A

Micro Project Report On

Synchronous Motor
Course: - IAM (22523) Semester: - V

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

Department of
(Electrical Engineering)

Matoshri Aasarabai Polytechnic, Eklahare, Nashik

Academic Year: 2022-23

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 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
Matoshri Aasarabai Polytechnic, Eklahare, Nashik

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that following students of Fifth Semester, Diploma Engineering
Program in Electrical have successfully completed the Micro-Project" Synchronous
Motor .” under my supervision, in the partial fulfillment of Course IAM (22523) for
Academic Year 2022-23 as per prescribed in the MSBTE “ I-Scheme” curriculum.

Roll No Enrollment No. Exam Seat Name of Students

Number
33 2111700368 Kartik Ashok Bharsakare
37 2111700373 Sagar Bhaskar Jadhav
44 2111700385 Muktabai Shivaji Tanpure

Date :- Place :- Nashik.

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principal

(Prof.P.J.Shinde) (Prof.M.A.Gaidhani) (Dr.S.J.Bagul)

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 ANNEXURE I

Rubric for Evaluation of Micro Project of Industrial AC Machines (22523)

Title of Micro Project: - Synchronous Motor Group

Members:-5

Sr.No. Roll Enrollment Seat No. Name of Candidates

No. No
1 33 2111700368 Kartik Ashok Bharsakare
2 37 2111700373 Sagar Bhaskar Jadhav
3 44 2111700385 Muktabai Shivaji Tanpure

Marks Indicators for different level of Performance (Evaluation Scale 1 to 6)

Obtained
Sr Criteria
(Out of Poor (1-2) Average(3-4) Good(5-6)
No
6)
Relevance to Related to very few
1 Related to at least one CO Adressed at lease one CO
the course Los
Content of Not relevant and Relevant and sufficient for Relevant , sufficient for
2
project sufficient topic topic and well organized
Language of Grammatically Grammatically appropriate Grammatically appropriate
3
Project inappropriate but ineffective and effective
4 Completed and Completed within due date Completed and submitted
Completion
submitted after due but took slightly more time the complete project
of project
date. to submit complete project. within
specified due date.
5 Prepared an improper Prepared appropriate
Report Prepared the report with
report with format of the report with
Preparation unsatisfactory content satisfactory content
sufficient content details
Not included key Presented with the help
Included key points
6 Presentation points, missed details of power point,
but lacks considerable
and considerable Highlighted key points,
information
information accurate and
considerable information
Not referred more Referred at –least 5
7 Resources/ than two sources, Referred at-least 3 relevant relevant sources, 3
References very old reference sources, at least 2 latest most latest

Total:
Average
(Out of 6)

Name and Signature of Guide

Mr.P.J. Shinde

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 MATOSHRI AASARABAI POLYTECHNIC,EKLAHARE,NASHIK
Department of Electrical
Log Book for Micro- Project
Academic year:- 2022- 23 Semister :-Fifth
Course:- Industrial AC Machines Class:- 22523
Topic of the Micro-Project :- “Synchronous Motor”

Sr. No. Name of Group Members. Sign.

1 Kartik Ashok Bharsakare
2 Sagar Bhaskar Jadhav
3 Muktabai Shivaji Tanpure

Memb
Week Discussion & Details ers Teacher’s Comment Teacher’s
No. Presen
Sign.
t
Discussion on the concept of Micro project
1 with teacher
Finalization of Group and Project topic with
2 Project Proposal submission
Preliminary discussion with guide about
3 content of Micro project
Related Information Gathered by team about
4 project
5 Organizing the information for project work
Discussing project related queries with
6 teacher if any

7 Preparation of Micro project model or content

8 Finalizing the project work by teacher

9 Report writing

10 Presentation , Oral
11 Submission of project and Project report

Sign Of Faculty

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 ANNEXURE II
Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project
Academic Year:- 2022-23 Name of Faculty :-Ms.M.N.Bare
Course:- Industrial AC Machines. Course Code :- 25523
Semester:- Vth
Title of the Project :- “Synchronous Motor”
COs addressed by the Micro Project : -

a) Use the relevant three phase I.M. for different application. b ) Use the
relevant single phase I,M. in different application.

c) Use the relevant three phase alternator for different load condition.

d) Use suitable synchronous motors in different application.

e) use suitable fractional HP motors for different application.

Major Learning Outcomes achieved by students by doing the Projects :-

a) Practical Outcomes ……………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Unit Outcomes in Cognitive domain
……………………….……………………………………………………………………………
………….........................................................................................................................................
c) Outcomes in Affective Domain
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Comment /Suggestion about team work /Leadership/ Inter-personal communication (If any)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Marks out of 4 for

Marks out of 6
Roll performance in oral Total out
Student Name for performance / presentation
No. of 10
in group activity activity
33 Kartik A. Bharsakare
37 Sagar B. Jadhav
44 Muktabai S. Tanpure

Faculty sign
Mr.P.J.Shinde

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With deep sense of gratitude we would like to thanks all the people who have lit our path
with their kind guidance. We are very grateful to these intellectuals who did their best to
help during our project work.

It is our proud privilege to express deep sense of gratitude to, Dr. S. J. Bagul Principal
of Matoshri Aasarabai Polytechnic, Eklahare, Nashik, for his comments and kind
permission to complete this Micro Project.

We remain indebted to Prof. M.A.Gaidhani, Head Department of Electrical

Engineering E&Tc , Computer, Information Technology, Automobile Engineering, for
his suggestion and valuable guidance.

The special gratitude goes to our internal guide Mr. P. J. Shinde, technical staff
members, and non-technical staff members, Humanities & Science Department for their
expensive, excellent and precious guidance in completion of this work.

Name of Students:
1. Kartik Ashok Bharsakare
2. Sagar Bhaskar Jadhav
3. Muktabai Shivaji Tanpure

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 INDEX

No Title Page no.

1 Abstract 8

2 Introduction 9

3 Theoretical Background 11

4 Application 16

5 Conclusion 17

6 Reference 18

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 1. Abstract

This report gives a brief evaluation of the Synchronous Machine. It describes the
construction, operating principles and its applications in different operational modes: Motor,
Generator and Compensator. It emphasizes the need for the use of synchronous machines for
compensation purposes due to its namerous advantages in this regard in power system
networks.

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 2. Introduction

A synchronous electric motor is an AC electric motor in which, at steady state, the

rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation
period is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles. Synchronous motors contain
multiphase AC electromagnets on the statorof the motor that create a magnetic fieldwhich
rotates in time with the oscillations of the line current. The rotor with permanent magnets or
electromagnets turns in step with the stator field at the same rate and as a result, provides the
second synchronized rotating magnet field of any AC motor. A synchronous motor is termed
doubly fed if it is supplied with independently excited multiphase AC electromagnets on both
the rotor and stator.

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Types of synchronous Motors

1. Non-excited Motor.
2. Reluctance Motor.
3. Hysteresis Motor.
4. Permanent Magnet Motor.
5. DC Excited Motor.

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 3. Theoretical Background

1. Non Excited Motor

In non-excited motors, the rotor is made of steel. At synchronous speed it rotates in step
with the rotating magnetic field of the stator, so it has an almost-constant magnetic field
through it. The external stator field magnetizes the rotor, inducing the magnetic poles needed
to turn it. The rotor is made of a high-retentivity steel such as cobalt steel.

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2. Reluctance Motor.

These have a rotor consisting of a solid steel casting with projecting (salient) toothed
poles. Typically there are fewer rotor than stator poles to minimize torque ripple and to
prevent the poles from all aligning simultaneously—a position that cannot generate torque.
The size of the air gap in the magnetic circuit and thus the reluctance is minimum when the
poles are aligned with the (rotating) magnetic field of the stator, and increases with the angle
between them. This creates a torque pulling the rotor into alignment with the nearest pole of
the stator field. Thus at synchronous speed the rotor is "locked" to the rotating stator field.
This cannot start the motor, so the rotor poles usually have squirrel-cage windings embedded
in them, to provide torque below synchronous speed. The machine starts as an induction
motor until it approaches synchronous speed, when the rotor "pulls in" and locks to the
rotating stator field.
Reluctance motor designs have ratings that range from fractional horsepower (a few watts) to
about 22 kW. Very small reluctance motors have low torque, and are generally used for
instrumentation applications. Moderate torque, multi-horsepower motors use squirrel cage
construction with toothed rotors. When used with an adjustable frequency power supply, all
motors in the drive system can be controlled at exactly the same speed. The power supply
frequency determines motor operating speed.

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3. Hysteresis motors.

These have a solid smooth cylindrical rotor, cast of a high coercivity magnetically
"hard" cobalt steel. This material has a wide hysteresis loop (high coercivity), meaning once it
is magnetized in a given direction, it requires a large reverse magnetic field to reverse the
magnetization. The rotating stator field causes each small volume of the rotor to experience a
reversing magnetic field. Because of hysteresis the phase of the magnetization lags behind the
phase of the applied field. The result of this is that the axis of the magnetic field induced in the
rotor lags behind the axis of the stator field by a constant angle δ, producing a torque as the
rotor tries to "catch up" with the stator field. As long as the rotor is below synchronous speed,
each particle of the rotor experiences a reversing magnetic field at the "slip" frequency which
drives it around its hysteresis loop, causing the rotor field to lag and create torque. There is a
2- pole low reluctance bar structure in the rotor. As the rotor approaches synchronous speed
and slip goes to zero, this magnetizes and aligns with the stator field, causing the rotor to
"lock" to the rotating stator field.

A major advantage of the hysteresis motor is that since the lag angle δ is independent of
speed, it develops constant torque from startup to synchronous speed. Therefore, it is self-
starting and doesn't need an induction winding to start it, although many designs do have a
squirrel-cage conductive winding structure embedded in the rotor to provide extra torque at
start-up.
Hysteresis motors are manufactured in sub-fractional horsepower ratings, primarily as
servomotors and timing motors. More expensive than the reluctance type, hysteresis motors
are used where precise constant speed is required.

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4. Permanent-magnet motors.

A permanent-magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) uses permanent magnets embedded

in the steel rotor to create a constant magnetic field. The stator carries windings connected to
an AC supply to produce a rotating magnetic field (as in an asynchronous motor). At
synchronous speed the rotor poles lock to the rotating magnetic field. Permanent magnet
synchronous motors are similar to brushless DC motors. Neodymium magnets are the most
commonly used magnets in these motors. Although in the last few years, due to rapid
fluctuation in the prices of neodymium magnets, a lot of research has been looking at ferrite
magnetsas an alternative. Due to the inherent characteristics of the currently available ferrite
magnets, the design of the magnetic circuit of these machines needs to be able to concentrate
the magnetic flux, one of the most common strategies is the use of spoke type rotors.
Currently, the new machines that use ferrite magnets have lower power density and torque
density, when compared with machines that use neodymium magnets.

Permanent magnet motors have been used as gearless elevator motors since 2000. Most
PMSMs require a variable-frequency drive to start. However, some incorporate a squirrel cage
in the rotor for starting—these are known as line-start or self-starting PMSMs. These are
typically used as higher-efficiency replacements for induction motors (owing to the lack of
slip), but need to be specified carefully for the application to ensure that synchronous speed is
reached and that the system can withstand the torque ripple during starting.

Permanent magnet synchronous motors are mainly controlled using direct torque
control and field oriented control.However, these methods suffer from relatively high torque
and stator flux ripples.Predictive control and neural network controllers are recently
developed to cope with these issues.

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5. DC-excited motors

The exciter is clearly seen at the rear of the machine.Usually made in larger sizes
(larger than about 1 horsepower or 1 kilowatt) these motors require direct current (DC)
supplied to the rotor for excitation. This is most straightforwardly supplied through slip rings,
but a brushless AC induction and rectifier arrangement may also be used. The direct current
may be supplied from a separate DC source or from a DC generator directly connected to the
motor shaft.

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 4. Application

Synchronous motors are usually used in large sizes because in small sizes they are costlier
as compared with induction machines. The principal advantages of using synchronous
machine are as follows:

• Power factor of synchronous machine can be controlled very easily by controlling the
field current.

• It has very high operating efficiency and constant speed.

• For operating speed less than about 500 rpm and for high-power requirements (above
600KW) synchronous motor is cheaper than induction motor.

In view of these advantages, synchronous motors are preferred for driving the loads requiring
high power at low speed; e.g; reciprocating pumps and compressor, crushers, rolling mills,
pulp grinders etc.

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 5. Conclusion

In high-horsepower industrial sizes, the synchronous motor provides two important

functions. First, it is a highly efficient means of converting AC energy to work. Second, it can
operate at leading or unity power factor and thereby provide power-factor correction.

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Reference

https://www.slideshare.net/karmbirsaini/synchrono-project report
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_motorWikipedia.
.

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