UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Foundation in Engineering
PI009E37

PHYSICS FOR FOUNDATION II

(PHY098)

PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS ASSIGNMENTS

PREPARED BY:

NAME STUDENT ID

MUHAMMAD HAIQAL BIN HILMI 2021602038

MUHAMMAD NAJMI BIN MAT TUAH 2021461058

MUHAMMAD FARHAN 2021894266

MUHAMMAD FIKRI BIN BATHURUL 2021852608

ZAMAN SHAH

MUHAMMAD IRFAN FAKHRI BIN 2021867802

MUHAMMAD FADH
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENTS PAGES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

PROBLEM ANALYSIS

APPLICATION

SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION

DECISION

INDEX
i) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, we would like to thank god as finally we were able to finish our assignment that was
given to us by our physics lecturer. Secondly, we are very grateful that we managed to complete
this problem solving skills assignment within the time given by Dr Megat, we have a lot of time
to discuss our assignment and have time to check our assignment if there is a mistake. Other than
that, we are extremely grateful to our group members for their cooperation, time, and energy in
preparing this assignment together. All of our views and opinions were discussed fairly and taken
into consideration in order to bring a thorough discussion between us into our assignments.
ii) PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Blurred vision is common and occurs when you stare at something for an extended period of
time without taking a break. People with hazy vision sometimes need to squint or partially cover
their eyelids to see well, and eyestrain can produce headaches. When someone has both
nearsightedness and farsightedness, it's more challenging because they'll require both lenses to
correct their vision. Nearsightedness was reported to be prevalent in 42 percent of Chinese and
15 percent of Malay schoolchildren in a Malaysian survey. It is uncommon for someone to have
both nearsightedness and farsightedness, but it does happen.

Furthermore, for the second concern, all light is transmitted by the radiation created by gadgets
such as cellphones, laptops, and other handheld devices. Blue light, in particular, may be harmful
to our eyes since it damages the retina. Apart from the radiation emitted by electronic devices,
ultraviolet (UV) light can also harm our eyes. UVA rays can penetrate your cornea and into the
retina of your eye. Overexposure to UV rays can also cause other health issues, such as corneal
inflammation or burns.
iii) PROBLEM ANALYSIS

In general, there are two types of eyesight problems which are nearsightedness (myopia)
and farsightedness (hyperopia). Nearsightedness is a vision condition in which you can see near
objects clearly, but far objects are blurry. This condition occurs when the eyeball is too long,
causing the light rays to form an image before it reaches the retina. This causes the image to be
focused in front of the retina instead of on the retina. Nearsightedness can be cured by using a
concave lens. When light passes through a concave lens, it reduces the refraction of light and
increases the focal length. This makes the image produced closer to the eye, allowing the image
formed on the retina.

On the other hand, farsightedness is a vision condition in which you can see far objects
clearly, but near objects are blurry. It occurs when the eyeball is too short, causing the light rays
to form an image after it reaches the retina. This causes the image to be focused behind the
retina. Farsightedness can be cured by using a convex lens. When light passes through a convex
lens, it increases the refraction of light and reduces the focal length. This makes the image
produced further from the eye, allowing the image formed on the retina.

Radiation is the energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of
light. It can penetrate through various types of materials such as aluminum foil and paper.
Radiation comes from atoms with unstable nuclei that are said to be radioactive. These atoms
emit excess energy or mass in order to reach stability and this emission is called radiation. This
makes radiation very dangerous to the eye because the charged particles emitted by unstable
nuclei will disturb the cells in the eye. Radiation ranges from low frequency wave to high
frequency wave. Smartphones and radios have low frequency waves while X-Rays and
ultraviolet rays have high frequency waves. Higher frequency waves cause higher potential
damage to cells in our eyes. This damage can cause loss of vision, which leads to blindness.
iv) APPLICATION
Based on the problem identified in the previous part of the reports, one of the solutions we
could come up with to block radiation from damaging the humans’ retina is by using
UV-blocking lenses. This lens is made with the lenses required by the nearsightedness or the
farsightedness people but coated with some protective coating material on it. We could use
whether to coat the lens using the photochromic coating or using a UV400 coating on the lenses.
By doing this, it could reduce the amount of blue light or the UV light that comes through the
lenses. Photochromic coated - lenses usually contain some silver chloride (AgCl) in
microcrystalline form. It will turn the lens darker when being hit by sunlight, allowing it to block
the radiation rays that could damage the eyes. For the UV400 coating, it means that it could
protect the eyes from all types of ultraviolet lights such as the UVA and the UVB.as we know
from its name, it could block many types of electromagnetic waves up to 400 nanometers.
UV400 is usually used in the sunglasses industry and also all the sunglasses we could get today.

Other than that, it is also recommended to use lenses that are coated or added with Bismuth
Oxide. Bismuth oxide is often used with arsenic to prevent the glasses from turning gray. This
material is mainly used to increase refractive indexes so that the radiation could be refracted
away from the pupil of the cornea. Thus, it could prevent the eyes from having direct contact
with the blue light or the UV light.

To solve the other problem which is the blurry vision problem, we could use the spectacles
where the lens is prescripted to the people who need glasses. For people with nearsightedness,
they should wear glasses equipped with convex lenses, meanwhile concave lenses are suitable
for the people with farsightedness vision. In order to get the accurate thickness of lens needed to
fix the vision, they are recommended to meet the optician at the hospital or the nearest optic store
around them.

For those that did not want to use spectacles for some reasons, they are recommended to use
contact lenses that have the same function as the spectacles but could be used in a more extreme
condition. But, these contact lenses would need extra care compared to the spectacles and may
be more expensive to be made than spectacles. Same as the glasses, an appointment with an
optician is needed to determine the right type and thickness of the lens to be used.

Other than that, for those who have both of the vision problems which is the
nearsightedness and also the farsightedness, they are recommended to use the bifocal lenses.
These bifocal lenses have two different and distinct lenses to be used but combined. The top area
of the lenses is used to see distant objects and the bottom part of the lens is used to see nearby
objects. These lenses combined the concave and convex lenses in one lens. However, if you are
not feeling comfortable with the bifocal lenses, you can always use two different glasses with
different lenses on each one.

If they need the glasses with more accuracy, they could use the varifocal lenses or so called the
progressive lenses. These varifocal lenses have a lot of similarities with the bifocal lenses. But, it
has an intermediate area which allows smooth transitions between the usage of concave and
convex lenses. The user would have a shorter time to get used to the glasses and no need for
them to narrow their eyes so that they could adapt to it.

Last but not least, if someone did not want to resort to the spectacles or the contact lens
solution, an alternative solution can be taken which is by undergoing the LASIK eye surgery.
LASIK stands for Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis where it is done to correct the certain
refractive errors in the eyes.this surgery would reshape the cornea so that the light ray would fall
perfectly to the retina with no refractive error. It is shown that about 16.3 million people around
the world have done it. About 95.4% patients are satisfied with the results although this surgery
would be a very expensive choice compared to the usage of glasses and contact lenses.
Differences between the bifocal and progressive lenses

Example of bifocal lenses.

v) SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION

Contact lenses do not limit the visual field and thus do not eliminate the symptoms of
spectacle-related peripheral aberrations. They also eliminate the social awkwardness that some
people associate with wearing spectacles. Furthermore, they claimed that the minification of the
retinal image formed by spectacle lenses is considerably reduced when wearing contact lenses.
Contact lenses, on the other hand, have several drawbacks, such as greater expenses, the need for
daily maintenance, pain in some situations, and the danger of infection, particularly with the
growing popularity of using overnight contact lenses. To address this, we modified the function
of the spectacles so that they can be adjusted and have a larger visual field, similar to contact
lenses. Furthermore, wearing spectacles with radiation shielding is preferable to using contact
lenses because it does not hurt the eyes and gives more protection.

If you wear contact lenses, you may be relieved to know that they provide UV protection.
While UV-blocking contact lenses protect the insides of the eyes, it's equally necessary to take
care of the outsides of the eyes and eyelids. It works well on sunny and cloudy days. UV coated
lenses block 99% of the sun’s harmful UV rays. Most UV lenses have a UV-blocking film
embedded in the lens, which prevents it from wearing off. One pair of glasses for outdoor and
indoor, so no need to carry two pairs.

The refractive index of glasses containing bismuth oxide is greater. The formation of
non-bridging oxygen (NBO) due to Bi-O inclusion in the glass network is responsible for the
increase in refractive index. Because high density bismuth oxides are present in these glasses,
they have a high density. Bismuth oxide glasses can be used as lead-free, low-softening-point,
high-refractive-index, high-density, and radio-shielding glasses. These glasses have a lengthy
infrared cut-off, making them excellent for optical transmission from the infrared to visible
spectrum.

You may be developing farsightedness or nearsightedness if you can no longer recognise

a friend 10 steps away or if your favorite magazine has become too hazy to read up close.
Astigmatism, a common disorder involving a curvature of the eye lens or cornea, may make it
difficult to see objects both close and far. Using spectacles is mostly for the goal of seeing clearly
and being free of visual impediments. Spectacle lenses are mounted in frames and worn in front
of the eyes to improve vision or correct vision problems like myopia, hyperopia, and
astigmatism. Spectacles can help to improve visual health and acuity, better visual protection and
are cost efficient and easy to maintain. In addition to offering clear vision, spectacles do not
come into direct contact with your eyes, lowering your risk of infection. You can increase your
quality of life by improving your visual health and clarity.

After you lose the capacity to automatically adjust the focus of your eyes due to aging,
often known as presbyopia, bifocal eyeglass lenses have two lens powers to assist you see
objects at all distances. Bifocal lenses are a terrific technique to correct your vision while still
being able to wear the same glasses all day.However, the bifocal glasses present three main
disadvantages such as the jump of the image when the visual axis passes from the far vision glass
to the reading segment, the prismatic effect on the near vision point that entails an apparent
displacement of the fixed object as well as a degradation of the quality of its image and the
absence of intermediate vision in total presbyopia.

Meanwhile if you struggle with more than one distance of vision, then Varifocals will be a
better option for you. By combining all of your prescriptions, you won't need more than one pair
for your daily life. Three prescriptions are combined into one pair of progressive lenses. You can
do close-up work like reading a book, middle-distance work like browsing a website on a
computer, and distance viewing like driving without changing your glasses. They're also known
as multifocal lenses.

LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis) is a procedure that can be used instead of

glasses or contact lenses. A unique form of cutting laser is used during LASIK surgery to
accurately alter the shape of the dome-shaped transparent tissue at the front of your eye (cornea)
in order to improve vision. LASIK is a technically challenging procedure. When the doctor
produces the flap, there are a few rare complications that can damage eyesight permanently. This
is one reason to go with a surgeon who has a lot of experience with these procedures. LASIK can
cause a loss of "best" vision in a small percentage of cases.
vi) DECISION

After examining and studying the problem, we had made the decision to make progressive
spectacles for the vision problems which are nearsightedness and also farsightedness. These
spectacles with progressive lenses will have the capability to correct eyesight at a distance and
up close more smoothly. As we all know, standard spectacles have some disadvantages where
many people have complained about having a narrow field of vision when using standard
spectacles. It's because standard glasses, which are used by persons with nearsighted and
farsighted myopic, have separate zones on their lenses that makes them feel uncomfortable
wearing them and need to take time to change from convex lenses to concave lenses. In this case,
persons who are both nearsighted and farsighted myopia do not need to purchase two pairs of
glasses to solve each of their problems. They are not wasting money by doing so, because they
are only using a pair of spectacles that have both convex lenses and concave lenses. Now people
that have economic problems also can buy these spectacles since the price is affordable.
Progressive spectacles on the other hand, are the greatest options at the moment allowing
eye-care providers to focus on other issues relating to eye disorders.

Next, we also chose to make modifications to standard spectacles by introducing a

radiation protection to both lenses. This radiation protection distinguishes the glasses by their
qualities where the lenses are coated with protective material on it such as photochromic coating
with high concentration of silver chloride (AgCl). By applying this, it can reduce the UV
radiation that can enter our eyes. Higher UV radiation may injure the cornea, iris and retina.
Thus, users' eyes will be protected and vision problems could be avoided. Wearing these glasses
will also help to reduce eye strain, headaches, poor vision and other discomforts while the
radiation protection will safeguard our eyes from the UV radiation. We concluded that
progressive anti-radiation glasses are the best answer for this issue since we live in a modern
technology world where it is very easy to create them and hence can be used in good ways
without having negative impacts on humans and environment.
vii) INDEX