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Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura

Social Learning
Theory

Carla Patricia P. Silvino


Albert Bandura

Born in December 4, 1925 in Mundare,


Alberta Canada. An american
psychologist, graduated at the
University of British Columbia and
University of Lowa. Known for his
Social cognitive theory, Self-efficacy,
Social Learning Theory, Bobo doll
Experiment, Human Agency,
Reciprocal and Determinism.
• Bandura has been responsible for
contributions to the field of education
and to several fields of psychology,
including Social Cognitive Theory,
therapy and Personality Psychology. He
is known as the originator of Social
Learning Theory and the theoretical
construct of self-efficacy, and is also
responsible for the influential 1961
Bobo Doll Experiment which
demonstrated the concept of
Observational Learning.
Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura

Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura,


emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling,
and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional
reactions of others. Social learning considers how both
environmental and cognitive factors interact to
influence human learning and behavior.
According to Bandura's social learning theory,
learning occurs through observations and
interactions with other people. Essentially,
people learn by watching others and then
imitating these actions..
Observational Learning
• Children pay attention to some of these people (models) and encode their
behavior. At a later time they may imitate for instance copy the behavior
they have observed.
• They may do this regardless of whether the behavior is ‘gender
appropriate’ or not, but there are a number of processes that make it
more likely that a child will reproduce the behavior that its society deems
appropriate for its gender.
• the child is more likely to attend to and imitate those people it perceives as
similar to itself. Consequently, it is more likely to imitate behavior modeled
by people of the same gender.
• If a child imitates a model’s behavior and the consequences are
rewarding, the child is likely to continue performing the behavior.
The Observational Learning Process
ATTENTION
Learner
pays
attention to RETENTION
observe the Learner
modelled mentally
behaviour. represents and REPRODUCTION
retains what Depending on
has been physical
observed. capabilities, the
learner converts
the mental
representations
MOTIVATION
into actions.
Reason for
imitating the
behavior.
Factors that influence Observational
Learning

Observer Attributes Model Factors Consequences


Similarity Expertise

ATTRACTIVENESS Status
Model Factors
REINFORCEMENT
External Reinforcement

Example:
If a child wants approval from
parents or peers, this approval
is an external reinforcement.

Internal Reinforcement

Example:
feeling happy about being
approved of is an internal
reinforcement. A child will
behave in a way which it believes
will earn approval because it
desires approval.
• Positive or negative reinforcement will have little impact if
the reinforcement offered externally does not match with
an individual's needs. Reinforcement can be positive or
negative, but the important factor is that it will usually lead
to a change in a person's behavior.
• Vicarious reinforcement- an example is when a younger
sister observing an older sister being rewarded for a
particular behavior is more likely to repeat that behavior
herself.
Identification
• Identification occurs with another person and involves taking
on or adopting observed behaviors, values, beliefs and
attitudes of the person with whom you are identifying.

Identification VS Oedipus Complex


• The term identification as used by Social Learning Theory is similar to the
Freudian term related to the Oedipus complex. For example, they both
involve internalizing or adopting another person’s behavior.
• Oedipus Complex-during the Oedipus complex, the child can only identify
with the same sex parent
• Identification-Social Learning Theory the person the child or adult can
potentially identify with any other person.
The experiment involved exposing children to two different adult
models, an aggressive model and a non-aggressive one. After witnessing the
adult's behavior, the children would then be placed in a room without the
model and were observed to see if they would imitate the behaviors they
had witnessed earlier.

-The Bobo Doll Experiment


Bandura made several key predictions about what would occur during the Bobo
doll experiment:

1. Boys would behave more aggressively than girls.


2. Children who observed an adult acting aggressively would be likely to act
aggressively even when the adult model was not present.
3. Children would be more likely to imitate models of the same-sex rather than
models of the opposite sex.
4. The children who observed the non-aggressive adult model would be less
aggressive than the children who observed the aggressive model; the non-
aggressive exposure group would also be less aggressive than the control
group.
Predictions
Over a ten minute period, the adult models began to play with sets of tinker toys.
In the non-aggressive condition, the adult model simply played with the toys and ignored
the Bobo doll for the entire period. In the aggressive model condition, however, the adult
models would violently attack the Bobo doll.
Results

The results of the experiment supported three of the four original predictions.

• Bandura and his colleagues had predicted that children in the non-aggressive
group would behave less aggressively than those in the control group. The
results indicated that while children of both genders in the non-aggressive
group did tend to exhibit less aggression than the control group, boys who
had observed an opposite-sex model behave non-aggressively were more
likely than those in the control group to engage in violence.
• Children exposed to the violent model tended to imitate the
exact behavior they had observed when the adult was no
longer present.
• Researchers were correct in their prediction that boys
would behave more aggressively than girls. Boys engaged in
more than twice as many acts of physical aggression than
the girls.
• There were important gender differences when it came to whether a
same-sex or opposite-sex model was observed. Boys who observed
adult males behaving violently were more influenced than those who
had observed female models behaving aggressively. Interestingly, the
experimenters found in same-sex aggressive groups, boys were more
likely to imitate physical acts of violence while girls were more likely to
imitate verbal aggression.
• According to Bandura, the violent behavior
of the adult models toward the dolls led
children to believe that such actions were
acceptable. He also suggested that as a
result, children may be more inclined to
respond to frustration with aggression in
the future.

In Conclusion
• In a follow-up study conducted in 1965, Bandura
found that while children were more likely to imitate
aggressive behavior if the adult model was rewarded
for his or her actions, they were far less likely to
imitate if they saw the adult model being punished
or reprimanded for their hostile behavior.
Significance of the theory to the Social
Work Context

• Social workers face obstacles and challenges when trying


to make sense of the human behavior. By Bandura’s
demonstration of the effects of observation and imitation
with his famous Bobo doll experiment, Social workers can
use this theory to identify the behavioral models a client
may be emulating and use that information to help
correct negative behaviors.
THANK YOU

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CREDITS: This presentation template was created


References:
by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and
https://www.verywellmind.com/bobo-doll-experiment-2794993
infographics & images by Freepik
https://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html

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