DNT Notes

What is a design brief?
- A design brief is a statement that identifies what one plan to do,

for whom, where it will be used and why one has chosen to follow
this route.
What is a design specification?

- A specification is simply a list of requirements that sets out the
key features of a product.
What do you think is the role of designers?

- Designers should define their role as agents of good in the world
and limit their work to products that are needed and can be made
without damage to nature or people.
Evaluation - is part of the iterative design process, a circular design

process that models, evaluates and improves designs based on the
results of testing. Without the iterative cycle of evaluation and
improvement from both the client and the target market, the product
may not be the best on the market. This will allow another
manufacturer to produce a better product that will be more
successful.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
What are the big sustainability issues for designers?
1. Resource use:
We use so much and so many materials. Many of the products we
use daily use materials that are in scarce supply and are non-
renewable.
2. Climate change:
The energy used throughout the product ‘lifecycle’ releases
carbon dioxide, which contributes towards climate change.
3. Impact on people:
Drawing ideas
Technical drawing
 Working drawing of new designs are usually done in orthographic

projection (2D), another way to show your ideas is by isometric
drawings (3D).
The 6Rs
The 6Rs could be a way of helping you think about reducing the
impact of a new product on the environment and people.
Rethink: Do we make too many products? Design in a way that considers
people and the environment.
Refuse: Don’t use a material or buy a product if you don’t need it or if

it’s bad for people or the environment.
Reduce: Cut down the amount of material and energy you use as much
as you can.
Reuse: Use a product to make something else with all or parts of it.
Recycle: Reprocess a material or product and make something else.
Repair: When a product breaks down or doesn’t work properly, fix it.
 Recycling
Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new

materials and objects.
It is very important because it:
- reduces waste sent to landfills and

incinerators
- prevents pollution
- conserves natural resources
- conserves energy
- creates jobs, producing economic
benefits
DESIGN MODELLING
Central to designing is the use of models. These can vary from very
simple models used early in the design process, to detailed prototypes
made when the design is well developed. Here are five examples of
design models:
1. Paper models – may be used to generate ideas for fabrics.
2. 3D models – used to visualize user trials of a new train.
3. Conceptual modelling – is the ability to hold and use models held

in mind.
4. Mathematical modelling – provide a very quick and heap means to

establish volume, strength, or weight of components.
5. Engineering drawings – provide clear and unambiguous information

regarding a design proposal.
6. Computer models – are used because of their ease of

modification and speed of communication. Stereo Lithography
techniques an even transform a 2D computer-aided design (CAD)
model to a 3D model.
PRODUCTION PROCESSORS
 Marking tools
There are many different tools for marking out timber:
1. Pencil - the most popular, can go blunt with use and needs to be
kept sharp.
2. Marking knife - produces a fine crisp line that can be cut to, will
produce many lines on timber before it needs to be sharpened
again.
 Measuring tools
The measuring tools associated with timber are used to measure

lengths and angles. The most common tools are:
1. Ruler - for measuring shorter lengths, widths and thicknesses
2. Tape measure - for measuring long distances, particularly in the

3. building trade
4. Try square - for marking out angles that are 90 degrees to an
edge
5. Mitre square - for marking out angles that are 45 degrees to an

edge
6. Sliding bevel - to mark an angle that you set to an edge
7. Marking gauge - to scratch a line that is parallel to an edge
8. Mortise gauge - to scratch a set of parallel lines to an edge
 Cutting tools
There are a great many saws used to cut timber - some suit long
straight cuts on thicker planks, and others suit curves and complex
shapes:
1. Rip saw - for ‘ripping’ through and rough cutting thicker planks
and boards
2. Tenon saw - for cutting straight lines with accuracy
3. Coping saws, jig saws and scroll saws - all for cutting thinner
pieces of timber and they can cope with curves too
 Finishing tools
They are used to remove the material from the surface of the
workpiece in order to get a high surface finish. The Finishing tools are
also called Files.
The various types of Files are as follows.
1. Flat file - to remove the material from the rectangular cross-

sections.
2. Square file - to remove the material from the inside corners

which are at right angles.
3. Triangular file - used at inclined positions to make them linear.
4. Round file - to remove the material from the circular components

to get a good surface finish.
5. Swiss or Needle file - to remove the material from the Keyhole

cross-section components.
SURFACE FINISHES
Varnishing – A varnish will protect your work from the damp and allow
you to see through to the wood grain below. These are the following
steps for varnishing:
1. Brush the varnish on, working along the grain. Only have a little
varnish on the brush. Brush from the centre of the work towards
the ends.
2. Leave to dry overnight.
3. Rub the surface down very gently with fine glass paper, until it
feels smooth.
4. Add another coat of varnish and leave to dry.
5. If it is still rough after the second coat, rub down again and apply
a third coat of varnish.
Painting – painting is use to apply colors to a surface. When it is done

well the grain of the wood does not show through. Apply special primer
paint first to seal the wood.
Safe Work Practices in Workshop:

 Wear an apron.
 Don’t wear loose clothes in the workshop.
 Do not run in the workshop.
 Avoid bumping into people.
 Carry sharp tools in a safe manner.
 Do not misuse tools or equipment
 One operator at any one time.
 Never use a machine without the teacher’s permission.
 Must always know where the OFF switch is.

 Always wear goggles and safety gloves.
 Must report all breakages and accidents to the teachers.
 Keep the broken or damaged tools separate so that they may be

replaced.
 Always lean up after working.
 Wash your hands.

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What is a design brief?

- A design brief is a statement that identifies what one plan to do,

What is a design specification?

What do you think is the role of designers?

Evaluation - is part of the iterative design process, a circular design

 Working drawing of new designs are usually done in orthographic

Refuse: Don’t use a material or buy a product if you don’t need it or if

Recycle: Reprocess a material or product and make something else.

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new

It is very important because it:

- reduces waste sent to landfills and

1. Paper models – may be used to generate ideas for fabrics.

2. 3D models – used to visualize user trials of a new train.

3. Conceptual modelling – is the ability to hold and use models held

4. Mathematical modelling – provide a very quick and heap means to

5. Engineering drawings – provide clear and unambiguous information

6. Computer models – are used because of their ease of

There are many different tools for marking out timber:

The measuring tools associated with timber are used to measure

1. Ruler - for measuring shorter lengths, widths and thicknesses

2. Tape measure - for measuring long distances, particularly in the

5. Mitre square - for marking out angles that are 45 degrees to an

6. Sliding bevel - to mark an angle that you set to an edge

7. Marking gauge - to scratch a line that is parallel to an edge

8. Mortise gauge - to scratch a set of parallel lines to an edge

2. Tenon saw - for cutting straight lines with accuracy

The various types of Files are as follows.

1. Flat file - to remove the material from the rectangular cross-

2. Square file - to remove the material from the inside corners

3. Triangular file - used at inclined positions to make them linear.

4. Round file - to remove the material from the circular components

5. Swiss or Needle file - to remove the material from the Keyhole

2. Leave to dry overnight.

Painting – painting is use to apply colors to a surface. When it is done

Safe Work Practices in Workshop:

 Don’t wear loose clothes in the workshop.

 Do not run in the workshop.

 Avoid bumping into people.

 Carry sharp tools in a safe manner.

 Do not misuse tools or equipment

 One operator at any one time.

 Never use a machine without the teacher’s permission.

 Must always know where the OFF switch is.

 Must report all breakages and accidents to the teachers.

 Keep the broken or damaged tools separate so that they may be

 Always lean up after working.

 Wash your hands.

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