Information Technology For Managers
Information Technology For Managers
Information Technology For Managers
ANS-With the increase in the volume of information in the modern organisations and the
complexity of the form of today’s business world, the organisations’ environment has been
transformed into a dynamic environment. The organisations should adapt themselves with these
dynamic changes for two reasons: first, in order to survive, and secondly, to be able to develop in
these dynamic and changing environments. They should adopt flexible and innovative systems
so that they could both make profits, and at the same time, promote their response in dealing
with customers’ needs. In this regards, in the recent years, the Enterprise Resources Planning
(ERP) have been adapted as a major step in creating efficient information systems in order to
integrate the information and knowledge in an organisation. At the moment, The Enterprise
Resources Planning, and Supply Chain Management (SCM) are rapidly growing in the various
industries. There is however, a growing need for the incorporation of the applied planning in the
business which seems to be an inevitable part of this sector. Adapting the Enterprise Resources
Planning will help any organizations to integrate and computerise the duties like, financial
affairs, project management, monitoring the inventory of the materials, logistics and so on. From
the point of view of meta-organizational systems, this technology helps to establish a
chain of suppliers/producers, and customers; the management chain can coordinate and facilitate
the relations between the suppliers and customers through the information sharing program
along this chain through which the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization could be
increased considerably.
With the increase in the volume of information in the modern organisations and the
complexity of the form of today’s business world, the organisations’ environment has been
transformed into a dynamic environment. The organisations should adapt themselves with these
dynamic changes for two reasons: first, in order to survive, and secondly, to be able to develop in
these dynamic and changing environments. They should adopt flexible and innovative systems
so that they could both make profits, and at the same time, promote their response in dealing
with customers’ needs. In this regards, in the recent years, the Enterprise Resources Planning
(ERP) have been adapted as a major step in creating efficient information systems in order to
integrate the information and knowledge in an organisation. At the moment, The Enterprise
Resources Planning, and Supply Chain Management (SCM) are rapidly growing in the various
industries.
The biggest feature you need from an HR component is payroll software. Manually submitting
payroll and issuing direct deposits is incredibly time-consuming and isn’t very cost-effective
either. Instead, an HR component automates payments,including tax and benefits deductions.
With an integrated timekeeping feature, payments to your hourly workers can also be automated,
so you don’t need to manually input their timesheets.
One of the main uses of a CRM is tracking your customers’ buying habits. With this data
available, you’re able to see which products you may want to upsell and the best times to do it.
In addition, you can use a CRM to track conversation history with leads. This way you know
which sales personnel has talked to a customer, when they talked and what they talked about.
Using this information, you can reduce redundancy in the sales process, minimize customer
irritation and ensure a successful sale.
3. Business Intelligence
Business intelligence (BI) has quickly become a standard in ERP systems and it’s easy to see
why. The BI component of your ERP software collects and analyzes data, providing you with
actionable insights related to your business processes. And as businesses start to lean more
heavily on decisions backed by data, BI becomes indispensable.
The best BI ERP components deliver those insights in reports. A good reporting feature is very
important in BI and enables you to make sense of the data analyzed. Some reports come in the
form of numbers and tables. However, many prefer visual reports because they allow you to spot
trends at a glance. Whichever you decide is best for your company, make sure that it’s available
in your ERP’s reporting capabilities.
Real-time data allows you to find and fix issues as they happen, rather than waiting a day or
more after the fact. It also makes predictive analytics possible to help with demand planning.
Real-time data can help you create an accurate and up-to-the-minute production plan so that you
meet demand, but don’t exceed it.
The best inventory management components come with tracking features that all but eliminate
manual inventory control. These features include multi-level serial number tracking, revision
level tracking and multiple units of measure per product ID or SKU.
6. Financial Management
Last but not least, we come to the financial management component. Since every business
process involves the flow of money, whether it’s paying your employees or paying to ship goods,
this component works with all of the other parts of your ERP system.
Q.1 Discuss the various input and output devices. Explain any two of each of them.
Ans.
A computer is only useful when it is able to communicate with the external environment.when
you work with the computer you feed your data and instruction through some devices to the
computer.These devices are called input devices to the computer.similarly after processing it
gives output through output devices.
a)Input devices-Input devices are necessary to convert our information or data into a form which
can be understood by the computer.The input device provides timely,accurate and useful data to
main memory of computer for processing.Following are the most useful input devices.
1)keyboard-:This is the standard input device attached to all computers.The layout of the
keyboard is just like the traditional typewriter of type QWERTY.It also contains some extra
command keys and function keys.The computer can recognize electrical signals to corresponding
to the correct key combination and processing is done accordingly.
2)Mouse-:The mouse is an input device which is used with your personal computer.It rolls on
small ball and has two or three buttons on the top.when you roll the mouse across a flat surface
the screen censors the mouse in the direction of mouse movement.It is easier and faster to move
through a mouse.
3)Scanner:The keyboard can input only text through keys provided in it.If we want input picture
the keyboard cannot do it.The scanner is the optical device that can input any graphical matter
and display it.
4)voice input device-:These devices are in the experimentation and development stage,where
various problems like speech should be independent of persons.
5)Light pen-:light is pointing device that is used to choose and displayed menu option on a
screen for a program.This pen contains a photocell placed in small tube.
6) Joystick-:This is one of the popular device which is used for playing video games.
Output devices:Output devices can adopt different shapes and styles which are used to give the
output for processed data.The output contains different forms i.e text,images,audio,video.output
can be divided into two categories hard copy and soft copy.
a)Hard copy-:This is that form of output which can be read directly and immediately and it can
be stored to read later.The output is on paper and which is permanent.
b)softcopy-:Information that is displayed on screen,given by voice,store in a form that can’t be
read directly by person as on magnetic tape,disk,microfilm.
Following are the output devices:
a)Monitor-:It provides visual display of data they are of different types and have different display
capabilities. Display capabilities are determined by special circuit called Adapter card.some
popular adapter card are CGA,EGA.The small dot that can be displayed on screen is called pixel
and number of pixel arranged vertically and horizontally gives maximum resolution of the
monitor.Higher the resolution the better the quality.
b)Printer-:printer is the most important output device which is used to print information on
paper.There are two types of printer impact printers and non impact printers.
c)Plotter-:Plotter is important output device which is used to print high quality graphics and
drawing.plotter are generally used for printing/drawing graphical images such as charts,maps etc.
Q.2 Compare and contrast the traditional file system with DBMS
Ans- The traditional filing system (TFS) is a method of storing and arranging computer files and
the information in the file (data). Basically it organizes these files into a database for the storage,
organization, manipulation, and retrieval by the computer's operating system.
(DBMS) consists of software that operates databases, providing storage, access, security, backup
and other facilities. This system can be categorized according to the database model and the type
of computer that they support such as a server cluster or a mobile phone, the query language(s)
that access the database, such as SQL or XQuery, performance trade-offs, such as maximum
scale or maximum speed or others. Some DBMS cover more than one entry in these categories,
e.g., supporting multiple query languages.
Meanwhile database management systems are usually accessed in a client-server manner, where
the database client and the server are located on different machines (in a local area network).
When a computer user wants to store data electronically they must do so by placing data in files.
Files are stored in specific locations on the hard disk (directories). The user can create new files
to place data in, delete a file that contains data, rename the file, etc which is known as file
management; a function provided by the Operating System (OS).
The Database Management System removed the trouble of manually locating data, and having to
go through it. The user could create a suitable structure for the data beforehand, to place the
information in the database that the DBMS is managing. Hence, the physical organizing of files
is done away with and provides the user with a logical view of the data input.
A database is a collection of interrelated information stored in a database server; these data will
be stored in the form of tables. The primary aim of database is to provide a way to store and
retrieve database information fast and in an efficient manner.
Channel conflict may also occur among various segments of corporate departments, such as the
sales channel. For example, the direct contact component of the sales department may have to
compete with other sales channels, such as telephone, online and mail campaigns.
As technology evolves and the way people purchase continues to shift, more and more
companies are taking both their Business-to-Consumer and Business-to-Business channels
online. In an ideal world, these e commerce channels work in harmony with existing routes to
market without a problem, but it does require some careful management and planning to avoid
channel conflict.
In this insight we will look at how manufacturers can avoid any potential problems both
externally with their retail partners/distributors, and internally between branches/offices or
departments within their own organisation. We’ll also look at some examples of how leading
companies are adopting some of these ideas and putting them into practice in the real world.
When launching any new channel merchants first need to define the key drivers and business
case for it in order to understand what potential conflict may occur and how best to mitigate it.
Our previous insight into why manufacturers should be trading direct online will help explain
why an ecommerce store should definitely be a consideration.
Once the reasons for the project are understood it will be easier for manufacturers to define
where channel conflict may come from. Often the reasons for launching the channel will be valid
(if they are not launched as a direct conflict to other channels) and these, when explained, along
with some mitigating action, can greatly reduce any issues and allow the new channel to be a part
of a number of routes to market. These are some potential solutions and suggestions of ways to
help avoid it.
When a manufacturer looks to launch a new ecommerce channel to begin selling directly to their
end users, it has the potential to cause issues with their existing third-party channels who
currently reach those customers on their behalf. Here are some methods they could adopt when
launching a B2C online store to help avoid channel conflict.
In theory a manufacturer could always offer their end user the lowest price available on their
goods and undercut their retail partners/resellers. However, by ensuring that RRP's are the same
online as they are through any other channel, it gives dealers/resellers/stores the chance to match
the manufacturer’s online pricing, meaning they would never lose a sale to the ecommerce
channel based on price alone. Manufactures can then chose too potentially offer loyalty/spend
discounts rather than product level discounts to avoid any price war with their own retail
network.
Provide insight into issues, challenges, concerns, and opportunities which may not have been
known or fully understood.
Ensure their “buy-in” to help execute the strategies.
The senior management team will not execute the strategies – staff will. Engage them and your
strategy execution success rate will increase dramatically. 2. Communication: Strategic
Planning processes are successful when a bottom up and top down communication approach is
taken. It starts off with a communication to all levels of employees informing them that a
Strategic Planning process will be undertaken. It includes how they will be involved in this
process. This is the bottom up communication. Employees will provide input to the strategic
planning process through feedback surveys, focus groups, meetings, etc. regarding their ideas for
organizational direction, etc.
It is followed by the top down communication. Senior management will share the strategic plan
with employees. They will communicate to all employees how their engagement will help ensure
success in the execution of these strategies. 3. Innovation: Some strategic plans include
strategies to develop a new product or deliver a new service or restructure a department, etc.
They put teams of individuals together to work on these major initiatives and give them
investment money to ensure success. Yet over time it becomes apparent that this team won’t
realize the strategic goal given to them and the strategy itself will be deemed a failure. This is
wrong!!
This is not a failure of execution. It is the lack of an Innovation Process to manage the strategy
that led to the failure. The senior management created strategies that required innovation to
achieve them. This is unfortunately, very common. 4. Project Management: Once the
strategic plan is together, there are two critical elements related to project management. One is to
identify the projects that are required to ensure success in the execution of each strategy. Another
is to develop a prioritization of all these projects to ensure the high priority ones have the proper
resourcing to ensure success. This requires a high involvement and commitment on the part of
employees to spend the time required on the projects.
The high level of involvement of employees ensures that they understand the strategic plan. It
increases their level of commitment to ensure the strategy is successfully executed because they
understand how their work and the work they’re completing on the project helps the organization
to realize some or all of one of their key strategies. 5. Culture: Organizational Culture is the
commonly held attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviours of its employees. The culture of an
organization is as unique and diverse as an individual’s personality. If the employees of an
organization believe that change is something to be feared and avoided, then change
implementation is often reactive and haphazard. If the employees believe that all change should
be aggressively implemented “from above”, then change is seldom supported. However, if the
employees of an organization believe that change is worthwhile and everyone’s responsibility;
then change and growth occur with relative ease. These are the few “excellent” organizations
that continue to excel in their industry.
It is followed by the top down communication. Senior management will share the strategic plan
with employees. They will communicate to all employees how their engagement will help ensure
success in the execution of these strategies.
12. Why do you think there have been so many business failures among “dot-com”
Companies?
Ans. Many business failures among “dot-com” Companies because investors back then were
caring more about having an online presence than actual revenue numbers. That’s a great way to
burn money very fast, and ends up with another dot-com failure.
This natural progression of business, many starters, few finishers. Reputation gets the business.
Many of these starters tried to charge as much as brick and mortar stores and it just didn't wash.
When the Automobile was first being produced here - there were over 16 different brands - over
half of them bit the dust in less than 2 years. Competition it’s a wonderful thing.
14. How can information technology support a company’s business process and give it a
upper hand?
Ans. The information revolution is sweeping through our economy. No company can escape its
effects. Dramatic reductions in the cost of obtaining, processing, and transmitting information
are changing the way we do business.
Most general managers know that the revolution is under way, and few dispute its importance.
As more and more of their time and investment capital is absorbed in information technology
and its effects, executives have a growing awareness that the technology can no longer be the
exclusive territory of EDP or ARE departments. As they see their rivals use information for
competitive advantage, these executives recognize the need to become directly involved in the
management of the new technology. In the face of rapid change, however, they don’t know how.
This article aims to help general managers respond to the challenges of the information
revolution. How will advances in information technology affect competition and the sources of
competitive advantage? What strategies should a company pursue to exploit the technology?
What are the implications of actions that competitors may already have taken? Of the many
opportunities for investment in information technology, which are the most urgent?
To answer these questions, managers must first understand that information technology is more
than just computers. Today, information technology must be conceived of broadly to encompass
the information that businesses create and use as well as a wide spectrum of increasingly
convergent and linked technologies that process the information. In addition to computers, then,
data recognition equipment, communications technologies, factory automation, and other
hardware and services are involved.
I. The information revolution is affecting competition in three vital ways:
II. It changes industry structure and, in so doing, alters the rules of competition.
III. It creates competitive advantage by giving companies new ways to outperform their
rivals.
IV. It spawns whole new businesses, often from within a company’s existing operations.
We discuss the reasons why information technology has acquired strategic significance and how
it is affecting all businesses. We then describe how the new technology changes the nature of
competition and how astute companies have exploited this. Finally, we outline a procedure
managers can use to assess the role of information technology in their business and to help define
investment priorities to turn the technology to their competitive advantage.
Ans. The Purpose of MIS Management Information Systems can be defined as 'The combination
of human and computer based resources that results in the collection, storage, retrieval,
communication and use of data for the purpose of efficient management of operations and for
business planning'. Source: Kelly Management Information Systems are primarily concerned
with the delivery of information (both internal and external) to organisational members from the
shop floor workers to the management. The purpose of MIS is to help the smooth running of the
business by providing information on the firms data (such as accounting figures) employees from
different levels will then evaluate this information so that decisions can be made to ensure that
the business remains competitive and successful. MIS have been created to support the whole
range of business's administration and regulatory activities and can be seen in all parts of the
world and in all types of industries both public and private sector. In the US, for example, the
National Drivers Register has MIS facilities to report on driver licence details, such as all those
within a given state whose licence has been revoked or suspended (Danziger, 1991). Similarly,
the Environmental Protection Agency is pushing forward in use of MIS to help monitor and
control environmental risks. Data Information DECISIONS Flows Flows Figure 1 - How an MIS
Works The processing of data into information and communicating that information to the user is
the basis of MIS. Form the figure above it is clear to see how this process helps to make
decisions. Data is the term for collections of facts and figures; hours worked, part numbers, profit
etc. These basic facts are then stored and analysed and generally worked on to produce
information in the form required by the user, i.e. the manager.
18. Explain how organization is a system where inputs are processed to get desired
outputs?
Ans. Input is anything we wish to embed in a system for some type of use. A variety of sources
are used to input: keyboard, scanner, microphone, mouse, even another computer. What we input
has a purpose - but until it is processed and generated in some form of output, it doesn't do us
much good.
Processing takes place in the internal parts of the computer. It is the act of taking inputted data
and converting it to something usable. What we typically see on the screen in today's computer
world (known as what you see is what you get or WYSIWYG) is the result of our input being
processed by some program so we can have usable output: an English paper, an edited
photograph, this video you're watching.
Output, or processed information in a usable format, comes in many different forms: monitor or
printer for visual work, a speaker for audio. Sometimes our output is short-term, such as printing
a photo, and sometimes what we work on needs to be kept around for a while. That's where
storage comes in.
Storage is the term used to indicate we will be saving data for a period of time. We store for
many reasons: for future reference; to prevent full loss of data; because we forget to purge. But,
storage is vital. There are several mediums on which we can keep output and processed data: a
hard disk, a USB drive, a CD.
Here are two anecdotes to drive that point home. Someone lost an entire season of her son
playing hockey because she didn't back-up the video and photo files. And, a fellow student was
working on a year-long bachelor's thesis and did not back it up the first, the second or the third
time she lost it - all at different stages of completion, with a thesis over 60 pages long when she
was done.
Quick - what does IPOS stand for? That's right, input, process, output and store! Besides the four
functions of IPOS, an information system also requires feedback. This is how future systems are
revised and rebuilt - by receiving ideas, impressions and constructive (or not so constructive)
criticism by users and other stakeholders.
Q1: What are various approaches of MIS development in the organization? Explain any
two approaches in detail.
Answer:
A management information system (MIS) is a planned system of the collecting, processing,
storing and disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of
management. It is a subset of the overall internal controls of a business covering the application
of people, documents, technologies, and procedures by management accountants to solving
business problems such as costing a product, service or a business-wide strategy. As they are
used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities within the
organization, management information systems are distinct from regular information systems.
The term is also used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the
automation or support of human decision making. Such support systems include the decision
support system (DSS), expert systems, and executive information systems.
While MIS and information system are terms often used interchangeably, they should not be
mistaken for the other as unauthorized copying, selling and redistribution of the content are
prohibited. This material is provided for reference only information systems include systems that
are not intended for decision making. The area of study called MIS is sometimes referred to, in a
restrictive sense, as information technology management. Information technology management
is an area of study that should not be confused with computer science. Information technology
service management, on other hand, is a practitioner-focused discipline. MIS has also some
differences with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) as ERP incorporates elements that are not
necessarily focused on decision support.
There are five approaches to MIS development in the organization. These include the (a)
traditional approach, (b) current practice approach, (c) reaction approach, (d) cafeteria approach,
and (e) human service approach.
Q2: What are the benefits and limitations of the relational database model for business
applications today? Why is the Object-oriented database model gaining acceptance for
developing applications and managing the hypermedia databases at business websites?
Answer: A relational database is a database that group’s data according to common attributes
found in a given data set. It consists of a collection of tables that store particular sets of data. The
resulting "clumps" of organized data are much easier for people to understand. This kind of
grouping uses the relational model. The software used to do this grouping is called a relational
database management system. Thus, such a database is called a "relational database”. Relational
databases are currently the predominant choice in storing financial records, manufacturing and
logistical information, personnel data, and much more. The invention of this database system has
standardized the way that data is stored and processed. This is evidenced in the fact that most of
the database systems in use today are based on the relational system. Through the database, data
is independent of any hardware or storage system and provides for automatic navigation between
the data elements. In practice, this means that data should be stored in tables and that
relationships would exist between the different data sets, or tables. The relation is the primary
unit of storage in a relational database, which is a two-dimensional table. A relational database
can contain one or more of these tables. Each table consists unauthorized copying, selling and
redistribution of the content are prohibited. This material is provided for reference only of a
unique set of rows and columns. A single record is stored in a table as a row, also known as a
tuple. Attributes of the data are defined in columns, or fields, in the table. The characteristics of
the data, or the column, relates one record to another. Each column has a unique name and the
content within it must be of the same type. The benefits of such a database lie in its ability to
cluster or group large amounts of data, making it easier for users to understand the data presented
to them. The database makes storing records, information, and personnel data much more
manageable and easily accessible.
An object oriented database is a database model where information is represented in the form of
objects as used in object-oriented programming. This is generally recommended for businesses
with a need for high performance processing on complex data. The reason why the
object-oriented database model is
Gaining acceptance for developing applications and managing the hypermedia databases at
business websites lies in its ability to process complex sets of data, making processing time
shorter. As most object databases have some kind of query language, objects can be found faster
and data processed quicker. Access to data becomes faster because joins are often not needed (as
opposed to the tabular implementation of a relational database). This is because an object can be
retrieved directly without a search, by following pointers. Benchmarks have also shown that
ODBMS is clearly superior for certain kinds of tasks. The main reason lies in its ability to
perform operations using navigational rather than declarative interfaces, as navigational access to
data is usually implemented very efficiently by following pointers. Pointer-based techniques are
optimized for very specific "search routes" or viewpoints. For general-purpose queries on the
same information, however, pointer-based techniques tend to be slower and more difficult to
formulate than relational ones. Hence, navigation appears to simplify specific known uses at the
expense of general, unforeseen, and varied future uses. However, with suitable language support,
direct object references may be maintained in addition to normalized, indexed aggregations,
allowing both kinds of access. Furthermore, a persistent language may index aggregations on
whatever its content elements return from a call to some arbitrary object access method, rather
than only on attribute value, which allows a query to 'drill down' into complex data structures.
Unauthorized copying, selling and redistribution of the content are prohibited. This material is
provided for reference only
Q3: What are the business benefit and management problems of client/server networks?
Discuss also in Network Computing and Peer-to-peer networks?
Answer:
A client-server network refers to the popular model for computer networking that utilizes client
and server devices each designed for specific purposes. Often used on the internet as well as
local area networks (LANs), it is a distributed system comprising both client and server software
wherein a client software process may initiate a communication session while the server waits
for requests from any client. The client-server network describes the relationship between two
computer programs in which one program, the client program, makes a service request to
another, the server program. Standard networked functions such as email exchange, web access
and database access, are based on the client-server model.
The client-server model has become one of the central ideas of network computing. Most
business applications being written today use the client-server model. A server is simply a
computer that is running software that enables it to serve specific requests from other computers,
called “clients”. The server is called "dedicated" because it is optimized to serve requests from
the "client" computers quickly.
Aside from its ability to quickly process requests from client computers, the business benefits of
a client-server network include:
· Optimization, as server hardware is designed to serve requests from clients
quickly;
· Centralization, as files are stored in one location for easy access and
administration;
· Security, as multiple levels of permissions can prevent users from doing damage
to files;
· Redundancy and back-up, as data can be stored in redundant ways making for
all first level response units; and, Instrumentality, as utilization of data resources
must have exchange access quality of service to maintain inter-operability
amongst unified systems.
Peer-to-peer networks also enjoy the same business benefits. However, its limitation lies in that it
is only good for small networks. Peer-to-peer networks perform best in an environment of 10-15
computers. Beyond that, computers start to slow down, processing of client requests takes some
time, file searching becomes harder, and security is no longer existent. It is therefore important to
identify and establish the right kind of network for an organization to make the most of its time
and resources.
Q4: How can information systems support a company’s business operations, discuss
making by their managers, and give them a competitive advantage? Give examples to
illustrate your answer?
Answer:
Information systems support a company’s business operations by properly managing information
databases and effectively and efficiently disseminating information within the business. With
proper information systems put in place, information is readily available for data users. The
installation of proper information systems also helps update various departments of the latest
development in the business, whether it concern their department or other departments. Such
information is valuable, helping business operations and the different departments within it
well-informed. Under this scenario, businesses are able to operate efficiently and effectively.
In addition, the installation of proper information systems also aids managers in making
decisions regarding the future direction or course of a business. The availability of such
information for their perusal is crucial and essential in making well-informed decisions. Based
on data presented to them, they are capable of making well thought-out decisions regarding their
business objectives and the future course of their operations. Such decisions help make them
more effective as an organization and give them a competitive advantage. As managers operate
in an environment of uncertainty, getting hold of information unauthorized copying, selling and
redistribution of the content are prohibited. This material is provided for reference only is
valuable and helps a business adjust its environment. This gives them the competitive edge
through the minimization of risks and the maximization of outputs.
To best illustrate the edge that information systems have on a business, given two businesses
with varying levels of information systems technology, the one better equipped would be better
prepared to adapt and adjust to the changing and uncertain times. An example would be two
businesses engaged in the manufacture of raw materials into a finished product. A business with
the proper information systems would help it locate the best source of raw materials, where
available at the least amount of cost. As such, the business is already minimizing its cost and
would be able to maximize its profits even if it sells at a lower price than its competitor. Another
example would be a business selling a particular good or commodity. With the proper
information systems in place, a business is able to collect data on pricing and quality. With this
information, a business is able to competitively price its product, making its good or service
more attractive than its competitor. Clearly, the installation of appropriate information systems
help give businesses that competitive edge. Unauthorized copying, selling and redistribution of
the content are prohibited. This material is provided for reference only
Q5: What is meant by Network topology along with different network models?
Answer:
Network topology is the study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements (e.g. links, nodes,
etc.) of a network, especially the physical (real) and logical (virtual) interconnections between
nodes. A local area network (LAN) is an example of a network that exhibits a physical topology
and a logical topology. Any given node in the LAN will have one or more links to one or more
other nodes in the network and the mapping of these links and nodes onto a graph results in a
geometrical shape that determines the physical topology of the network. The mapping of the
flow of data between the nodes in the network determines the logical topology of the network.
While the physical and logical topologies in a particular network could be identical, it is also
possible that they could be different.
Network topology is determined only by the graphical mapping of the configuration of physical
and/or logical connections between nodes. LAN network topology, therefore, is technically a
part of graph theory where distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission
rates, and/or signal types may differ in two networks and yet their topologies may be identical.
Though there is a subtle difference between the two, signal topology and logical topology are
often used interchangeably and distinction between the two terms is not often made or
mentioned.
When referring to networking, "network model" and "network layer" are terms often used.
Network models define the set of network layers and how these interact with one another. While
there are several different network models, the two most important are:
• The TCP/IP Model – sometimes referred to as the DOD model as it was initially
designed for the department of defense (DOD). It is also called the internet model
because TCP/IP is the protocol used on the internet.
• OSI Network Model - The International Standards Organization (ISO) has defined a
standard called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. This is a
seven layer architecture.
chip is used in the normal operations of a computer after starting up and loading the operating
system.
ii. Writing data to a ROM chip is a slow process, whereas writing data to a RAM chip
is a faster process
iii. A RAM chip can store multiple gigabytes (GB) of data, up to 16 GB or more per
chip; A ROM chip typically stores only several megabytes (MB) of data, up to 4 MB or more per
chip.
Alphabets:-A to Z,a to z.
Numeric key:-0 to 9
Special keys:-shift,spacebar,ctr,alt etc.
Functions key:-F1,F2.....F12.
Keyboard is used to convert these above mention keys into digital form of computer.
2) Mouse:-Mouse is an input device which is also called a pointing device. It is used to move the
cursor on the screen. Mouse works in GUI (Graphical User Interface) mode. Mouse is of
different-2 types in which some are physical mouse, optical mouse, cordless mouse.
3) Joystick:-It is also called as game controller device. Joystick is a remote control device which
is used in gaming purpose. We will also play game with keyboard but joystick gives more
simplicity and more speed than keyboard.
4) Scanner:-Scanner is an example of input device which are mainly used to check OMR sheets.
It is also used to copy text, images in the form of soft copy.
5) Bar Code Reader (BCR):-Bar Code Reader is generally used in shopping malls,BCR read the
bar code and display the rate of item on the computer screen. It is also used to recognise courier
products.BCR takes input in the form of code and convert this bar code into computer language
(0 or 1).
Some other input devices are Light pen,track ball,MICR,web camera,touch screen,microphones
etc.
5. What do you mean by output devices? Discuss the working of a common output device?
Ans. An output device is any device used to send data from a computer to another device or user.
Most computer data output that is meant for humans is in the form of audio or video. Thus, most
output devices used by humans are in these categories. Examples include monitors, projectors,
speakers, headphones and printers.
Work of common output device: The job of output unit is the reverse of that of input unit. It
provides the information of computation to the outside world. Thus, it also as an interface the
computer and external.
Update" for Mac OS X. Unlike application programs, however, system software is not meant to
be run by the end user. For example, while you might use your Web browser every day, you
probably don't have much use for an assembler program (unless, of course, you are a computer
programmer).
Since system software runs at the most basic level of your computer, it is called "low-level"
software. It generates the user interface and allows the operating system to interact with the
hardware. Fortunately, you don't have to worry about what the system software is doing since it
just runs in the background. It's nice to think you are working at a "high-level" anyway.
Interpreter
Interpreters are not much different than compilers. They also convert the high level language
into machine readable binary equivalents. Each time when an interpreter gets a high level
language code to be executed, it converts the code into an intermediate code before converting it
into the machine code. Each part of the code is interpreted and then execute separately in a
sequence and an error is found in a part of the code it will stop the interpretation of the code
without translating the next set of the codes.
Outlining the basic working of the interpreter the above figure shows that first a source code is
converted to an intermediate form and then that is executed by the interpreter.
The main differences between compiler and interpreter are listed below:
· The interpreter takes one statement then translates it and executes it and then takes another
statement. While the compiler translates the entire program in one go and then executes it.
· Compiler generates the error report after the translation of the entire page while an
interpreter will stop the translation after it gets the first error.
· Compiler takes a larger amount of time in analyzing and processing the high level
language code comparatively interpreter takes lesser time in the same process.
· Besides the processing and analyzing time the overall execution time of a code is faster for
compiler relative to the interpreter.
Low level language: Low level languages will require more involvement with the actual register
and interrupt interfaces to the hardware. This can provide more control and efficiency for the
program and can be good for applications which need high speed execution, but high level
compilers are much better at optimizing for speed now.
The reason for this confusion stems from the fact that both words are closely connected. In
business parlance, the words strategy and tactics refer to various business practices.
In business usage, the term strategy is the thinking process required to plan a change or to
organize something. It defines the goals desired and how to achieve them.
It can be a compendium of complex multi-layered plans devised for achieving preset objectives
and may include tactical planning considerations.
Tactics are the substance of strategy. They comprise what is done pursuant to strategic planning.
The strategic phase of business planning has thinkers (you- the small business owner)
determining ways to achieve stated goals. Simply stated, they plan how people need to act in
order to attain the objectives for which the strategy is to be used.
Tactics, on the other hand, are the very actions that are necessary to carry out the strategy.
Strategies can be a combination of a number of tactics with the involvement of several different
people, all working toward reaching a common goal.
Strategic planning involves only the top brass of an enterprise whereas the tactical planning part
envisages the involvement of the organization as a whole.
Strategic Planning
To understand the differences better, here are some notable points with respect to strategic and
tactical planning. In strategic planning, you need to determine specifically what outcome you
want to achieve and establish a realistic baseline or starting point giving due consideration to
internal and external realities by conducting relevant research (competitive, market, attitudinal).
You need to draw up an aggressive plan to support research findings listing defined strategic
objectives. The plan should reflect perceived challenges and the expected end results.
To elicit support for the strategy, undertake a consensus-building exercise involving the right
people. Make sure that tactics are likely to lead to the strategic benefits you desire to achieve. In
tactical planning, you need to understand strategic goals and decipher the goals and implement
courses of action for attainment of strategic objectives.
As a small business owner, you need to make plans that include specific activities that are
arranged on specified time frames and outcomes. Ensure due performance of all tactical planning
activities and calculate their effects; then help connect the tactical moves to the strategic plan.
To sum up, strategic planning relates to issues pertinent to the mission of your small
business--the purpose of its existence. The responsibility for strategic planning rests with you
(and your partners and investors, if any).
Tactical planning is developed by a small business owner or management team who deals with
getting the work done to carry out the strategic plan. They draw up a tactical plan that will deal
with the "how" part of the plan. The main question for them is: "How can goals be accomplished
within the designated limits of resources and authority?"
The terms tactical and strategic are fundamental to an understanding of the different
responsibilities attached to management and governance of any small business.
2. What is the recruitment process? Explain the steps in the process of recruitment
process.
ANSWER-
The recruitment process is an important part of human resource management (HRM). It isn’t
done without proper strategic planning. Recruitment is defined as a process that provides the
organization with a pool of qualified job candidates from which to choose. Before companies
recruit, they must implement proper staffing plans and forecasting to determine how many
people they will need. The basis of the forecast will be the annual budget of the organization and
the short- to long-term plans of the organization—for example, the possibility of expansion. In
addition to this, the organizational life cycle will be a factor.
· Budget constraints
· Production levels
Once the forecasting data are gathered and analyzed, the HR professional can see where gaps
exist and then begin to recruit individuals with the right skills, education, and backgrounds. This
section will discuss this step in HR planning.
Recruitment Strategy
Although it might seem easy, recruitment of the right talent, at the right place and at the right
time, takes skill and practice, but more importantly, it takes strategic planning. In Chapter 2
"Developing and Implementing Strategic HRM Plans", development of staffing plans is
discussed. An understanding of the labor market and the factors determining the relevant aspects
of the labor market is key to being strategic about your recruiting processes.
The five steps involved in recruitment process are as follows: (i) Recruitment planning (ii)
Strategy Development (iii) Searching (iv) Screening (v) Evaluation and Control.
Recruitment Process
1. Recruitment Planning:
The first step involved in the recruitment process is planning. Here, planning involves to draft a
comprehensive job specification for the vacant position, outlining its major and minor
responsibilities; the skills, experience and qualifications needed; grade and level of pay; starting
date; whether temporary or permanent; and mention of special conditions, if any, attached to the
job to be filled ”
2. Strategy Development:
Once it is known how many with what qualifications of candidates are required, the next step
involved in this regard is to devise a suitable strategy for recruiting the candidates in the
organisation.
The strategic considerations to be considered may include issues like whether to prepare the
required candidates themselves or hire it from outside, what type of recruitment method to be
used, what geographical area be considered for searching the candidates, which source of
recruitment to be practiced, and what sequence of activities to be followed in recruiting
candidates in the organisation.
3. Searching:
This step involves attracting job seekers to the organisation. There are broadly two sources used
to attract candidates.
These are:
2. External Sources
These have been just discussed, in detail, under 6.3 Sources of Recruitment.
4. Screening:
Though some view screening as the starting point of selection, we have considered it as an
integral part of recruitment. The reason being the selection process starts only after the
applications have been screened and shortlisted. Let it be exemplified with an example.
In the Universities, applications are invited for filling the post of Professors. Applications
received in response to invitation, i.e., advertisement are screened and shortlisted on the basis of
eligibility and suitability. Then, only the screened applicants are invited for seminar presentation
and personal interview. The selection process starts from here, i.e., seminar presentation or
interview.
Job specification is invaluable in screening. Applications are screened against the qualification,
knowledge, skills, abilities, interest and experience mentioned in the job specification. Those
who do not qualify are straightway eliminated from the selection process.
The techniques used for screening candidates vary depending on the source of supply and
method used for recruiting. Preliminary applications, de-selection tests and screening interviews
are common techniques used for screening the candidates.
Given the considerable cost involved in the recruitment process, its evaluation and control is,
therefore, imperative.
In view of above, it is necessary for a prudent employer to try to answer certain questions like:
whether the recruitment methods are appropriate and valid? And whether the recruitment process
followed in the organisation is effective at all or not? In case the answers to these questions are
in negative, the appropriate control measures need to be evolved and exercised to tide over the
situation.
However, such an exercise seems to be only rarely carried out in practice by the organisations
employers. Having discussed recruitment process, it will be now relevant to have an idea about
recruitment practices in India. The following section delineates the same.
2. Experiments to determine the effects of changes in hours and other working conditions on
productivity, relay assembly test room experiments, 1927-28;
4. Determination and analysis of social organisation at work, bank wiring observation room
experiments, 1931-32.
1. Illumination Experiments:
Illumination experiments were undertaken to find out how varying levels of illumination
(amount of light at the workplace, a physical factor) affected the productivity. The hypothesis
was that with higher illumination, productivity will increase. In the first series of experiments, a
group of workers was chosen and placed in two separate groups. One group was exposed to
varying intensities of illumination.
Since this group was subjected to experimental changes, it was termed as experimental group.
Another group, called as control group, continued to work under constant intensities of
illumination. The researchers found that as they increased the illumination in the experimental
group, both groups increased production. When the intensity of illumination decreased, the
production continued to increase in both the groups.
The production in the experimental group decreased only when the illumination was decreased to
the level of moonlight. The decrease was due to light falling much below the normal level.
Thus, it was concluded that illumination did not have any effect on productivity but something
else was interfering with the productivity. At that time, it was concluded that human factor was
important in determining productivity but which aspect was affecting, it was not sure. Therefore,
another phase of experiments was undertaken.
Relay assembly test room experiments were designed to determine the effect of changes in
various job conditions on group productivity as the illumination experiments could not establish
relationship between intensity of illumination and production. For this purpose, the researchers
set up a relay assembly test room two girls were chosen.
These girls were asked to choose for more girls as co-workers. The work related to the assembly
of telephone relays. Each relay consisted of a number of parts which girls assembled into
finished products. Output depended on the speed and continuity with which girls worked. The
experiments started with introducing numerous changes in sequence with duration of each
change ranging from four to twelve weeks.
An observer was associated with girls to supervise their work. Before each change was
introduced, the girls were consulted. They were given opportunity to express their viewpoints
and concerns to the supervisor. In some cases, they were allowed to take decisions on matters
concerning them.
1. The incentive system was changed so that each girl’s extra pay was based on the other five
rather than output of larger group, say, 100 workers or so. The productivity increase as compared
to before.
2. Two five- minute rests one in the morning session and other in evening session were
introduced which were increased to ten minutes. The productivity increased.
3. The rest period was reduced to five minutes but frequency was increased. The productivity
decreased slightly and the girls complained that frequent rest intervals affected the rhythm of the
work.
4. The number of rest was reduced to two of ten minutes of each, but in the morning, coffee or
soup was served along with the sandwich and in the evening, snack was provided. The
productivity increased.
5. Changes in working hours and workday were introduced, such as cutting an hour off the end
of the day and eliminating Saturday work. The girls were allowed to leave at 4.30 p.m. instead of
usual 5.00 p.m. and later at 4.00 p.m. productivity increased.
As each change was introduced, absenteeism decreased, morale increased, and less supervision
was required. It was assumed that these positive factors were there because of the various factors
being adjusted and making them more positive. At this time, the researchers decided to revert
back to original position, that is, no rest and other benefits. Surprisingly, productivity increased
further instead of going down.
This development caused a considerable amount of redirection in thinking and the result implied
that productivity increased not because of positive changes in physical factors but because of the
change in girls’ attitudes towards work and their work group.
They developed a feeling of stability and a sense of belongings. Since there was more freedom of
work, they developed a sense of responsibility and self-discipline. The relationship between
supervisor and workers became close and friendly.
During the course of experiments, about 20,000 interviews were conducted between 1928 and
1930 to determine employees’ attitudes towards company, supervision, insurance plans,
promotion and wages. Initially, these interviews were conducted by means of direct questioning
such as “do you like your supervisor?” or “is he in your opinion fair or does he have favorites?”
etc.
this method has disadvantage of stimulating antagonism or the oversimplified ‘yes’ or ‘no’
responses which could not get to the root of the problem, the method was changed to non-
directive interviewing where interviewer was asked to listen to instead of talking, arguing or
advising. The interview programme gave valuable insights about the human behaviour in the
company.
2. Objects, persons or events are carriers of social meanings. They become related to employee
satisfaction or dissatisfaction only as the employee comes to view them from his personal
situation.
4. The position or status of worker in the company is a reference from which the worker assigns
meaning and value to the events, objects and features of his environment such as hours of work,
wages, etc.
5. The social organisation of the company represents a system of values from which the worker
derives satisfaction or dissatisfaction according to the perception of his social status and the
expected social rewards.
6. The social demands of the worker are influenced by social experience in groups both inside
and outside the work plant.
During the course of interviews, it was discovered that workers’ behaviour was being influenced
by group behaviour. However, this conclusion was not very satisfactory and, therefore,
researches decided to conduct another series of experiments. As such, the detailed study of a
shop situation was started to find out the behaviour of workers in small groups.
These experiments were conducted to find out the impact of small groups on the individuals. In
this experiment, a group of 14 male workers were formed into a small work group. The men
were engaged in the assembly of terminal banks for the use in telephone exchanges.
The work involved attaching wire with switches for certain equipment used in telephone
exchanges. Hourly wage for each worker was fixed on the basis of average output of each
worker. Bonus as also payable on the basis of group effort.
It was expected that highly efficient workers would bring pressure on less efficient workers to
increase output and take advantage of group incentive plan. However, the strategy did not work
and workers established their own standard of output and this was enforced vigorously by
various methods of social pressure. The workers cited various reasons for this behaviour viz. fear
of unemployment, fear of increase in output, desire to protect slow workers etc.
The Hawthorne experiments clearly showed that a man at work is motivated by more than the
satisfaction of economic needs. Management should recognise that people are essentially social
beings and not merely economic beings. As a social being, they are members of a group and the
management should try to understand group attitudes and group psychology.
The following were the main conclusions drawn by Prof. Mayo on the basis of Hawthorne
studies:
1. Social Unit:
A factory is not only a techno-economic unit, but also a social unit. Men are social beings. This
social characteristic at work plays an important role in motivating people. The output increased
in Relay Room due to effectively functioning of a social group with a warm relationship with its
supervisors.
2. Group Influence:
The workers in a group develop a common psychological bond uniting them as £ group in the
form of informal organisation. Their behaviour is influenced by these groups. Pressure of a
group, rather than management demands, frequently has the strongest influence on how
productive workers would be.
3. Group Behaviour:
Management must understand that a typical group behaviour can dominate or even supersede
individual propensities.
4. Motivation:
Human and social motivation can play even a greater role than mere monitory incentives in
moving or motivating and managing employee group.
5. Supervision:
The style of supervision affects worker’s attitude to work and his productivity. A supervisor who
is friendly with his workers and takes interest in their social problems can get co-operation and
better results from the subordinates.
6. Working Conditions:
7. Employee Morale:
Mayo pointed out that workers were not simply cogs, in the machinery, instead the employee
morale (both individual and in groups) can have profound effects on productivity.
8. Communication:
Experiments have shown that the output increases when workers are explained the logic behind
various decisions and their participation in decision making brings better results.
9. Balanced Approach:
The problems of workers could not be solved by taking one factor i.e. management could not
achieve the results by emphasizing one aspect. All the things should be discussed and decision be
taken for improving the whole situation. A balanced approach to the whole situation can show
better results.
Risk analysis can be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative risk analysis uses words or colors to
identify and evaluate risks or presents a written description of the risk, and quantitative risk
analysis (QRA) calculates numerical probabilities over the possible consequences.
Risk analysis is the systematic study of uncertainties and risks we encounter in business,
engineering, public policy, and many other areas. Risk analysts seek to identify the risks faced
by an institution or business unit, understand how and when they arise, and estimate the impact
(financial or otherwise) of adverse outcomes. Risk managers start with risk analysis, then seek
to take actions that will mitigate or hedge these risks.
Some institutions, such as banks and investment management firms, are in the business of taking
risks every day. Risk analysis and management is clearly crucial for these institutions. One of
the roles of risk management in these firms is to quantify the financial risks involved in each
investment, trading, or other business activity, and allocate a risk budget across these activities.
Banks in particular are required by their regulators to identify and quantify their risks, often
computing measures such as Value at Risk (VaR), and ensure that they have adequate capital to
maintain solvency should the worst (or near-worst) outcomes occur.
After you've read on this page brief overviews of quantitative risk analysis, models and
simulation, Monte Carlo simulation, and simulation optimization, we invite you to start the Risk
Analysis Tutorial.
Risk communication is any purposeful exchange of information about risks between interested
parties. More specifically in the context of this book, risk communication is the act of conveying
or transmitting information between parties about a range of areas including:
Interested parties include government, agencies, corporations and industry groups, unions, the
media, scientists, professional organisations, interested groups, and individual citizens (Covello
et al. 1991). All too often it has been the case, with regard to policy making, that there was an
emphasis on ‘public misperceptions’ with a tendency to treat all deviations from expert estimates
as products of ignorance or stupidity (Bennett 1999), hardly an ideal basis for meaningful
communication!
The days when it was possible to take a ‘we know best’ approach, simply informing the public
that a risk has been identified, telling people not to worry, and stating what was intended to do
about it, have in most cases long gone (Coles 1999). The public today no longer automatically
acquiesce to authority and now demand a greater role in decision-making (McKechnie and
Davies 1999). This, while opening up a route for better decision-making and stakeholder
involvement, is no small undertaking and involves some major challenges (McCallum and
Anderson 1991), including:
• Provision of information that assists in personal decisions and informs opinions on policy.
The manager here is concerned more with finding a short-term solution to the problem than
making a decision that will facilitate the attainment of goals in the long-term. The incremental
model does not require managers to process a great deal of information in order to take a
decision.
Instead of making one huge leap towards solving a problem, the incremental model breaks down
the decision-making process into small steps. The process of then moving between the steps is
known as muddling through and is based on the combination of experience, intuition, guessing,
and using different techniques. This model was developed by Charles Lindblom.
A small number of alternatives and consequences are considered at each stage of the
decision-making process. As the result, the costs of making a decision are minimized. As each
step is proposing only a small change; the immediate effect is minimal and usually not
disruptive. Other benefits of the incremental model are its simplicity and flexibility. Because the
difference between status quo and proposed solution at every stage is small, it is often easier to
reach a consensus between different stakeholders and the conflict is avoided.
Let's also consider the drawbacks of this approach. Limiting the number of alternatives and
consequences considered naturally creates a possibility of missing the best possible solution
Garbage-Can Model:
The garbage-can approach to decision-making holds that managers behave randomly while
making non-programmed decisions.
That is, decision outcomes are chance occurrences and depend on such factors as the participants
involved in the decision-making process, the problems about which they happen to be concerned
at the moment, the opportunities they happen to identify and their favorite solutions or the
solutions they use the most to solve most problems.
(iii) When there are frequent changes in the participants involved in decision-making. This
approach can have serious consequences. The garbage- can approach is often used in the absence
of strategic management.
Rational Model:
The rational model of managerial decision-making has its roots in the economic theory of the
firm. When theories about the economic behavior of business firms were being developed, there
was a general tendency among economists to assume that whatever decisions managers made
would always be in the best economic interests of their firms.
This assumption was initially accepted by many management theorists. According to the rational
model, managers engage in a decision-making process which is totally rational. They have all the
relevant information needed to take decisions. They are also aware of different possible
alternatives, outcomes and ramifications, and hence make rational decisions.
This view which was in vogue during the first half of the twentieth century has serious flaws, as
it is quite difficult to obtain complete information and make “optimal” decisions in complex
situations. In spite of its drawbacks, the rational view provides a benchmark against which actual
managerial decision-making patterns can be compared.
Interpersonal behavior may include both verbal communication and nonverbal cues, such as
body language or facial expressions. Verbal interpersonal behavior consists of joking, relating to
one another via the art of storytelling, and taking or following orders. Interpersonal skills are
highly desirable in many situations, specifically careers that rely on personal relationships such
as the healthcare industry or sales.
The study of interpersonal behavior is a social science that examines the way people interact
with one another.
Task-Oriented Behavior
Employee-Oriented Approach
Path-Goal Theory
Path-goal leadership theory is a situational style of behavioral management in which the work
environment and the characteristics of employees influence which behavioral approach to
management is most effective. Path-goal leadership has four leadership types: directive,
supportive, participative and achievement-oriented. Determining which behavioral approach to
use requires a manager to consider employee skills, experience, nature of the assignment,
dynamic of the work group and the office environment. For example, a manager working with
inexperienced employees may need to utilize the supportive or participative aspects of path-goal
leadership to help workers achieve project goals. Conversely, a manager working with
experienced, but unproductive employees may utilize the directive or achievement-oriented
approaches to increase worker focus and productivity.
Motivating employees can be difficult if a manager doesn't recognize the needs of her workforce.
Incorporating need theories -- first pioneered by psychologist Abraham Maslow -- into a
manager's behavior approach can help her improve her motivational strategies. Maslow's need
theories have five distinct types of need arranged by hierarchy: psychological, safety,
belonging/love, esteem and self-actualization. These theories also assume that humans can never
completely satisfy needs and that the need for satisfaction motivates behavior. Examining this
hierarchy and determining what needs are lacking help a manager change workplace culture and
behavior to increase motivation. For example, employees not receiving meal breaks may have
glaring psychological needs to eat. Scheduling regular meal breaks meets these psychological
needs and boosts morale.
COMMUNICATION
Communication is the exchange of messages between people for the purpose of achieving
common meanings. Unless common meanings are shared, managers find it extremely difficult to
influence others. Whenever group of people interact, communication takes place.
Communication is the exchange of information using a shared set of symbols. It is the process
that links group members and enables them to coordinate their activities. Therefore, when
managers foster effective communication, they strengthen the connections between employees
and build cooperation. Communication also functions to build and reinforce interdependence
between various parts of the organization. As a linking mechanism among the different
organizational subsystems, communication is a central feature of the structure of groups and
organizations. It helps to coordinate tasks and activities within and between organizations.
DEFINITION
According to Koontz and O'Donnell, "Communication, is an intercourse by words, letters
symbols or messages, and is a way that the organization members shares meaning and
understanding with another".
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
The figure below depicts the communication process. This model is made up of seven parts:
(1) Source, (2) Encoding, (3) Message, (4) Channel, (5) Decoding, (6) Receiver, and (7)
Feedback.
a) Source:
The source initiates a message. This is the origin of the communication and can be an individual,
group or inanimate object. The effectiveness of a communication depends to a considerable
degree on the characteristics of the source. The person who initiates the communication process
is known as sender, source or communicator. In an organization, the sender will be a person who
has a need or desire to send a message to others. The sender has some information which he
wants to communicate to some other person to achieve some purpose. By initiating the message,
the sender attempts to achieve understanding and change in the behaviour of the receiver.
b) Encoding:
Once the source has decided what message to communicate, the content of the message must be
put in a form the receiver can understand. As the background for encoding information, the
sender uses his or her own frame of reference. It includes the individual's view of the
organization or situation as a function of personal education, interpersonal relationships,
attitudes, knowledge and experience. Three conditions are necessary for successful encoding the
message.
Skill: Successful communication depends on the skill you posses. Without the requisite
skills, the message of the communicator will not reach the requisite skills; the message of the
communicator will not reach the receiver in the desired form. One's total communicative success
includes speaking, reading, listening and reasoning skills.
Attitudes: Our attitudes influence our behaviour. We hold predisposed ideas on a number
of topics and our communications are affected by these attitudes.
Knowledge: We cannot communicate what we don't know. The amount of knowledge the
source holds about his or her subject will affect the message he or she seeks to transfer.
c) The Message:
The message is the actual physical product from the source encoding. The message contains the
thoughts and feelings that the communicator intends to evoke in the receiver. The message has
two primary components:-
The Content: The thought or conceptual component of the message is contained in the
words, ideas, symbols and concepts chosen to relay the message.
The Affect: The feeling or emotional component of the message is contained in the
intensity, force, demeanour (conduct or behaviour), and sometimes the gestures of the
communicator.
d) The Channel:
The actual means by which the message is transmitted to the receiver (Visual, auditory, written
or some combination of these three) is called the channel. The channel is the medium through
which the message travels. The channel is the observable carrier of the message. Communication
in which the sender's voice is used as the channel is called oral communication. When the
channel involves written language, the sender is using written communication. The sender's
choice of a channel conveys additional information beyond that contained in the message itself.
For example, documenting an employee's poor performance in writing conveys that the manager
has taken the problem seriously.
e) Decoding:
Decoding means interpreting what the message means. The extent to which the decoding by the
receiver depends heavily on the individual characteristics of the sender and receiver. The greater
the similarity in the background or status factors of the communicators, the greater the
probability that a message will be perceived accurately. Most messages can be decoded in more
than one way. Receiving and decoding a message are a type of perception. The decoding process
is therefore subject to the perception biases.
f) The Receiver:
The receiver is the object to whom the message is directed. Receiving the message means one or
more of the receiver's senses register the message - for example, hearing the sound of a supplier's
voice over the telephone or seeing the boss give a thumbs-up signal. Like the sender, the receiver
is subject to many influences that can affect the understanding of the message. Most important,
the receiver will perceive a communication in a manner that is consistent with previous
experiences. Communications that are not consistent with expectations is likely to be rejected.
g) Feedback:
The final link in the communication process is a feedback loop. Feedback, in effect, is
communication travelling in the opposite direction. If the sender pays attention to the feedback
and interprets it accurately, the feedback can help the sender learn whether the original
communication was decoded accurately. Without feedback, one-way communication occurs
between managers and their employees. Faced with differences in their power, lack of time, and
a desire to save face by not passing on negative information, employees may be discouraged
from providing the necessary feedback to their managers.
Senders of message must clarify in their minds what they want to communicate. Purpose of the
message and making a plan to achieve the intended end must be clarified.
Encoding and decoding be done with symbols that are familiar to the sender and the
receiver of the message.
For the planning of the communication, other people should be consulted and encouraged
to participate.
In communication, tone of voice, the choice of language and the congruency between
what is said and how it is said influence the reactions of the receiver of the message.
Communication is complete only when the message is understood by the receiver. And
one never knows whether communication is understood unless the sender gets a feedback. (vii)
The function of communication is more than transmitting the information. It also deals with
emotions that are very important in interpersonal relationships between superiors, subordinates
and colleagues in an organization.
(viii) Effective communication is the responsibility not only of the sender but also of the receiver
of the information.
Long-Term Perspective
The system needs a long-term concentration on production growth and supply requirements.
Changes in raw materials specifications, products levels and products offers should be instituted
and synchronized with suppliers. Getting supplies, good shipping and enrollment requirements
should be performed on time to ensure production is not hindered by resource constraints.
Benefits like cost savings, lower production costs and customer satisfaction can be achieved in
the long run.
Automated Purchasing
Automated purchasing method supports strong coordination to ensure steady stream ofJust In
Time raw materials. Established leads time, existing inventory levels and Production levels are
calculated automatically. If supplies are required, the supplier receives an electronic message to
deliver them.
Strong Relationships
JIT system display strong relations between suppliers and producer. Suppliers are always seen as
a wing of the business. Communications and information flow are open to assist in supporting
strong supply coordination. These relationships are enhanced by long-term contracts.
Efficiency
Efficiency in supply operation is necessary for the JIT system. These efficiencies always spread
to production as well as supply process. There is less chances for errors to occur hence raw
materials and finished products conform to strict standards. Workers are usually educated to
identify errors in the manufacturing process and take corrective measures. Several quality checks
leads to efficient production.
Constant Improvements
Answer:- Information systems automate manual business processes and make an organization
more efficient. Data and information are available to a wider range of decision-makers more
quickly when information systems are used to change the flow of information. Tasks can be
performed simultaneously rather than sequentially, speeding up the completion of business
processes. Information systems can also drive new business models that perhaps wouldn’t be
possible without the technology. A business process is a logically related set of activities that
define how specific business tasks are performed. Business processes are the ways in which
organizations coordinate and organize work activities, information, and knowledge to produce
their valuable products or services. How well a business performs depends on how well its
business processes are designed and coordinated. Well-designed business processes can be a
source of competitive strength for a company if it can use the processes to innovate or perform
better than its rivals. Conversely, poorly designed or executed business processes can be a
liability if they are based on out-dated ways of working and impede responsiveness or efficiency.
Transaction processing systems (TPS) are computerized systems that perform and record daily
routine transactions necessary in conducting business; they serve the organization’s operational
level. The principal purpose of systems at this level is to answer routine questions and to track
the flow of transactions through the organization.
• At the operational level, tasks, resources, and goals are predefined and highly structured.
• Managers need TPS to monitor the status of internal operations and the firm’s relationship
with its external environment.
• TPS are major producers of information for other types of systems.
• Transaction processing systems are often so central to a business that TPS failure for a few
hours can lead to a firm’s demise and perhaps that of other firms linked to it
Systems serving operational management are transaction processing systems (TPS), such as
payroll or order processing, that track the flow of the daily routine transactions necessary to
conduct business. Management information system (MIS) and decision support system (DSS)
support the middle management. Most MIS reports condense information from TPS and are not
highly analytical. Decision support system (DSS) support management decisions that are unique
and rapidly changing advanced analytical models and data analysis capabilities. Executive
support system (ESS) support senior management by providing data that are often in the form of
graphs and charts delivered via portals using many sources of internal and external information.
Ø Programmers are highly trained technical specialists who write the software
instructions for computers.
Ø Systems analysts constitute the principal liaisons between the information systems
groups and the rest of the organization. The systems analyst’s job is to translate
business problems and requirements into information requirements and systems.
Ø Information systems managers lead teams of programmers and analysts, project
and has the principle responsibility for enforcing the firm’s information security
policy. The CSO is responsible for educating and training users and IS specialists
about security, keeping management aware of security threats and breakdowns, and
maintaining the tools and policies chosen to implement security.
Ø Chief knowledge officer (CKO) helps design programs and systems to find new
If you enjoy technology like iPhones, iPods, and Facebook, you have what it takes to major in
information systems. All you need is an interest in technology and the desire to use technology to
improve people's lives. Many people think that MIS is all programming. However, programming
is just a small part of our curriculum and there are many, many jobs in MIS where you do not
program.
Everyone who works in business, from someone who pays the bills to the person who hires and
fires, uses information systems. For example, a supermarket could use a computer database to
keep track of which products sell best. And a music store could use a database to sell CDs over
the Internet.
Information isn’t worth much if it doesn’t serve a purpose. MIS students learn how businesses
use information to improve the company’s operations. Students also learn how to manage
various information systems so that they best serve the needs of managers, staff and customers.
MIS students learn how to create systems for finding and storing data and they learn about
computer databases, networks, computer security, and lots more.
Everyone in today’s world wants quick access to information – as it is said that time waits for no
one and as the time passes, it leaves a heavy load of changes behind. With the changing time, a
lot of changes have come in the society – from barbarian to the agrarian society, further to the
industrial society and from the industrial society to the service sector. All this accompanied with
itself, a lot of changes in the thinking of the people.
Now we all are living in an era which demands everyone to think globally and act locally
(Glocalisation), as the various business operations with time are becoming more and more
complex in working.
The increase in the business complexities along with the management complexities has been
observed due to the following reasons –
As an answer to all these complexities, it has become very necessary to depend on the strategic
planning process. But in the decision making process, one thing which acts as an invaluable
source, is the availability of information. Information, in management language is referred to as a
resource because it is scarce in nature; it has a cost with alternative uses. Information is such a
resource, which unlike other resources can be used again and again –also, it is not tangible in
nature.
Definition of MIS
Management information system can be defined as the system that provides information to the
right person, at the right place, at the right time, in the right form and also at the right cost.
According to Davis and Olson, “MIS is an integrated user machine system for providing
information to the various support operations, management and decision making functions in an
organization. This system also utilizes the computer hardware and software, manual
procedures/models for the analysis, planning, control and decision making and database.”
Factors contributing to success of MIS: If MIS is to be success, then it should have all the
features listed below:
1) MIS is integrated into the management function. It sets clear objectives to ensure that MIS
focuses on the major issues of the business. Also adequate development resources are provided
and human & organizational barriers to progress are removed.
2) An appropriate information processing technology required to meet the data processing and
analysis needs of the users of MIS is selected.
3) MIS is oriented, defined and designed in terms of the user's requirements and its operational
viability is ensured.
4) MIS is kept under continuous surveillance, sot that its open system is modified according to
the changing information needs
5) MIS focuses on results and goals, and highlights the factors and reasons for non achievements.
6) MIS is not allowed to end up into and information generation mill avoiding the noise in the
information and the communication system.
7) MIS recognizes that a manager is a human being and therefore, the systems must consider all
the human behavioral aspects in the process of management.
8) MIS is easy to operate and therefore, the design of MIS has such good features which make up
a user friendly design.
9) MIS recognizes that the information needs become obsolete and new needs emerge. The MIS
design, therefore, has a potential capability to quickly meet newer and newer needs of
information.
10) MIS concentrates on developing the information support to manage critical success factors. It
concentrates on the mission critical applications serving the needs of the top management.
Factors contributing to failures: Many times, MIS is a failure. The common factors which are
responsible for this are as follows:
1) MIS is conceived as a data processing and not as an information system. 2) MIS does not
provide that information which in needed by managers but it tends to provide the information
generally the function calls for. MIS then becomes an impersonal function. 3) Understanding the
complexity in the business systems and not recognizing it in the MIS design leads to problems in
the successful implementation. 4) Adequate attention is not given to the quality control aspects
of the inputs, the process and the outputs leading to insufficient checks and controls in MIS. 5)
MIS is developed without streamlining the transaction processing systems in the organizations.
6) Lack of training and appreciation that the users of the information and the generators of the
data are different, and they have to play an important role in the MIS. 7) MIS does not meet
certain critical and key factors of its users, such as a response to the query on the database, an
inability to get the processing done in a particular manner, lack of user friendly system and the
dependence on the system personnel. 8) A belief that the computerized MIS can solve all the
management problems of planning and control of the business. 9) Lack of administrative
discipline in following the standardized systems and procedures, wrong coding and deviating
from the system specifications result in incomplete and incorrect information. 10) MIS does not
give perfect information to all users in the organization. Any attempt toward such a goal will be
unsuccessful because every user has a human ingenuity, bias and certain assumptions not known
to the designer. MIS cannot make up these by providing perfect information.
Section-B
____________________________________________________
Case Study -1
CASE STUDY
Mr. Joshua, Director of the ZION Bank has Customers all over world. A customer may have one
or more accounts in the Bank wide spread across one or more branches. Customers open bank
accounts with a specified opening balance and thereafter may either deposit funds into the
account or withdraws accounts from them. The transactions involve the opening of accounts,
assignments of Account Numbers, Deposit and Withdrawal transactions etc. One of the most
frequent requests for specific transactions carried out in the Bank. Customers would often want
to transfer funds from one account of theirs to another. The account Numbering scheme now
uniquely identifies the Bank Branch to which the account belongs. Customers often travel to the
bank branch to request for a new cheque book. To ensure that Customers are ensured of high
level security, the E-Banking services need to provide Customers with a unique Personal
Identification password which can be changed from time to time. All Services are accessible
only on correct password verification. The Customer may also look for information on Interest
rates on Fixed Term Deposits which often change from time to time.
Q1.How Mr. Joshua is going to maintain information on Bank branches and security
password information on customers.
Answer:
Mr. Joshua is going to maintain information on bank branches and security passwords through
proper information systems and network models. The installation of proper information systems
will help collect, process, store, and disseminate data in the form of information needed to carry
out the functions of the bank and management. This system will put in place a database to
collect, maintain, and store all information on the different bank branches and information on its
clients and customers. This database will ensure that data on the various accounts the different
bank branches are holding, information on the numerous clients of the bank, and the various
services that the bank offers to its clients are readily available for use of permitted users.
Furthermore, the installation of a proper information system ensures that information is properly
secured and used only by those with access to the system.
In addition, putting in place the appropriate network model would help in the circulation of
information among the various users within the network. Such a network system would make
information readily available for users and could process requests of the various clients quickly,
saving time and cost. The appropriate network model would centrally manage clients’ accounts,
as they may have one or more accounts in the Bank spread across one or more branches. As
customers open bank accounts with a specified opening balance and either deposit funds into the
account or withdraw from them, personal information is then uploaded to the database.
After doing so, transactions that involve the opening of accounts, assignments of Account
Numbers, and Deposit and Withdrawal would then be stored and reflected in the central
database. The account Numbering scheme now uniquely identifies the Bank Branch to which the
account belongs. Customers often travel to the bank branch to request for a new cheque book. To
ensure that Customers are ensured of high level security, the E-Banking services need to provide
Customers with a unique Personal Identification password which can be changed from time to
time. All Services are accessible only upon correct password verification.
Q2. Draw MIS design for the above case study covering every aspect of e-Bank.
Answer:
Above would be the proposed MIS design for the e-Bank. Each computer in the figure represents
various bank branches of e-Bank. The central database, where all information from the various
bank branches are kept, is represented by the switch. Clients may have one or more accounts in
the Bank spread across one or more branches. Customers open bank accounts with a specified
opening balance and may either deposit funds into the account or withdraw from them. The
transactions involve the opening of accounts, assignments of Account Numbers, Deposit and
Withdrawal transactions etc. One of the most frequent requests for specific transactions carried
out in the Bank. The account Numbering scheme now uniquely identifies the Bank Branch to
which the account belongs. Customers often travel to the bank branch to request for a new
cheque book. To ensure that Customers are ensured of high level security, the E-Banking
services need to provide Customers with a unique Personal Identification password which can be
changed from time to time. All Services are accessible only upon correct password verification.
Case Detail:
In the past three to four decades, many management theorists, and writers have made remarkable
contribution in the study of decision making process management. By studying the various
approaches to management analysis, we can understand the concept of management and have a
better understanding of managerial functions and models like rational, garbage, top-down
approach and so on.
2. The garbage-can model is effective in which of the situation/s? just give one example
ANSWER-
The garbage-can model is effective when the degree to which decision-makers can determine
optimal decisions is limited by the individuals’ capacity and intelligence.
Decision opportunities are fundamentally ambiguous stimuli. This theme runs through several
recent studies of organizational choice.2 Although organizations can often be 2 We have based
the model heavily on seven recent studies of universities: Christensen ( 1971), Cohen and March
(1972), Enderud (1971), Mood viewed conveniently as vehicles for solving well-defined
problems or structures within which conflict is resolved through bargaining, they also provide
sets of procedures through which participants arrive at an interpretation of what they are doing
and what they have done while in the process of doing it. From this point of view, an
organization is a collection of choices looking for problems, issues and feelings looking for
decision situations in which they might be aired, solutions looking for issues to which they might
be the answer, and decision makers looking for work. Such a view of organizational choice
focuses attention on the way the meaning of a choice changes over time. It calls attention to the
strategic effects of timing, through the introduction of choices and problems, the time pattern of
available energy, and the impact of organizational structure. To understand processes within
organizations, one can view a choice opportunity as a garbage can into which various kinds of
problems and solutions are dumped by participants as they are generated. The mix of garbage in
a single can depends on the mix of cans available, on the labels attached to the alternative cans,
on what garbage is currently being produced, and on the speed with which garbage is collected
and removed from the scene.
A small number of alternatives and consequences are considered at each stage of the
decision-making process. As the result, the costs of making a decision are minimized. As each
step is proposing only a small change; the immediate effect is minimal and usually not
disruptive. Other benefits of the incremental model are its simplicity and flexibility. Because the
difference between status quo and proposed solution at every stage is small, it is often easier to
reach a consensus between different stakeholders and the conflict is avoided.
CASE STUDY
A waiter takes an order at a table, and then enters it online via one of the six terminals located in
the restaurant dining room. The order is routed to a printer in the appropriate preparation area:
the cold item printer if it is a salad, the hot-item printer if it is a hot sandwich or the bar printer if
it is a drink.
A customer’s meal check-listing (bill) the items ordered and the respective prices are
automatically generated. This ordering system eliminates the old three-carbon-copy guest check
system as well as any problems caused by a waiter’s handwriting. When the kitchen runs out of a
food item, the cooks send out an ‘out of stock’ message, which will be displayed on the dining
room terminals when waiters try to order that item. This gives the waiters faster feedback,
enabling them to give better service to the customers.
Other system features aid management in the planning and control of their restaurant business.
The system provides up-to-the-minute information on the food items ordered and breaks out
percentages showing sales of each item versus total sales. This helps management plan menus
according to customers’ tastes. The system also compares the weekly sales totals versus food
costs, allowing planning for tighter cost controls.
In addition, whenever an order is voided, the reasons for the void are keyed in. This may help
later in management decisions, especially if the voids consistently related to food or service.
Acceptance of the system by the users is exceptionally high since the waiters and waitresses
were involved in the selection and design process. All potential users were asked to give their
impressions and ideas about the various systems available before one was chosen.
QUESTION 1
Q1. In the light of the system, describe the decisions to be made in the area of strategic planning,
managerial control and operational control?
Ans.
A management information system (MIS) is an organized combination of people, hardware,
communication networks and data sources that collects, transforms and distributes information in
an organization. An MIS helps decision making by providing timely, relevant and accurate
information to managers. The physical components of an MIS include hardware, software,
database, personnel and procedures.
Strategic decisions are characterized by uncertainty. The decisions to be made in the area of
strategic planning are future oriented and relate directly to planning activity. Here basically
planning for future that is budgets, target markets, policies, objectives etc. is done. This is
basically a top level where up-to-the minute information on the food items ordered and breaks
out percentages showing sales of each item versus total sales is provided. The top level where
strategic planning is done compares the weekly sales totals versus food costs, allowing planning
for tighter cost controls. Executive support systems function at the strategic level, support
unstructured decision making, and use advanced graphics and communications. Examples of
executive support systems include sales trend forecasting, operating plan development, budget
forecasting, profit planning, and manpower planning.
The decisions to be made in the area of managerial control are largely dependent upon the
information available to the decision makers. It is basically a middle level where planning of
menus is done and whenever an order is voided, the reasons for the void are keyed in which later
helps in management decisions, especially if the voids are related to food or service. The
managerial control that is middle level also gets customer feedback and is responsible for
customer satisfaction.
The decisions to be made in the area of operational control pertain to implementation of specific
tasks through appropriate technology. This is basically a lower level where the waiter takes the
order and enters it online via one of the six terminals located in the restaurant dining room and
the order is routed to a printer in the appropriate preparation area. The item’s ordered list and the
respective prices are automatically generated. The cooks send ‘out of stock’ message when the
kitchen runs out of a food item, which is basically displayed on the dining room terminals when
waiter tries to order that item. This basically gives the waiters faster feedback, enabling them to
give better service to the customers. Transaction processing systems function at the operational
level of the organization. Examples of transaction processing systems include order tracking,
order processing, machine control, plant scheduling, compensation, and securities trading.
The information required to make such decision must be such that it highlights the trouble spots
and shows the interconnections with the other functions. It must summarize all information
relating to the span of control of the manager. The information required to make these decisions
can be strategic, tactical or operational information.
Advantages to management:
· Sales figures and percentages item-wise
· Helps in planning the menu
QUESTION 2
Q2. What would make the system a more complete MIS rather than just doing transaction
processing?
Ans.
If the management provides sufficient incentive for efficiency and results to their customers, it
would make the system a more complete MIS and so the MIS should support this culture by
providing such information which will aid the promotion of efficiency in the management
services and operational system. It is also necessary to study the keys to successful Executive
Information System (EIS) development and operation. Decision support systems would also
make the system a complete MIS as it constitutes a class of computer-based information systems
including knowledge-based systems that support decision-making activities. DSSs serve the
management level of the organization and help to take decisions, which may be rapidly changing
and not easily specified in advance.
Improving personal efficiency, expediting problem solving (speed up the progress of problems
solving in an organization), facilitating interpersonal communication, promoting learning and
training, increasing organizational control, generating new evidence in support of a decision,
creating a competitive advantage over competition, encouraging exploration and discovery on
the part of the decision maker, revealing new approaches to thinking about the problem space
and helping automate the managerial processes would make the system a complete MIS rather
than just doing transaction processing.
QUESTION 3
Q3. Explain the probable effects that making the system more formal would have on the
customers and the management.
Ans.
The management system should be an open system and MIS should be so designed that it
highlights the critical business, operational, technological and environmental changes to the
concerned level in the management, so that the action can be taken to correct the situation. To
make the system a success, knowledge will have to be formalized so that machines worldwide
have a shared and common understanding of the information provided. The systems developed
will have to be able to handle enormous amounts of information very fast.
As the transactions are taking place every day, the system stores all the data which can be used
later on when the hotel is in need of some financial help from financial institutes or banks. As the
inventory is always entered into the system, any frauds can be easily taken care of and if
anything goes missing then it can be detected through the system.
Section- C
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1. Which of the following is/ are postulated of the path -goal theory?
i). The leader clearly defines the path to goal attainment for subordinates.
ii). The leader motivates subordinates to participate in decision making
iii). The leader sets clear and specific goals for subordinates.
iv). The leader suitably rewards employees as per their performance
A. Only (ii) above
B. Only (iv) above
C. Both (ii) and (iv) above
D. All (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) above.
Ans - D
2. Which of the following refer to the flow of information among person at different level,
Who have no direct reporting relationships?
A. Horizontal Communication
B. Diagonal Communication
C. Upward Communication
D. Downward Communication
Ans - B
3. Creativity is an important factor in managing people, Which of the following true with
regard to the creative process.
A. Creativity is the ability to develop new ideas
B. The creative process starts with unconscious scanning
C. Intuition connects the unconscious with the conscious
D. Insight leads to intuition
Ans D
6. Every organization structure,even a poor one can be charted. Which of the following is
false with respect to organization Chart?
A. It is a vital tool for providing information about organizational relationships
B. It provides a visual map of the chain of command
C. Charting an organization structure can show up the complexities and inconsistencies, Which
can be corrected
D. It shows authority relationship as well as informal and informational relationships
Ans - D
7. The requirement procedure is initiated when a vacancy occurs and is reported to the
HR? Department . Which of the following is usually the first step followed in the
recruitment procedure?
A. Designing job description
B. Developing a job specification
C. Performing job analysis
D. Attracting a pool of applicants
Ans - C
10. Organizational culture is the collection of shared values, beliefs, rituals,stories myths
and specialized language that foster a feeling of community among organization members.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of organization culture?
A. It differentiates one organization from another
B. It defines the internal environment of an organization
C. It ensure consistency in the behavior of organization members
D.It remains absolutely stable throughout the life of an organization
Ans - D
12.The strength and weakness of the each alternative become obvious in which step of the
decision making process?
A. Identifying the problem
B. Identifying the decision criteria
C. Analyzing the alternatives
D. Implementing the alternative
Ans - C
15 Functional job analysis is a widely used systematic job analysis approach. Which of the
following dimension of an individual's job does functional job analysis focus on?
i). Data, people and jobs pertaining to the individual’s job
ii). Interpersonal relationships required to perform the job
iii). Tools and equipment used by the worker.
iv). Products and services produced by the worker.
A. Only (i) above
B. Only (iii) above
C. Both (ii) and (iv) above
D. (i), (iii) and (iv) above
Ans - D
17. Is provide highly unstructured information the the level management for long term
decision making.
A. Operational
B. Bottom
C. Middle
D. Top
Ans - D
20.the quality of your____is a large part of the quality of your information system.
A. Computer
B. Thinking
C. Time
D. Challenges
Ans -B
21. Which of te following information processing system gives the output in the form of
summary and
Exception reports that are useful to the managers?
A. Decision support system
B.Management information system
C. Office automation system
D. Transaction processing system
Ans - B
22. A arvind mishra is reviewing is the progress of his organization in meeting its
organizational foals, he is stuck by the fact that his organization has an organizational
structure that might be causing problems. The current structure diffuses accountability ,
makes it difficult to respond to changing conditions quickly, and results in situations where
someone might have two bosses. Which of the following organization forms best fits these
disadvantages being experienced by Mr. Mishra?
A. Geographical Structure
B. Matrix Structure
C. Divisional Structure
D. Customer Structure
Ans - B
23.Which of the following techniques for improving productivity aims at reducing costs by
analyzing and improving individual operations of a product or service?
A. Work Simplification
B. Time-event network
C. Value Engineering
D. Total Quality Management
Ans - C
24. In which likert's four systems of leadership , manager do not have complete confidence
and trust in subordinates but nevertheless, solicit advice from subordinates while retaining
the right to make final decision?
A. Participative Leadership style
B. Benevolent-authoritative leadership style
C. Consultative leadership style
D. Exploitative-Authoritative leadership style
Ans - C
25. A decision support system (DSS) is an interactive computer system used to plan and
make decision. Which of the following is/are true with regard to decision support
system(DSS) ?
i). Executive decision are the focal points in DSS.
ii). DSS specializes in easy-to-use Software
iii). DSS employs interactive processing
iv). The control and use of DSS rests with the central information management
department.
A. Only (i) above.
B. Both (i) and (ii) above.
C. Both (iii) and (iv) above.
D. (i), (ii), and (iii) above
Ans D
26. In which following function of MIS reports are generated based on the enterprise’s
need?
A. Planning
B. Prediction
C. Data Processing
D. Data Storage
Ans - A
27. The accounting system is_____whereas the demand forecasting system is:
A. Deterministic Probabilistic
B. Probabilistic, Deterministic
C. Open, Close
D. Close, Open
Ans -A
29. The communication process is made up various components. Which of the following is
the actual physical product from the source?
A. Feedback
B. Filter
C. Message
D. Channel
Ans- C
30. Manager making ethical decision may belong to any one of the three level of moral
development. Which of the following stages describes the conventional level of moral
development?
A. Following rules only when it is in one’s immediate interest
B. Valuing rights of other and upholding absolute values and rights, regardless of the majority’s
opinion
C. Sticking to rules to avoid physical punishment
D. Living up to what is expected by people who are close to one self.
Ans - D
36. Which of the following steps in the planning process involves the organization asking
the question “in which environment -internal or external- will our plans operate”?
A. Formulating supporting plans
B. Comparing alternatives in the light of goals
C. Considering planning premises
D. Identifying alternatives
Ans. C
37. Span of control an important factor, which is to be be taken into account when
undertaking organizational design. Maintaining a large span of control within an
organization is most effective in all except one of the following situations?
A. When subordinates prefer autonomy
B. When tasks are routine
C. When jobs are similar but have varying performance measures
D. When subordinates are highly trained.
Ans. C
38. Which of the following are the inputs of Marketing information system?
i). Marketing research data
ii). Marketing intelligence data
iii). External environment data
iv). Strategic plan
A. Only i, ii, and iii.
B. Only ii, iii, and iv.
C. Only i, iii, and iv.
D. All i, ii , iii and iv.
Ans. D
39. Cybernetic system is the one which is----
A. Self Monitoring
B. Self Controlling
C. Self Regulating
D. All of the Above
Ans. D
40. Which of the following information system has low-volume data and analysis models as
data inputs?
A. Management information system
B. Decision support system
C. Executive support system
D. Transaction processing system
Ans. B
42. Which of the following is true about the conclusion drawn from the trait approach to
leadership?
A. The trait approach identifies traits that consistently separate leaders from nonleaders
B. There are certain traits that guarantee that a leader will be successful
C. The trait approach is based on early research that assumes that a good leader is born, not made
D. Leadership is a simple issue of describing the traits of successful leaders.
Ans C
44. Ratio analysis hel manager to compare the performance of the organisation with its
previous performance or the performance of its competitors. Which of the following is a
ratio of creditor’s contribution to that of the owners?
A. Current Ratio
B. Debt-equity ratio
C. Return on investment (ROI)
D. Net profit margin
Ans B
46.Which of the following are the Characteristics of the planning process usually adopted
in Japanese Management style?
i) Long-term orientation.
ii). Individual decision making
iii). Decision flowing from bottom to up and back
iv). Slow decision making
A. Both (i) and (ii) above
B. Both (i) and (iii) above
C. Both (ii) and (iv) above
D. (i), (ii) and (iv) above
Ans D
48. Which of the following is not true with regard to functional authority?
A. Functional authority is the authority staff members have over line members within the limits
of their functions.
B. Functional authority has the same effect as line authority but it doesn’t have the might that the
authority has, to punish violations or deviations in order to ensure compliance.
C. Functional authority is limited to those areas where a staff member has some technical
competence.
D. Functional authority is is sync with the principle of unity of command.
Ans. D
49. Customer number and their names would be an example of the ________component of
an order management information system.
A. Software
B. Hardware
C. Data
D. Procedure
Ans. C
52. Creativity is an important factor in managing people. Which of the following …..
Ans.D- Insight leads to intuition.
57. Which of the following steps in the planning process involves the organization…..
Ans.D- Identifying alternatives.
63. -----systems keep a track on the dally regular business transactions of the organization.
Ans.D- Operational-level
67. Which of the following are the characteristics of the planning process usually…..
Ans.D- (I), (III), and (IV) above
68. Which of the following information systems has low-volume data and …...
Ans.B- Decision support System.
71. Which of the following is not true with regard to functional authority?
Ans.D- Functional authority is in sync….
74. Every organization structure, even a poor one, can be charted. Which of the …...
Ans.D- It show authority…..
79. Which of the following refers to the flow of information among persons at different levels,...
Ans.B- Diagonal communication.
82. Manager making ethical decision may belong to any of the three level of….
Ans.D- Living up to what is…..
83. Which of the following is true about the conclusion drawn from the trait approach….
Ans.C- The trait approach is based…..
84. The quality of your--------is a large part of the quality of your information system.
Ans. B- Thinking.
86. Which of the following information processing systems gives the output…….
Ans.B- Management information systems.
88. Which of the following inventory techniques uses cards to monitor inventory…..
Ans.C- Kanban.
97. Which of the following are the inputs of Marketing information System?
Ans.D- ALL (I), (II), (III), and (IV)
99. As Arvind Misra is reviewing the progress of his organization in meeting its….
Ans.B- Matrix Structure.
181. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT ONE OF THE FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCES
…
ANS. B- THE THREAT OF CHANGES IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
183. WHAT TYPE OF SYSTEM TRACK AND ANALYZES ALL OF THE ACTIVITIES…….
ANS. D- SALES PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
196. WHAT TYPE OF WEB SITE ALLOWS VISITORS TO CREATE AND MAINTAIN
INFORMATION ……
ANS. D- FTP SITE
207. The objective function of linear programing is minimization the objective function of
its dual will be
A- minimization
B- maximization
C- there is nothing like dual problem in linear programming.
D- depends on the equation formed
Ans.d
219.A PRESENTATION………..?
A- display of products
B- expanding the utility of products
C- A gift
D- display of communication or skills
ANS-:B-EXPLAINING THE UTILITY OF PRODUCTS
222.WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD indicate that the motherboard battery has
failed?
A- operating system passwords are lost
B- files on the disk are lost and corrupted
C- hardware setting, including virtual memory revert to default values
D- hardware setting, including the current data and time revert to default
ANS-:C-hardware settings ,including the current date
Q. By e commerce we mean
A. Customer satisfaction
B. improve quality of products
C. increase production
D. integrating supply and demand management
A. Mesh
B. Ring
C. Star
D. Bus
Q. Which unit is responsible for converting data received from user into computer
Understandable format.
A. Memory unit
B. Arithmetic and logic unit.
C. Input unit
D. Output unit
A. Be flexible
B. Be modular and closed
C. Extend with the company
D. All of above
A. Internetwork.
B. Wan
C. Man
D. Lan
Ans-Internetwork.
Ans-Database
Q. Computer network is
2…is a heart of the computer and this is where all the computing is done.
a) Central processing Unit
b) Printer
c) Keyboard
d) None of these
3. The computer keyboard in English uses
a) QWERTY base
b) ASCII base
c) Binary base
d) None of these
4. …………………….. are the people whose jobs require access to the database:
a) System Analysts
b) End users
c) Programmers
d) None of the above
6. Which of the following communication modes support two ways traffic but in only one
direction at a time?
a) Simplex
b) Half duplex
c) Three quarter Duplex
d) None of the above
11. The use of Technology to automate business transaction and work flow is called
a) Multimedia
b) E-commerce
c) WAP
d) None of the above
e)
12. The objective of MIS is
a) To provide information
b) Distribute data
c) To make a file
d) None of the above
14. An information system that responds immediately to the needs of the physical system is
called
a) Inline system
b) Online system
c) Real time system
d) None of the above
17. Which of the following is not a primary reason for the popularity of decision support
systems?
a) Declining cost of computer hardware
b) Increased number of programmers
c) Increased number of software packages
d) N
one of the above
20. An information system that responds immediately to the needs of the physical system is
called.
a) Online system
b) In line system
c) Off line system
d) None of the above
22. To elicit needs and resource constraints and to translate them into a viable operation is the
task of
a) Data administrator
b) Manager
c) System analyst
d) None of the above
32. The process of converting analog signals into digital signals so they can be processed by a
receiving computer is referred to as:
a) modulation
b) demodulation
c) synchronizing
d) digitising
33. How many OSI layers are covered in the X.25 standard?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Seven
d) Six
e) None of above
36. Which of the following might be used by a company to satisfy its growing communications
needs?
a) front end processor
b) multiplexer
c) controller
d) concentrator
e) all of the above
37. What is the number of separate protocol layers at the serial interface gateway specified by the
X.25 standard?
a) 4
b) 2
c) 6
d) 3
e) none of the above
38. The interactive transmission of data within a time sharing system may be best suited to
a) simplex lines
b) half-duplex lines
c) full duplex lines
d) biflex-lines
42. Which of the following does not allow multiple uses or devices to share one communication
line?
a) doubleplexer
b) multiplexer
c) concentrator
d) controller
45. Which of the following is an advantage to using fiber optics data transmission?
a) resistance to data theft
b) fast data transmission rate
c) low noise level
d) all of above
48. Which data communication method is used to transmit the data over a serial communication
link?
a) simplex
b) half-duplex
c) full-duplex
d) b and c
e) None of above
49. What is the minimum number of wires needed to send data over a serial communication link
layer?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 6
e. none of above
50. Which of the following types of channels moves data relatively slowly?
1. Wide band channel
52. A communications device that combines transmissions from several I/O devices into one line
is a
1. Concentrator
2. Modifier
3. Multiplexer
53. How much power (roughly) a light emitting diode can couple into an optical fiber?
1. 100 microwatts
54. The synchronous modems are more costly than the asynchronous modems because
1. They produce large volume of data
3. They transmit the data with stop and start bits
2. Modulator
3. Demodulator
4. Terminal
57. Which of the following communications lines is best suited to interactive processing
applications?
1. Narrow band channel
2. A bit
60. The loss in signal power as light travels down the fiber is called
1. Attenuation
2. progragation
3. Scattering
4. Interruption
61. Avalanche photodiode receivers can detect bits of transmitted data by receiving
1. 100 photons
62. Communication circuits that transmit data in both directions but not at the same time are
operating in
1. A simplex mode
3. DDD
2. Modulator
3. Stations
4. Transponders
65. While transmitting odd-parity coded symbols, the number of zeros in each symbol is
1. Odd
2. Even
4. Unknown
2. TOTAL
3. BPL
4. Telnet
2. Microwave
2. 5
3. 8
4. 9
2. DDS
3. WATS
4. DDT
2. Gearshift
3. Descrambler
4. Difference engine
2. Sensor
76. Which of the following transmission systems provide the highest data rate to in individual
device?
1. computer bus
77. A protocol is a set of rules governing a time sequence of events that must take place
1. between peers
3. the finished products are mostly services (rather than goods)
81. The ______ is (are) the MRP input detailing which end items are to be produced, when they
are needed, and in what quantities.
1. master production schedule
2. modules
3. kits
84. In job shop (make-to-order) operations, the master production schedule is usually expressed
in terms of
1. end-items
2. modules
3. kits
5.
85. In MRP record calculations, the appearance of a negative value for the gross requirements of
an end item in a specific time bucket
1. signals the need to purchase that end item in that period
3. signals the need for a negative Planned Order Receipt in that period
86. A material requirements plan contains information with regard to all of the following except
1. quantities and required delivery dates of all sub-assemblies
88. Linking a part requirement with the parent component that caused the requirement is referred
to as
1. net requirements planning
3. pegging
4. Kanban
requirements
2. the use of the lot-for-lot approach
3. management's marking part of the master production schedule as "not to be rescheduled"
90. One of the tools that is particularly useful in reducing the system nervousness in the MRP
system is (are)
1. modular bills
93. Which of the following statements is true about the MRP plan when using lot-for-lot
ordering?
1. The quantity of gross requirements for a child item is always equal to the quantity of
requirements for its parent(s) multiplied by the number of child items used in the parent
assembly.
3. The quantity of gross requirements for a child item is always equal to the quantity of
94. Which of the following lot-sizing-techniques results in the lowest holding costs?
1. lot-for-lot
2. EOQ
3. part-period-balancing
95. What lot sizing technique is generally preferred when inventory holding costs are extremely
high?
1. lot-for-lot
2. EOQ
2. MRP with a new set of computer programs that execute on micro-computers
organization
3. an advanced MRP II system that ties-in customers and suppliers
99. The extension of MRP which extends to resources such as labor hours and machine hours, as
well as to order entry, purchasing, and direct interface with customers and suppliers is
1. MRP II
2. a time-phased stock replenishment plan for all levels of a distribution network
4. material requirements planning with feedback loop from distribution centers
101. In what way are Distribution Resource Planning (DRP) and Material Requirements
Planning (MRP) similar?
1. Both employ similar logic and procedures.
2. does not integrate well with functional areas other than operations
104. Which of the following is false concerning enterprise resource planning (ERP)?
1. It attempts to automate and integrate the majority of business processes.
2. It shares common data and practices across the enterprise.
106. One way to facilitate production scheduling and production in firms making a large number
of different final products is to use
1. planning bills
level
2. calculate quantities on hand and on order
108. Which of the following statements best compares modular bills and phantom bills?
1. Both pertain to assemblies that are not inventoried.
4. Modular bills represent subassemblies that actually exist and are inventoried, while
phantom bills represent subassemblies that exist only temporarily and are not inventoried.
5.
109. ___________ investigation is the effort expended by the police in gathering information
subsequent to the initiation of the original report until the case is ready for prosecution.
1. Advanced
2. Cold
3. Collateral
4. Follow-up
110. The actions taken at the crime scene immediately following the detection and reporting of
the crime scene constitute the:
1. Essential part of police work.
2. The ability to converse equally well with a wide range of people
112. What are the three immediate outcomes once a criminal offense has been committed?
1. It may go undetected. Incorrect: This describes only one possible outcome.
3. The crime may come to the attention of the police through their observation or a
115. A crime has been committed at a certain location. Which of the following best describes the
name designated to this scene?
1. Macroscopic
2. Microscopic
3. Secondary
4. Primary
116. Crime scene investigation is intended to accomplish which of the following objectives?
1. Reconstructing what happened.
117. Crime scene investigation is intended to accomplish which of the following objectives?
1. Reconstructing what happened.
118. Which of the following supplies should be available for crime scene security?
1. Video recorder
119. Which of the following supplies should be available for processing the crime scene?
1. Video recorder
121. Which of the following is a basic rule for crime scene investigator?
1. Maintenance of control
122. Which of the following is not a typical threat to the health and safety of criminal
investigators?
1. Insect stings
4. Chemicals
123. Which of the following is not an indication of suspicious mail according to the Centers for
Disease Control?
1. Proper postage
3. Vapor, mist, thin fog, or low clouds unrelated to the weather.
4. Snowfall
125. A person is found shot to death in a large field. What is the major priority in such a crime
scene search?
1. Coordination
126. Which of the following are advantages of using digital cameras at a major crime scene?
1. Images can be viewed immediately.
3. Document all stages of the investigation, including physical evidence discoveries.
4. Photograph the scene a few days after the crime scene is discovered.
128. Which of the following is a complete list of information that should be included in a
transmittal letter when submitting evidence to the FBI crime laboratory?
1. The submitting person’s agency, address, and phone number
2. Case identification numbers, the nature of the evidence submitted, and all
3. ALU
132. A plotter is –
1. An impact device to produce good quality graphics
2. UNIX
2. Petabyte
3. Exabyte
4. Zettabyte
136. A file is corrected immediately after the input of a transaction. This is an example of –
1. Sorting
2. Batching
3. Database
139. A JPG is –
1. A Jumper Programmed Graphic
2. Clipart
3. Highlight
4. Execute
141. The name of E-computer programs usually developed by government agencies that can be
freely copied and used –
1. Public domain software
2. Freeware
3. Shareware
142. Some software packages attempt to encode the knowledge and decision rules of human
specialists in order to use them for making their own decisions.
This software is referred as –
1. Artificial intelligence packages
144. On which of the following sites can you set up your e-mail account –
1. www.linux.org
2. www.gre.org
3. www.syvum.org
4. www.gmail.com
2. Cognitive
3. Systematic
4. Analytic
2. DBMS
3. MIS
decoupling of subsystems.
2. For preparing the schedule of the system in the overall information requirement
3. An online information on the stocks markets and the accounts balance.
2. Drill Up
2. Mindset
3. Material
4. Infrastructure
157. Which of the following system helps you with making a decision about a non structured
problem?
1. A.I.
4. D.S.S.
3. Material
159. Are knowledge based system to which present rules are applied to solve a particular
problem?
1. ES
2. AI
3. KBS
161. Decision are those decision for which policy standards or guidelines are already established
1. Programmable
2. Control
4. Relevant
162. Which of the following is not an important principle for evaluating the raw data for decision
making
1. Selection
2. Pattern
3. Average
164. A constraint that does not affect the feasible solution region is known as
1. Redundant Constraint
168. The four major corporate resources are money, material, information and
1. People
2. Icons
169. Which of the following systems deals with planning for, development, management, and
use of information technology tools for management?
1. Strategic Support Systems
170. Which of the following terms is used to describe the computer-based tools used by people
in an organization to support their information processing needs?
1. Information Technology
3. Artifacts
171. Which terms refers to the extent of detail provided in information; for instance, some
information may provide summary information while others may provide a great amount of
detail?
1. Information Depth
172. Which type of technology allows you to enter information and commands into a computer?
1. Data entry
2. Input
3. Processing
4. Telecommunication
173. Which type of technology allows you to send information from one computer to another?
1. Output
2. Telecommunication
3. Connecting
4. CPU
174. Which of the following are raw facts that describe a particular phenomenon and are stored
in the computer for an organization's processing needs?
1. Information
2. Data
3. Records
175. Which of the following is collective information about customers, competitors, business
partners, competitive environments, and internal operations?
1. Aggregate Data
176. What term is used to describe information coming into a computer that is in bad form, or is
incorrect, and will improperly affect the decision-making process?
1. GIGO
3. RAM
179. Information is
1. Data
2. Massive
2. a tape
a) F
igure 2
b) F
igure 6
c) F
igure 4
d) Figure1
Question 2
Which figure denotes XOR gate?
a) Figure6
b) F
igure1
c) f igure5
d) F
igure 4
Question 3
Which logic gate denotes inverted output?
a) A
ND
b) NOT
c) N
OR
d) X
OR
Question 4
Addition of inputs is done in which gate?
a) OR
b) N
OR
c) A
ND
d) X
OR
Question 5
Multiplication along with negation is given by which of the following?
a) NAND
b) A
ND
c) O
R
d) N
OT
Question 6
Which of the following are exclusive operator?
a) A
ND
b) O
R
c) N
OT
d) NOR
Question 7
Which is not a logic gate?
a) N
AND
b) X
NOR
c) XAND
d) X
OR
Question 8
What does truth table denotes?
a) p
olynomial values
d) functional values
Question 9
"If one or more input is high, it gives HIGH output. Which gate is it?"
a) OR
b) A
ND
c) X
OR
d) N
OT
Question 10
An even number of 1's at the input produces 0 at the output. Which gate is it?
a) XOR
b) N
one of the above
c) X
NAND
d) X
NOR
1. Operating System coordinates data to and from RAM. What role is it playing?
Ans: Memory Management
2. Which operating system will be well defined with fixed time constraints?
Ans: Real time operating System
1. Which is not a task of DBMS?
Ans: none
2. What is cardinality?
Ans: a
Question 1
What does an ER diagram represents?
a) m
echanism
b) relationship
c) p
rocess
d) f low
Question 2
Who is identifying an Entity?
a) Has
b) A
ge
c) A
ttend
d) s tudies
Question 3
Which is showing (1: N) cardinality?
a) A
ttend & subject
b) S
tudent & address
c) S
tudent & class
Question 4
Which is a derived attribute?
a) s treet
b) s ubject ID
c) Age
d) A
ttends
Question 5
Which is a recursive relationship?
a) C
lass & section
Question 6
Which is a key attribute?
a) Class_ID
b) s ection_ID
c) h
ours#
d) c ity
Question 7
Which is a weak entity?
a)
b) Section
c) s tudent
d) s ubject ID
e) c lass
Question 8
Which word define entity?
a) p
rocess
b) s ubject
c) Object
d) r elationship
Question 9
Which is a category of an attribute?
a) d
erived
b) All of these
c) c omposit
d) S
imple
Question 10
What is cardinality?
a) All of these
c) S
pecifies how instances of an entity are related
d) m
odularity
Question 1
0 / 10 pts
Which tag is responsible for displaying of the content on the form?
a)
b) html
c) body
d) h
ead
e) f orm
Question 2
What is the full form of HTML?
a) H
yper Text Making Language
b) H
yper Test Markup Language
c) H
yper Text Makeup Language
Question 3
"p" tag defines?
a) n
ew line
b) l ine break
c) paragraph
d) w
ord space
Question 4
which is the root element of an HTML page?
a) t itle
b) html
c) h
ead
d) b
ody
Question 5
a) br
b) l n
c) p
d) h
Question 6
Where do we write an HTML program?
a) M
s-word
b) C
onsole
c) B
rowser
d) Notepad
Question 7
How do you introduce a checkbox in the form?
a) f orm
b) s tyle
c) input
d) s elect
Question 8
Which attribute will make a dropdown list?
a) select
b) s tyle
c) i nput
d) f orm
Question 9
What is the role of "form action"?
c) n
one of the above
d) d
isplay form
Question 10
Which statemement is true for HTML tags?
Question 1
What is deployed by Fray network for its distributers?
a) eSCM
c) C
RM
d) S
CM
Question 2
eSCM provides which of the following advantages?
a) m
atch production level
Question 3
which factor will make sure that no security problem would be encountered?
b) C
ommon information source
c) C
ompetitors account access
d) C
ommon Account number and password
Question 4
What makes the system vulnerable to competitors?
a) N
one of the above
b) U
pto date information of the supplier and distributor
Question 5
What do u mean by SCM?
a) S
upply Chain Materials
b) S
upply channel material
d) S
upply channel management
Question 6
Fray network is using which database?
a) S
QLite
b) D
B2
c) Oracle
d) P
ostgress
Question 7
b) m
arketing of business process
c) D
isintegrated management of business process
d) N
one of the above
Question 8
Which of the following is a part of ERP management?
a) h
uman resource
b) All of these
c) P
lanning
d) M
arketing
Question 9
What among the following is not considered by SCM?
a) F
inished goods
b) s ervices
c) R
aw material
Question 10
E-SCM is an integration of?
a) A
ll of the above
1. Which statement directly clarify that EDI is responsible for lowering the cost of business
processes?
Ans: Printing process
2. Govt. is answerable to people and people have right to know what govt. does. Which
term explains the above line?
Ans: Accountability
Question 1
Most individuals are familiar with which form of e-commerce?
a) C
2B
b) B
2B
c) B2C
d) C
2C
Question 2
What is the name for direct computer-to-computer transfer of transaction information contained
in standard business documents?
c) e -commerce
Question 3
Which form of e-commerce currently accounts for about 97% of all e-commerce revenues?
a) B2B
b) C
2B
c) B
2C
d) C
2C
Question 4
What do you mean by Web hosting?
b) N
one of the aboe
Question 5
Which of the following are necessary to become e-commerce enables?
b) O
btaining a Digital Certificate
c) W
eb Hosting
d) C
reating or Purchasing a Shopping Cart Software
Question 6
What makes the app different from other available ones in vehicle?
a) N
one of these
b) To serve the needs of the user to identify and shop from the street
c) p
rovide all available option
d) b
etter choice of the vehicle
Question 7
What do you mean by B2B?
a) C
ompanies bid for the product placed by consumer
c) N
one of the above
d) b
usinesses transact with the customer
Question 8
A combination of software and information designed to provide security and information for
payment is called a what?
a) E
ncryption
b) p op up ad
c) digital wallet
Question 9
Which is not an application of E-commerce?
b) T
ickets
c) F
inancial services
d) I nformation
Question 10
What is the name given to an interactive business providing a centralized market where many
buyers and suppliers can come together for e?commerce or commerce?related activities?
a) B
2C
b) B
2B
c) D
irect marketplace
d) Electronic marketplace
Question 1
EDI standard
Question 2
What benefits will the Wen’s Sporting Goods get with e-commerce solution?
a) E
asy access for customer
b) B
etter advertising
c) E
xpand their business
Question 3
In Electronic cash payment
b) a customer buys several electronic coins which are digitally signed by coin
issuing bank
c) R
SA cryptography is used in the transactions
Question 4
0 / 1 pts
Which business model will it follow?
a) B
2B
b) B2C
c) C
2B
d) C
2C
Question 5
A _________ is an organized collection of detailed information about individual customers or
prospects that is accessible, actionable and current for marketing purposes such as lead
generation and others.
a) B
usiness database
b) N
one of the above
c) C
ustomer mailing list
d) Customer database
Question 6
What additional benefit did automation provided?
a) B
etter itinerary maintenance
b) T
racking inventory in real time
d) L
ess manual work
Question 7
Which is not part of ERP?
a) N
one of the above
b) Purchasing
c) I nventory
d) H
R
Question 8
Which is the most tedious task of going online?
a) F
ulfilling orders
c) H
andling customer query
d) N
one of them
Question 9
0 / 1 pts
A consumer buying behavior is influenced by
a) Both a and b
b) P
ersonal factors
c) C
ultural and social factors
d) N
one of the above.
Question 10
ERP use software application to _____ the processes of an organization
a) N
one of the above
b) S
peed
c) g
rowth
d) automate
Question 1
Which of the following the AND gate Operation?
a) Y
=X
b) Z= YX
c) Z
=Y^X
d) Z
= X + Y
Question 2
Which of the following is the example of CPU?
b) D
isk-Western Digital My Passport 4TB
c) G
raphic Tablet
d) G
PS
Question 3
0 / 10 pts
Which of the following the OR gate Operation?
a) Y
=X
b) Z
= YX
c) Z
=Y^X
d) Z=X + Y
Question 4
Which of the following is an object or concept about which you want to store information?
a) Entity
b) R
elationship
c) A
ctions
d) A
ttributes
Question 5
Attributes are represented by _____
a) Ovals
b) R
ectangle
c) S
quare
d) H
exagon
Question 6
_______Model is based on the notion of real-world entities and relationships among them.
a) N
etwork
b) Entity-Relationship
c) R
elational
d) H
ierarchy
Question 7
Transmission of the digital data between two or more computers is known as
a) Data Communication
b) N
etworking
c) E
xtranet
d) I nternet
Question 8
Which of the following language is used on the web to develop web pages?
a) C
++
b) S
QL
c) HTML
d) C
OBOL
Question 9
Which of the following defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers?
b) OSI Model
c) H
TTP
d) F
TP
Question 10
Which of the following is the shared content accessed by groups through cross-enterprise
boundaries?
a) Internet
b) I ntranet
c) Extranet
d) N
one of the above
Question 11
Which of the following is a combination of all resources and users on the Internet that is using
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol?
a) U
RL
b) WWW
c) F
TP
d) T
CP
Question 12
_______ is a planned system of collecting, storing, and disseminating data in the form of
information needed to carry out the functions of management
b) L
ibrary
c) T
ally
d) C
RM
Question 13
Which of the following is the example of ERP software?
a) L
INUX
c) M
ac OS
d) A
ndriod
Question 14
Which segment do ebay, Amazon.com belongs?
a) B
2Bs
b) B2Cs
c) C
2Bs
d) C
2Cs
Question 15
_________ is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless handheld devices
such as smartphones and tablets.
a) S
hopping
b) M-commerce
c) D
istributing
d) B
rowsing
QUESTION 1
Which of the following is not an example of a business process?
designing a new product
hiring an employee
purchasing services
testing software
QUESTION 2
The topology with highest reliability is ?
Bus Topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Mesh topology
QUESTION 3
Internet access by transmitting digital data over the wires of a local telephone network is
provided by
leased line
digital subscriber line
digital signal line
none of the mentioned
QUESTION 4
At what level of an organisation does a corporate manager operate?
Functional
Operational
Middle level
Top level
QUESTION 5
HTML is used to create
QUESTION 6
What encourages users of a product or service supplied by a B2C company to ask friends to join
in as well?
Spam
Viral marketing
Affliated programs
none of the mentioned
QUESTION 7
Internal information for MIS may come from any one of the following department
QUESTION 8
Which of the following provides reliable communication?
TCP
IP
UDP
All of the above
QUESTION 9
" ________ can occur at the individual, group, organizational or extra-organizational level."
Planning
Controlling
Organizing
Scheduling
QUESTION 10
A logical schema
QUESTION 11
The best products to sell in B2C e?commerce are
Small products
Digital products
Speciality products
fresh products
QUESTION 12
"To improve the performance of a business process, which of the following is most relevant?"
Input
Processing
Control and Feddback
Output
QUESTION 13
"If a university sets up a web-based information system that faculty could access to record
student grades and to advise students, that would be an example of a/an"
CRM
Intranet
ERP
Extranet
QUESTION 14
In which website Global Easy Buy is facilitated?
Ebay.com
Amazon.com
Yepme.com
None of these
QUESTION 15
The .................... is defined as a set of activities performed across the organization creating as
output of value to the customer
development process
business process
quality process
customer focus
QUESTION 16
What does Management information systems (MIS) do?
QUESTION 17
ALU is
QUESTION 18
MIS normally found in a manufacturing organization will not be suitable in the ______.
Service sector
Banking sector
Agriculture sector
All of the above
QUESTION 19
DBMS is a collection of.. that enables user to create and maintain a database.
Keys
Translators
Programs
Language activity
QUESTION 20
Which one is not a recognised key skill of management?
Conceptual skills
Human skills
Technical skills
Writing skills
QUESTION 1
Select the sequence of simons model for decision making?
a) Design- choice- intelligence
b) intelligence- choice - Design
c) intelligence- Design- choice
d) choice - intelligence- Design
QUESTION 2
What are the factors responsible for MIS development?
a) internal factors
b) External factors
c) Neither internal nor external
d) Both internal nor external
QUESTION 3
The basic component of DSS is
a) Database
b) Model Base
c) DSS Software System
d) All of the above
QUESTION 4
The detailed study of the information needs of users and any information system presently used
is called
a) System analysis
b) Systems design
c) Systems approach
d) System Testing
QUESTION 5
Which of the following is not a characteristic of good information?
a) Interchangeability
b) Relevance
c) Cost effectiveness
d) Timeliness
QUESTION 6
The expert system uses a(n) ____________ to select the most appropriate response
a) inference
b) Decision support system
c) Data Source
d) Knowledge Base
QUESTION 7
Which system is considered as successful system?
a) A data processing system
b) Information processing system
c) Facts processing system
d) Subsystem
QUESTION 8
Which of the following is not a class of information system applications?
a) Database management System
b) Decision support system
c) Expert system
d) Management Information System
QUESTION 9
What are various tools for development of the system
a) system Components
b) Information system
c) Data Flow Diagram
d) Levels of management
QUESTION 10
GDSS is the short form of
a) Group Decision Support System
b) Group Discussion Support System
c) Group Decision Service System
d) Group Discussion Support Source
QUESTION 11
"what do you mean by ""Orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together for a
specific purpose """
a) System
b) Process
c) Design
d) Components
QUESTION 12
"A system is called ..................... when the inputs, process and the outputs are known with
certainty."
a) Probabilistic
b) Deterministic
c) Open
d) Close
QUESTION 13
Decision trees could be represented in different ways such as
a) Bottom to Top
b) Left to right
c) Top to Bottom
d) All of the above
QUESTION 14
Which of the following is a repetitive decision?
a) non programmed
b) Programmed
c) Novel
d) None of the above
QUESTION 15
Quality of the information depends on which of the following factors?
a) Input Data
b) System Design
c) Data Processing
d) All of the above
QUESTION 16
Imparting incomplete or imperfect information is?
a) Result of failed MIS
b) A successful MIS
c) Perfectly developed system
d) System with proper analysis and design
QUESTION 17
Development of departmental budget takes into account which type of information?
a) Operational
b) Statistical
c) Tactical information
d) Day -to- Day
QUESTION 18
Why was system considered as assembly of sub systems?
a) To enrich effeciency
b) To enhance performance
c) To reduce system Complexity
d) All of the above
QUESTION 19
Which of the following is part of a static view of information?
a) Logical data model
b) Meta data
c) Data flow model
d) Information process model
QUESTION 20
Electronic publishing and collaboration is task of which information system?
a) Management Information System
b) Decision support system
c) Executive information System
d) Office automation
Que 1
JIT (Just-In-Time) inventory control is an approach to inventory control, which stipulates that
materials should arrive just, as they are needed, in the production process. Which of the
following would generally not be associated with a successful JIT program, for the purpose of
inventory control?
Options
Que 2.
Information that originates outside the organization is known as external information. Which of
the following is/are example(s) of external information in an organization?
Options
Que 3.
Which of the following decision-making models emphasizes short-run solution of a problem
rather than long-term goal accomplishment?
Options
Que 4.
Sofia works in one of seven research and development departments at General Automobile
Corporation. This would suggest that General Automobiles has a
Options
Options
Que 6.
In which of Likert’s four systems of leadership, managers do not have complete confidence and
trust in subordinates but nevertheless, solicit advice from subordinates while retaining the right
to make final decision?
Options
Que 7
Performance appraisals are important in an organization because they
I. Provide systematic judgments to support promotions.
II. Provide a basis for coaching.
III. Provide a basis for counseling.
IV. Let subordinates know where they stand with the boss.
Options
Que 8
Ratio analysis helps a manager to compare the performance of the organization with its previous
performance or the performance of its competitors. Which of the following is a ratio of creditors’
contribution to that of the owners?
Options
Que 9.
Which of the following inventory techniques uses cards to monitor inventory movement?
Options
c) Kanban
d) Kaizen
Que. 10
A decision support system (DSS) is an interactive computer system used to plan and make
decisions. Which of the following is/are true with regard to Decision Support System (DSS)?
I. Executive decisions are the focal points in DSS.
II. DSS specializes in easy-to-use software.
III. DSS employs interactive processing.
IV. The control and use of DSS rests with the central information management department.
Options
Options
a) Only (II) above
b) Only (IV) above
Options
a) Functional authority is the authority staff members have over line members within
technical competence
d) Functional authority is in sync with the principle of unity of command.
Options
a) Creativity is the ability to develop new ideas
b) The creative process starts with unconscious scanning
Options
a) Only (I) above
Options
a) Work simplification
b) Time-event network
c) Value engineering
d) Total Quality Management
Options
a) When subordinates prefer autonomy
b) When tasks are routine
Options
a) Only (I) above
b) Both (II) and (IV) above
Options
a) It differentiates one organization from another
b) It defines the internal environment of an organization
Options
a) Role clarity
b) Clarity in organizational action
d) Flexibility.
Options
a) Both (I) and (II) above
b) Both (I) and (III) above
Options
a) Horizontal communication
b) Diagonal communication
c) Upward communication
Options
a) It is a vital tool for providing information about organizational relationships
b) It provides a visual map of the chain of command
c) Charting an organization structure can show up the complexities and inconsistencies,
which can be corrected
d) It shows authority relationships as well as informal and informational
relationships
Options
a) Geographical structure
b) Matrix structure
c) Divisional structure
Options
a) Only (IV) abov
Options
a) T
he trait approach identifies traits that consistently separate leaders from nonleaders
b) There are certain traits that guarantee that a leader will be successful
c) The trait approach is based on early research that assumes that a good leader is
born, not made
d) Leadership is a simple issue of describing the traits of successful leaders
Options
a) In MBO, there are multiple objectives covering a range of organisational activities
b) In traditional objective setting the objectives, once formulated, provide direction for
management decisions
c) In traditional objective setting the objectives, once established, form the criteria
Options
a) Both (I) and (II) above
Options
a) Identifying the problem
b) Identifying the decision criteria
Options
a) Designing job description
b) Developing a job specification
Options
a) Following rules only when it is in one’s immediate interest
b) Valuing rights of others and upholding absolute values and rights, regardless of the
majority's opinion
c) Sticking to rules to avoid physical punishment
d) Living up to what is expected by people who are close to oneself
Options
a) Performance can be measured
Options
a) Organizing
b) Planning
c) Staffing
d) Controlling
Options
a) Authority on par with responsibility
b) Hierarchy of authority
Options
a) Division of labor
Options
a) Diseconomies of scale
b) Requires people with general managerial capabilities
Options
a) C oercive power
Options
a) Rational model
b) Satisficing model
QUESTION 1
This type of network is contained over a large geographic area
b. W
ide area network
QUESTION 2
A web browser is best described as a
b. S
ystem management programs
QUESTION 3
"Which type of network connects each node to the next, forming a loop.”
b. B
us Topology
QUESTION 4
Which is the most common network topology where each node is connected to a switch.
b. R
ing topology
QUESTION 5
The computer monitor's sharpness or clarity is referred to as its ___________
a. Image
b. R
esolution
c. Contrast
d. S
etting
ANSWER: - Resolution
b. D
evice Drivers
c. Motherboard
d. Ports
ANSWER: - Motherboard
QUESTION 7
Which of the following is not a component of digital computer?
b. C
entral Processing Unit
QUESTION 8
Which of the following is not a volatile memory?
a. RAM
b. R
OM
d. M
agnetic Disk
ANSWER:-Rom
QUESTION 9
Which is not the component of DBMS
a. Database
b. D
atabase Administrator
QUESTION 10
Which of the following is not a type of e-commerce?
a. B2B
b. A
2B
c. B2C
d. C
2C
Answer:-A2B
QUESTION 1
a) Internal
b) External
d) None of these
QUESTION 2
QUESTION 3
In management information system which is the correct order of the reference of activities that
the manager processes?
QUESTION 4
c) improper specification
QUESTION 5
a) Transactions
b) Phases
c) Business Processes
d) Business Functions
QUESTION 6
The expert system uses ____________ to select the most appropriate response
a) inference
c) knowledge base
d) data source
QUESTION 7
_______ were the original type of information system developed to support managerial decision
making. An MIS produces information.
QUESTION 8
"Which of the following individuals typically have less formal, advanced educational degrees
and tend to process rather than create information?"
a) Knowledge workers
b) Executives
c) System analysts
d) Data workers
QUESTION 9
The accounting system is ______ whereas the demand forecasting system is _______.
c) "open, close"
Which one of the following is not a business driver for an information system?
QUESTION 11
"Type of accounting which measures, reports and analysis non-financial and financial
information to help in decision making is called"
a) financial accounting
b) management accounting
c) cost accounting
d) decision accounting
QUESTION 12
a) Social invention
b) Accomplishing goals
c) Group efforts
d) All of these
QUESTION 13
______are social inventions for accomplishing goals through group efforts
a) Management
b) Organization
c) Leadership
d) Behaviour
QUESTION 14
a) Behaviour modification
b) Learning
c) Motivation
d) Skills
QUESTION 15
Tracking employee training, skills, and performance appraisal is an example of a human resource
information system operating at the?
a) Operational level
b) Management level
c) Knowledge level
d) Strategic level
QUESTION 1
b) "Half duplex,Duplex,Simplex"
QUESTION 2
b) C
harles Babbage
c) B
laise Pascal
d) G
arden Moore
QUESTION 3
a) H
ard Disk
b) R
OM
c) F
loppy Disk
d) RAM
QUESTION 4
a) T
he software application that are used by many companies.
b) The capabilities of software and the value of the information a business acquires and
used.
c) "The infrastructure of hardware, networks, and other it facilities that are commonly
d) T
he capabilities of the hardware and the speed at which it processes information.
QUESTION 5
a) D
ata Name System
b) D
ynamic Name System
d) D
istributed Name System
QUESTION 6
"When collection of various computers seems a single coherent system to its client, then it is
called"
b) distributed system
c) b
oth (a) and (b)
d) n
one of the mentioned
QUESTION 7
Internet access by transmitting digital data over the wires of a local telephone network is
provided by
c) d
igital signal line
d) n
one of the mentioned
QUESTION 8
What can be defined as most recent and perhaps the most comprehensive technique for solving
computer problems.
a) System Analysis
b) S
ystem Data
c) S
ystem Procedure
d) S
ystem Record
QUESTION 9
a) An algorithm
b) A
list
c) A
plan
d) A
sequential structure
QUESTION 10
a) p
artitioning of systems into manageable levels of detail
c) " the use of graphical tools, such as data-flow diagrams, to model system"
QUESTION 11
a) P
erformance measurement and reporting
b) C
ollaboration and coordination
c) D
ecision support for supply chain planning
QUESTION 12
"When the management decides to implement a new system and totally remove the old one,
which of the following approach should be adopted?"
a) B
ig bang or cold turkey approach
b) Parallel approach
c) P
hased approach
d) P
ilot approach
QUESTION 13
b) B
etter customer satisfaction
c) U
se of latest technology
d) Program management
QUESTION 14
b) L
ow-level managers made unstructured decisions
c) U
pper managers make unstructured decisions
d) M
iddle managers make unstructured decisions
QUESTION 15
"As opposed to detailed transaction information, the management information system (MIS)
responds to the need for?"
b) managerial information
c) a ccounting application
d) u
tility billing information