INTRODUCTION

TO CRIMINOLOGY

Mr. Renel P Cruz

 TOS FOR INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the following
sub-topics:

1. Describe, explain and use the basic theories of classical and positivist in
explaining the etiology of crime, criminal behavior, deviant behavior, and
human behavior.

2. Interpret and differentiate the fundamental concepts of law, crime,

criminology, criminal justice, deviance, and delinquency.

3. Distinguish typologies of crimes, delinquents, and criminal offenders.

4. Understand and introduce innovation on the concepts of punishment,

sentencing, and rehabilitation; allied discipline/fields of criminology.
5. Learn and explicate The Philippine Criminology Profession and career paths
versus criminologists in other countries.
Origin of the word “Criminology”

➢ Etymologically, the term criminology came from the

Latin word “crimen” meaning “crime” and Greek
word “Logos” which means “to study”.

➢ In 1885, Rafael Garofalo, an Italian Law Professor

coined the term criminologia.

➢ In 1887, Paul Topinard, French Anthropologist, used

the term criminology in French criminologie for the
first time
CRIMINOLOGY
According to Edwin H.
Sutherland, “criminology is the
entire body of knowledge regarding
crime as a social phenomenon. It
includes within its scope the
process of making of laws, of
breaking of laws, and the society’s
reaction towards the breaking of
laws.”
 Criminologyis a body of knowledge regarding
crimes, criminals and the efforts of society to
prevent and repress them.

 The scientific study of the causes of crime in

relation to man and society who set and define
rules and regulations for himself and others to
govern
RA 11131
 Criminology, is refers to the
scientific study of crimes, criminals
and victims, it also deals with the
prevention, and solution of crimes
Criminologist (R.A. 6506)

Any person who is a

graduate of the Degree of
Criminology, who has passed
the examination for
criminologists and is
registered as such by the
Board of Examiners of the
Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC).
 According to RA 11313

 Registered Criminologist , refers

to a natural person who holds a valid
certificate of registration and an
updated professional identification
card as criminologist issued by the
board an the commission.
Principal Divisions of Criminology

1. Etiology of Crimes – the scientific analysis

of the causes of crimes and the criminal
behavior.
2. Sociology of Law – refers to the
investigation of the nature of criminal law
and its administration
3. Penology – the study of the control of
crimes and the rehabilitation of offender
Can we consider criminology a science?

According to George Wilker, criminology

cannot become a science because it has
not yet acquired universal validity. Edwin
H. Sutherland, the Dean of Modern
Criminology, hoped that it will become a
science in the future since the causes of
crimes are almost the same which may be
biological, environmental or combination
of the two.
Nature of Criminology

1. It is applied science because criminology as

a body of knowledge has already
established universally accepted principles
and concepts and these are used by other
field of study. (INSTRUMENTATION)

2. It is a social science because it studies

crime as a social phenomenon. Crime is a
social problem which has a great impact to
society.
3. It is dynamic because the concepts of
criminology and their applications adapt to the
changing time.

4. It is nationalistic because the study of

criminology takes into consideration the
history, the culture and the social norms and
the laws of the country. Each country has its
own set of laws and crimes are defined by the
laws of the country.
 Scope in the Study of Criminology

1. Study of the origin and development of criminal

law
2. Study of the causes of crimes and development of
criminals
3. Study of the other sciences that examine criminal
behavior using scientific methods such as:
Criminal Demography – the study of the
relationship between criminality and population
Criminal Epidiomology – the study of the
relationship between environment and criminality
 Criminal Ecology – the study of
criminality in relation to the spatial distribution in
a community
Criminal Physical Anthropology – the
study of criminality in relation to physical
constitution of men
Criminal Psychology – the study of
human behavior in relation to criminality
Criminal Psychiatry – the study of human
mind in relation to criminality
Victimology – the study of the role of the
victim in the commission of a crime
 CRIMES AND CRIMINALS

CRIME

– Refers to an act committed or omitted in

violation of public law (Phil. Law
Dictionary).

- It also refers to an act committed or

omitted in violation of a public law
forbidding or commanding it (Reyes 2006).
Felony
➢ Any act or omission punishable by RPC.
➢ Felonies are committed not only by means of
deceit (dolo) but also by means of fault
(culpa).
Requites of Dolo or Malice
1. Freedom
2. Intelligence
3. Intent
Felonies committed by means of Fault or Culpa
1. Freedom
2. Intelligence
3. Imprudence (Lack of Skill) and Negligence
(lack of foresight)
TRIANGLE OF CRIME/ ELEMENTS OF CRIME

1. The element of desire

refers to the wanting of the
person to commit a crime.

2. The element of capability

refers to the ability or the
means of offender to commit
the crime.

3. The element of
opportunity refers to the
physical possibility for crime
to be committed.
The development of crime passes through
certain stages from the moment an individual
conceives an idea of committing a crime up
to the realization of the same. The stages
are:
1. Internal Acts – mere ideas in the mind of a
person.
2. External Acts – covers the following:
a. Preparatory acts
b. Acts of execution
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS:
1. According to law violated
a. Felony – an act or omission punishable by law
which is committed by means of dolo (deceit) or
culpa (fault)and punishable under the Revised
Penal Code

b. Offense – an act or omission in violation of a

special law

c. Infraction – an act or omission in violation of a

city or municipal ordinance
2. According to the nature of the act:

a. Crimes Mala In Se – Are acts that

are inherently evil. Examples are murder,
robbery, etc.

b. Crimes Mala Prohibita – Are acts

which are prohibited only because there are
laws forbidding such acts. Examples are
Illegal Possession of firearms, Traffic
Violations, etc.
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIME

1. According to the result of the crime:

a. Acquisitive Crime – if the offender

acquired or gained something by committing
the crime. Examples are robbery, estafa,
bribery, etc.

b. Destructive Crime – if the crime resulted in

destruction, damage or even death. Examples
are arson, murder and homicide, damage to
property, etc.
2. According to the time or period of
commission:

a. Seasonal Crimes – Are crimes that

happen only during a particular season or
period of the year. Examples are violation of
election law, tax law violations, etc.

b. Situational Crimes – Are crimes

committed when the situation is conducive
to the commission of the crime and there is
an opportunity to commit it. Examples are
pickpocketing, theft, etc.
3. According to the length of time of the
commission:

a. Instant Crimes – Are those crimes that

can be committed in a very short time.
Example: theft

b. Episoidal Crimes – Are crimes

committed through series of acts or
episodes and in much longer time. Example:
serious illegal detention
4. According to place or location:

a. Static Crimes – Are committed

only in one place. examples are theft and
robbery

b. Continuing Crimes – Are crimes

that take place in more than one place or
several places. examples: abduction,
kidnapping, etc.
5. According to the use of mental faculties:

a. Rational Crimes – When the offender

is capable of knowing what he is doing and
understanding the consequences of his
actions.

b. Irrational Crimes – When the

offender suffers from any form of mental
disorders, insanity or abnormality. Thus, the
offender doesn’t know what he is doing.
6. According to the type of offender:

a. White Collar Crimes – Crimes

committed by those persons belonging to the
upper socio-economic status or in the course
of his occupational activities.

b. Blue Collar Crimes – Are those

crimes committed by ordinary criminals as a
means of livelihood.
CRIMINAL

❑ in the legal sense, a criminal is any person

who has been found to have committed a
wrongful act in the course of the standard
judicial process; there must be a final verdict
of his guilt .

❑ in the criminological sense, a person is

already considered a criminal the moment he
committed a crime .
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINALS

According to etiology

a. Acute criminal – is a person who committed

crime as a result of reacting to a situation or
during a moment of anger or burst of feeling.

b. Chronic criminal – is one who committed a

crime with intent or deliberated thinking.
1. Neurotic Criminal – Is one who has
mental disorder.

2. Normal Criminal – A person who commits

crimes because he looks up to, idolizes
people who are criminals.
2. According to the type of offender:

a. Ordinary Criminal – A criminal who

engages in crimes which do not require
specialized or technical skill .

b. Organized Criminal – Is one who

possesses some skills and know-how which
enable him to commit crimes and evade
detection.
 c. Professional Criminal – A
highly skilled criminal which are engaged
in large scale criminal activities and
usually operate in groups.

d. Associational Criminal – those

persons who get involved in a criminal act
as a result of being associated with people
who have the same criminal patterns as
them.
 3. According to criminal activities:

a. Professional Criminal – A criminal who

earns his living through criminal activities.

b. Situational Criminal – A person who

got involved in criminal act because the situation
presented itself.

c. Habitual Criminal – One who

repeatedly commits criminal act for different
reasons.

d. Accidental Criminal – A person who

accidentally violated the law due to some
circumstances.
 Three ways in which a person may be led
into criminal activities (Abrahamsem, 1960)

1 When anti-social inclinations are exposed to criminal

influences and are further stimulates by the impact
of a precipitating event.
2 When there is a strong unconscious desire of
punishment, owing to unconscious, deep-rooted
guilt feelings, developed through past experiences.
3 A person who feels emotionally weak and insecure
may develop a defensive, aggressive emotional
attitude as a cover-up.

Expressing this aggression through protest and

rebelliousness may lead him to commit antisocial or
even criminal acts.
Three factors must be considered in explaining
the birth of criminal behavior

1. Criminal Tendencies (T)

2. Total Situation (S)
3. Persons’ mental and emotional resistance to
temptation (R)

This law can be put into formula:

C = T+S
R
 Historical Overview of Punishment

A) PREHISTORIC CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

Primitive Tribes

-Punishment may be in the form of ostracism

(banishment)and expulsion.
- Adultery may be punished by the aggrieved
husband who may kill the adulterer and his own
offending wife.
- Crime may be avenged by the victim himself or
by the victim’s family.
 B) THE EARLY CODES

1) CODE OF HAMMURABI

- Hammurabi, the king of Babylon during the

eighteenth century BC, is recognized as the
first codifier of laws.

- it provides the first comprehensive view of the

laws in the early days.

- the Code was carved in stone.

2) THE HITTITES

- the Hittites existed about two centuries after

Hammurabi and eventually conquered
Babylon

3) CODE OF DRAKON

- knows as the “ultimate in severity”

- codified by Drakon, the Athenian lawgiver of
the seventh century BC
4. LAWS OF SOLON

- Solon was appointed archon and was given

legislative powers

- Solon repealed all the laws of the Code of

Drakon, except the law on homicide

- Solon was one of the first to see that a

lawgiver had to make laws that applied
equally to all citizens and also saw that the
law of punishment had to maintain
proportionality to the crimes committed
5. ROME’S TWELVE TABLES

- Roman law began with the Twelve Tables

which were written in the middle of the sixth
century BC

- the Twelve Tables were the foundation of all

laws in Rome and written in tablets of bronze

- the Twelve Tables were drafted by the

Decemvirs, a body of men composed of
patricians
Other types of punishment recorded in history

1. Banishment – Offender
was forced to leave.

2. Beheading – cutting of the

head

3. Birching
– beating a
person across the
backside with twigs
4. Boiling Alive – prisoners are
boiled alive

5. Branding - use of red-hot irons

6. Breaking on the Wheel – person

was tied to a wheel

7. Burning – a penalty for heresy

8. Crank – Hard and monotonouos work.
They had to turn the handle of a thousand
times before they could eat.

9. Crucifixion – prisoners are crucified.

10. Drowning – cowards drowned in fens

under piles of sticks.

11. Electric Chair – prisoners are

electrocuted

12. Fines – forced prisoners to pay money.

13. Firing Squad – prisoners were subjected
to firing.

14. Flogging – use for minor crimes in

England

15. Garroting – a form of strangulation often

carried out using a metal collar attached to
a post.

16. Hanging – criminal stood on a ladder and

a ladder would be pulled away.

17. Hard Labor – prisoners are subjected to

a hard physical work
18. Prison – prisoners are confined in
cell

19. Stoning – crowed threw stones at

the condemned person

20. Transportation – prisoners where

transported to the colonies
Punishment
➢ An act that intentionally inflicts pain
on another person.

➢ Punishment must arise through a

person’s illegal wrongdoing, it must
be painful to the offender, and it
must be imposed only by government
officials who have been given the
power to punish.
Goals of Punishment
1. Retribution – criminals deserve to be punished
2. Deterrence – aims to prevent future criminal
behavior
3. Incapacitation – combination of both retribution and
deterrence
4. Rehabilitation – to make positive change in the
offender
5. Reintegration – re-establishing ties with the
community is an essential ingredient to totally
rehabilitate the ex-offender.
6. Restoration – to make offender and the victim whole
again by imposing fines, restitution, and community
service.
Justification of Punishment

1. Deterrence – Offender prevented from repeating

the crime once retribution was experienced.
(General and Specific Deterrence)
2. Reformation – reformed the offenders so that they
can be prepared to live a normal and productive
life.
3. Restoration – victim-oriented approach to crime
that emphasizes restitution (compensation) for
victims.
4. Retribution – making an offender accountable for
the offense committed.
Causes of Crime
 Causes of crime can be explained in various
perspective

1. Psychological Explanation – crime are based on the

mind and its mental process.
2. Sociological Explanations – based on the assumption
that a criminal activity can be produced or
stimulated by a person’s environment, the
interaction of an individual with other individuals,
and groups with whom a person associates.
3. Integration of Theories – inherited traits of an
individual, combined with environmental
surroundings, produce someone who is susceptible to
criminal behavior
 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN
CRIMINOLOGY

School of Thought – refers to a group of

beliefs or ideas that support a specific
theory.

Theory – set of statements devised to explain

behavior, events or phenomenon, especially
one that has been repeatedly tested and
widely accepted.
 DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY - asserts that a
person commits wrongful acts due to the fact
that he was possessed by demons.

CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

The classical school of criminology grew
out of a reaction against the barbaric system
of law, punishment and justice that existed.
There was no real system of criminal justice
in Europe at that time. Some crimes were
specified, some were not. Judges had
discretionary power to convict a person for
an act not even legally defined as criminal.
 This school of thought is based on the
assumption that individuals choose to commit
crimes after weighing the consequences of
their actions. According to classical
criminologists, individuals have free will.
They can choose legal or illegal means to get
what they want, fear of punishment can deter
them from committing crime and society can
control behavior by making the pain of
punishment greater than the pleasure of the
criminal gains.

This theory, however, does not give any

distinction between an adult and a minor or a
mentally-handicapped in as far as free will is
concerned. Founders of classical school of
criminology are Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy
Bentham.
Cesare Beccaria (Cesare Bonesana Marchese
di Beccaria) (1738-1794)

best known for his essay, “On Crimes and

Punishment” which presented key ideas on
the abolition of torture as legitimate means of
extracting confession.
His book contains almost all modern penal
reforms but its greatest contribution was the
foundation it laid for subsequent changes in
criminal legislation
his book was influential in the reforms of
penal code in France, Russia, Prussia and it
influenced the first ten amendments to the US
Constitution
Cesare Beccaria (Cesare Bonesana
Marchese di Beccaria) (1738-1794)
Beccaria believed that:

a. people want to achieve pleasure and avoid

pain.

b. Crime provides some pleasure to the criminal.

c. To deter crime, he believed that one must

administer pain in an appropriate amount to
counterbalance the pleasure obtain from crime.
d. Famous in sayings “ Let the punishment fit
the crime”
 HIGHLIGHTS OF CESARE BECCARIA’S
IDEAS REGARDING CRIMES AND THE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

1. In forming a human society, men and women

sacrifice a portion of their liberty so as to enjoy
peace and security.
2. Punishments that go beyond the need of
preserving the public safety are in their nature
unjust.
3. Criminal laws must be clear and certain.
Judges must make uniform judgments in
similar crimes.
4. The law must specify the degree of evidence
that will justify the detention of an accused
offender prior to his trial.

5. Accusations must be public. False accusations

should be severely punished.

6. To torture accused offenders to obtain a

confession is inadmissible.

7. The promptitude of punishment is one of the

most effective curbs on crime.
8. The aim of punishment can only be to
prevent the criminal from committing new
crimes against his countrymen, and to keep
others from doing likewise. Punishments,
therefore, and the method of inflicting them,
should be chosen in due proportion to the
crime, so as to make the most lasting
impression on the minds of men…
9. Capital punishment is inefficacious and its
place should be substituted life
imprisonment.
10. It is better to prevent crimes than to punish
them. That is the chief purpose of all good
legislation.
Jeremy Bentham
(1748-1832)
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

❑ his contribution to classical school of

criminology is the concept of utilitarianism
and the felicific calculus.

❑ proposed “Utilitarian - Hedonism” which

explains that person always acts in such a
way to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
❑ founded the concept of UTILITARIANISM –
assumes that all our actions are calculated in
accordance with their likelihood of bringing
pleasure and pain
❑ devised the pseudo-mathematical formula called
“felicific calculus” which states that individuals
are human calculators who put all the factors
into an equation in order to decide whether a
particular crime is worth committing or not
❑ he reasoned that in order to deter individuals
from committing crimes, the punishment, or
pain, must be greater than the satisfaction, or
pleasure, he would gain from committing the
crime
Utilitarianism

➢ is a philosophy which argues that what is right is

the one that would cause the greatest good for the
greatest number of people.
➢ others refer to it as the greatest happiness principle
or the principle of utility.
➢ from this principle, Bentham formulated the “felicific
calculus”.
Hedonism
 A doctrine whose central idea is that pleasure is the
main goal of life
 Felicific Calculus or the pleasure-and-
pain principle
❑ is a theory that proposes that individuals
calculate the consequences of his actions by
weighing the pleasure (gain) and the pain
(suffering) he would derive from doing the
action.
3. NEOCLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY

This theory modified the doctrine of free will

by stating that free will of men may be
affected by other factors and crime is
committed due to some compelling reasons
that prevail. These causes are pathology,
incompetence, insanity or any condition that
will make it impossible for the individual to
exercise free will entirely. In the study of
legal provisions, this is termed as either
mitigating or exempting circumstances.
 POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

The term “positivism”, refers to a method of

analysis based on the collection of
observable scientific facts.

Positivists believe that causes of behavior

can be measured and observed.
 It demands for facts and scientific proof,
thus, changing the study of crimes and
criminals into scientific approach.

Positivist theorists were the first to claim the

importance of looking at individual difference
among criminals. These theorists who
concentrated on the individual structures of
a person, stated that people are passive and
controlled, whose behaviors are imposed
upon them by biological and environmental
factors.
Determinism
➢ It means that events have causes that
preceded them.

Positivism
➢ The branch of social science that uses the
scientific method of the natural sciences
and suggest that human behavior is a
product of social, biological, psychological,
or economic forces that can be empirically
measured.
August Comte

❑ was a French philosopher and

sociologist and is believed to be
the one who reinvented the
French term sociologie.

❑ he was recognized as the

“Father of Sociology and
Positivism”.
 THE (UN) HOLY THREE (3) OF CRIMINOLOGY

1. Cesare Lombroso

2. Enricco Ferri

3. Raffaelle Garofalo
Cesare Lombroso

❑ recognized as the “Father of Modern and

Empirical Criminology” due to his
application of modern scientific methods to
trace criminal behavior, however, most of his
ideas are now discredited
❑ - known for the concept of atavistic stigmata
(the physical features of creatures at an
earlier stage of development).
Cesare Lombroso
❑ He claimed that criminals are distinguishable
from non-criminals due to the presence of
atavistic stigmata and crimes committed by
those who are born with certain recognizable
heredity traits.
❑ According to his theory, criminals are usually
in possession of huge jaws and strong
canine teeth, the arm span of criminals is
often greater than their height, just like that
of apes who use their forearms to push
themselves along the ground.
❑ Other physical stigmata include deviation in
head size and shape, asymmetry of the face,
excessive dimensions of the jaw and
cheekbones, eye defects and peculiarities,
ears of unusual size, nose twisted, upturned
or flattened in thieves, or aquiline or beaklike
in murderers, fleshy lips, swollen and
protruding, and pouches in the cheek like
those of animal’s toes.

❑ Lombroso’s work supported the idea that

the criminal was a biologically and physically
inferior person.
 according to him, there are three
(3) classes of criminals:

1. Born criminals – individuals with at least

five (5) atavistic stigmata
2. Insane criminals – those who became
criminals because of some brain defect
which affected their ability to understand
and differentiate what is right from what is
wrong.
3. Criminaloid - those with makeup of an
ambiguous group that includes:
3.1. Habitual Criminal
➢ Those who became criminals by contact with other
criminals , the abuse of alcohol, and other
distressing circumstances.

3.2. Juridical Criminals

➢ Those who falls in conflict with the law by
accident.

3.3. Criminal by Passion

➢ Those who are hot-tempered and impulsive person
who commit violent acts when provoked
Enrico Ferri

➢ He focused his study on the influences of

psychological factors and sociological factors
such as economics, on crimes.

➢ He believed that criminals could not be held

morally responsible because they did not
choose to commit crimes, but rather were driven
to commit crimes by conditions in their lives.

➢ Most of common characteristics of criminals

were moral insensibility combined with low
intelligence.
Enricco Ferri
Raffaelle Garofallo
➢ He treated the roots of the criminals’
behavior not to physical features but to their
psychology equivalent, which he referred to
as moral anomalies.

➢ He rejected the doctrine of freewill.

Types of Criminals by Garofalo

1. Extreme Criminal – commit violent acts who

shows a lack of pity.
2. Impulsive Criminal – alcoholics and insane
3. Professional Criminal – normal individuals
who choose to commit crime and require
elimination by life imprisonment or
transportation to a penal colony.
4. Endemic Criminal – commit crimes peculiar
to a given region and malaprohibita crimes
or acts that are prohibited by law.
Raffaelle Garofallo
Salient Features of RA 11131

“The Philippine Criminology

Profession Act of 2018”
RA 11131
➢ An Act Regulating the Practice of
Criminology Profession in the Philippines,
and Appropriating Funds therefor,
Repealing for the Purpose Republic Act
No 6506, Otherwise Known as “An Act
Creating the Board of Examiners for
Criminologists in the Philippines”
➢ This Act shall be known as “The
Philippine Criminology Profession Act of
2018”
Important Terms

APO – Accredited Professional Organization of

criminologists, that the Professional Regulatory
Board of Criminology created hereunder and
hereafter referred to as the Board.

Note:
PCAP - Integrated Association of Criminologists
- Professional Criminologists Association of the
Philippines
Board – refers to the Professional Regulatory
Board for Criminologists created
hereunder.

Criminology – refers to the scientific study of

crimes, criminals and victims, it also deals
with the prevention, and solution of
crimes.
Profession – refers to the art and science in
the practice of criminology.
Registered Criminologist
- Refers to a natural person who holds
a valid certificate of registration
and an updated professional
identification card as criminologist
issued by the Board and the
Commission pursuant to this act.
Scope of Practice (Section 5)
➢ PNP  Sea and Air
➢ NBI Marshalls

➢ PDEA  VIP Security

➢ BFP  Airport and Seaport

Police
➢ BJMP
 NICA
➢ BUCOR
 AFP
➢ PPA
 Intelligence Service
➢ BoC or Agencies of the
➢ BSP Government
 PPC – Phil Postal
Corporation
 Professor or Instructor in any university
or college
 Technician, Forensic Examiner
 Correctional administrator
 Counselor, consultant, adviser or
researcher in any government or private
agency on any aspects of criminological
research.
 Private Investigator
 Creation and Composition of
Regulatory Board for Criminology

 The Board shall composed of a

Chairperson and four members.
 All of them are appointed by the
President of the Philippines from a list
of 3 recommendees for each position,
chosen and ranked by the Commission
from a list of 3 nominees for every
position endorsed by the APO.
 Term of Office of the Board

 The chairperson and the members shall hold

office for a term of 3 years from the date of
appointment or until their successors shall have
been qualified and appointed.
 Provided that the holding of such position shall
not be more than 2 terms nor more than six
years, which ever is longer.
Powers, Functions, Duties and Responsibilities of the Board.
➢ The Board shall exercise executive, administrative, rule
making and quasi judicial powers in carrying out the
provisions of this Act.
➢ To administer, supervise, and monitor the conduct of the
licensure examination, registration, registration,
membership in the APO and the practice of Criminology in
accordance of the provision of this Act.
➢ To receive complaints and decide the matter as to the
malpractices and unethical conduct in the practice of the
criminology profession.
➢ To promulgate and issue rules and regulations implementing
the provision of this Act.
➢ To promulgate and adopt Code of Ethics and Code of Good
Governance for the practice of Criminology
➢ To adopt an Official Seal of the Board
 To prescribe and promulgate guidelines on the conduct of a
CPD program for criminologists in consultation with the APO.
 To promulgate, adopt or amend the syllabi and tables of
specifications of the subjects for the licensure
examination/s in consultation with the APO, the Academe,
and the CHED Technical Panel for Criminology.
 Prepare questions for the licensure examination which shall
strictly be within the scope of the syllabi of the subjects for
examination
 To issue, suspend, revoke, reinstate the certificate of
registration of the registered criminologist, or cancel
temporary or special permit granted to foreign criminologist.
 To disqualify applicants for the licensure examination for
criminologist
 Qualification of Applicants for CLE

 Mustbe a citizen of the Philippines or a

Foreign Citizen whose country or state
has reciprocity with the Philippines in the
practice of criminology.
 Must be a good moral character, good
reputation and of sound mind and body
certified by the school where he/she graduated
and the barangay where he/she lives, unless be
the examinee is foreign national a certification
from any professional of good standing will do.

 Must hold a Bachelors’ degree in Criminology

duly accredited by the CHED

 Must not have been convicted of an offense

involving moral turpitude by a court of a
competence jurisdiction.
 Those who failed five (5) times whether
consecutive or cumulative in the criminologist
in the criminologist licensure examination,
must present a certification issued by a
reputable institution duly recognized by the
CHED that such applicant has satisfactorily
completed a refresher course in criminology.
 Subjects for Licensure Examination

 Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure - 20%

 Crime Detection and Investigation – 20%

 Criminology – 20%

 Law Enforcement Administration – 15%

 Criminalistics – 15%

 Correctional Administration – 10%

 To pass the licensure examination for
criminologist, a candidate must obtain a
weighted average rating of seventy five percent
(75%) with no grade less than 60% in any given
subject
 In case the examinee obtains a weighted
average rating of seventy-five percent (75%)
but, has a grade below sixty percent (60%) in
any of the subjects, the result of the examinee
shall be deferred, and be required to take that
particular subject/s.
 The deferred examinee shall only be allowed to
retake once within two (2) years from the date
of the examination. and shall be required to
obtain a grade not lower than eighty percent
(80%) on the subject, to be considered to have
passed the licensure examination.
 If the examinee failed to retake after the lapse
of two (2) years or failed to get the passing
mark of eighty percent (80%), the examinee
shall retake all the board subjects.
 Any examinee who failed three (3) or more
board subjects shall be deemed to have failed
the board examination.
 OATH

 All successful candidates of the licensure

examination shall take their oath of profession
in person before the Board or any of its
members, and with the APO in an oath-taking
ceremony held for such purpose.
Privileges of Registered Criminologists

 All registered criminologists shall be exempt

from taking any entrance or qualifying
government or civil service examinations and
shall be considered civil service eligible to the
following government positions among others:
➢ Dactylographer Officer
➢ Ballistician ➢ Special Police Officer
➢ Questioned Document Examiner ➢ Safekeeping Officer
➢ Forensic Photographer ➢ Sheriff
➢ Polygraph Examiner ➢ Security Officer
➢ Probation Officer ➢ Criminal Investigator
➢ Parole Officer ➢ Warden
➢ Special Investigator ➢ Reformation Officer
➢ Special Agent ➢ Firefighter
➢ Investigative Agent  Fire Marshall
➢ Intelligence Agent  Jail Officer up to the rank of
Jail Superintendent
➢ Law Enforcement Evaluation
Officer  Police Officer up to the rank of
Police Superintendent
➢ NAPOLCOM Inspector
 Other law enforcement
➢ Traffic Operation Officer
agencies, and agencies under
➢ Associate Graft Investigation the criminal justice system
 Preference of Appointment in Government
Criminal Justice and Other Government
Institutions
 Registered Criminologists shall enjoy priority of appointment and
shall not be required to take any qualifying or entrance
examinations in the:
o PNP
o NBI
o BJMP
o BFP
o LTO
o Other government positions related to criminology, police and law
enforcement work, investigations and security, corrections and
public safety of the following bureaus, departments, institutions or
agencies of the government:
o DOJ o DOTr
o CHR o Air Transportation Office
o PPA o CAAP
o COMELEC o BSP
o BoT (Bureau of Treasury) o BIR
o PAGCOR o CHED
o DENR o City/Municipal Security
o DOT Office

o DTI o Provincial Jail

o AFP o Provincial Security Office

o BI o MMDA

o BoC
o Supreme Court and Lower Courts
o Security Consultation
o SSS
o NAPOLCOM
o ARMM
o OMB
o Intellectual Property Rights Office
o PDEA
o PAO
o PPC
o Government-owned and controlled corporations and
other government agencies with positions involving the
practice of criminology
Lateral Entry
 Registered Criminologists who are in their
respective agencies and not in the government
service shall be eligible and given preference
for appointment via lateral entry as police, fire
and jail inspectors or its equivalent in the
PDEA, NBI and other law enforcement agencies
References
 G Dolfo, M. Peckley, C. Fangon, S. Anong (2019). Introduction to
Criminology: A
 Millenial Editon. Levi’s Book Publishing. Paranaque. Philippines

 T. Roufa (2019). The History of Criminology: Crime and

Criminology, from the Ancients to
 Renaissance. New York. USA

 J. Asalan. (2016). Introduction to Criminologyand Psychology of

Crimes. Hunt Publishing. Sampaloc, Maynila. Metro Manila.
Philippines

 RA 11131. The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018

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