PHYSICAL LAYOUT-WPS Office
PHYSICAL LAYOUT-WPS Office
PHYSICAL LAYOUT-WPS Office
Hospitals are the most complex of building types. Each hospital is comprised of a widerange of services
and functionalunits. These include diagnostic and treatment functions, such asclinical laboratories,
imaging, emergency rooms, and surgery; hospitality functions, such as foodservice and housekeeping;
and the fundamental inpatient care or bed-related function. Thisdiversity is reflected in the breadth and
specificity of regulations, codes, and oversight thatgovern hospital construction and operations.In
addition to the wide range of services that must be accommodated, hospitals mustserve and support
many different users and stakeholders. Ideally, the design process incorporatesdirect input from the
owner and from key hospital staff early on in the process. The designer alsohas to be an advocate for the
patients, visitors, support staff, volunteers, and suppliers who do notgenerally have direct input into the
design. Good hospital designintegratesfunctionalrequirements with the human needs of its varied users.
outpatient-related functions
administrative functions
Hospital design
Regardless of their location, size, or budget, all hospitals should have certain common attributes.
Promote staff efficiency by minimizing distance of necessary travel between frequentlyused spaces
Include all needed spaces, but no redundant ones. This requires careful pre-design programming.
Provide an efficient logistics system, which might include elevators, pneumatic tubes, box conveyors,
manual or automated carts, and gravity or pneumatic chutes, for theefficient handling of food and clean
supplies and the removal of waste, recyclables, andsoiled material
Make efficient use of space by locating support spaces so that they may be shared byadjacent
functional areas, and by making prudent use of multi-purpose spaces
Consolidate outpatient functions for more efficient operation on first floor, if possible for direct access
by outpatients
Provide optimal functional adjacencies, such as locating the surgical intensive care unitadjacent to the
operating suite. These adjacencies should be based on a detailedfunctional program which describes the
hospital's intended operations from thestandpoint of patients, staff, and supplies.
Since medical needs and modes of treatment will continue to change, hospitals should:
Use generic room sizes and plans as much as possible, rather than highly specific ones
Be served by modular, easily accessed, and easily modified mechanical and electricalsystems
Where size and program allow, be designed on a modular system basis, such as theVAHospital Building
System. This system also uses walk-through interstitial space betweenoccupied floors for mechanical,
electrical, and plumbing distribution. For large projects,this provides continuing adaptability to changing
programs and needs, with no first-cost premium, if properly planned, designed, and bid. The VA Hospital
Building System alsoallows vertical expansion without disruptions to floors below.
Be open-ended, with well planned directions for future expansion; for instance positioning "soft
spaces" such as administrative departments, adjacent to "hard spaces"such as clinical laboratories.
3.Therapeutic Environment
Hospital patients are often fearful and confused and these feelings may impede recovery.Every effort
should be made to make the hospital stay as unthreatening, comfortable, andstress-free as possible.
Using familiar and culturally relevant materials wherever consistent with sanitation andother
functional needs
Using cheerful and varied colors and textures, keeping in mind that some colors areinappropriate and
can interfere with provider assessments of patients' pallor and skintones, disorient older or impaired
patients, or agitate patients and staff, particularly some psychiatric patients.
Admitting ample natural light wherever feasible and using color-corrected lighting ininterior spaces
which closely approximates natural daylight
Providing viewsof the outdoors from every patient bed, and elsewhere wherever possible; photo
murals of nature scenes are helpful where outdoor views are not available
Designing a "way-finding" process into every project. Patients, visitors, and staff all needto know
where they are, what their destination is, and how to get there and return. A patient's sense of
competence is encouraged by making spaces easy to find, identify, anduse without asking for help.
Careful detailing of such features as doorframes, casework, and finish transitions to avoiddirt-catching
and hard-to-clean crevices and joints
Special materials, finishes, and details for spaces which are to be kept sterile, such asintegral cove
base. The new antimicrobial surfaces might be considered for appropriatelocations.
5.Accessibility
Ensuring grades are flat enough to allow easy movement and sidewalks and corridors arewide enough
for two wheelchairs to pass easily
Ensuring entrance areas are designed to accommodate patients with slower adaptationrates to dark
and light; marking glass walls and doors to make their presence obvious
6.Controlled Circulation
Outpatients visiting diagnostic and treatment areas should not travel through inpatientfunctional
areas nor encounter severely ill inpatients
Visitors should have a simple and direct route to each patient nursing unit without penetrating other
functional areas
Outflow of trash, recyclables, and soiled materials should be separated from movement offood and
clean supplies, and both should be separated from routes of patients and visitors
Transfer of cadavers to and from the morgue should be out of the sight of patients andvisitors
Dedicated service elevators for deliveries, food and building maintenance services’
7.Aesthetics
Use of artwork
Homelike and intimate scale in patient rooms, day rooms, consultation rooms, and offices
In addition to the general safety concerns of all buildings, hospitals have several particular security
concerns:
10.Sustainability
Hospitals are large public buildings that have a significant impact on the environment andeconomy of
the surrounding community. They are heavy users of energyand waterand producelarge amounts of
waste. Because hospitals place such demands on community resources they arenatural candidates for
sustainable design.
1.FINANCE
2.LOCATION
1.FINANCE:-
An assessment should be made of available finance and possible sources of arrangingfinance. Banks
such as the industrial development bank of India (IDBI)
2.LOCATION:-
The objective/ purposes of the hospital along with the need of the community todetermine the demand
for hospital services identification and location.
2)Climate
5) Sources of income
6) Disease pattern
7) Major prevalent illness.
8) Morbidity rate.
9) Mortality rate.
10) Available medical facilities
12)Available of manpower
2.Demographic (include the character of the population such as age group, sex ratio )
4.Hospitals statistics
CATCHMENT AREA:-
1. Urban — a radius of 10-15 km initially may be considered in areas where good transportis
available
Once the location of the hospitals has been decided, the following factors should beconsidered:
1)Site selection
2)Legal requirement
4)Plot ratio.
5)Landscaping.
6)Designing consideration
ORGANIZING OF OPD
Care of the ambulatory patient is the main consideration in the OPD. For maximum efficiencythere must
be perfect coordination with the inpatient department (IPD) and the r facilities of thehospital.
1)Within the OPD, the physical facilities should be placed such that smooth flow ofoperation and easy
and quick intercommunication is maintained.
2) Service to common to both the IPD and OPD (radiology, laboratory, blood bank) should be readily and
easily accessible.
4)Installation and review of an appointment systems based on the doctors hours ofworking
1.LOCATION
The OPD is the showcase of any hospitals, and reflects its image. It should leavean independent
approach at the hospitals and should 3e on the ground floor foreasy access. Some treatment facilities
like radiology, pathology, physiotherapyand blood bank should be interposed between the OPD and IPD.
1. General facilities.
4.Pharmacy.
5.Blood bank
3. PLANNING
1.The size of the OPD depends upon the volume of attendance, the clinics providedand the extent of
other facilities such as laboratory, blood bank, and health education programmed, operating facilities
and emergency ward.
2. The size of the OPD also depends on the land available and the location of thehospitals.
1. Public areas.
2.Clinical areas.
3.Administrative areas.
4.Circulation areas.
Number ofhospital bed 50 beds 100 beds 200 beds 300 beds 400 beds 500 beds
PUBLIC AREAS:
1)Traffic
2)Main Entrance
3)Reception and Information
5) Non-clinical Areas
A.Entrance Hall
B.Waiting-Area
D.Snack Bar
6)Consultation Room
8)Treatment/Dressing Room - The size will vary from120 sq. ft — 160 sq.
2.CLINICAL AREAS:
1.An OPD include surgical, dental, ophthalmic, ENT, maternity, and gynecology, pediatric, medicine,
psychiatric, and emergency department.
2.There are ancillary facilities such as treatment section which minor OT, injectionand dressing room,
dispensary.
3.There is also a growing need to institute health education program inenvironmental hygiene, family
planning.
CLINICAL AREAS ARE CLASSIFIED
1)Medical Clinic
2)Surgical Clinic
3)Orthopedic Clinic
4)Eye Clinic
5)ENT Clinic
6)Dental Clinic
9)Pediatric Clinic
11)Psychiatric Clinic
B. Ancillary Facilities:
1)Injection clinic
2)Pharmacy
C. Auxiliary Facilities:
1)Laboratory
2)Radiology
3)Blood Bank
4)Health Education
5)Social Service
6)Screening Clinic
3.ADMINISTRATIVE AREAS
1)Administrator's Office
2)Business Office
3)Housekeeping
4.STORAGE FACILITIES
1)General Stores
2)Drugs Stores
3)Linen Storage
While planning a ward, the aim should be to minimize the work of the nursing staff and provide basic
amenities to the parents so that his/her stay is made as comfortable as possible.
2.PHYSICAL FACILITIES
3. STAFF
The policy of the hospital will decide whether the hospital will be a general one with allfacilities or
specific (super specialty hospital) e.g. neuroscience center.
2. PHYSICAL FACILITIES
3. 1)Location and area:
The inpatient area should be located away from main and the OPD area. It isrelegated to the back to
ensure quietness and avoid disturbance and potentialsources of cross infection
6.A single bed room with independent toilet should have a minimum space of 125sq. ft.
2)SIZE:
The size of the ward or nursing unit varies in different hospitals. Various factorhave a bearing on the
optimum size of the unit
b.Requirement of staff
c. Position of staff
3)SHAPE/DESIGN:
The primary objective of the ward design is to enable the nurse to react toemergencies with maximum
efficiency and minimum efficiency and minimum physical and emotional stress.
1)OPEN WARD
1.The regular pavilion type of ward was first constructed in 1770 by a manFrenchmen about 80 years
later.
2. The Florence nightingale adopted this design and it is still known after hername. This ward
consists of patient beds in two rows at right angles to thelongitudinal walls the bathrooms and
WC.
3.About 30-35 patients were housed in such wards and the length of theward was not less than 96
feet.
Advantages Disadvantages
Nurses have ample Visibility and canobserve Danger of A critically ill patient, placed closer to thenurse's for
cross-infection patientsdirectly. maximum attention would lie in thecentre of greatest
traffic-density
Danger of cross-infection.
It is economical to construct and maintain thus Constant glare which disturbs the patients.
2)RIG'S WARD:the first major development over the above mentioned defects appeared in rig’s
hospital, Denmark and thus the name rigs ward. In this design the ward unit is divided into small
compartment.
•cubicles separated from each other by low partitions, each cubicle having 1, 2, 4 or 6 beds arranged
parallel to the longitudinal walls
2.L-shaped Ward: - in this, the nursing station is placed at the 90 degree junction.
3.T-shaped Ward: - the nursing station is at the vertical arm and the patientareas are located on the
horizontal arm. Serious patient and nurse to theminimum.
4.Circular Ward: -this design occupies the minimum space and reducesthe walking distance between
patient and nurses to the minimum.
4)ANCILLARY ACCOMMODATION:-
1. Nursing station
2.Treatment room
4.Ward kitchen/pantry
5. Day room
6.Stores
9. Janitors room
5)AUXILIARY ACCOMMODATION: -
B.Seminar room
C.Attendant room
3.STAFF
1)Medical
2) Nursing
3)Supportive
3. Psychiatry ward
4.Skin ward
6.Obstetrics and gynecology department: -the space needed for thevarious are the:-
iii.Labor room
iv.Delivery room
v.Sterilizing room
vi.Sterile room
vii.Scrubbing room
NURSING UNIT: -
1.Antenatal Ward
2.Eclampsia Ward
4.Formula Room
3.nurses station
7.Adequate lighting
8.adequate ventilation
9.Temperature
10.Relative humidity
12.Design
5.Conveniently placed in relation the surgical ward, ICU, Radiology,Pathology, Blood bank, CSSD, TSSU
(theater sterile supply unit)
DIETRY SERVICES
various factor influences the workload of the departmentand personal required to handle it size of the
hospital.
4.Patient-turnover
oIt varies indifferent constituent and location has advantage and disadvantage.
oThe common consideration is that the major uses of CSSD such as the casualty, wardunit, labour room
and OT should be near of have direct and easy access to it.
2. FLOOR SPACE: -
In CSSD, the floor space is divided into 6 basic units. Their relativefloor area is given below
2.Sterile storage
3.Equipment storage
B.Equipment storage
C.Sterile storage
LAUNDRY SERVISES
Whether the laundry is the main building of the hospital or in as space one. Or with oneor more of the
hospitals support services, its location should be convenient to the userunits
the design of thelaundry should be that it helps in the following main laundering process:
4.Drying/Flat ironing,
5.Pressing/Hand ironing/folding,
6.Packing.
LABORATORY SERVISES
Cities and very often function as a reference library and forms part of a teaching hospital. At thislevel,
the laboratory should have most of the units of clinical and morphological pathology.
it should be centrally for easy access by clinicians. At the sametime, it must be so situated that future
expansion will not be impeded in designing aregional hospital laboratory, the requirement of space will
be based on the servicesavailable, number of specialized units, the level of research to be carried out
and possiblefuture expansion.
•Personnel: -
the staff will consist of medical and non-medical professional, bothtechnical and non-technical. The
number will depend on the size of the department andthe workload. The laboratory workload will vary,
depending on the population, and thequality and kind of medical practice in the hospital.