TABLE OF CONTENTS

 CHAPTER I…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….…………1
o 1.1Background of the study………………………………………………………………………………………………1.1
2. Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….2
3. Objectives of th study…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………2
4. Research hypothesis……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….…………..3
5. Scope and Limitations………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….…….3
6. Significance of the study……………………………………………………………………………………………….……………..…3
7. Expected outcome…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..3
8. Definition of terms……………………………………………………………………………………………………………......………..3
9. Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………4
 Chapter II
10. Review Related Literature……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………5
 Chapter III………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…7
11.Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…7
12.Research Design…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7
13.Research Instrument………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………7
14. Research Settings………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7
15. Data Collection Method…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8
16. References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………9
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Background of the study

Simuay River officials claim that the river's primary route moved from west to south. During
the flood to the Rio Grande de Mindanao (the Mindanao River). This change in direction not only
nonetheless, it also brought about flooding over Sultan Kudarat Municipality in Maguindanao
Province. sediment siltation in the Rio Grande de Mindanao river channel. Additionally, water
hyacinthmoving downstream was obstructed by debris that was captured and piled at the New
Delta Bridge and the river.channel. The overflow into Cotabato was caused by the river's water level
being raised due to siltation and blockage.Sultan Kudarat and the city.

This research study about by using permeable pavement temporal variance. The amount of
impermeable surfaces in Cotabato City has significantly increased due to urbanization. Cotabato
City, a well-known flood-prone location in BARMM, has experienced floods during both extended
and brief periods of strong rainfall. Along with the outdated drainage system and blocked streams,
the rise in permeable pavements was one of the usual culprits. Around the world, permeable
pavements have been used to address the issue of floods as well as other detrimental impacts
including groundwater pollution. We used cutting-edge technologies like SWMM to perform both
qualitative and quantitative research for this project. Data acquired from the Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and Department of
Public Works and Highways (DPWH) were compared to the data and test results to assess the
effectiveness of permeable pavement in lowering the frequency of floods in Cotabato City.

For specialists and decision-makers today, the necessity for flood management via non-
structural means is becoming increasingly important. Although flood risk visualization by
technological intervention using information systems is generally acknowledged, the incorporation
of flood risk prediction is still in its infancy in the literature. In order to provide a more dynamic
display and prediction of flood risk, this study introduced the Flood Information System as a helpful
tool for managing floods. It integrates analytics and machine learning algorithms. This study
demonstrates the effectiveness of flood management information systems in identifying and
forecasting flood risk zones in Cotabato City.

Using the right tools for mapping and visualizing flood vulnerability makes it possible to
pinpoint the locations most susceptible to a flood disaster. This essay outlines the study conducted
for the mapping of flood inundation using the storm water management model (SWMM). A better
understanding of flood extension in the intricate urban environment can be obtained by employing
geographic information systems to visualize the SWMM simulation results with respect to spatial
and temporal variance.
Statement of the Problem

This paper is a systematic review. The aim of this study is to obtain application and more
knowledge about existing research based on permeable pavements,bioretention to reduce flood in
Cotabato City.

1. In which areas in Cotabato City that are often flooded can Permeable pavement

and Bioretention be installed?

2. What are the potential benefits of permeable pavement and bioretention of

stormwater in Cotabato City?

3. How this research can help reducing the cause of flood in Cotabato City?

Objectives of the study

The aim of this study is to obtain more knowledge about existing research based on permeable
pavements, bioretention and by applying to reduce the flood at Cotabato City and the objectives of this
study are follows:

a. Which particular place in Cotabato City can be placed with permeable pavement and

bioretention.

b. To identify what will be the good or potential use of this research especially in terms of

effectiveness of reducing flood.

c. To elaborate on the advantages of permeable pavement on impervious surfaces, to mitigate

the urban surface runoff which enhances the groundwater recharge. The paper also

indicates that the use of permeable material in impervious areas for future reference to

increase groundwater recharge.

Research Hypothesis:
For future extensions to Cotabato City, we think installing permeable pavements will be
more cost-effective in terms of installation and water treatment than utilizing conventional asphalt
pavement.
Scope and Limitations
The primary focus of the research was to conduct a comprehensive review
on environmental pollutants in Cotabato City stormwater. This was also reviewed on the impact of
road stormwater on traffic safety and on the management of roadway stormwater using permeable
pavement, including the types of permeable pavement and their structural by using SWMM.

Significance of the Study

When developing interventions and carrying them out, government offices, development
non-profits, and environmental related agencies need to know the results of this study in order to
make informed decisions on environmental restoration issues. The results of this study may also be
essential to future research as a baseline for conducting additional studies on related studies.
Additionally, it gives academics and professionals more information to evaluate and analyze the
stormwater distribution patterns in Cotabato City's roads and variations in flood results.

Expected Outcome
Expected Outcome
Inexpectedly, this research will have a good effect on the entire city of Cotabato City, the project
that we want to convey especially in the field of flooding in Cotabato City, how can flooding in our
city be solved or reduced using modern technologies from other countries that we can use here.

Definition of Terms
Permeable Pavements- is a porous urban surface which catches precipitation and surface
runoff, storing it in the reservoir while slowly allowing it to infiltrate into the soil below. This study
will evaluate how well different types of permeable pavement reduces the amount of pollutants
and runoff volume.

SWMM- Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used throughout the world for
planning, analysis, and design related to stormwater runoff, combined and sanitary sewers, and
other drainage systems.

Flood Information System- a system of sensors and alarms that detect and warn of
water ingress into watertight spaces. Continuous flood level monitoring may be provided,
but is not required.

Susceptible- likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.

Systematic Review- is a summary of the medical literature that uses explicit and
reproducible methods to systematically search, critically appraise, and synthesize on a specific
issue.
Stormwater- surface water in abnormal quantity resulting from heavy falls of rain or snow.

Ground water Recharge-  a hydrologic process, where water moves downward from surface
water to groundwater.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This study aims to obtain more knowledge about existing research based on permeable
pavements, bioretention and by applying to reduce the flood at Cotabato City. It focusses on urban
surface which catches precipitation and surface runoff in Cotabato City and to conduct a
comprehensive review on environmental pollutants in Cotabato City stormwater.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

According to Marina Batalini et. al. (2021), Low impact development practices (LID) as
alternative measures of urban drainage can be used within the approach of resources recycling and
co-management. This study evaluates the potential contribution of a bioretention system to flood
control, non-potable water demands (NPD) and resources co-management. Bioretention setups
were tested experimentally under variable conditions to identify operational key-factors to multiple
purposes. Additionally, the efficiencies obtained for laboratory scale were extrapolated for
household and watershed scale, quantifying the indicators of water demand reduction (WDR),
energy demand reduction (EDR) and carbon emission reduction (CER) for hybrid systems with LID.
The laboratory results indicated that the use of a bioretention with a submerged zone can improve
the quality of the water recovered for reuse, while maintaining the efficiency of runoff retention
and peak flow attenuation. Comparing the bioretention effluent quality with the Brazilian standards
for stormwater reuse, the parameters color, turbidity, E. coli and metals were above the limits,
indicating the necessity of a better treatment for solids particles and disinfection. Expanding the
analysis to watershed scale, the bioretention helped to reduce NPD demands up to 45%, leading to
a reduction in energy demand and carbon emission from the centralized water supply system.

According to Allen P. Davis et. al. (2021), Bioretention is a

popular stormwater management strategy that is often utilized in urban environments to combat
water quality and hydrological impacts of stormwater. This goal is achieved by selective designing of
a system, which consists of suitable vegetation at the top planted on an engineered media with
drainage system and possible underdrain at the bottom. Bibliometric analysis on bioretention
studies indicates that most of the original research contributions are derived from a few countries
and selected research groups. Hence, most of the bioretention systems installed in diverse
geographical locations are based on guidelines from climatically different countries, which often
lead to operational failures. The current review critically analyzes recent research findings from the
bioretention literature, provides the authors’ perspectives on the current state of knowledge,
highlights the key knowledge gaps in bioretention research, and points out future research
directions to make further advances in the field. Specifically, the role and desired features of
bioretention components, the importance of fundamental investigations in laboratory, field-based
studies and modeling efforts, the real-time process control of bioretention cells, bioretention
system design considerations, and life cycle assessment of full-scale bioretention systems are
discussed. The importance of local conditions in guiding bioretention designs in difference climates
is emphasized. At the end of the review, current technical challenges are identified and
recommendations to overcome them are provided. This comprehensive review not only offers
fundamental insights into bioretention technology, but also provides novel ideas to combat issues
related to urban runoff and achieve sustainable stormwater management..
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study uses qualitative-descriptive research design in gathering the data. The simulation
results show that the drainage surface can reduce part of surface runoff by applying the permeable
pavements.

Research Instrument

The researchers will collect annual stormwater data for this study which will be provided by
disaster reports and measurements form by investigating the specific area by reducing the
stormwater using permeable pavements.

Research Settings
Data Collection Method

The methodology embraces stormwater management (flood control), water quality and water
harvesting. This methodology flowchart is presented to describe the steps of this study used to explore
stormater management.

Data
Sourcing

Rainfall
distribution
data

Rainfall
Distribution
Map

Analysis
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AlaleaKiaJasmine M.DelensHong S.WongChristopher R.Cheeseman

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