FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING

FLIGHT PLANNING FOR VFR FLIGHTS. Remark: Using the GSPRM VFR
charts.
VFR navigation plan
Airspace, communication, visual and radio-navigation data from VFR
charts
Select routes taking the following criteria into account: classification of
airspace; restricted areas; VFR semicircular rules; visually conspicuous
points; radio-navigation aids.

See new LO reference below

See new LO reference below
See new LO reference below
Find the frequencies or identifiers of radio-navigation aids from charts.
See new LO reference above
Find the communication frequencies and call signs for the following:
control agencies and service facilities; flight information service (FIS);
weather information stations; automatic terminal information service
(ATIS).

Planning courses, distances and cruising levels with VFR charts

Choose visual waypoints in accordance with specified criteria (large,
unique, contrast, vertical extent, etc.).
Measure courses and distances from a VFR chart.
See new LO reference above
Find the highest obstacle within a given distance on either side of the
course.
Find the following data from a VFR chart and transfer them to a
navigation plan: waypoints or turning points; distances; true/magnetic
courses.

See new LO reference above

Calculate the minimum pressure altitude with a given obstacle clearance
or true altitude from a given altitude or pressure altitude from minimum
grid-area altitude using outside air temperature (OAT) and QNH.

Calculate the vertical or horizontal distance and time to climb or descend

to/from a given level or altitude with given data.
See new LO reference above
See new LO reference above
Explain how to determine the position of a significant VFR point for
insertion into a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) flight plan, using
the distance and bearing from an existing significant point and using
coordinates.

Aerodrome charts and aerodrome directory

Explain the reasons for studying the visual departure procedures and the
available approach procedures.
Find all visual procedures which can be expected at the departure,
destination and alternate aerodromes.
See new LO reference above
Find all relevant aeronautical and regulatory information required for
VFR flight planning from the aerodrome charts or aerodrome directory.

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See new LO reference above
See new LO reference above
Completion of navigation plan
See new LO reference above
See new LO reference above
See new LO reference above
See new LO reference above
Calculate the true airspeed (TAS) from given aircraft performance data,
altitude and OAT.
Calculate wind correction angles (WCAs), drift and ground speeds (GS).

Calculate individual and accumulated times for each leg to destination

and alternate aerodromes.
FLIGHT PLANNING FOR IFR FLIGHTS. Remark: Using the GSPRM IFR
charts.
IFR navigation plan
Air traffic service (ATS) routes
Identify suitable routings by identifying all relevant aeronautical and
regulatory information (including information published in the national
aeronautical information publication (AIP)) required for IFR flight
planning.

Identify and describe ATS routes (conventional, area navigation (RNAV),

required navigation performance (RNP), conditional routes (CDRs), and
direct routes).

Courses and distances from en-route charts

Determine courses and distances.
Determine bearings and distances of waypoints from radio-navigation aids.
Altitudes
Define the following altitudes: minimum en-route altitude (MEA);
minimum obstacle clearance altitude (MOCA); minimum sector altitude
(MSA); minimum off-route altitude (MORA); grid minimum off-route
altitude (Grid MORA); maximum authorised altitude (MAA); minimum
crossing altitude (MCA); minimum holding altitude (MHA).

Extract the following altitudes from the chart(s): MEA; MOCA; MSA;
MORA; Grid MORA; MAA; MCA; MHA.
See new LO reference above
State who is responsible for terrain separation during IFR flight inside and
outside controlled airspace.
State the minimum obstacle clearance requirements for en-route IFR
flight inside and outside controlled airspace.
State when a temperature error correction must be applied by either the
pilot or ATC.
Identify and explain the use of minimum radar vectoring altitudes.

Calculate the minimum pressure altitude required with a given obstacle

clearance, magnetic track, OAT, QNH and reduced vertical separation
minimum (RVSM)/non-RVSM information.

Calculate true altitude above a given datum using a given pressure

altitude, OAT and QNH.
Standard instrument departure (SID) and standard instrument arrival
(STAR) routes
State the reasons for studying SID and STAR charts.
State that SID and STAR charts show procedures only in a pictorial
presentation style which may not be true to scale.
Interpret all data and information represented on SID and STAR charts,
particularly: routings; distances; courses; radials; altitudes/levels;
frequencies; restrictions; RNAV waypoints and non-RNAV intersection;
fly-over and fly-by waypoints.

Identify SID and STAR charts which might be relevant for a planned flight.

Define SID and STAR for RNAV only.

Describe the difference between SID/STAR, RNAV SID/STAR and RNAV
SID/STAR overlay.
Instrument-approach charts
State the reasons for being familiar with instrument-approach
procedures (IAPs) and appropriate data for departure, destination and
alternate aerodromes.

Select IAPs appropriate for departure, destination and alternate

aerodromes.
Interpret all procedures, data and information represented on
instrument-approach charts, particularly: courses and radials; distances;
altitudes/levels/heights; restrictions; obstructions; frequencies; speeds
and times; decision altitudes/heights (DAs/Hs); (DA/H) and minimum
descent altitudes/heights (MDAs/Hs); visibility and runway visual ranges
(RVRs); approach-light systems.
Explain the following IAP terms: type A and B; 2D and 3D; CAT I, II and III;
precision approach (conventional and ground-based augmentation
system (GBAS)); non-precision approach (conventional and required
navigation performance approach (RNP APCH) (lateral navigation (LNAV),
LNAV/vertical navigation (VNAV), localiser performance (LP), localiser
performance with vertical guidance (LPV), and required navigation
performance authorisation required approach (RNP AR APCH)); approach
procedure with vertical guidance (APV) (APV Baro and APV satellite-
based augmentation system (SBAS)).

Communications and radio-navigation planning data

Find the communication frequencies and call signs for aeronautical
services for IFR flights from en-route charts.
Find the frequency or identifiers of radio-navigation aids for IFR flights
from en-route charts.
Completion of a manual navigation plan
Complete a navigation plan with the courses, distances and frequencies
taken from charts.
Find the SID and STAR routes to be flown or to be expected.
Determine the position of top of climb (TOC) and top of descent (TOD)
from given appropriate data.
Determine variation and calculate magnetic/true courses.
Calculate TAS from given aircraft performance data, altitude and OAT.

Calculate wind correction angles (WCAs)/drift and ground speeds (GSs).

See new LO reference above

Calculate individual and accumulated times for each leg to destination
and alternate aerodromes.
Describe the advantages of global navigation satellite system/flight
management computer (GNSS/FMC) equipment regarding: automatic
calculation and display of tracks and leg distances; additional route
information in the database (minimum altitudes, approach procedures);
time and fuel estimates over waypoints; ability to adjust speed to arrive
over a waypoint at a defined time; time and fuel revisions based on
predicted and actual wind.

Describe the limitations of using GNSS/FMC equipment: pilot-inputted

errors (flight levels, wind, temperature, fuel); the effect of other than
predicted wind on fuel and time estimates; the effect of aircraft?s non-
standard configuration on flight management system (FMS) predictions.

FUEL PLANNING — CAT.OP.MPA.106 and CAT.OP.MPA.150 plus AMC1,

2 and 3
General
Fuel planning (general)
Convert to volume, mass and density given in different units which are
commonly used in aviation.
Determine relevant data, such as fuel capacity, fuel flow/ consumption at
different power/thrust settings, altitudes and atmospheric conditions,
from the flight manual.

Calculate the attainable flight time/range from given average fuel

flow/consumption and available amount of fuel.
Calculate the required fuel from given average fuel flow/ consumption
and required time/range to be flown.
Calculate the required fuel for a VFR or IFR flight from given forecast
meteorological conditions.
See new LO reference above
State the minimum amount of remaining fuel required on arrival at the
destination and alternate aerodromes/ heliports.
Explain and describe how to calculate nautical air miles (NAM) from
nautical ground miles (NGM).
Pre-flight fuel planning for commercial flights
Taxi fuel
Determine the fuel required for engine start and taxiing by consulting the
fuel-usage tables or graphs from the flight manual taking into account all
the relevant conditions.

Trip fuel
Define trip fuel and name the segments of flight for which the trip fuel is
relevant.
Determine the trip fuel for the flight by using data from the fuel tables or
graphs from the flight manual.
Reserve fuel and its components
Contingency fuel
Explain the reasons for having contingency fuel.
Calculate the contingency fuel according to the applicable operational
requirements.
see new LO reference above
see new LO reference above
see new LO reference above
see new LO reference above
see new LO reference above
Alternate fuel
Explain the reasons and regulations for having alternate fuel and name
the segments of flight for which the alternate fuel is relevant.

Calculate the alternate fuel in accordance with the applicable

operational requirements and relevant data from the navigation plan
and the flight manual.

see new LO reference above

Final reserve fuel
Explain the reasons and regulations for having final reserve fuel.
Calculate the final reserve fuel for an aircraft in accordance with the
applicable operational requirements and by using relevant data from the
flight manual.

see new LO reference above

see new LO reference above
Additional fuel
Explain the reasons and regulations for having additional fuel.
Calculate the additional fuel for a flight in accordance with the applicable
operational requirements.
see new LO reference above
Extra fuel
Explain the reasons and regulations for having extra fuel in accordance
with the applicable operational requirements.
See new LO reference above
Calculate the possible extra fuel under given conditions.
Explain the fuel penalty incurred when loading extra fuel (i.e. the
additional fuel consumption due to increased mass).
Calculation of total fuel and completion of the fuel section of the
navigation plan (fuel plan)
Calculate the total fuel required for a given flight.
Complete the fuel plan.
Specific fuel-calculation procedures
Reduced contingency fuel procedure
Explain the reasons and regulations for reduced contingency fuel as
stated in the applicable operational requirements.
Calculate the contingency fuel and trip fuel required in accordance with
the reduced contingency fuel procedure. 
Isolated aerodrome or heliport procedure
Explain the basic procedures for an isolated aerodrome or heliport as
stated in the applicable operational requirements.
See new LO reference above
Calculate the additional fuel for aeroplanes or helicopters according to
the isolated aerodrome or heliport procedures.
See new LO reference above
See new LO reference above
See new LO reference above
Predetermined-point procedure
Explain the basic idea of the predetermined-point procedure as stated in
the applicable operational requirements.

Fuel-tankering
Explain the basic idea of fuel-tankering procedures.
See new LO reference above
Calculate how much fuel to tank by using given appropriate graphs,
tables or data.
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see new LO reference above
see new LO reference above
see new LO reference above
PRE-FLIGHT PREPARATION
Notice to airmen (NOTAM) briefing
Ground- and satellite-based facilities and services
Check that the ground- and satellite-based facilities and services required
for the planned flight are available and adequate.
Departure, destination and alternate aerodromes
Find and analyse the latest state at the departure, destination and
alternate aerodromes, in particular for: opening hours; work in progress
(WIP); special procedures due to WIP; obstructions; changes of
frequencies for communications, navigation aids and facilities.

Check that satellite-based facilities are available during the expected

time of use.
Check that GBAS/SBAS augmentation is available during the expected
time of use.
Airway routings and airspace structure
Find and analyse the latest en-route state for: airway(s) or route(s);
restricted, danger and prohibited areas; changes of frequencies for
communications, navigation aids and facilities.

Pre-flight preparation of GNSS achievability

Define why it is important to check GNSS achievability.
Define receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM), NOTAM and
notice advisory to NavStar users (NANU) messages.
Explain the difference in use of augmented and non-augmented GNSS in
connection with the achievability check.
Explain the difference in planned and unplanned outage of GNSS or
SBAS.
Meteorological briefing
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Update of navigation plan using the latest meteorological information

Confirm the most fuel-efficient altitude from given wind, temperature

and aircraft data.
Confirm true altitudes from given atmospheric data to ensure that
statutory minimum clearance is attained.
Confirm magnetic headings and GSs.
Confirm the individual leg times and the total time en route.
Confirm the total time en route for the trip to the destination.
Confirm the total time from destination to the alternate aerodrome.

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Update of fuel plan
Calculate the revised fuel data in accordance with the changed
conditions.
Point of equal time (PET) and point of safe return (PSR)
Point of equal time (PET)
Define ‘PET‘.
See new LO reference above
Calculate the position of a PET and the estimated time of arrival (ETA) at
the PET from given relevant data.
Point of safe return (PSR)
Define ‘PSR‘.
See new LO reference above
Calculate the position of a PSR and the ETA at the PSR from given
relevant data.
ICAO FLIGHT PLAN (ATS flight plan (FPL))
Individual FPL
Format of FPL
State the reasons for a fixed format of an ICAO ATS FPL.
Determine the correct entries to complete an ATS FPL plus decode and
interpret the entries in a completed ATS FPL, particularly for the
following: aircraft identification (Item 7); flight rules and type of flight
(Item 8); number and type of aircraft and wake-turbulence category
(Item 9); equipment (Item 10); departure aerodrome and time (Item 13);
route (Item 15); destination aerodrome, total estimated elapsed time
and alternate aerodrome (Item 16); other information (Item 18);
supplementary information (Item 19).

See new LO reference above

Intentionally left blank
See new LO reference above
Repetitive flight plan (RPL)
Repetitive flight plan (RPL)
Explain the difference between an individual FPL and an RPL.
See new LO reference above

FLIGHT MONITORING AND IN-FLIGHT REPLANNING

Flight monitoring
Monitoring of track and time

State the reasons for possible deviations from the planned track and
planned timings.
Calculate GS by using actual in-flight parameters.
Calculate the expected leg times by using actual in-flight parameters.

Enter, in the progress of flight, at the checkpoint or turning point, the

‘actual time-over’ and the ‘estimated time-over’ for the next checkpoint
into the flight plan.

State that it is necessary to determine the position of the aircraft

accurately before commencing descent in order to ensure safe ground
clearance.

Calculate revised ETA based on changes to the pre-flight plan, including

changes of W/V, cruise level, OAT, distances, Mach number and
calibrated airspeed (CAS).

In-flight fuel management

Explain why fuel checks must be carried out in flight at regular intervals
and why relevant fuel data must be recorded.
Assess deviations of actual fuel consumption from planned consumption.

See new LO reference above

Calculate fuel quantity used, fuel consumption, and fuel remaining at
navigation checkpoints/waypoints.
Compare the actual with the planned fuel consumption by means of
calculation.
Determine the remaining range and endurance by means of calculation.

Calculate the revised fuel consumption based on changes to the pre-

flight plan, including changes of W/V, cruise level, OAT, distances, Mach
number and CAS.

In-flight replanning
Deviation from planned data
State that the commander is responsible for ensuring that, even in case
of diversion, the remaining fuel is not less than the fuel required to
proceed to an aerodrome where a safe landing can be made, with final
reserve fuel remaining.
Explain that, in the case of an in-flight update, the commander has to
check the following: the suitability of the new destination or alternate
aerodrome; meteorological conditions on revised routing and at revised
destination or alternate aerodrome; the aircraft must be able to land
with the prescribed final reserve fuel.

Calculate the revised destination/alternate aerodrome landing mass

from given latest data.