Joints Anatomy

JOINTS
Tanveer Saeed
Assistant Professor
AKUSONAM
Joints
A joint or place of articulation and is

formed where 2 or more bones come in
close contact in the body and are
attached to each other by ligaments or
cartilage.
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 231 joints in the human body and not 1 in my
pocket.
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Fibrous or Immovable
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Types of Joints
There are three types of joints classified by the
amount of movement they allow:
 Fibrous or Immovable----synarthrosis
 Cartilaginous or slightly movable---
Amphiarthrosis
 Synovial or freely movable----diathrosis
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Immovable joints or Synarthrosis
 In this type of joint, the
bones are in very close
contact and are
separated only by a thin
layer of fibrous
connective tissue.
 An example of a
synarthrosis is the
suture in the skull
between skull bones.
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Slightly Movable Joints
 Amphiarthrosis or Cartilaginous Joints
 This type of joint is characterized by bones that
are connected by hyaline cartilage (fibro
cartilage) and ligaments which allow only
a limited degree of movement.
Examples are
 the vertebrae
 cartilage in the symphysis which binds the pubic
bones together at the front of the pelvic girdle.
 cartilage in the joint between the sacrum and the
hip bone.
 The ribs that connect to the sternum.
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Cartilaginous joints between the thoracic vertebrae
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Knee Joint
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Freely Movable Joints
Most of the joints in the adult human body are
freely movable joints.
There are six types of diarthroses joints:
 Ball-and-Socket
 Condyloid
 Saddle
 Pivot
 Hinge
 Gliding
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Characteristics of a synovial joint
 The ends of the bones are covered with a

layer of smooth hyaline cartilage, called
articular cartilage in the joint regions. This
reduces friction at the point.
 The joint is completely enclosed by a bag-
like capsular ligament which holds the joint
together and helps to contain the synovial
fluid.
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 The capsular ligament is lined with a synovial
membrane. This membrane secretes synovial
fluid into the synovial cavity and acts as a seal,
waterproofing the joint. The synovial fluid
lubricates the joint.
 In addition to the capsule, the bones are also
attached and held together by strong,
tough ligaments made of dense connective tissue.
These ligaments prevent dislocation during normal
movement.
 The articulating surfaces of adjacent bones
are reciprocally shaped.
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Directions of movement
Flexion - brings a body part forward.
Extension - moves a body part to the rear.
Abduction - moves an appendage laterally from
the midline.
Adduction - moves an appendage toward the
midline.
Circumduction - movement of an appendage in a
circle around a joint.
Pronation - rotating the palm of the hand
downward.
Supination - rotating the palm of the hand
upward.
Inversion - turning the toes of the foot inward.
Eversion - turning the toes of the foot outward.
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 Synovial joints can be subdivided into the
following groups according to the type of
movement they carry out.
 All combinations of movements, including
circumduction and rotationcan be performed.
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Ball-and-Socket
These joints are formed

where the rounded head of
one bone fits into
the hollow, cup-shaped
socket of another bone
such as the shoulder
joint and the hip joint. Such
joints allow freedom of
The Hip Joint - ball-and-socket joint.
movement in all directions.
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Hinge Joints
. These joints occur where the convex surface of
one bone fits into the concave surface of
another bone, so making movement possible
in one plane only e.g. flexion and extension as
in the elbow and knee joints.
 Examples of these joints are the knee ,ankle
and the elbow joints. Hinge joints have
ligaments mainly at the sides of the joints.
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A hinge joint (elbow region)
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Condyloid or Ellipsoidal joints
 Oval shaped condyle fits into oval cup
shaped end of another bone allowing
angular motion but not rotation.
 flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and
circumduction, but no axial rotation.
Examples include:
 the wrist-joint
 metacarpophalangeal joints (Knuckles)
metatarsophalangeal joints (toes)
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Saddle Joints
 This type of joint occurs when the touching
surfaces of two bones have both concave
and convex regions allowing rotation in two
directions.
 The only saddle joint in the body is in the
thumb.
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Gliding
 This type of joint allows for gliding

movements between flat surfaces as the
surfaces slide over one another. Only a limited
amount of movement is allowed such as the
joints between,
 clavicles and the sternum
 the carpal bones
 the joints between the tarsal bones
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Gliding joints in the wrist region
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Pivot Joints
These joints occur where:

 a bony ring rotates round the pivot (axis)
of another bone such as the ring-like
atlas rotating around the odontoid
process of the axis, allowing the head to
turn from side to side.
 the end of one bone rotates round the
axis of another bone such as the end of
the radius rotating around the ulna as
the palm of the hand is turned inwards or
outwards. Tanveer Saeed
A pivot joint between the radius
and ulna
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List the subdivisions of synovial joints
 Ball&Socket: eg shoulder and hip joints
(most movable type of joint)
 Hinge: eg: knee and ankle joints (movement
in one plane only)
 Gliding: eg: between tarsals and carpals (least
movable type of joint)
 Pivot: eg: joint between first two cervical
vertebrae (movement around one axis only)
 Saddle: found only between the phalanges of
the thumb and its metacarpal (movement
around two axes) Tanveer Saeed
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Self quiz to check what you have learned.
1.A point where one or two bones meet is__________.

2. Ball and socket, hinge, gliding and pivot joints are
example of _______.
3. Elbows, knees and fingers use what type of
joints________.
4. What type of joint can be found between
vertebrae________.
5. What type of movement is possible at Joint between atlas
and axis___________.
6. What type of joints are present in below mentioned
diagram___________.
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KEY
1.A point where one or two bones meet is__joint________.
2. Ball and socket, hinge, gliding and pivot joints are example of
____Synovial joints___.
3. Elbows, knees and fingers use what type of joints__hinge

joints______.
4. What type of joint can be found between vertebrae_slightly

movable_______.
5. What type of movement is possible at Joint between atlas and

axis_side to side or rotation along one axis .
6. What type of joints are present in below mentioned

diagram__Gliding joints_________.
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Left Os Coxa (Lateral Aspect)
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Left Os Coxa (Lateral Aspect)
1. Anterior Superior Spine
2. Iliac Crest
3. Posterior Superior Spine
4. Posterior Inferior Spine
5. Greater Sciatic Notch
6. Body of Ilium
7. Ischial Spine
8. Lesser Sciatic Notch
9. Body of Ischium
10. Ischial Tuberosity
11. Obturator Foramen
12. Inferior Ramus of Ischium
13. Inferior Ramus of Pubis
14. Body of Pubis
15. Acetabulum
16. Anterior Inferior Spine
Ilium + Ischium + Pubis = Os

Coxa Tanveer Saeed

Joints Anatomy

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JOINTS

A joint or place of articulation and is

 The ends of the bones are covered with a

These joints are formed

 This type of joint allows for gliding

These joints occur where:

1.A point where one or two bones meet is__________.

3. Elbows, knees and fingers use what type of joints__hinge

4. What type of joint can be found between vertebrae_slightly

5. What type of movement is possible at Joint between atlas and

6. What type of joints are present in below mentioned

3. Posterior Superior Spine

4. Posterior Inferior Spine

5. Greater Sciatic Notch

8. Lesser Sciatic Notch

10. Ischial Tuberosity

11. Obturator Foramen

12. Inferior Ramus of Ischium

13. Inferior Ramus of Pubis

14. Body of Pubis

16. Anterior Inferior Spine

Ilium + Ischium + Pubis = Os

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