MORPHOLOGY - Lecture 6 - Word Formation Process - Week 7

WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
8 kinds of word formation process
1. Derivation: the addition of a derivational affix

- Are either prefix or suffix
EX:
- A phonological change: reduce -> reduction; clear -> clarity

- An orthographic change to the root: pity -> pitiful, deny -> denial
- A semantic change, which maybe fairly complex: event -> eventual, post -> postage
- A change in word class: rich -> enrich
- Lexical rules
EX: mis- +align (v) + -ment -> misalignment (n)
Image (n) + -ine + -ary -> imaginary (a)
a. Prefixes
- Most prefixes: change only the meaning of the root, not its class
- Only 3 prefixes can change the part of speech of the root: a-, be-, en-
- Prefixes fall into a number of semantic classes in English, depending on the meaning they
contribute to the roots
- Some may fit into more than one category
- May attach to more than one part of speech
b. Suffixes
 Suffixes:
- Change the meaning
- Change the word class
2. Reduplication: the process in which the initial syllable of the entire word is doubled, exactly or
with a slight phonological change
 3 kinds of redup:
- Exact redup: papa, goody-goody, so-so
- Ablaut redup – the vowel alternates while the consonants are identical: flip-flop, zig-zag
- Rhyme redup – the consonants change while the vowel remains the same: roly-holy, helter-
skelter
3. Conversion/ Function shift: the conversion of 1 part of speech to another without the addition
of a suffix
Or a zero derivational suffix is added
 Concrete change is in stress
- Kinds of function shift:
 Clues:
- Semantics or morphological modification
- The regularity of…
- …. Change in the case of conversion of phrasal V to N and Adj
 Commonization: a proper noun is converted into a common word
- With class change:
+ N: cashmere, V: canter
+ adj: frank
- With a … -> dif part of speech
4, Compounding: the combination of 2 or more free roots (plus associated affixes)
- Common English compounds: bookcase, fingerprint,…
Compound Phrase
 Consists of 1 free root
 May be semantically opaque
…Single word …Distinct words
Externally modified Internally
EX: manhole -> manholes
Not menhole
External mobility can move into a sentence as a
whole
Carries only one primary stress
 The …sum of the meaning…
- Homeland:
 The syntax of compounds is even more complex
- The word class is determined by the head of the compound (rightmost): được quyết định bởi từ
ở bên phải ngoài cùng
VD: homesick -> SICK; wallpaper -> PAPER
- The primary stress is carried by the leftmost
*Converted compounds are exceptions
EX: Compound nouns and verbs
Compound nouns: - Airplane; crybaby; software; afternoon
Compound verbs: - babysit; overcook; double-book
Outbreak (convert V)
EXERCISE 1
1. (to) better: conversion,

2. Coffee mug: compounding
3. Walkie-talkie: reduplication
4. Kneenlex: combinization – truong hop dac biet cua conversion (day la ten cua mot hang giay an;
noi tieng den noi ai thay giay an cung goi la Kneenlex -> thanh mot tu rieng)
5. Vaccinate: Derivation
6. Tick-tock: redupli
7. Autobiography: derivation
8. Long-term: compounding
5. BLENDING
* Blending is …beginning…end
EX: - gasso(line) + (alco)hol -> gasohol
 Sometimes one or other morphemes is left intact
EX: sky + (hi)jacker -> skyjacker

Docu(mentary) + drama -> docudrama
In these cases, - jacker, docu- can be analyzed as new derivational affixes
6. BACK FORMATION
- a word ….is reduced..backformation
- back formation is opposite of derivation
EX: - emotion -> emote
Tu babysitter cos truoc, nhung ng ta co nhu cau dung no nhu dong tu nen rut no thanh babysit
7. SHORTENING
* is the deletion of sound segments…
* 3 types
- clipped forms
- acronyms
- initialism
* Clipping …dropping part of…either the end or the beginning,…
EX: mitten -> mitt
Refrigerator -> fridge
Microphone -> mike
Hamburger -> burger
 Acronym: the initial letters … are pronounced as a word

 Initialism: the letters…pronounced as letters
8. ROOT CREATION
 The invention of an entirely new root morpheme
EX: brand names (coca-cola, pepsi..)
- Onomatopoeic words: their pronunciation are imitative of animal sounds or natural sounds
EX: oink, neigh, moo, hiccup
- Literary coinages: của Shakespeare có thể là tự sáng tạo hoặc là ng đầu tiên sử dụng nó trg văn
học

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WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

8 kinds of word formation process

1. Derivation: the addition of a derivational affix

- A phonological change: reduce -> reduction; clear -> clarity

EX: mis- +align (v) + -ment -> misalignment (n)

Image (n) + -ine + -ary -> imaginary (a)

4, Compounding: the combination of 2 or more free roots (plus associated affixes)

- Common English compounds: bookcase, fingerprint,…

VD: homesick -> SICK; wallpaper -> PAPER

- The primary stress is carried by the leftmost

*Converted compounds are exceptions

EX: Compound nouns and verbs

Compound nouns: - Airplane; crybaby; software; afternoon

Compound verbs: - babysit; overcook; double-book

1. (to) better: conversion,

EX: - gasso(line) + (alco)hol -> gasohol

 Sometimes one or other morphemes is left intact

EX: sky + (hi)jacker -> skyjacker

In these cases, - jacker, docu- can be analyzed as new derivational affixes

- a word ….is reduced..backformation

- back formation is opposite of derivation

EX: - emotion -> emote

* is the deletion of sound segments…

* Clipping …dropping part of…either the end or the beginning,…

EX: mitten -> mitt

Refrigerator -> fridge

Microphone -> mike

Hamburger -> burger

 Acronym: the initial letters … are pronounced as a word

EX: brand names (coca-cola, pepsi..)

EX: oink, neigh, moo, hiccup

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