Document 172
Document 172
Document 172
Grp 1
● Clinical Visit
● Home Visit
● Group Conference
● Telephone Calls
● Written Communications
Grp 2
All existing DOH Programs Related to Family Health , its coverage and importance.
Grp 3
Grp 4
Ehealth
LECTURE NOTES
It is a scientific and systematized approach to health to care for individuals, families, and illness
prevention
It is the means by which nurses address the health needs and problems of their clients
Nursing process is a systematic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing
care.
17. Assessment
18. Nursing Diagnosis
19. Planning
20. Implementation
21. Evaluation
Nursing Assessment
The process of collecting, validating and recording data about a client’s health status.
It identifies patient’s strengths and limitations and is done continuously throughout the nursing process.
Nursing Diagnosis
What are the actual and potential health problems for which the client needs nursing assistance?
Nursing diagnoses are identified through actual and potential health problems or responses to life
processes.
Planning
Planning expected outcomes to resolve or minimize the identified problems of the client.
In collaboration with the client, the nurse develops specific nursing intervention for each nursing
diagnosis.
Implementation
Also called intervention; putting the nursing care plan into action to achieve goals and outcomes
As you implement your plan, you continue to assess your patient’s responses and modify plan as needed.
Evaluation
Assessing the client’s response to nursing interventions and then comparing the response to the goals or
outcome criteria written in the planning phase
FAMILY HEALTH
- The continuing ability to meet defined functions in interaction with other social, political, economic
and health system.
- Possessing the abilities and resources to accomplish family developmental tasks.
Family nursing process is the same, whether the focus is the famiily as patient or as environment. The
goal is to help the family reach and maintain its maximum health in a given situation.
1. ASSESSMENT
3. PLANNING
4. IMPLEMENTATION
5. EVALUATION PHASE
I. ASSESSMENT
This involves a set of actions by which the nurse measures the status of the family as a client, its ability to
maintain itself as a system and functioning unit, and its ability to maintain wellness, prevent control and
resolve problems in order to achieve health and well-being among its members.
ASSESSMENT PHASE
DATA COLLECTION
Two important things to ensure Effective and Efficient Data Collection in Family Nursing Practice:
Specify the methods of data gathering and necessary tools for gathering data
DATA ANALYSIS - sorting out and classifying or grouping data by type of nature.
sorting of data
comparing patterns
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
· The end result of the secondary level assessment and a set of family nursing problems for each
health condition or problem
· First major phase of nursing process in family health nursing
· It Involves a set of action by which the nurse measures the status of the family as a client. Its
ability to maintain wellness, prevent, control or resolve problems in order to achieve health and
wellness among its members
Data about present condition or status of the family are compared against the norms and
standards of personal, social, and environmental health, system integrity and ability to resolve social
problems.
The norms and standards are derived from values, beliefs, principles, rules or expectation.
1. FIRST LEVEL ASSESSMENT- a process whereby existing and potential health conditions or
problems of the family are determined (WS, HT, HD, SP or FC)
2. SECOND LEVEL ASSESSMENT- defines the nature or type of nursing problem that family
encounters in performing health task with respect to given health condition or problem and
etiology or barriers to the family’s assumption of the task
1. OBSERVATION
The nurse gathers information about the family’s state of being and behavioral responses.
The family’s health status can be inferred from the signs /symptoms of problem areas within the
following areas:
a. communication and interaction patterns expected, used, and tolerated by family members
b. role perception / task assumption by each member including decision making patterns
Data gathered though this method have the advantage of being subjected to validation and reliability
testing by other observers.
2. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Health assessment of every member of the family, significant data about the health status of
individual members can be obtained through direct examination through IPPA, measurement of specific
body parts and reviewing the body systems.
Data gathered form substantive part of first level assessment which may indicate presence of health
deficits (illness state)
3. INTERVIEW
Productivity of interview process depends upon the use effective communication techniques to elicit
needed response.
a. How to ascertain where the client is in terms of perception of health condition or problems and the
patterns of coping utilized to resolve them
b. Tendency of community health worker to readily give out advice, health teachings or solutions
e. Being familiar with and being competent in the use of type of question that aim to explore, validate,
Gather information through reviewing existing records and reports pertinent to the client
Individual clinical records of the family members, laboratory and diagnostic reports, immunization records
reports about home and environmental conditions
Genogram
Ecomap
Genogram
Graphic representation of a family tree that displays detailed data on relationships among individuals
Goes beyond a traditional family tree by allowing the user to analyze hereditary patterns and
psychological factors that punctuate relationships
Information on disorders running in the family such as alcoholism, depression, diseases, alliances, and
living situations
1. The male parent is always at the left of the family and the female parent is always at the right of the
family.
3. Spouse must always be closer to his/her first partner, then the second partner (if any), third partner,
and so on . . .
4. The oldest child is always at the left his family, the youngest child is always at the right his
family
d. family interaction/communication
a. Housing:
Sleeping arrangement
Garbage disposal
b. Kind of neighborhood
a. Medical and nursing history indicating current and past significant illness or beliefs and practices
conductive to health and illness
b. Nutritional and developmental status
c. Adequate of: rest/sleep, exercise/activities, use of protective measures, relaxation and stress
management
Family profile implies brief description of family structure and characteristics, family life cycle and
culture, socio economic conditions environmental factors health and medical history etc. Family health
diagnosis is the written statement of family health problems which are assessed from analysis of data
collected.
A clinical or nursing judgment about a client transition form a specific level of wellness or
capability to a higher level (NANDA, 2001)
Wellness Potential
These are conditions that are conducive to disease and accident, or may result to failure to
maintain wellness or realize health potential.
E.g. Presence of Risk Factors of specific disease, accident hazards, poor home/ environmental
conditions, family history of hereditary disease, threat of cross infection, faulty eating habits, poor
environmental sanitation, unhealthy lifestyle/personal habits
e.g. Illness states, diagnosed or undiagnosed by medical practitioner, disability, transient (aphasia or
temporary paralysis after a CVA), permanent (leg amputation secondary to diabetes, lameness from
polio)
Anticipated periods of unusual demand on the individual or family in terms of adjustment/family resources.
e.g. marriage, pregnancy, parenthood, divorce, separation, loss of job, menopause death
Determining family’s ability to perform the Family Health Tasks on each health threat, health deficit,
foreseeable crisis on wellness potential.
Family Health Condition - a statement of family’s capabilities to maintain health and prevent illness
Ability to provide home environment conducive to good health and personal development
Inability to make decisions with respect to taking appropriate health action due to…
Inability to provide nursing care to the sick, disabled, or dependent member of the family due to…
Inability to provides a home environment which is conducive to health maintenance and personal
problem
2. Inability to make decisions with respect to taking appropriate health action due to:
10. Prolonged disease or disability progression which exhausts supportive capacity of family
members
3. Inability to provide nursing care to the sick, disabled, or dependent member of the family due to
3. Lack of inadequate knowledge about the extent and nature of nursing care rendered
7. Negative attitude towards the sick, disabled, dependent, vulnerable or at-risk member
8. Philosophy in life in which negates/hinders in caring for the sick, disabled, dependent, vulnerable or at-
risk member
7. Negative attitude in life which is not conducive to health maintenance and personal development
8. Lack of competencies in relating to each other for mutual growth and maturation
10. Negative attitude in life which hinders effective utilization of community resources for health care.
III. PLANNING PHASE (FAMILY HEALTH AND NURSING CARE PLAN FORMULATION)
It is based on the analysis of diagnosed health problems and assessment of family’s ability to
resolve problems, establish priorities, setting goals and objectives, formulating family health nursing care
plan.
1. Analysis of diagnosed health problems and assessment of family’s ability to resolve problems
Family’s ability to resolve health problems can be assessed on the basis of:
development
These are categorized into wellness state/potential, health threat, health deficit or foreseeable crisis.
The biggest weight is given to the wellness state or potential because of the premium on client’s
effort or desire to sustain/maintain high level of wellness.
The same weight is given to health deficit because of its sense of clinical urgency, which may
require immediate intervention.
Foreseeable crisis is given the least weight because culture linked variables/factors usually provide
our families with adequate support to cope with developmental or situational crisis.
This refers to the probability of success in enhancing the wellness state improving the condition
minimizing, alleviating or totally eradicating the problem through intervention.
This is possibility of resolving the problem through nursing intervention which includes:
a. Current knowledge, technology and interventions to enhance the wellness state or manage the
problem.
3. Preventive potential
This refers to the nature and magnitude of future problem that can be minimized or totally prevented if
interventions are done on the condition or problem under consideration.
It refers to the severity of the consequence of the problem and nature and magnitude of the
problem, interventions within available resources whether the problem can be prevented, eradicated or
controlled. These are:
It refers to the progress of the disease/problem indicating extent of damage on the patient/family;
also indicates prognosis, reversibility or modifiability of the problem. In general, the more severe the
problem is, the lower is the preventive potential of the problem.
This refers to the length of time the problem has existed. Generally speaking, duration of the
problem has a direct relationship to gravity; the nature of the problem is variable that may, however, alter
this relationship. Because of this relationship to gravity of the problem, duration has also a direct
problem
4. Salience
This refers to the family’s perception and evaluation of the condition or problem in terms of
seriousness and urgency of attention needed or family readiness.
Criteria Weight
Nature or conditions of the problem 1
Scale: wellness state (3)
health deficit (3)
health threat (2)
foreseeable crisis (1)
Modifiability of the problem
Scale: easily modifiable (2) 2
partially modifiable (1)
not modifiable (1)
Preventive potential
Scale: high (3) 1
moderate (2)
low (1)
Salience
Scale: needs immediate attention (2)
Does not need immediate attention (1) 1
Not perceived as a problem or condition
needing change (0)
SCORING :
2. Divide the score by the highest possible score and multiply by the weight
3. Sum up the scores for all the criteria. The highest score is 5, equivalent to the total weight
Goal is a general statement of the condition or the state to be brought about by specific course of action
Example: After 2-3 months of the family will be able to maintain ability to recognize signs of health and
development
Objective refers to more specific statements of the desired results or outcomes of care
Example: At the end of 2-3 months the family will be able to:
Identify signs of health and development
They specify the criteria by which the degree of effectiveness of care is to be measured.
A cardinal principle in goal setting states that goal must be set jointly with the family. This ensures
family commitment to realization.
Basic to the establishment of mutually acceptable goals is the family’s recognition and acceptance of
existing health needs and problems.
Barriers to Joint Goal Setting Between the Nurse and the Family:
1. Failure on the part of the family to perceive the existence of the problem.
2. The family may realize the existence of the health condition or problem but is too busy at the
moment.
3. Sometimes the family perceives the existence of the problem but does not see it as serious
enough to warrant attention.
4. The family may perceive the presence of the problem and the need to take action. It may
however refuse to face and do something about the situation.
Client focused goal- e.g. provide need based care to malnourished children
Nurse focused goal- e.g. after the nursing intervention the mother will be able to provide need based
1.interpersonal relationship
1. data analyzed
All of these components put together for the schematic representation of the care plan
It should be realistic, consistent with the goals, agreeable to the family, need active involvement of
the family members, review of plan and mobilization of resources.
It is the blue print of the care that the nurse designs to systematically minimize or eliminate the identified
health and nursing problem through explicitly formulated outcomes of care (goals and objectives) and
deliberately chosen set of interventions, resources and evaluation criteria, standards, methods and tools.
1. The nursing care plan focuses on actions which are designed to solve or minimize existing
problem. The plan is a blueprint for action. The coures of the plan are the approaches, strategies,
activities, methods and materials which the nurse hopes will improve the problem situation.
2. The nursing care plan is a product of a deliberate systematic process. The planning process is
characterized by logical analyses of data that are put together to arrive at rational decisions. The
interventions the nurse decides to implement are chosen from among alternatives after careful
analysis and weighing of available options.
3. The nursing care plan, as with all plans, relates to the future. It utilizes events in the past and
what is happening in the present to determine patterns. It also projects the future scenario if the
current situation is not corrected.
4. The nursing care plan is based upon identified health and nursing problems. The problems are
the starting points for the plan, and the foci of the objectives of care and intervention measures.
5. The nursing care plan is a means to an end, not an end in itself. The goal in planning is to deliver
the most appropriate care to the client by eliminating barriers to family health development.
6. Nursing care planning is a continuous process, not a one-shot-deal. The results of the evaluation
of the plan’s effectiveness trigger another cycle of the planning process until the health and
nursing problems are eliminated.
Gaps and duplications in the services provided are minimized, if not totally eliminated.
5. Nursing care plans facilitate the coordination of care by making known to other members of the
health team what the nurse is doing.
The assessment phase of the nursing process generates the health and nursing problems which
become the bases for the development of nursing care plan. The planning phase takes off from there.
This is a schematic presentation of the nursing care plan process. It starts with a list of health
condition or problems prioritized according to the nature, modifiability, preventive potential and salience.
The prioritized health condition or problems and their corresponding nursing problems become
the basis for the next step which is the formulation of goals and objectives of nursing care. The goals and
objectives specify the expected health/clinical outcomes, family response/s, behavior of competency
outcomes.
Parts of a FNCP
1. Assessment
3.Planning
4. Interventions
5. Rationale
6.Evaluation
Sample of a FNCP
IV. IMPLEMENTATION (ACTION PHASE/FAMILY HEALTH AND NURSING CARE PLAN
IMPLEMENTATION)
This is the doing phase of the nursing process that is putting into action planned care to be rendered to
solve the problem.
STEPS
3. documentation
2. Developmental -CHN prepares some family members to give similar care in her absence.
3. Facilitative -CHN improves family’s physical facilities either by modifying the existing
For the nurse to undertake implementation there are three types of nursing function namely:
Increasing the family’s knowledge on the nature, magnitude and cause of the problem.
Helping the family see the implications of the situation or the consequences of the condition.
Encouraging positive or wholesome emotional attitude toward the problem by affirming the family’s
capabilities/qualities/resources and providing information on available actions.
Identifying or exploring with the family courses of action available and the resources needed for each.
3. Develop the family’s ability and commitment to provide nursing care to each member.
Contracting-is a creative intervention that can maximize the opportunities to develop the ability and
commitment of the family to provide nursing care to its members.
4. Enhance the capability of the family to provide home environment conducive to health
maintenance and personal development.
The family can be taught specific competencies to ensure such home environment through environmental
manipulation or management to minimize or eliminate health threats or risks or to install facilities of
nursing care.
5. Facilitate the family’s capability to utilize community resources for health care.
Involves maximum use of available resources through the coordination, collaboration and teamwork
provided by effective referral system.
During this phase, the nurse encounters the realities in family nursing practice that motivates her to try out
creative innovations or overwhelm her to frustration or inaction. A dynamic attitude on personal and
professional development is, therefore, necessary if she has to face up challenges of nursing practice.
Implementation is a phenomenological experience. Actual situations and problems are identified as the
basis of implementation.
Meeting the challenges of this phase is the essence of family nursing practice. During this phase, the
nurse experiences with the family a lived meaningful world of mutual, dynamic interchange of meanings,
concerns, perceptions, biases, emotions and skills.
Just as the self aims to achieve body-mind integration to achieve wholeness in the experience of
“being” and “becoming” in expert caring. Unless there is such a dynamic and active involvement between
the nurse and the family in understanding and making choices in this meaningful world of coping,
aspirations, emotions and skills the nurse can’t hope to achieve expert caring.
Expert caring in the implementation phase is demonstrated when the nurse carries out interventions
based on the family’s understanding of the lived experience of coping and being in the world.
Expert caring is developing the capability of the family for “engage care” through the nurses skilled
practice, the family learns to choose and carry out the best possibilities of caring given the meanings,
concerns, emotions and resources (skills & equipment) as experienced in the situation.
By being experts in caring, nurses must takeover and transform the notions of expertise. Expert caring
has nothing to do with possessing privileged information that increases one’s control and domination of
another. Rather, expert caring unleashes the possibilities inherent in the self and the situation. Expert
caring liberates and facilitates in such a way that the one caring is enriched in the process.
1. The tendency of the nurse to use “patterned” or “canned” approaches in working with families
3. Inadequate or limited repertoire of intervention techniques and skills in the face of complicated
behavioral problems in family life.
Factors/conditions that may bring non-compliance or non-acceptance of the family to take actions on
its each health problems:
The family has the necessary information but fails to relate them to the problem condition.
The members may not be willing to oppose family, peer or social pressure.
There is failure to relate the needed actions to family goalsThe lack of confidence in the action proposed
Evaluation - specifies how the health care provider will determine the achievement of the outcome of the
desire
Standards - desired achievable level of performance against which actual practice is compared, it serves
as a guide in the formulation of objective
It is the assessment of the client’s response to nursing interventions and then comparing that
response to predetermined standards or outcome criteria.
Evaluation is defined as the judgment of the effectiveness of nursing care to meet client goals; in
this phase nurses compare the client behavioral responses with predetermined client goals and outcome
criteria. –
Evaluation, the final step of the nursing process, is crucial to determine whether, after application
of the nursing process, the client’s condition or well-being improves. The nurse applies all that is known
about a client and the client’s condition, as well as experience with previous clients, to evaluate whether
nursing care was effective. The nurse conducts evaluation measures to determine if expected outcomes
are met, not the nursing interventions.
The expected outcomes are the standards against which the nurse judges if goals have been met
and thus if care is successful. Providing health care in a timely, competent, and cost-effective manner is
complex and challenging. The evaluation process will determine the effectiveness of care, make
necessary modifications, and to continuously ensure favorable client outcomes.
It determines the extent of services rendered to the family. It accounts the number of visits, clinic
visits, no. of immunization completed, reduction in mortality and morbidity.
Nurses evaluate the nursing care by knowing what to look for. A client’s goal and expected
outcome give the objective criteria needed in a client’s response to care.
Evaluating a client’s response to nursing care requires the use of evaluative measures. (e.g.
Skills and Techniques- like doing Physical Assessment, observation of the client’s performance,
discussions of the client’s feelings etc.)and decision about the client’s status and progress.
c. Interpreting and summarizing findings
Using evidence, the nurse makes judgement about the client’s condition. To develop
clinical judgement, match the result of evaluative measures with expected outcomes to determine if the
client’s status is improving or not.
Examine the goal attainment to determine the exact client behavior or response.
Judge the degree of agreement between outcome criteria and the behavior or response.
If there is no agreement between outcome criteria and response or behavior, identify the barriers.
d. Documenting findings
Documentation and reporting are important parts of evaluation like written nursing process notes,
assessment flow sheets and endorsement among nurses regarding the client’s progress towards meeting
expected outcome.
Evaluate expected outcomes and determine the goals of care have been met.
Then decide the need to adjust to the plan of care. If goal met successfully discontinue that
portion of care plan.
Components of Evaluation
The nurse collects the data so that conclusion can be drawn about whether goals have been met. It is
usually necessary to collect both subjective & objective data. Data must be recorded concisely and
accurately to facilitate the next part of the evaluating process.
If the first part of the evaluation process has been carried out effectively , it is relatively simple to
determine whether a desired outcome has been met. Both the nurse and client play an active role in
comparing the client’s actual responses with the desired outcomes.
The third aspect of the evaluating process is whether the nursing activities had any relation to the
outcome.
The nurse uses the judgement about goal achievement to determine whether the care plan was effective
in resolving, reducing or preventing client problems.
When goals have been met the nurse can draw one of the following conclusions about the status of
the client’s problem.
The actual problem stated in the nursing diagnosis has been resolved, or the potential problem is being
prevented and the risk factors no longer exist. In these instances, the nurse documents that the goals
have been met and discontinues the care for the problem.
The potential problem is being prevented, but the risk factors are still present. In this case, the nurse
keeps the problem on the care plan.
The actual problem still exists even though some goals are being met. In this case the nursing
interventions must be continued.
After drawing a conclusion about the status of the client’s problems, the nurse modifies the care plan as
indicated. Whether or not goals were met, a number of decisions need to be made about continuing,
modifying or terminating nursing care for each problem.
Before making individual modifications, the nurse must first determine why the plan as a whole was not
completely effective. This requires a review of the entire plan.
1. Family Members
2. Health Team Members
3. Nurse
1. Nurses must know the hospital policies, procedure and protocols of interventions and recording.
2. Nurses must have up to date knowledge and information of many subject.
3. Nurses must have intellectual and technical skill to monitor the effectiveness of nursing
interventions.
4. Nurses must have knowledge and skill of collecting subjective data and objective data.
Purposes of evaluation
1. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
- refers to all factors available in the environment affecting the health of the individual or
population
- regulated by PD 856: Comprehensive Sanitation Code of the Philippines
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICE (EHS) OF DOH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
2. Promotion of healthy environmental conditions & prevention of environmental related
diseases through appropriate sanitation strategies
3. Promotion & implementation of sanitation programs through the Department of Health
Field Health Units
4. Conceptualization of new programs/projects to contend with emerging environmentally
related health problems
COMPONENTS:
5. Water Supply Sanitation Program
6. Proper Excreta and Sewage Disposal Program
7. Insect and Rodent Control
8. Food and Sanitation Program
9. Hospital Waste Management Program
1. WATER SUPPLY SANITATION PROGRAM
- Potable
- Free from any particles that might cause illness to an individual
Ways to make Water Potable:
10. Boiling: minimum of 3 minutes to maximum of 10 minutes for drinking
11. Sterilization: 30 minutes after the water starts to boil
12. Filtration: makes use of filter paper or cotton cloth to separate solid particle from liquid
if water comes from river
13. Coagulation/Flocculation: uses aluminum crystal (tawas) that collects or absorbs
particles from liquid part & becomes slimy
- In 1 gallon of water, drop tawas (the size of magic cubes) & allow to stand for 6-8 hours
- Initially, water appears to be cloudy then after 6-8 hours of standing, the water becomes
clear
14. Chlorination: uses 100% pure concentrated chlorine bought from botika or given free by
health centers
- To prepare stock solution (SS): in 1 liter drinking water, add 1 tablespoon of
concentrated chlorine which is potent for 3-4 months
- To prepare the chlorinated water: in 2 ½ gallons of drinking water (10,000 ml=10 liters),
add 1 tablespoon from the prepared stock solution & let it stand for 30 minutes to react
with water
15. Fluoridation: adding fluoride to prevent dental caries (primary significance) & whitens
enamel of teeth ( 2nd significance)
16. Aeration: exposing drinking water in air to strengthen taste within 24 hours which is
usually used in uphill areas where there’s less or no pollution
3 Types of Approved Water Supply and Facilities
a. Level I
- Point Source
- A protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but without a distribution system
for rural areas where houses are thinly scattered.
b. Level II
- Communal faucet system or stand posts
- A system composed of a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network and communal
faucets, located at not more than 25 meters from the farthest house in rural areas
where houses are clustered densely.
c. Level III
- Waterworks system or individual house connections
- A system with a source, a reservoir, a piped distributor network and household taps that
is suited for densely populated urban areas.
2. PROPER EXCRETA AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
3 Types of Approved Toilet Facilities
a. Level 1
- Non-water carriage toilet facility:
1. Pit latrines
2. Reed Odorless Earth Closet
3. Bored-hole
4. Compost
- Toilets requiring small amount of water to wash waste into receiving space
1. Pour flush
2. Aqua privies
- Pit latrines
a. most commonly observed in rural area
b. has three components: the pit, a squatting plate and the super-structure
c. types of pit include
c.1. “Antipolo type”, a pit type of toilet provided with concrete floor and an elevated seat with a
cover
c.2. Ventilated Improved Pit or VIP, pit with a vent pipe
c.3. Reed Odorless Earth Closet or ROEC, a pit completely displaced from the superstructure and
connected to the squatting plate by a curved chute.
- Bored Hole Latrine
d. consists of relatively deep holes bored into the earth by mechanical or manual earth-
boring equipment
e. holes are about 10-18 inches in diameter and usually 15-35 feet deep. The hole is
provided to facilitate squatting.
f. Two types of bored-hole latrines are:
c.1. Wet Type - when the hole penetrates ground water table or other strata.
c.2. Dry Type - when he hole does not reach ground water table; fills up at a faster rate then
than the wet type.
b. Level 2
- On site toilet facilities of the water carriage type with water sealed and flushed type
with septic vault/tank disposal facilities.
c. Level 3
- Water carriage types of toilet facilities connected to septic tanks an/or to sewerage
system to treatment plant.
Things to Consider in Constructing a Toilet Facility:
17. At least 25 meters away from water sources at a lower elevation
18. It should be within your financial capability
19. It should be approved by the local health authorities
Care and Maintenance of Toilet Facility:
20. Water must be provided at all times.
21. Use toilet paper
22. Use lysol once a month for odor removal
23. Clean the bowl by muriatic acid to remove the stains.
24. Avoid depositing solid objects on the bowl to prevent clogging
25. Always check your toilet if it’s clean
26. Use plunger when clogging occurs. Don’t use sticks or rods to avoid the breakage of the
trap or the bowl.
3. PROPER SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
- refers to satisfactory methods of storage, collection and final disposal of solid wastes
Sources of Solid Waste:
27. Household Waste - these are wastes generated in or discharged from household
including shops but excluding commercial activities
28. Commercial Waste - restaurants, stationery shops, grocery shops or any commercial
activity are the main sources of commercial waste.
29. Market Waste - only refers to waste generated in or discharged from markets both for
whole sale and retailing
30. Institutional Waste - these are wastes generated in government, state enterprise and
private firm office.
31. Street Sweeping Waste - these are wastes generated by the street sweeping cleansing
service.
32. River Waste - includes all the wastes generated by the river and creek cleansing
33. Medical Waste - these are wastes generated in hospitals.
Components of Solid Waste
34. Garbage refers to left over vegetable, animal and fish material from kitchen and food
establishments. These materials have the tendency to decay giving off foul odors and
sometimes serve as food for flies and rats.
35. Rubbish refers to waste materials such as bottles, broken glass, tin can, waste papers,
discarded textile materials, porcelain wares, pieces of metal and other wrapping
materials.
36. Ashes are left over from burning of wood and coal. Ashes may become a nuisance
because of the dust associated with them.
37. Stable manure is animal manure collected from stables.
38. Dead animals like dead dogs, cats, rats, pigs, and chickens that are killed by cars and
trucks on streets and public highways. They include small and large animals that died
from disease.
39. Street sweeping includes dust, manure, leaves, cigarette butts, waste papers and other
materials that are swept from streets.
40. Night soil is human waste normally wrapped and thrown into sidewalks and streets. This
also includes human waste from pail system of toilets.
41. Yard cuttings includes leaves, branches, grass and other
Sanitary Ways of Treating Garbage:
42. Segregation-separating biodegradable from non biodegradable
43. Collection-adherence to the proper collection time
Ways of Disposal
1. Household
○ Burial
► Deposited in 1m x 1m deep pits covered with
soil, located 25 m. away from water supply
○ Open burning
o Animal feeding
o Composting
o Grinding and disposal sewer
2. Community
○ Sanitary landfill or controlled tipping
► Excavation of soil deposition of refuse and compacting
with a solid cover of 2 feet
○ Incineration
Ecological Solid Waste Management: RA 9003- the use of incinerator approved in 2000
but was implemented in 2003 because of lack of funding to purchase
Hospital Waste Management
RA 4226-Hospital Licensure Act monitors the hospital license & proper management of
wastes as well as renewal of license to operate.
GOAL:
To prevent the risk of contraction contracting nosocomial infection from type disposal of
infectious, pathological and other wastes from hospital
COLOR CODING OF BIN TO KEEP WASTE:
Green : wet waste
Black : dry waste
Yellow: infectious/pathological waste like blood, sputum, urine, feces & gauze
Orange: toxic/hazardous waste