether the United
States was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states
or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government; and
whether this nation, born of a declaration that all men were
created with an equal right to liberty, would continue to exist as
the largest slaveholding country in the world.

Northern victory in the war preserved the United States as one

nation and ended the institution of slavery that had divided the
country from its beginning. But these achievements came at the
cost of 625,000 lives--nearly as many American soldiers as died in
all the other wars in which this country has fought combined. The
American Civil War was the largest and most destructive conflict
in the Western world between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in
1815 and the onset of World War I in 1914.
ECONOMICS OF COTTON
The financial and political influence of cotton in the 18th and 19th
century was unprecedented. It was perhaps far greater than that
of the oil industry in the late 20th and early 21st century. With the
introduction of the cotton gin in 1793 and the flourishing slave
trade, the southern states of America became the primary cotton
suppliers of the world. By the mid-19th century, the southerners
were supplying more than 70 percent of the cotton to Great
Britain, the leading world economic and colonial power of the
time.
SLAVERY
By the mid-19th century, slavery had been the cause of friction
between the southern Slave states and the northern Free states
for many decades. Slavery was illegal in much of the north, being
outlawed in the late 18th and early 19th century. However, it was
deeply interwoven with the economics of the southern states,
which had become the primary source of raw cotton for the
British and European industries.
STATE’S RIGHTS
The politics and debates over which powers belonged to the
sovereign states and which to the Federal government were not
uncommon in the United States since its inception.
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES
The politics over slavery began to heat up in the early to mid-19th
century as new territories were being added to the union. As long
as there were equal number of slave holding states in the south
vis-a-vi Free states in the north, there was a perceived balance of
power. However each new territory that applied for statehood
would tilt the scales depending on weather it joined as a Free
State or a Slave state.
THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT
The American abolitionist movement emerged in the 1830s as
part of religious revivalism seeing slavery as a personal sin and
emancipation as a repentance for the sin. The Abolitionists tried
to reach and convert a mass audience. They met with opposition
from individual slaveholders and national religious institutions.
9 ELECTION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN AS THE PRESIDENT
The heated Lincoln Douglas debates of 1858 were a series of
seven debates between Abraham Lincoln of the newly formed
Republican Party and Stephen Douglas of the Democratic Party.
The main issue discussed in these debates was slavery in the
United States. It was these debates that made Lincoln a
prominent figure in the national politics. He gained nomination
for President in 1860 which totally outraged the southerners who
hated him for his anti-slavery stance. On November 6, 1860, to
the surprise of many, Abraham Lincoln won the US presidential
election without the support of a single southern state. Though
his election may not have been the primary cause for the war but
it sent warning bells ringing in the southern states leading to
secession and finally the civil war in 1861.

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