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    Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty

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    Enescu Marian

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    Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty

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    Enescu Marian
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    Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty

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    16 views3 pages

    Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty

    Uploaded by

    Enescu Marian

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty

    The Treaty Between the United States of America and the


    Russian Federation on Strategic Offensive Reductions SORT / Treaty of Moscow
    (SORT), also known as the Treaty of Moscow, was a strategic Treaty on Strategic Offensive
    arms reduction treaty between the United States and Russia that Reductions
    was in force from June 2003 until February 2011 when it was
    superseded by the New START treaty.[1]

    At the time, SORT was positioned as "represent[ing] an


    important element of the new strategic relationship" between
    the two countries[2] with both parties agreeing to limit their
    nuclear arsenal to between 1,700 and 2,200 operationally
    deployed warheads each. It was signed in Moscow on 24 May
    2002.

    After ratification by the U.S. Senate and the State Duma, Presidents Vladimir Putin and George
    SORT came into force on 1 June 2003. It would have expired W. Bush sign SORT on 24 May 2002
    in Moscow
    on 31 December 2012 if not superseded by New START.
    Either party could have withdrawn from the treaty upon giving Type Strategic nuclear
    three months written notice to the other. disarmament
    Signed 24 May 2002
    Location Moscow
    Contents Effective 1 June 2003
    Mutual nuclear disarmament Condition Ratification of both
    Ratification parties
    Implementation Expiration 5 February 2011
    Criticism (Superseded by New START)

    See also Signatories George W. Bush


    Vladimir Putin
    Further reading
    Parties  United States
    Footnotes
     Russia
    Ratifiers U.S. Senate
    Mutual nuclear disarmament State Duma
    Languages English, Russian
    SORT was one in a long line of treaties and negotiations on
    mutual nuclear disarmament between Russia (and its predecessor, the Soviet Union) and the United States,
    which includes SALT I (1969–1972), the ABM Treaty (1972), SALT II (1972–1979), the INF Treaty
    (1987), START I (1991), START II (1993) and New START (2010).

    The Moscow Treaty was different from START in that it limited operationally deployed warheads, whereas
    START I limited warheads through declared attribution to their means of delivery (ICBMs, SLBMs, and
    Heavy Bombers).[3]
    Russian and U.S. delegations met twice a year to discuss the implementation of the Moscow Treaty at the
    Bilateral Implementation Commission (BIC).

    Ratification
    The treaty was submitted for ratification in December 2002. However, the passage of the agreement took
    about a year because the bill had to be resubmitted after its rejection in committee due to concerns about
    funding for nuclear forces and about cutting systems that had not yet reached the end of their service lives.
    Further, the deputies were concerned about the U.S.'s ability to upload reserve nuclear warheads for a first
    strike (upload potential).

    The ratification was also problematic because the chairman of the foreign affairs committee of the Duma,
    Dmitry Rogozin, disagreed with his Federation Council counterpart Margelov. Deputy Rogozin argued that
    the Moscow Treaty should be delayed because of the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq. In the end, however, this
    delay never happened. The final vote was similar to START II with nearly a third of the deputies voting
    against. The ratification resolution mandated presidential reporting on nuclear force developments and
    noted that key legislators should be included in interagency planning.

    Implementation
    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory reported that President Bush directed the US military to cut its
    stockpile of both deployed and reserve nuclear weapons in half by 2012. The goal was achieved in 2007, a
    reduction of US nuclear warheads to just over 50 percent of the 2001 total. A further proposal by Bush
    would have brought the total down another 15 percent.[4]

    Criticism
    While President Bush said the treaty "liquidates the Cold War legacy of nuclear hostility" and his security
    advisor Condoleezza Rice said it should be considered "the last treaty of the last century,"[5] others
    criticized the treaty for various reasons:

    There were no verification provisions to give confidence, to either the signatories or other
    parties, that the stated reductions have in fact taken place.
    The arsenal reductions were not required to be permanent; warheads are not required to be
    destroyed and may therefore be placed in storage and later redeployed.
    The arsenal reductions were required to be completed by 31 December 2012, which is also
    the day on which the treaty loses all force unless extended by both parties.
    There was a clause in the treaty which provided that withdrawal can occur upon the giving of
    three months' notice and since no benchmarks are required in the treaty, either side could
    feasibly perform no actions in furtherance of the treaty and then withdraw in September
    2012.

    See also
    There have been several other treaties known as the Treaty of Moscow
    Russia and weapons of mass destruction
    United States and weapons of mass destruction
    New START Treaty

    Further reading
    Nuclear Files.org (http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/strategic-offensive-reducti
    on/trty_strategic-offensive-reduction_2002-05-24.htm) Text of the SORT

    Footnotes
    1. www.whitehouse.gov (https://web.archive.org/web/20100528034947/http://www.whitehouse.
    gov/sites/default/files/2010%20New%20START%20msg%20rel.pdf)
    2. Letter of Transmittal: The Moscow Treaty 2002
    3. START1 treaty hypertext US State Dept. (https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/global/arms/start
    htm/start/start1.html) Article II
    4. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories. Science & Technology Review. Monitoring a
    Nuclear Weapon from the Inside: Embedded sensors could help transform stockpile
    stewardship (https://www.llnl.gov/str/JulAug08/trebes.html)
    5. Sanger, David E.; Wines, Michael (24 May 2002). "U.S. and Russia Sign Nuclear Weapons
    Reduction Treaty (Published 2002)" (https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/24/international/us-a
    nd-russia-sign-nuclear-weapons-reduction-treaty-2002052493101800740.html). The New
    York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved
    7 November 2020.

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?


    title=Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty&oldid=1128206119"

    This page was last edited on 19 December 2022, at 00:32 (UTC).

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