Biology Chapter 1

Lesson 1:
CELL BIOLOGY
Abstract
DISCUSSION:
I. CELL BIOLOGY
-Also called cytology, from the Greek word kytos, or “vessel”.
-Is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell.
 Cell
-The cell is the smallest basic unit of all living organisms.
-They are also known to be the building blocks of life.
a. CELL BIOLOGY HISTORY

 Robert Hooke took the first description of cells in 1665.
 Marcello Malpighi, and Hooke's colleague, Nehemiah Grew, continued making strong researches on
plant cells, and put out the cellular structure in a plant body.
 The Dutch microscopist Antony van Leeuwenhoek published his researches and observations in 1676
about single-cell organisms, or "little animalcules" the name given by him to these single celled animals.
He then observed red blood cells and even sperm cells in a microscope.
 In 1824, Henri Milne-Edwards put out his suggestions on animal tissues, according to him animal
tissues are structured like an array of globules (the basic structure of all animal tissues was an array of
"globules).
 Henri Dutrochet proposed that new cells come from old cells.
 François Raspail known as the first person who supported in mentioning one of the two main tenets of
cell theory: Omnis cellula e cellula, which means "Every cell is derived from another cell."
 In 1832 Barthelemy Dumortier, French scientist entered his description on described on binary fission
in plants and was the idea to cell division in common sense.
 Hugo Von Mohl, is the one who discovered cell division despite Dumortier who preceeded him. Von
Mohl mentioned the word protoplasm as a material contained in the cell.
 Cell nucleus is also an important part of the cell and was discussed firstly by a Czech, Franz Bauer, in
1802.
 It was named in 1831 by Robert Brown from Scotland, and also entered other parts of nucleus
description.
 In 1838 Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881) clarified his proposition saying that each plant types or
elements is made of cells.
 In 1839 a fellow German, Theodor Schwann, came up with propositions on animals’ structure.
 The Czech Jan Purkyňe, or Purkinje, proposed that animals were made of cells and cell products and
this is applied to plants.
b. CELL THEORY
 The cell theory states that all living things are made up of cells.
 The theory states that both plants and animals are composed of cells which were confirmed by plant
scientist, Matthias Schleiden and animal scientist, Theodor Schwann in 1839.
 Nineteen years later, Rudolf Virchow contributed to cell theory, arguing that all cells come from the
division of preexisting cells.
c. CLASSIFICATIONS OF CELLS
Eukaryotic cells (Includes animal, plant, fungi, and protozoa cells which all have a nucleus enclosed
by a membrane, with various shapes and sizes.)
Prokaryotic cells (Lacking an enclosed nucleus, include bacteria and archae.
Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells

1|G e n e r a l B i o l o g y
d. CELL DIVERSITY
 Cell Shape
 Nerve cells have long extensions.
 Egg cells have shape which is like sphere.
 Skin cells have a shape which is flat and plate like.
 Some plant cells are rectangular.
 Cell Size
e. SKIN CELLS
1. Keratinocytes
-have a big number in all skin cells and have rate of 90% of all skin
cells and is responsible in production of a protein known as ‘keratin’.
-Keratin is responsible in making effective layers of the skin in term of
body protection. It can also participate in hair and nails formation.
2. Melanocytes
-Responsible in melanin production and melanin is responsible in skin
color determination.
-The number of melanocytes in the skin, determine how darker you
are.
f. MUSCLE CELLS
 Myocytes, muscle fibers or muscle cells are long tubular cells and have the responsibility of facilitating
movement of an organism.
 Skeletal muscle cells are known to be the most common type of muscle cells with responsibilities of
facilitating movements that are conscious in the body.
 Cardiac muscle cells, they manage movement of contractions of the heart.
 Smooth muscle cells assist in managing subconscious movements of tissues including uterus, stomach,
and the blood vessels.
g. BLOOD CELLS
1. White Blood Cell
 White blood cells are known to be immunity of livings.
 They can kill invaders of our body and others that are harmful to the body.
2. Red Blood Cell
 Red blood cells help in facilitating distribution of oxygen in all parts of the body.
 It is also known that red blood cells have no nucleus and this make them different with other
animal cells.
h. NERVE CELLS
 Nerve cells are also known as neurons, they are known as basic and main
cells in the nervous system.
 Only human brain stores 100 billion nerve cells.
 They carry impulses of animal cells and responsible in delivering and
receiving signals by means of their dendrites and axons.
i. FAT CELLS
2. Brown Fat Cells 1. White Fat Cells
Brown fat cells store White fat cells

smaller and multiple store one large
droplets of lipids
lipid drop.
spreading in the whole
body of the cell.

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Lesson 1:

a. CELL BIOLOGY HISTORY

Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells

Brown fat cells store White fat cells

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