1º APD TARDE

Attention to people in need of care

Vanessa

UNIT 1: PARTS OF THE BODY. ORGANS: THEIR

1) PARTS OF THE BODY

ankle tobillo
buttock nalga

calf pantorrilla

femur fémur

foot, feet pie, pies

heel talón

heelbone calcáneo

instep empeine

knee rodilla

kneecap rótula

metatarsus metatarso

patella rótula

phalanges falanges

shin canilla

shinbone tibia

splint bone peroné

tarsus tarso

thigh muslo

thighbone fémur

toe dedo del pie

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ARM - BRAZO

elbow codo

finger dedo

fingertip yema del dedo

fist puño

forearm antebrazo

hand mano

humerus húmero

index finger índice

knuckle nudillo

little finger meñique

middle finger dedo medio

nail uña

palm palma de la mano

phalanx falange

ring finger anular

radius radio

second phalanx falangina

shoulder hombro

third phalanx falangeta

thumb pulgar

ulna cúbito

upper arm brazo

wrist muñeca

HEAD - CABEZA

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bags under the eyes ojeras

beard barba

brain cerebro

canine tooth colmillo

cheek mejilla

chin mentón

crinkles pequeñas arrugas

crow's feet patas de gallo

dimple hoyuelo

ear oreja

eye ojo

eyebrow ceja

eyelash pestaña

eyelid párpado

forehead frente

freckle peca

gum encía

hair cabello

hard palate paladar duro

incisors incisivos

lips labios

lower jaw mandíbula inferior

lower lip labio inferior

molars molares

moustache bigote

mouth boca

neck cuello

nose nariz

nostrils agujeros de la nariz

palate paladar

premolars premolares

pupil pupila

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sideboards (UK) patillas

sideburns (US) patillas

tongue lengua

tonsil amígdala

tooth, teeth diente, dientes

throat garganta

upper jaw mandíbula superior

upper lip labio superior

uvula campanilla

wisdom tooth muela de juicio

wrinkles arrugas

TRUNK - TRONCO

abdomen abdomen

armpit axila

back espalda

belly vientre

bladder vejiga

breasts pechos

chest pecho

groin ingle

heart corazón

hip cadera

kidney riñón

liver hígado

lung pulmón

loins zona lumbar

navel ombligo

nipple pezón

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spleen bazo

stomach estómago

thorax tórax

waist cintura

SKELETON - ESQUELETO

backbone columna vertebral

breast bone esternón

carpal carpo

clavicle, collarbone clavícula

eye socket cuenca del ojo

femur fémur

hipbone ilion

humerus húmero

kneecap rótula

mandible mandíbula

pelvis pelvis

phalanx falange

radius radio

rib costilla

scapula omóplato

shinbone tibia

shoulder blade omóplato

skull cráneo

spine columna vertebral

sternum esternón

2. ORGANS OF THE BODY AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:

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Vital organs (órganos vitales)

The vital organs are those that a person needs to survive. A problem with any of these organs can
quickly become life threatening.

It is not possible to live without these organs. That said, in the case of the paired kidneys and
lungs, a person can live without one of the pair.

The sections below will look at the five vital organs in more detail.

Brain (cerebro)

The brain is the body’s control center. It forms the core of the central nervous system by creating,
sending, and processing nerve impulses, thoughts, emotions, physical sensations, and more.

The skull encloses the brain, protecting it from injury.

Neurologists are doctors who study the nervous system. Over time, they have identified numerous
parts of the brain, including systems within the brain that function similarly to independent organs.

The brain’s two halves are called the right and left hemispheres.

Heart (corazón)

It is the most important organ of the circulatory system, which helps deliver blood to the body. It
works with the lungs to add oxygen to blood and pump this freshly oxygenated blood through the
blood vessels and around the body.

The heart also has an electrical system within. Electrical impulses within the heart help ensure that
it beats with a consistent rhythm and proper rate.

The heart rate increases when the body needs more blood, such as during intense exercise. It
decreases during times of rest.

Lungs (pulmones)

The lungs work with the heart to oxygenate blood. They do this by filtering the air a person
breathes, then removing excess carbon dioxide in exchange for oxygen.

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Several parts of the lungs help the body take in air, filter it, and then oxygenate the blood.

Liver (hígado)

The liver is the most important organ of the metabolic system. It helps convert nutrients into usable
substances, detoxifies certain substances, and filters blood coming from the digestive tract through
a vein before it joins venous blood flow from other parts of the body. Oxygenated blood reaches
the liver via an artery.

The majority of liver mass is in the upper right side of the abdomen, just under the rib cage.

The liver plays many roles in digestion and filtering the blood, including:

● producing bile
● helping the body filter out toxic substances, including alcohol, drugs, and harmful
metabolites
● regulating blood levels of various important chemicals, including amino acids
● making cholesterol
● removing some bacteria from the blood
● making some immune factors
● clearing bilirubin from the blood
● regulating the process of blood clotting, so that a person does not bleed too much and does
not develop dangerous blood clots

The liver partners with the gallbladder to deliver bile to the small intestine. The liver pours bile into
the gallbladder, which then stores and later releases the bile when the body needs it to help with
digestion.

A person can live without portions of their liver, but the liver itself is vital for life.

Kidneys (riñones)

The kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs, and each is about the size of a fist. They are
located on either side of the back, protected inside of the lower part of the rib cage. They help filter
blood and remove waste from the body.

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Blood flows from the renal artery into the kidneys. Each kidney contains about a million tiny units
for filtration known as nephrons. They help filter waste to the urine and then return the filtered
blood to the body through the renal vein.

The kidneys also produce urine when they remove waste from the blood. Urine flows out of the
kidneys through the ureters, then down to the urinary bladder.

A person can live with just one kidney. When a person is experiencing severe kidney failure,
dialysis can filter the blood until they get a kidney transplant or their kidney recovers some function.
Some people need to undergo hemodialysis long term.

Non-vital organs (órganos no vitales)

Non-vital organs are those that a person can survive without. However, this does not mean that
conditions affecting these organs are never life threatening or dangerous. Many infections and
cancers in non-vital organs are life threatening, especially without prompt treatment.

Injuries to non-vital organs may also affect vital organs, such as when a gallstone undermines liver
function.

The sections below will outline the body’s non-vital organs in more detail.

Gallbladder (vesícula biliar)

Small and pear shaped, the gallbladder sits in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, just under
the liver. It contains cholesterol, bile salts, bile, and bilirubin.

In a healthy person, the liver releases bile into the gallbladder, which the gallbladder stores and
then releases to travel down the common bile duct into the small intestine to aid digestion.

However, some people develop gallstones that block the gallbladder or biliary tree, causing intense
pain and interfering with digestion. Also, this can sometimes interfere with liver or pancreas
function.

Pancreas (páncreas) /ˈpæŋkriəs/

Located in the upper left portion of the abdomen, the pancreas has two important roles: It functions
as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland.

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As an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces enzymes a person needs to help digest their food
and convert it into energy. Those enzymes include amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin.

In its role as an endocrine gland, the pancreas also produces and releases insulin, which helps the
body remove glucose from the blood and convert it into energy.

Problems with insulin can lead to a dangerously high level of blood glucose and the onset of
diabetes.

The pancreas also produces and releases glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels.

The main pancreatic duct connects to the common bile duct, which flows from the liver and
gallbladder. Therefore, problems within the biliary tree, liver, or gallbladder may also affect the
pancreas.

Stomach (estómago)

The stomach is a J shaped organ near the top of the abdomen.

Food begins its journey to the stomach soon after a person swallows. The food moves down from
the throat and into the esophagus. The stomach is located at the end of the esophagus.

The muscles of the stomach help it break down and digest food. Within its lumen lining, certain
regions of the stomach also produce enzymes that help digest food. The enzyme pepsin, for
example, breaks down proteins so that they can become amino acids.

The stomach also helps store chyme until it moves to the intestines. Chyme refers to food that has
mixed with stomach secretions.

Intestines (intestinos)

(Small intestine: intestino delgado)

(Large intestine: intestino grueso)

The intestines are a group of tubes that help filter out waste, absorb water and certain electrolytes,
and digest food.

Partially digested food first travels through the small intestine, which comprises three parts: the
duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum

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Most digestion and absorption of food happens here.

Food then becomes feces as it travels within and through the large intestine. This begins with the
cecum, extends to the rest of the colon, and ends with the rectum. The rectum is the last stop for
feces before expulsion occurs from the anus.

ORGANS SYSTEMS (sistemas de órganos)

Doctors usually list dozens of organs, though the definition of an organ varies from expert to
expert. Most organs play a role in organ systems, which work together to perform specific
functions.

The sections below will outline the body’s organ systems in more detail.

Nervous system (sistema nervioso)

The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system, which works to process and send
nerve signals, interpret information, and produce conscious thought.

The portion of the nervous system that communicates with the central nervous system is called the
peripheral nervous system. Overall, the peripheral and central nervous systems also include an
extensive network of neurons. Located throughout the body, these fibrous bundles send
information about sensation, temperature, and pain.

The nervous system helps the body regulate every function, including every other organ system.

For instance, the stomach releases the hormone ghrelin, which signals to the brain that it is time to
eat. This causes feelings of hunger and encourages a person to eat, which leads to the beginning
of the process of digestion.

The nervous system integrates with virtually every other part of the body. For example, nerve fibers
in the hand tell the brain when there is an injury in that area.

Meanwhile, nerves in the skin relay information about external temperature. This may cause the
brain to initiate involuntary responses that control body temperature, such as sweating or shivering.

Also, other nerves interact with muscle, which helps coordinate movement.

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Reproductive system (sistema reproductivo)

The reproductive system includes the organs that enable a person to reproduce and experience
sexual pleasure. In females, the reproductive system also supports the growth of a fetus.

The reproductive system works closely with other organs and organ systems. For example, the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland help regulate the production and release of hormones such as
estrogen and testosterone.

The male reproductive system organs include:

● the testes
● the epididymis
● the vas deferens
● the ejaculatory ducts
● the prostate gland
● the seminal vesicles
● the penis
● the bulbourethral glands

The female reproductive system organs include:

● the mammary glands in the breasts

Skin (piel)

The skin is the body’s largest organ. It is part of the integumentary system, which includes skin,
hair, nails, and fat.
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The integumentary system helps regulate body temperature, protect the body from dangerous
pathogens, make vitamin D from sunlight, and provide sensory input.

The skin comprises three layers:

● The epidermis: This is the outer layer of skin. It contains three types of cells. Squamous
cells are the outer layer of skin, which the body constantly sheds. Basal cells are the next
layer, located under the squamous cells. Melanocytes produce melanin, which is skin
pigment. The more melanin the melanocytes produce, the darker a person’s skin is.
● The dermis: This is the middle layer of skin, located under the epidermis. It contains blood
vessels, lymph vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, nerves, sebaceous glands, and
fibroblasts. A flexible protein called collagen holds the dermis together.
● The subcutaneous fat layer: This is the deepest layer of the skin. It helps keep the body
warm and reduces the risk of injury by absorbing heavy blows.

Muscular system (sistema muscular)

The muscular system includes a vast network of muscles. There are three types of muscles:

● Skeletal muscles: These are voluntary muscles, which means that a person can decide
when to move them. The biceps and triceps are examples of skeletal muscles.
● Cardiac muscles: These are involuntary muscles that help the heart pump blood.
● Smooth muscles: These are also involuntary muscles. Smooth muscles line the bladder,
intestines, and stomach.

Endocrine system (sistema endocrino)

The endocrine system is a network of glands throughout the body. These glands release important
chemicals called hormones, which help regulate the function of virtually every organ and organ
system in the body.

For example, progesterone helps regulate the menstrual cycle and plays an important role in
sustaining a pregnancy.

The endocrine system includes several major glands, including:

● the pancreas
● the thyroid
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 ● the adrenal glands
● the pituitary
● the parathyroid
● the thyroid
● the hypothalamus
● the pineal gland
● the ovaries
● the testes

Immune system (sistema inmune)

The immune system helps the body prevent infections and fights them off when they do occur.

Many organs play a role in the immune system. For example, the skin prevents dangerous
pathogens from entering the body, and the salivary glands release saliva that can help break down
some dangerous sources of infection in food.

The lymphatic system plays a key role in the immune system by releasing lymphocytes that fight
disease. There are many lymph nodes throughout the body. Some people notice that their lymph
nodes enlarge when they get sick.

Digestive system (sistema digestivo)

The digestive system is the group of organs that digest food, as well as the various structures
within that release substances to aid digestion and absorption.

It includes:

● the mouth
● the esophagus
● the salivary glands
● the gallbladder
● the liver
● the pancreas
● the stomach
● the small and large intestines
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 ● the appendix
● the rectum
● the anus

Circulatory system (sistema circulatorio)

The circulatory system includes the many blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body. It
includes veins, arteries, capillaries, venules, and arterioles.

The lymphatic system is also part of the circulatory system. It helps maintain the body’s balance of
fluid by collecting excess fluid and other particles from the blood. Lymph nodes are present within
this system.

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