3160 5485 1 SM
3160 5485 1 SM
3160 5485 1 SM
net/publication/303253115
CITATIONS READS
31 11,418
1 author:
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Improvement of Radar Detection by estimating distribution parameters through neural networks View project
All content following this page was uploaded by José Raúl Machado Fernández on 17 May 2016.
ISSN 0121-1129
eISSN 2357-5328
Abstract
The author makes a review of the SDR (Software Defined Radio) technology, including hardware schemes
and application fields. A low performance device is presented and several tests are executed with it using free
software. With the acquired experience, SDR employment opportunities are identified for low-cost solutions
that can solve significant problems. In addition, a list of the most important frameworks related to the technology
developed in the last years is offered, recommending the use of three of them.
Keywords: Software Defined Radio (SDR), radiofrequencies receiver, radiofrequencies transmitter, radio
development frameworks, superheterodyne receiver, SDR hardware devices, SDR-Sharp, RTLSDR-Scanner.
Resumen
El autor realiza una revisión de la tecnología Radio Definido por Software (SDR, Software Defined Radio)
incluyendo esquemas de hardware y campos de aplicación. Un dispositivo de desempeño modesto es presentado
y varias pruebas son ejecutadas con él usando software de distribución gratuita. Con la experiencia adquirida,
son identificadas oportunidades de empleo de SDR en soluciones de bajo costo que pueden resolver problemas
significativos. Además, se ofrece una lista de las librerías más importantes relacionadas con la tecnología en los
últimos años, recomendando el uso de tres de ellas.
Palabras Clave: Software Defined Radio (SDR), receptor de radiofrecuencias, transmisor de radio frecuencias,
librerías de desarrollo de radio, receptor superheterodino, dispositivos de hardware SDR, SDR-Sharp, RTLSDR-
Scanner.
* Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echevarría (ISPJAE) (La Habana, Cuba). m4ch4do@hispavista.com
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24. No. 38. pp. 79-96 79
. pp. 79-96
Software Defined Radio: Basic Principles and Applications
Resumo
O autor realiza uma revisão da tecnologia Rádio Definido por Software (SDR, Software Defined Radio) incluindo
esquemas de hardware e campos de aplicação. Um dispositivo de desempenho modesto é apresentado e várias
provas são executadas com ele usando software de distribuição gratuita. Com a experiência adquirida, são
identificadas oportunidades de emprego de SDR em soluções de baixo custo que possam resolver problemas
significativos. Ademais, se oferece uma lista das bibliotecas mais importantes relacionadas com a tecnologia nos
últimos anos, sendo recomendado o uso de três delas.
Palavras Chave: Software Defined Radio (SDR), receptor de radiofrequências, transmissor de radiofrequências,
bibliotecas de desenvolvimento de rádio, receptor super-heteródino, dispositivos de hardware SDR, SDR-Sharp,
RTLSDR-Scanner.
80 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38
José Raúl Machado-Fernández
To the continuous progress in communications, it As the idea conceived in the 90sis still not
follows the advent of WLAN (Wireless Local Area achievable, and a sit will not be likely for some time,
Networks) that were originated in 1985 controlled the term SDR is used to describe a viable device
by the United States Federal Communications that is primarily defined by software, but includes
Commission (FCC). The organization put together significant hardware components. Even with these
the not licensed spectrum in three different regions components, the SDR receiver is quite different from
to be used in the following applications: Industry a traditional receiver.
(902-928 MHz), Science (2400-2483.5 MHz)
and Medicine (5725-5850 MHz)[9]. However, B. Motivation and Objectives
the original IEEE standard for WLANs was not
published until 1997[10]. Taking advantage of these SDR has evolved, like most technologies, from
freedoms in the spectrum, protocols such as WiFi and military to civilian environments. The first
Bluetooth proliferated and are now a vital part of any operational SDR, known as Speakeasy [13] was
corporative network. developed by the United States’ Navy between 1991
and 1995.Unfortunately, the application could not
Despite the growth achieved by multiple technologies, be used with other than the hardware for which it
an interesting and potentially problematic issue was conceived. Also, another negative issue was the
common to all mentioned devices is that their radios fact that the device fully occupied the backside of a
and protocols are mostly hardware based. Therefore, transport vehicle. His younger brother, Speakeasy II
reprogramming or reconfiguration options are [14], achieved much greater success mainly due to
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38 81
Software Defined Radio: Basic Principles and Applications
In this section, a theoretical review of hardware Typically, the oscillator’s frequency is set to a value
differences between traditional and SDR receivers is that ensures that its difference from the desired
performed at first, explaining also how the software signal’s frequency is equal to the IF. For example,
defined transmission takes place. Finally, a SDR if someone would like to receive a FM station at
device is shown setting the ground for the discussion 100.7MHz and the IF were 10.7MHz, the local
of the technology’s applications in section 3. oscillator should be placed at 90MHz.The operation
is known as downconversion.
A. Traditional Receiver
The next stage is a bandpass filter that attenuates
A traditional or typical receiver, besides the classic every signal except a specific portion of the
demodulation, performs three other operations: (1) spectrum. The bandwidth of this stage limits the band
carrier frequency tuning to select the desired signal, width of the signal that’s being received. Common
(2) filter to separate it from others received, and (3) center frequencies for the IF stage are 455 kHz and
amplification to compensate transmission losses. 10.7 MHz for commercial AM and FM respectively.
Moreover, an amplification step is commonly placed Likewise, for commercial FM, the bandwidth is
before the demodulation block to carry the signal approximately 100 kHz and for AM is above 5 kHz,
to an acceptable level for the demodulator circuitry consistent with the channel spacing that’s 200kHz for
[17]. AM and 10 kHz for FM [19].
Most traditional receivers have used conventional At the end, the demodulator recovers the original
heterodyne schemes for almost a century. The modulating signal from the IF amplifier’s output
superheterodyne internals blocks are shown in employing one of several alternatives. For example,
Fig. 1 [18]. A basic understanding of the structure for AM an envelope detector is used, and for FM a
is necessary to distinguish this conception from the frequencies discriminator [20]. Further processing
new SDR receiver. of the signal depends on the purpose for which the
receiver is intended. In a common home radio, the
demodulated output is passed to an audio amplifier
that is connected to a speaker.
82 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38
José Raúl Machado-Fernández
B. SDR Receiver IF, performing the same operation that the first three
blocks of the superheterodyne receiver. Up to this
Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of a SDR receiver. point the two schemes converge [21].
At first, the RF tuner converts the analog signal to
Next, the IF signal is passed to the ADC converter Another procedure, known as decimation, is
in charge of changing the signal’s domain, offering commonly performed for reducing the sampling
digital samples at its output. The samples are feed frequency or sample rate. Thus, the new sampling
to the following stage’s input which is a Digital frequency in baseband results from the division
Down Converter (DDC). The DDC is commonly a of the original sampling frequency by an N factor,
monolithic chip and it stands as the key part of the called decimation factor. The final sample rate can
SDR system. It consists of three main components: be as little as twice the highest frequency component
(1) a digital mixer, (2) a digital local oscillator, and of the useful signal, as proposed by the well-known
(3) a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) low-pass filter. Nyquist theorem [22]. Furthermore, practical
approaches have shown that reduction can be applied
The components operation is similar to their analog up to an extra 20% without significantly affecting
counterparts. The digital mixer and the local oscillator the quality of the result [19]. This can be expressed
shift the IF digital samples to baseband, while the FIR numerically as is done in equation 1.
low-pass filter limits the bandwidth of the final signal
[21]. For the implementation of each of its parts, the fb2=0.8fb=fs/N (1)
DDC includes a high number of multipliers, adders
and shift registers. Where fb is the frequency at baseband, fs is the
sampling frequency, N is the decimator factor and fb2
Observe that the signals are transferred to their is the new calculated baseband frequency after the
baseband equivalent at the digital mixer’s output decimation is applied.
by the disintegration into the I and Q counter phase
components [20]. If the tuning of the digital local Finally, the baseband samples are passed to the
oscillator is modified, the desired signal can be Digital Signal Processing (DSP) block, where task
shifted away or towards the point where it reaches such as demodulating and decoding are performed,
0Hz. This variation, together with the bandwidth among others.
adjustment of the low-pass filter, defines which part
of the reception is treated as a useful signal.
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38 83
Software Defined Radio: Basic Principles and Applications
The PDS block can be implemented in an FPGA if receivers typically exceeds 300 USD [23]. The SDR
the system is to be adapted to a specific application. transmitter’s structure is explained below.
However, PDS stages are commonly found within a
general purpose computer in the form of specialized SDR transmitters receive a baseband signal as an
software if versatility is to be added to the solution. input, typically generated by a DSP step as it is
shown in Fig. 3.
C. SDR Transmitter
The first block is a Digital Up Converter (DUC)
Although the most common SDR devices are which transfers the baseband signal to IF. The DAC
receivers, the technology also includes transmission that follows transform the samples to the analog
schemes. The price of a SDR receiver can be as low domain. Next, the RF converter shifts the signal
as 20 USD [16], while the cost of SDR transmitters/ towards higher frequencies. Finally, the signal is
amplified and directed to the antenna.
Table 1
Most relevant SDR Devices in the Market.
Band- Resolu-
Commercial Min. Max.
width tion of Transmit? Price
Name Freq. (MHz) Freq. (MHz)
the ADC
RTL-SDR 2831 24 1766 3,2 8 No 10-20
Funcube Pro 64 1700 0,096 16 No 150
Funcube Pro+ 410 2050 0,192 16 No 200
HackRF 30 600 20 8 Yes 300
BladeRF 300 3800 40 12 Yes 400-650
USRP 1 10 6000 64 12 Yes 700
MatchStiq 300 3800 28 12 Yes 4500
Within the DUC, the Interpolation Filter is responsible Then, the digital mixer and the local oscillator shift
for raising the baseband signal’s sample rate to the samples to IF, the shift being controlled by the
match the operating frequency of the components local oscillator.
that follow. Therefore, it performs the Decimator’s
opposite operation in the receiver’s architecture.
84 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38
José Raúl Machado-Fernández
D. RTL2831 Device
A small list of the most popular SDR devices in the • The Software Radio (1980-1985) [24]
market is offered as a valuable reference in table 1
[23]. Note that RTL2831 is the cheaper device. • National Instruments – LabVIEW (1986 -
present) [25]
III. SDR Software • US Military – SPEAKKeasy I (1992-1995) [13]
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology –
While the hardware components are essentials in
the SDR conception, the definition of the paradigm SpectrumWare (1994-1999) [26]
it-self points out the necessity of complementary • US Military – SPEAKeasy II (1995-1997) [27]
dedicated software. In this section, a description of
the main software tools that allows the SDR signal • US Military – Joint Tactical Radio System
manipulation is offered. (1997- present) [28]
• Trinity College – IRIS (1999 - present) [29]
• Vanu Software Radio (2001- present) [30]
• GNU Radio (2001 - present) [31]
• Flex-Radio SDR-1000 (2002-present) [11]
• Tsao, SDR Framework (2002) [32]
• Universidad de Kansas – Agile Radio (2003)
[33]
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38 85
Software Defined Radio: Basic Principles and Applications
Among the published list, there are three libraries with GNURadio, MATLAB is the most used support
that stand out for its frequent use in a great amount in SDR investigations [48-50]. The Success of GNU
of the current research papers. The first of them Radio and MATLAB mainly reside in the fact that
appear in 2001 and it was designed exclusively they provide easy to handle tools for the manipulation
for Linux operative system, but its popularity [45- of signals.
47] has extended its usage also to Windows: GNU
Radio2001.The other two operate exclusively on The duration over time of the above mentioned
Windows and are based on MATLAB mathematical SDR frameworks is illustrated in Fig. 6. As it can be
software: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology- seen, there is a growing tendency to stability in new
MATLAB/Simulink/USRP2009 and MathWorks- projects.
MATLAB/Simulink/USRP2011. Precisely together
86 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38
José Raúl Machado-Fernández
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38 87
Software Defined Radio: Basic Principles and Applications
C. Employment Opportunities The two lower windows are in charge of plotting the
selected bandwidth inside the full spectrum displayed
Many of the applications previously described are in the top window. To the left, the IF spectrum can be
only available to large corporations and universities perceived. To the right, the frequency distribution of
with high amounts of money dedicated to research. the voice demodulated signal is illustrated. In addition,
However, there are some low-cost solutions that can the transmission’s acoustic content can be heard if a
be achieved with the RTL2831 or another similar speaker is connected to the computer. Obviously, in
device using free software. In this section, several the example above, the demodulation scheme used
free downloaded softwares are presented, together a FM demodulator. In addition, the software allows
with some solutions that can be materialized or demodulation of the AM (Amplitude Modulation),
studied with them. Every one of the provided figures CW (Continuous Wave), USB (Upper Side Band),
was obtained by running the softwares on Windows LSB (Lower Side Band) and DSB (Double Side
7 and 8. Band) signals.
88 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38
José Raúl Machado-Fernández
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38 89
Software Defined Radio: Basic Principles and Applications
The plotted results can be saved in different formats left is colored, which means that the maximum is
and comparisons can be performed over them to not constant but appears at intervals in this area.
analyze the measurements. One of the comparisons is By contrast, the peak to the extreme right is not
shown in Fig. 11 where data from consecutive scans colored, indicating that the local maximum hasn’t
is plotted. The colored area represents the signal’s fall throughout the all observation period.
variation. For example, the peak to the extreme
Taking advantage of the benefits offered by RTLSDR result the possibility of making adjustments in
Scanner, some applications can be identified. They the propagation calculation methods.
are show below:
• Spectrum Intruders Identification: Scanning
• Measurement of the repeaters’ electrical silence zones, unauthorized transmissions can
parameters: RTLSDR Scanner allows checking be detected.
if the signal parameters offered by manufacturers
are actually implemented by their equipment. 3) SDR for Android
Transmitted power and frequency deviation can
One of the platforms for which SDR applications
be easily checked, as well as the appearance
have been developed is Android. The software SDR
of harmonics frequency bands near to the one
Touch turns the phone in to a SDR receiver whose
intended for the communication. range fluctuates between 50MHz and 2 GHz in AM,
• Noise Characterization by Bands: By exploring FM and SSB depending on the used hardware [69].
the spectrum, qualified personal may analyze There is also another software called Pocket HAM
the noise level of each band obtaining as a Bands Transceiver who allows the remote listening
of SDR receivers.
90 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38
José Raúl Machado-Fernández
4) SDR in the Web Both options are viable, being the selection
conditioned by the necessities of each particular user.
SDR’s perspectives in the future are many and However, if the conditions are given, the second-one
varied, but its application is particularly important is recommended over the first.
when Internet connected systems are brought into
consideration. From this point of view, there are two Regarding the free access to foreigners SDR in
fundamental approaches: remote locations (approach 2), it needs to be let
clear that this alternative is equally or more valuable
1. Transmission over Internet of own SDR signals. than the previous. Worldwide, there are a lot of
SDR devices ruled by amateur users and nonprofit
2. Free access to foreigners SDR in remote
associations. The geographical location of all 79
locations.
stations is provided in Fig. 13 [70].
For the transmission of a local own signal (approach
1) the software rtl_tcp may be used. With two PCs, a As the reader may notice, the majority of the receivers
hub and SDR RTL 2831 the possibility to visualize are located in Europe, although there are stations in
data received through the network was verified. all continents. The operating bands and the signal’s
However, when a laptop was added as a third active quality offered by the deployed devices differ from
element, the disadvantage of the scheme became one location to another, understandable fact if the
evident: only one remote host can receive the signal at spontaneous nature of the network is considered.
a given time. There are two solutions to the problem: However, by accessing several terminals, multiple
bands can be covered, especially in high density
areas.
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38 91
Software Defined Radio: Basic Principles and Applications
92 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38
José Raúl Machado-Fernández
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38 93
Software Defined Radio: Basic Principles and Applications
Communications Magazine, vol. 33, pp. 56-61, Signals and Systems Conference, pp. 275-280,
1995. 2002.
[14] (August 2014). SDR-Sharp Oficial Web Site. [30] V. G. Bose, “A Software Driven Approach to
Available: http://sdrsharp.com/ SDR Design”, COTS Journal, 2004.
[15] (August 2014). RTLSDR Scanner GitHub [31] (April 2012). GNU Radio Wikipedia Entry.
reference. Available: http://github.com/ Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnu
EarToEarOak/RTLSDR-Scanner [32] S.-L. Tsao, C. C. Lin, C. L. Chiu, H.-L. Chou,
[16] (August 2014). Amazon. Venta de Hardware and M. C. Wang, “Design and Implementation
SDR. Available: http://www.amazon.com/ of Software Framework for Software Defined
Terratec-Receiver-Low-Cost-Software-Defined/ Radio System”, Proceedings of the 56th IEEE
product-reviews/B00CRDF5WQ Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 4, pp.
[17] A. B. Carlson, Communications Systems An 2395-2399, 2002.
Introduction to signals and Noise, 4th ed.: [33] G. J. Minden, J. B. Evans, and J. A. Roberts,
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002. “Agile Radio Systems and National Radio
[18] J. D. Gibson, The Communications Handbook, Networking Research Testbed”, SensorNet
2 ed.: CRC PRESS, 2002. Architecture Forum, Lawrence, KS, USA, 2003.
[19] R. H. Hosking, Software Defined Radio [34] (April 2012). Calradio User Guide. Available:
Handbook (Notes Gathering), 8 ed., 2010. http://calradio.calit2.net/calradio1a.htm
[20] J. B. Anderson and J. Rolf, Understanding [35] P. Murphy, A. Sabharwal, and B. Aazhang,
Information Transmission: IEEE Press, 2005. “Design of WARP: A Flexible Wireless Open-
[21] V. Giannini, J. Craninckx, and A. Baschirotto, Access Research Platform”, Proceedings of
“Baseband Analog Circuits for Software 14th European Signal Processing Conference,
Defined Radio”, ed: Springer, 2008. 2006.
[22] B. Sklar, Digital Communicatinos Fundamentals [36] (April 2012). High Performance Software
and Applications, 2 ed.: Prentice Hall, 2001. Defined Radio Website. Available: http://
[23] (August 2014). Comparisons with other openhpsdr.org/history.php
Wideband Commercial Software Defined [37] J. A. DePries, “A Practical Approach to Rapid
Radios. Available: http://www.rtl-sdr.com/ Prototyping of SCA Waveforms”, Master,
about-rtl-sdr/ Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
[24] G. D. Space Systems Technology Group, “New University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA, 2006.
Research Lab Leads to Unique Radio Receiver”, [38] (February 2007). Lyrtech SFF SDR Development
E-Systems Team magazine, vol. 5, pp. 6-7, 1985. Platform Technical Specs, Technical Report.
[25] (April 2012). National Instruments Corporation Available: http://www.lyrtech.com/publications/
History, accessed Available: http://www.ni.com/ sff_sdr_dev_platform_en.pdf
company/history.htm [39] T. W. Rondeau, “Application of Articial
[26] “Design and Implementation of Software Intelligence to Wireless Communications”,
Radios Using a General Purpose Processor”, Ph.D., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University, Blacksburg, VA, USA, 2007.
Cambridge, MA, USA, 1999. [40] K. Mandke, S. H. Choi, G. Kim, R. Grant, R.
[27] R. Vidano, “SPEAKeasy II : an IPT Approach to Daniels, W. Kim, R. W. Heath, and S. M. Nettles,
Software Programmable Radio Development”, “Early Results on Hydra: A Flexible MAC/PHY
MILCOM 97 Proceedings, vol. 3, pp. 1212- Multihop Testbed”, Proceedings of the 65th
1215, 1997. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp.
[28] (1997, April 2012). Mission Needs Statement 1896-1900, 2007.
(NMS) for the Joint Tactical Radio (JTR). [41] I. G. Miguelez, “A Software Framework
[29] P. Mackenzie, L. Doyle, K. Nolan, and for Software Radio”, Master, Universidad
D. O’Mahony, “An Architecture for the Politécnica de Cataluña, Barcelona, España,
Development of Software Radios on General 2008.
Purpose Processors”, Proceedings of the Irish [42] K. Tan, J. Zhang, J. Fang, H. Liu, Y. Ye, S. Wang,
Y. Zhang, H. Wu, W. Wang, and G. M. Voelker,
94 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38
José Raúl Machado-Fernández
“Sora: High-Performance Software Radio Using Using GPU for Adaptive Anti-Jam GPS
General-Purpose Multi-Core Processors”, 6th Sensors”, Sensors Journal, 2011.
USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems [54] P. B. Nagaraju, E. Koski, and T. Melodia,
Design and Implementation, 2009. “A Software Defined Radio Ionospheric
[43] (2009, April 2012). Native Interface between Chirpsounder for HF Propagation Analysis”,
MATLAB / Simulink and USRP. 2009.
[44] (April 2012). MATLAB and Simulink Support [55] H.-S. Yoo, B. Park, and S.-H. Kim, “Seamless
Package for USRP Hardware Vertical Handover in Software Defined Radio
Available: http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/ Terminal”, International Journal of Control and
linkexchange/links/2973-matlab-and-simulink- Automation, vol. 2, 2009.
support-package-for-usrp-hardware [56] M. Zahangir Alam and M. Abdus Sobhan,
[45] D. Valerio, “Open Source Software- “Design of Future Software Defined Radio
Defined Radio: A survey on GNUradio (SDR) for All-IP Heterogeneous Network”,
and its applications”, Technical Report, Recent Patents on Signal Processing, vol. 2, pp.
Donaucitystrasse 1, 1220 Vienna, AUSTRIA, 12-21, 2010.
2008. [57] P. Vinayakray Jani, “Algorithm Driven System
[46] D. C. Tucker and G. A. Tagliarini, “Prototyping Selection with Reconfigurable Software Defined
with gnu radio and the usrp - where to begin”, Radio in Mobile Devices”, International
SOUTHEASTCON’09. IEEE, pp. 50–54, 2009. Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks, vol. 2,
[47] S. J. Olivieri, “Modular FPGA-Based Software 2010.
Defined Radio for CubeStats”, Master, [58] A. Technologies, “Creating and Analyzing
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2011. Custom OFDM Waveforms for Software-
[48] R. Sivappagari and C. Mohan, “Software Defined Radio (SDR) Application Brief”, 2010.
Defined Radio using Digital Modulation [59] M. Islam, M. A. Hannan, S. A. Samad, and
Techniques - A MATLAB SIMULINK A. Hussain, “Software Defined Radio for
Approach”, Proceedings of International RFID Application”, Proceedings of the World
Academic Conference on Electrical, Electronics Congress on Engineering and Computer
and Computer Engineering, 2013. Science 2009, vol. 1, 2009.
[49] K. J. T. Hazim Salah Abdulsatar, Ali Hashim [60] M. L. Dickens, B. P. Dunn, and J. N. Laneman,
Jryian, “Low power Transceiver Structure “Design and Implementation of a Portable
for Wireless and Mobile Systems Based Software Radio”, IEEE Communications
SDR Technology Using MATLAB and Magazine, vol. 46, pp. 58-66, 2008.
System Generator”, International Journal [61] J. P. Jacky, J. L. Garbini, M. Ettus, and J. A.
of Engineering and Advanced Technology Sidles, “Digital Control of Force Microscope
(IJEAT), vol. 3, 2013. Cantilevers Using a Field Programmable Gate
[50] Z. Feng, “A Software Defined Radio Array”, Review of Scientic Instruments, vol. 79,
Implementation Using MATLAB”, Graduated, 2008.
2013. [62] E. Matlis, T. Corket, and S. Gogineni, “Plasma
[51] S. Gultchev, K. Moessner, and D. Anemometer for Hypersonic Mach Number
Thilakawardana, Evaluation of Software Defined Experiments”, Instrumentation in Aerospace
Radio Technology, Centre for Communication Simulation Facilities, pp. 245-256, 2005.
System Research, University of Surrey, 2005. [63] R. Farrell, M. Sanchez, and G. Corley,
[52] N. Haziza, M. Kassab, and R. Knopp, “Multi- “Software-Defined Radio Demonstrators: An
technology vehicular cooperative system Example and Future Trends”, International
based on Software Defined Radio (SDR)”, Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting,
Communication Technologies for Vehicles, pp vol. 12, 2009.
84-95, Springer, 2012. [64] G. J. Bradford, “A Framework for
[53] J. Seo, Y.-H. Chen, and D. S. De Lorenzo, “A Implementation and Evaluation of Cooperative
Real-Time Capable Software-Defined Receiver Diversity in Software-Defined Radio”, Master,
University of Notre Dame, 2008.
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38 95
Software Defined Radio: Basic Principles and Applications
96 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Fac. Ing.), Enero-Abril 2015, Vol. 24, No. 38