1.

Ganglion Grey matter Dorsal root

Central canal

2.

Direction of impulse Receptor cell Cell body axon

Myelin sheath

Synaptic terminals

Direction of impulse Q :efferent neurone

Dendrite

(a)

P :afferent neurone

3(a) (i) (ii) (b)

Mitochondria provide the energy (ATP) to run the synaptic process. Alzheimer, Parkinson When an impulse reaches at the synapse, it releases a chemical substance called a neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft to the dendrite of the nearby neurone. In the

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dendrite, the neurotransmitter stimulates the neurone to produce new nerve impulse. The new impulse will be carried by this neurone to the next neurone. 4. Match the following hormones to their functions. Function Stimulate development of male secondary sexual characteristics and spermatogenesis. Stimulates development of the uterine lining and formation of the placenta. Decreases blood glucose levels and promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen. Stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys.

Hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Insulin

Androgens

Prolactin

Growth hormone

Stimulates milk production and secretion from mammary glands. Stimulates growth, protein synthesis and fat metabolism.

Progesterone

5. Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Pancreas

Ovary testis

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6. The schematic diagram above shows the regulation of blood glucose level. Choose the correct answers for the empty boxes labelled as A, B, C, D and E.

Insulin also stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver and muscle cells, for storage. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose. Glucagon also promotes lipid breakdown, which releases fatty acids that can be metabolized for energy. The adipose cells use the breakdown of glucose to form fats. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by liver, muscle and adipose cells, for respiration.

D E

C A

7.

P : Ultrafiltration, Q : Reabsorption of glucose, R : Reabsorption of water and mineral salts

8.

(a)

P : synaptic knob Q : synaptic vesicle R :mitochondrion S : neurotransmitter molecule T :receptor molecule U : post-synaptic neurone neurotransmitter Energy expenditure is needed for the synthesis of neurotransmitter and the transmission of impulses. This energy is obtained from ATP, generated by mitochondrion during cellular respiration.

(b) (c)

(d)

The arrival of an impulse causes the synaptic vesicle to fuse with the membrane of the synaptic knob. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter binds to the receptor of the postsynaptic neurone to generate a new impulse.

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(e)

Neurotransmitter molecules are only produced by synaptic knobs found at the terminal end of axon of an presynaptic neurone. (a) L : pituitary gland M : thyroid gland N : adrenal gland O : pancreas Testis (i) (ii) Pituitary gland Thyroid-stimulating hormone

9.

(b) (c)

(d)

(i) (ii)

Thyroxine Increases or control basal metabolic rate. Regulates growth and development.

(e)

Iodine is required for synthesis of the hormone thyroxine. Deficiency of the hormone in early childhood causes cretinism. There is retardation in physical growth and mental development.

10.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

Ultrafiltration Reabsorption Tubular secretion

(b)

(i) (ii)

Ultrafiltration The arteriole diameter is wider than the efferent arteriole. A high hydrostatic pressure is produced which forces the fluid from the glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule Red blood cells, Plasma proteins

(i) (ii)

The large size of the two components do not permit their movement through the small pores in the capillary wall and the inner wall of Bowmans capsule.

(d)

The filtrate flows from Bowmans capsule to the proximal tubule. In the proximal tubule : - a large volume (about 80%) of the water is reabsorbed - all the glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed - a small amount of urea is reabsorbed - the filtrate in the loop of Henle is more concentrated, containing no glucose or amino acids but having a higher concentration

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(e)

Kidneys

ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. (i) Describe the reflex action in Diagram 1(a)

A sharp pin pierces the skin, causing the sensory receptors in the skin to generate nerve impulses. The nerve impulses are transmitted along an afferent neurone toward the spinal cord. In the spinal cord, the nerve impulses are transmitted from the afferent neurone to an interneurone. From the interneurone, the nerve impulses are transmitted to an efferent neurone. The efferent neurone carries the nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the effector (muscle tissue) so that the pin can be pulled out from the skin immediately.

(ii)

Compare the coordination system shown in Diagram 1(a) and 1(b). 1(a) Somatic nervous system External environment Involuntary actions (reflexes) Skeletal muscles 1(b) Autonomic nervous system Internal environment Involuntary actions Glands, the cardiac muscles of the heart and smooth muscles of the internal organs such as the intestines. Medulla oblongata Hypothalamus

Comparison Efferent pathway Stimuli from Characteristic Muscles/glands involved

Integrating centre

Spinal cord

Action

Removing hand from a sharp object, hot stove and knee-jerk reflex.

Regulates the internal body processes such as the heartbeats and blood circulation (medulla oblongata) Regulates the internal environment such as blood sugar level, body temperature and water balance

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(hypothalamus)

2.

- Tissue P is ligament - strong and elastic / fibrous - allow the bones to move at the joints - it binds two bones together at the joints

- Tissue Q is tendon - strong and inelastic - binds skeletal muscles to the bones across the joints - causes the pulling / action force passes to the skeleton / limbs - Tissue R is (skeletal) muscle - which has the ability to contract and relax - during contraction causes a force which move the bones - skeletal muscle exist in pair / act antigonistically - Tissue S is bone - surface of the bone is covered with cartilage - avoid the bone from worn out

3.

-The knee jerk action - involves afferent neurons and efferent neurons. - When a hammer hits a tendon that connect to quadriceps muscle in the thigh to a bone in the lower leg -The force stretches the quadriceps muscle and stimulates the stretch receptors in the muscles,triggering nerve impulses - Nerve impulses is transmitted in the afferent neurone to the spinal cord -Afferent neurones transsmit the information to the efferent neurone in the spinal Cord - The efferent neurones transmit the information to the quadriceps muscle - The muscle contracts and swing the leg forward - If the patient is able to swing the leg forward, it indicates that the patients nerve system is still functioning - If there is no response, it shows that the patients nervous system fails to function properly

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4.

How hypothalamus, skin and adrenal gland function in osmoregulating the students body temperature that skate in the skating ring? - Temperature on the surface of the skin decrease is detected by receptor in the skin - Impulses are generated and sent to the hypothalamus - Thermoreceptor in the hypothalamus is stimulated to produce impulses and sent to organ / skin /glands - Hair is raised to trap heat - arteriole contracts / vasoconstriction // decrease the flow of blood to the surface of the skin - decrease sweating / the activity of sweat glands - Impulse stimulate the adrenal glands -More adrenaline is secreted -More glycogen is converted into glucose -Metabolism rate increases to produce more heat.

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1.

Diagram below shows a cross section of the spinal cord. Name the parts of the spinal cord labelled as P, Q, R and S.

2.

Diagram below shows two types of neurones.

(a) Identify P and Q. P :____________________________ Q :___________________________ (b) Label P with the following terms : Receptor cell cell body axon

(c) Label Q with the following terms : Dendrite synaptic terminals myelin sheath

(d) Show the direction of flow of an impulse in P and Q during the transmission of an impulse from a receptor. 3. Diagram below shows a synapse.

(a)

(i)

What is the role of mitochondria in a synapse?

____________________________________________________ (ii) State two neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with the decrease in secretion of neurotransmitters. ____________________________________________________

(b)

Describe the transmission of information across a synapse.

__________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

4.

Match the following hormones to their functions. Hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Insulin Androgens Function Stimulate development of male secondary sexual characteristics and spermatogenesis. Stimulates development of the uterine lining and formation of the placenta. Decreases blood glucose levels and promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen. Stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys.

Prolactin

Growth hormone

Stimulates milk production and secretion from mammary glands. Stimulates growth, protein synthesis and fat metabolism.

Progesterone

5.

Diagram above shows the position of the major endocrine organs in the human body. Label the main glands of the endocrine system.

Islet cells in pancreas stimulated to secrete insulin

Blood glucose rises

Normal blood glucose level

Normal blood glucose level

Blood glucose drops

Islet cells in pancreas stimulated to secrete glucagon

6. The schematic diagram above shows the regulation of blood glucose level. Choose the correct answers for the empty boxes labelled as A, B, C, D and E.

Insulin also stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver and muscle cells, for storage. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose. Glucagon also promotes lipid breakdown, which releases fatty acids that can be metabolized for energy. The adipose cells use the breakdown of glucose to form fats. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by liver, muscle and adipose cells, for respiration.

7.

Diagram above shows a part of nephron. Name the processes that occur in parts P, Q and R P :________________________________________ Q :________________________________________ R :________________________________________

8.

The diagram below shows the structure of a synapse.

(a)

Name the parts labelled P-U. P : ____________________________________ Q : ____________________________________ R : ____________________________________ S : ____________________________________ T : ____________________________________

U : ____________________________________ (b) Name the chemical substances found in Q __________________________________________________________________ (c) State the importance of organelle R existing in large number in structure P. __________________________________________________________________ (d) Describe briefly how a nerve impulse crosses a synaptic cleft. __________________________________________________________________ (e) Explain why a nerve impulse is transmitted in only one direction from one neurone to the next neurone. __________________________________________________________________

9.

Diagram below shows the position of some endocrine glands in a human body.

(a)

Name the endocrine glands labelled L, M, N and O. L : _______________________________________ M : _______________________________________ N : _______________________________________

O : _______________________________________ (b) Name an endocrine gland in the human male that controls his sexual characteristics. __________________________________________________________________ (c) (i) Name the main gland in the body that controls the activities of many other endocrine glands. __________________________________________________________ (ii) Name a hormone that is produced by the main gland that controls the secretion of gland M. __________________________________________________________ (d) (i) Name a hormone that is secreted by gland M. __________________________________________________________ (ii) State two functions of hormone in (d)(i). _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ (e) Explain what would happen if a diet for a young child is deficient in iodine. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. Diagram below shows the structure of a kidney nephron.

(a)

Formation of urine involves three main processes. Name these processes. (i) ___________________________________________

(ii) ___________________________________________

(iii) ___________________________________________ (b) (i) Name the process that occurs between the glomerulus and the Bowmans capsule. __________________________________________________________

(ii)

Describe briefly how process in (b)(i) occurs. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

(c) (i)

Name two blood components found in the glomerulus but not in the filtrate. __________________________________________________________

(ii)

Suggest a reason for the component difference in (c) (i). __________________________________________________________

(d)

Why is there a difference in the chemical composition of the filtrate in the Bowmans capsule and the filtrate in the loop of Henle? Explain your answer. __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

(e)

Name the organ in the human body where urea is produced. __________________________________________________________________

ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Diagram 1(a) shows a reflex arc and Diagram 1(b) shows the regulation of glucose in the blood. Both figures illustrate coordination systems in the human body.

Diagram 1(a)

Diagram 1(b)
(i) (ii) Describe the reflex action in Diagram 1(a) Compare the coordination system shown in Diagram1(a) and 1(b).

2. Diagram 2 shows a ball and socket joint with tissues P, Q , R and S which are responsible for locomotion in a human.

S
Diagram 2 Based on Diagram 2 discuss how the structure and organization of P,Q,R and S produced movement at the joints. 3. A doctor is going to do a test to examine a patients nervous system.

Diagram 3 Based on Diagram 3, describe the pathway transmission of nerve impulses to show whether the patients nervous system is normal or not.

4. Diagram 4 shows the organs and glands involved in regulating the human temperature.

Diagram 4
A student skates on an ice skating. Based on Diagram 4, explain how regulation of the students body temperature occurs.