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2 Biologically Important Molecules
1. Create a chart to explain and summarize the information in section 1.2 for the
following characteristics of the 4 main types of organic groups (macromolecules) in
biology.
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids
Your chart should have the following headings.
Name of the macromolecular group
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 Structure of the Macromolecule (ie; Which elements are in the macromolecule, is it a
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Polymer or not, what are the names of the polymers, what are the monomers in the
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polymers, etc.)
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 Examples of the Macromolecules (ie; explain mono-, di- and polysaccharides in
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carbohydrates, explain triglycerides and phospholipids in lipids, explain primary,
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secondary, tertiary & quaternary structures in proteins, )
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2. Complete Activity 1.2 Modelling Biological Molecules on p. 29 by completing the

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procedure and answering question #1 under Questions.

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Answers
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CARBOHYDRATE Macromolecules:
 The elements in these macromolecules are carbon, hydrogen (which is where
the name of this macromolecule comes from) & oxygen.
 The monomer is a single "saccharide" molecule (simple sugar)
 The monomers can exist alone (monosaccharide), in pairs (disaccharides-
also a simple sugar) or in chains called polymers (polysaccharides) which are
complex sugars.
 An example of a monosaccharide is glucose (whose structure is shown in
Figure 1.7 on page 18). You are expected to know the structure of glucose.
 There are different monosaccharides (ie; glucose, galactose). While these
monosaccharides all share the SAME molecular formula (ie: (CH2O)n), each
has a different structural formula. This condition is called ISOMERISM.
 Monomers are joined together in a polymer using a bond called a GLYCOSIDIC
LINKAGE. A glycosidic linkage is a dehydration reaction. Breaking down a
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complex sugar is a hydrolysis reaction.
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LIPID Macromolecules:
 The elements in these macromolecules are carbon, hydrogen & oxygen.
 The molecules that make up a 1 lipid macromolecule are glycerol & up to 3
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fatty acids.
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 Lipids cannot exist as polymers.

 Examples of a lipid macromolecule are a triglyceride (1 glyceroal + 3 fatty
acids-storage fat in humans), a phospholipid (1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1
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phosphate group-phospholipid bilayer in membranes) and steroids (4

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attached carbon-based rings). You are expected to know the structure of a

triglyceride shown in Figure 1.7 on page 18 (including functional groups) as
well as its component glycerol and fatty acid molecules.
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 If the fatty acid chain has no double bonds between carbon atoms, it is called
SATURATED (meaning that it is holding as many C-H bonds as it can, bonds
which are energy rich). If there are double bonds between any carbon atoms,
it is called UNSATURATED.
 Glycerol and fatty acids are joined together using a bond called a GLYCOSIDIC
LINKAGE.
GLYCEROL FATTY ACIDS
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TRIGLYCERIDE
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PROTEIN Macromolecules:
 The elements in these macromolecules are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen &
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nitrogen (plus a little sulfur)

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 The monomer is a single "amino acid" molecule (20 types, each with an
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amine group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen and an "R" group all attached to
one carbon atom). You are expected to know the amino acid structure shown
in Figure 1.18 on page 25.
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 The "R" group could make the amino acid polar, non-polar or electrically
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charged.
 The monomers exist in chains called polymers (polypeptides)
 The chain of monomers (primary structure) is linked together with bonds
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called peptide bonds.

 The primary structure (polypeptide) can be folded (binding between R
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groups) into a secondary structure (ie: alpha helix, beta pleated) and then
folded more into a tertiary structure. Multiple chains of tertiary structures
can then bind into a quaternary structure. This folding gives the protein its
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characteristic shape.
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NUCLEIC ACID Macromolecules:
 The elements in these macromolecules are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen &
nitrogen .
 The monomer is a single "nucleotide" molecule (4 types, each with 1 sugar
molecule that is either ribose for RNA or deoxyribose for DNA, a phosphate
group, a nitrogenous base which is either Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Uracil
or Cytosine).
 The monomers exist in chains called polymers (strands). There are 2 strands
attached to each other at the bases and wound into a helical shape.
 The chain of monomers is linked together with bonds called phosphodiester
bonds.
 (we'll do these macromolecules in more detail in the genetics unit)
 We will discuss the structure of DNA and RNA in more detail in the genetics
unit.
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1.

2 Biologically Important Molecules

Your chart should have the following headings.

Name of the macromolecular group

2. Complete Activity 1.2 Modelling Biological Molecules on p. 29 by completing the

procedure and answering question #1 under Questions.

 Lipids cannot exist as polymers.

phosphate group-phospholipid bilayer in membranes) and steroids (4

attached carbon-based rings). You are expected to know the structure of a

GLYCEROL FATTY ACIDS

nitrogen (plus a little sulfur)

called peptide bonds.

NUCLEIC ACID Macromolecules:

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