Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment 9 (2): 105-113, 2018

Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment

Journal Homepage: www.ijee.net
IJEE an official peer review journal of Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, ISSN:2079-2115

A Theoretical Detailed Analysis for a Proposed 5kW PV Grid-Connected System

Installed in Iraq Using PVsyst Tool
Akram Abdulameer Abbood Al-Khazzar

Independent researcher, Former lecturer at University of Baghdad / College of engineering/ Energy Engineering Department
A B S T R A C T
PAPER INFO
In this study, PVsyst simulation software is used to analyze a PV grid tied system in a typical primary school
in Iraq. The proposed system is 5kW which is affordable and applicable from the cost and required area points
Paper history: respectively. The monthly averaged electrical load for a typical school is approximately calculated. The system
Received 25 May 2018 simulation has been done for thirteen Iraqi provinces while it is described and its performance is analyzed in
Accepted in revised form 30 June 2018 details for Baghdad city as an example. The performance ratio for the system in Baghdad is 0.825 and about
9.82MWh is generated by the system per year, 62.7% is consumed by the load and the remaining is injected
to the national grid. The results showed that the initial capital cost is $5,442 which is returned after five and
Keywords: a half years. The cost of 1 kWh if the system operates for 10 years is $0.058. This study clearly demonstrates
Solar energy that photovoltaic power system can effectively assist the peak load on the grid. In addition, these systems are
Photovoltaic system very economical/no maintenance project and can be hooked to any the peak time load.
Grid-tied systems
Simulation
PVsyst doi: 10.5829/ijee.2018.09.02.05

installation configuration, location and meteorological

INTRODUCTION1 characteristics, operation defects [8, 9]. Many studies can
be found in the literature which investigate the energy
In recent years, among different renewable energy performance, cost assessments and environmental impact
technologies, photovoltaic (PV) technologies have grown of different PV grid connected systems. Studies may be
faster and getting more attention in research, found in literature for countries with climate near to
development. PV industry has shown rapid growth [1,2]. climate of Iraq like in Kuwait [9, 10], Jordan [11], Egypt
PV power has a wide capacity range and various [12], Saudi Arabia [13], Turkey [14], Oman [15] and
applications from powering a small calculator to a mega United of Arabian Emirates [16]. A detailed summary for
scale power plant [3]. Prices of PV system components the recent studies involving grid tied PV system with or
are decreasing with a fast rate as the production increases without battery storage are reported in literature [15].
new technologies comes on the market. This explains the Since the last decade, Iraq went through a series of
impressive R&D and application of PVs worldwide. failed attempts to solve problems not only in the electrical
Photovoltaic power systems are classified mainly energy production but also in the transmission and
into three types of systems: Grid connected also called distribution of electricity. Iraq’s electricity infrastructure
on-grid or grid-tied systems, Stand-alone (or off-grid) was severely damaged during the Gulf War and further
systems and Water pumping systems. This study focuses in the following war in 2003. In 2008, the Ministry of
on photovoltaic grid-tied systems (shortly GTS) which Electricity reported that the peak demand was 12 GW of
consist of Photovoltaic panels, MPPT, solar inverters, power; however, only 6 GW was supplied [17]. Iraq’s
power conditioning units and grid connection equipment. demand/supply gap is 133.33% on average, and
PV GTS feed the excess power, beyond consumption by progressive provinces have experienced a gap in excess
the connected load to the utility grid. Small scale GTS are of 150%. The average energy usage per capita is expected
simple to install and operate, less components, more to increase because Iraq has a growing economy [18].
effective solar power utilization, longer term life than off In Iraq, electricity is almost completely generated
grid/ stand-alone systems [4-7] using fossil fuels ignoring few small hydro-electric
The energy yield of a grid-connected PV system stations. As has been seen in the pioneer countries in
depends on various factors. PV system components, solar power generation sector, there is an impetus to

* Corresponding author: Akram Abdulameer Abbood Al-Khazzar

E-mail: akramabdulameer@gmail.com

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 Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment 9 (2): 105-113, 2018

exploit as much as possible of buildings roofs and even In this study, a Five KW Photovoltaic grid tied
facades to install small to relatively PV arrays. This (connected) system is proposed to cover the electrical
eliminates the cost of land from the capital initial cost. In demand of a typical primary school in Iraq. The system
this study, the suggestion is to install small GTS for contributes a reduction in the peak load demand on the
governmental primary schools which are featured with national grid. PVsyst (V 6.6.8) simulation software is
the following points: selected to perform the analysis of the system.
1. In Iraq, governmental schools usually have large
unexploited space areas roof, grounds etc., as shown in
Fig. 1. SIMULATION METHODOLOGY
The first step in sizing any PV GTS for a building is to
know the annual or monthly accumulated energy (kWh)
from electricity bills or meters. In this study, this type
information is not available so instead we considered a
nominal 5kW GTS. This system size has been selected
mainly based on the installing area and the initial cost
which can be considered acceptable for a building such
as school. The simulation steps using PVsyst software are
as follows:
1. Specifying location and importing the meteorological
data (global solar irradiance on horizontal plane, diffuse
Figure 1. Satellite image for typical schools in Iraq component of solar irradiance and ambient temperature)
from satellite data sources. In this study, Metronome 7.1
2. Daily load coincides with the peak load on the grid [19, with data range 1985-2002 was selected [28].
20]. 2. Defining the orientation of PV modules (tilt angle and
3. The project can be funded by local or international azimuth angle).
"environment or climate changes organizations". 3. Identifying system components such that PV modules
4. Rising children in a building with new, clean and and inverters.
promising energy source like solar energy. 4. Optional USER’NEEDS requirements for grid tied
The number of primary schools in Iraq was system.
14.048 in 2010/2011 while the number had reached about 5. Optional choice to adjust the losses types values.
15,807 in 2013/2014 about 12.5% increase. Government
schools are 97% and 3% are private schools [21]. The PV Panel orientation
Iraqi ministry of education stated that in 2012/2013 there All solar energy collectors (PV panels, thermal) are
were 14,830 primary schools, number of pupils installed to face the sun as possible increase the amount
5,288,845, while the school buildings were 10,873. So of radiation intercepted and reduce reflection and cosine
we can consider about 500 pupils per school [22]. losses [29]. This is done by calculating optimum azimuth
Electrical energy demand of the schools on the national angle and tilt angle. Fixed PV array due to the south
grid may be reduced even can be eliminated by installing without any tracking has been selected to minimize
a PV GTS with appropriate size of GTS on each school. capital cost, less maintenance and limited land area of
PV simulation tools (such as PVsyst) are useful school buildings [30,31]. PVsyst gives in the orientation
to perform preliminary detailed analysis of systems step, the optimum tilt angles values for annual and
performance under various operating conditions. Some seasonal adjustment. For Baghdad, 30° is the optimum
tools do shading analysis on the PV array, investigate tilt angle while winter is 50°. In this study, 40°tilt angle
different load profiles, verify systemsizing for optimal was considered because of schools’ load is expected to
performance and evaluate the viability of a PV system in hardly decrease in summer. Where the larger tilt angle,
terms of energy productionand life cycle cost of the the more irradiance gets captured in winter. In addition to
system. Some studies used the benefits of quick process that larger tilt angle means less soiling, dust accumulation
of simulation using PVsyst to compare different options and better natural cooling [32].
provided by the software [23-27]. Some studies worked
on tilt angle adjustments like fixed tilt angle on annual or System Description
monthly basis or using of tracking adjustments. Some Selecting the system components in this project study
authors worked on different components like varying the take into consideration high efficiency, reliability, brand
PV modules types like mono-crystalline, poly-crystalline reputation (share in the market and number of sold items
or amorphous silicon. Other studies compared different recently) and it should have affordable cost to make the
brands or manufacturers of PV modules and inverters and system economically feasible [33].
so on.
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For this system, The PV grid tied inverter is a 5kW

string inverter which is from SUNGROW (see Table 1
for inverter specification). SUNGROW is a Chinese
leading inverter solution supplier for renewables with
over 49GW installed worldwide as of June 2017 and was
in top five inverter suppliers in the world [34].

TABLE 1. Specifications of SUNGROW (SG5KTL-D)

inverter
Input DC Nominal AC 5.00kW
PV power Figure 2. System connection diagram
Maximum 6500W Grid voltage 230V
PV input The required ground/roof area for the array diverse
power
depending on modules layout, the projection of single
Minimum 125V Frequency/Phase 50Hz/monophased
MPP module is about 1.27m2 considering modules dimensions
voltage and the cosine of the tilt angle. For 40 tilt angle, it is
Nominal 345V Maximum 97.5% recommended to avoid shading to have about 3m spacing
MPP Efficiency between every two consecutive rows based on literature
voltage
Maximum 560 Operating -25 - 60°C
[35].
MPP ambient
voltage temperature Approximated monthly averaged load profile
No. of Protection IP65 Despite Iraq characterized with very hot summer which
MPPTs 2
implies intensive cooling loads. But according to the
annual statistical report from Iraqi Ministry of Electricity
The modules also from china which are polycrystalline for 2010, the peak load varies and it not always occurs in
silicon from SUNTECH which is world-class summer [36]. For example, the peak load was in January
manufacturer and their modules are tested for harsh for Karbala, Al-Anbar, Diyala, Wasit, Maysan and while
environments (salt mist, ammonia corrosion and sand for Nenavah, Kirkuk and Saladin the peak was in
blowing testing). Twenty PV modules overall each one December. Other provinces the peak was in summer
270Wp poly-crystalline its specifications at standard test between July and August. In 2016, the peak was in
conditions STC (cell temperature 25 ºC, solar irradiance November and December in Karbala, Al-Najaf, Al-
1000 W/m2 and air mass 1.5) are tabulated in Table 2. Qadisyya and Al-Anbar, for the rest of provinces the peak
The modules were connected in two strings each string was in mostly in July [37].
has ten modules connected in series. Each string is USER’S NEED option in PVsyst allows to do a
connected to a built in maximum power point tracker calculation for wide choices of load requirement with
(MPPT) in the inverter. The complete connection hourly distribution, Table 3 list out the important
diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 2. electrical loads those are usually found in most of
primary schools in Iraq.
TABLE 2. Specifications of SUNTECH (STP270-20/WFW)
PV module at STC
Maximum Power at 270 W Solar Cell Polycrystalline
TABLE 3: Electrical loads in a typical school
STC (Pmax) silicon 6 inches load item per room Watt Tot
Optimum 31.1 V No. of Cells 60 (6 × 10) Classro Administr Rest Tot age al
Operating Voltage oms ation Roo al Pow
(Vmp) ms er
Optimum 8.69 A Dimensions 1650 × 992 × CFL 36 12 10 58 40 232
Operating Current 35mm
(Imp) (1.637m2)
Light 0
Open Circuit 37.9 V Frame Anodized Bulb
Voltage (VOC) aluminum alloy Ceiling 36 4 0 40 75 300
Short Circuit 9.15 A Junction Box IP68 rated (3 Fan 0
Current (Isc) bypass diodes) Air 0 4 0 4 3000 120
Module Efficiency 16.5% Front Glass 3.2 mm tempered Conditio 00
glass ner
Operating Module -40 °C toWeight 18.3 kg Desktop 0 4 0 4 100 400
Temperature +85°C Compute
Power Tolerance 0.+5 W Nominal 45±2°C
r/TV
Operating Cell
Temperature Refrigera 0 2 0 2 330 660
(NOCT) tor
Temperature Pmax - Voc -0.33 %/°C Isc 0.067 %/°C
Coefficient 0.41
%/°C
The hourly load distributions are specified in PVsyst
considering the load starts when the school opens from
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7AM to 3PM for five days per week. Also, heating or temperature and it is higher than STC temperature with
cooling load time are assumed based on average room 20°C. Notice that According to PV module data sheet, the
temperature. The load profile is presented in Fig. 3. power drops from 270 W at STC to 198 W at Nominal
Operating Cell Temperature conditions (NOCT
conditions: Irradiance 800 W/m2, ambient temperature
20°C, air mass 1.5, wind speed 1 m/s).

Figure 3. Monthly averaged load demand profile

Months like March, October and November were the Figure 4. The time in hours where the cell temperature
load is minimum, means neither heating nor cooling are reached to a specific value
used. Considering summer vacation, months from June
to August the overall load is low but still cooling load In practice, for Baghdad city, the module
works at its peak. May and September months where the temperature rarely found to be less 10°C only for the time
end/start of the school, the load is high as long as the right after the sunrise unfortunately the irradiance is not
weather considered hot comparing to winter months. high enough. To sum up, the results shows that high solar
irradiance and low operating module temperature hard to
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS meet together.
This section presents the simulation report detailed tables
and plots as presented by PVsyst. The case of Baghdad Irradiance analysis
city is considered in this study while the summary for PVsyst calls the horizontal global irradiation, horizontal
thirteen provinces is tabulated at the end of the section. diffuse irradiation and ambient temperature from
Meteorological data either from NASA or Metoenorm.
PV module temperature Next, it performs the transposition (global, diffuse,
The thermal behavior of PV modules strongly influences albedo irradiances) from horizontal to the tilted the
their electrical performance where the output voltage collector plane, using solar angles calculation and Perez
decreases drastically and slight increase in the output model [39].
current. The resultant is a decrease in PV power. PVsyst PVsyst applies corrections for the beam component
determines the cell temperature based on very simplified such that the horizon correction, shading effect (if near
energy balance as shown in Equation 1 [38]. Part of the shading is defined), Air Mass factor. If soiling loss is
amount of the absorbed irradiance by the PV is converted defined, PVsyst applied the soiling factor correction to all
to electrical power and the remaining power heats up the components (global, diffuse, Albedo). This leads to
cell itself. This heat eventually transferred to the ambient: “Geff”, the irradiance effectively and successfully
reaching the PV cell surface after optical corrections.
𝛼𝐺𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐴𝑚 (1 − 𝜂) From Fig. 5, it can be seen that the monthly averaged
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑎 + (1)
𝑈 daily horizontal solar radiation varies from 2.7 kWh/m2
in December to 7.65 kWh/m2 in September. In January
where, 𝑇𝑎 is the ambient temperature, from the About 60% is the enhancement in capturing solar
meteorological data. 𝐺𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the effective irradiance radiation due to the 40° tilt angle. In April and August,
absorbed by the PV cell. 𝛼 is absorption coefficient both tilt and horizontal nearly coincides only three
(assumed 0.9). 𝜂 is the module efficiency and 𝑈 is months the horizontal is greater than tilt reaching about
Thermal Loss factor Uc assumed constant 20.0 W/m²K. 18% in June.
PVsyst provides a plot of the number of hours at Fig. 6 shows the cumulative effective irradiance in
which the PV module reached a specific temperature (see kWh/m2 for every 1 W/m2 insolation in one year. This
Fig. 4). Simulation results shows that about 3081 figure shows that it is not about how high irradiance the
hours/year is the array running/operation time. About array can capture but the important is the period in which
71% of the time the module temperature reaches more the energy is collected. For example, the module will
than 45°C which is the nominal operating cell produce very much similar energy whether the insolation
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is 100 W/m2 or 1000 W/m2 since the time that the module 𝑂𝑆𝐸
receives 100 W/m2 is higher than 1000 W/m2. The 𝐸𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑
maximum energy collected along a year is 190 kWh/m2 = (3)
𝐸𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝐴𝑚
for insolation 800 W/m2 which means this insolation is
the most frequent value. Notice that so far, the module Performance ratio (PR) is the ratio of the produced
works at 45°C and 800 W/m2 which are the NOCT energy by the system to the energy which would be
conditions for most of the time. produced by a "perfect" system continuously operating at
STC [40].

𝑃𝑅
𝐸𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑
=
𝐸𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 |
𝑆𝑇𝐶

Monthly Overall system efficiency and performance ratio

for Baghdad city is presented in Fig. 8. OSE and PR have
the same behavior, both drastically decrease in summer
as the loss due to high cell temperature is greater, OSE
and PR decreased from 14.95% and 90.1% in January to
12.74% and 76.7% in August, respectively. Annual
averaged values for OSE and PR are 13.79% and 83.03%,
Figure 5. Monthly averaged daily global horizontal, global respectively; which is quite acceptable compared with
on tilted panels and effective irradiance other system found in literature [23-25, 40-43].

Figure 6. Effective irradiance collected by the array for each

global irradiance on tilted plane.
Figure 7. Loss diagram for one-year operation
System energy production
The DC energy produced by the array of modules in kWh
is given by:
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦
= 𝑁 𝐺𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐴𝑚 𝜂 (2)
where 𝑁 is the number of modules, 𝐴𝑚 the total area of
the modules about (32.5 m2 for this system). Then this
energy encounters a series of losses as provided by
PVsyst in the simulation report (Fig. 7) reaching the grid
as AC energy 𝐸𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 .
To describe the system performance two terms usually Figure 8. Monthly performance ratio and overall system
used the overall system efficiency (OSE) and the efficiency for first year from operation
performance ratio (PR). OSE is the ratio of the useful
output energy from the inverter which is either consumed
by a local load or injected to the national grid to the input Another performance indicator is the final yield (𝑌𝑓 )
energy: which is the energy output of the system in kWh which
is supplied by a PV array of capacity in kWp.
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𝑌𝑓 During May and June, the energy production is lower as

𝐸𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 it is expected due to high ambient temperature (cell
= (5) over 65°C) and the slightly large
temperature may reach
𝑃𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 |𝑆𝑇𝐶
tilt angle compared to optimum summer tilt angles
Fig. 9 shows the monthly final yield for the first year of (around 10° to 15° for Baghdad city). Fig. 10b is
operation in Baghdad city. The system produced extracted from Fig. 10a where the number of days that
maximum energy 177 kWh for each 1 kWp while the the system generated a specific energy per day. About
lowest is in December 𝑌𝑓 is about 25% less because the 17% of the days the system generated 25 kWh. Only 27
low global irradiance as shown in Fig. 5. Annual average days (7.4%) the system generates equal or less than
𝑌𝑓 is 163 kWh/kWp/year. 20kWh which shows how effective the system performs.
Due to aging and material degradation especially in hot
Very important plot that PVsyst provides is Fig. 10a
climate regions [45,46], module’s nominal power output
which clears how the output of a PV system has large
decreases SUNTECH warranty for their PV modules to
fluctuations and instability in winter months. Notice that
provide the nominal power is 97.5% for the first year and
the peak daily yield was 33.13 kWh in March 10 th in
about 0.7% per year, ending with the 80.7% in the 25th
which the high irradiance and low temperature may have
year. Therefore, equation 6 can determine the energy
occurred [44].
produced by the life time 𝐸𝐿𝑇 of the system as:
𝑛

𝐸𝐿𝑇 = 𝐸𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 ∑(0.975

𝑖=0
− 0.007𝑖) (6)

Figure 9. Monthly final yield of the proposed system in

Baghdad city

Figure 11. Annual degradation in PV modules yield

At the end, same analysis procedure using PVsyst is

repeated for twelve other provinces in Iraq. Table 4
summarizes the results and Al-Anbar in the west of Iraq
has the highest energy generated 9.977MWh since it has
the highest monthly averaged global horizontal
Figure 10a. Daily averaged energy fed to grid from 1st irradiance. The lowest is Nenevah (in the north of Iraq)
January to 31th December with 8.843 MWh. We can say that if the system installed
on the roof of 25% of 10,873 number of school buildings,
the project will generate about 25.85 GWh/year, 35.2%
is excess energy and fed to the national grid and the
remaining can supply the schools load requirement.

ECONAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM

In order to assess the benefits of investment in PV power
systems, the economic aspects should also be taken into
account. Among different measures of the economic
value of an investment, an appropriate economic analysis
such as life-cycle cost (LCC), levelized cost of energy
Figure 10b. Day frequency of a specific energy injected to (LCOE) and payback period can guarantee the
the grid profitability of the investment in the PV systems.

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TABLE 4. Summarized one-year simulation results for thirteen Iraqi provinces

Lat.°N, Net
Ghor Gtilt Geff Earray Egrid
Province Long. P.R. Metering
kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 MWh MWh
°E MWh
33.44
Al-Anbar 1987.9 2252 2192.9 10.21 9.977 0.82 3.823
43.28
32.47
Babylon 1967.8 2191 2131.9 9.87 9.645 0.82 3.491
44.43
33.26
Baghdad 1967.5 2204.6 2145.5 10.05 9.817 0.83 3.661
44.38
31.04
DhiQar 1981.5 2170.8 2111.3 9.67 9.455 0.81 3.301
46.27
32.60
Karbala 1961.8 2184.4 2125.5 9.91 9.687 0.82 3.536
44.01
35.46
Kirkuk 1855.7 2077.8 2019.8 9.48 9.259 0.83 3.104
44.39
31.84
Maysan 1955.9 2153.2 2093.9 9.57 9.351 0.80 3.197
47.16
31.33
Muthanna 1993.6 2196.4 2136.9 9.76 9.541 0.80 3.386
45.38
32.02
Najaf 1993.1 2214.8 2155.2 9.92 9.692 0.81 3.539
44.34
36.34
Nineveh 1775.5 1982.4 1926.4 9.05 8.843 0.83 2.691
43.18
31.97
Qādisiyyah 1981.6 2195.9 2136.3 9.74 9.518 0.80 3.364
44.90
34.60
Saladin 1904.1 2133.8 2075.1 9.66 9.438 0.82 3.283
43.66
32.50
Wasit 1947 2158.8 2100 9.59 9.372 0.80 3.217
45.86
Mean 1944.1 2162.7 2103.9 9.72 9.51 0.81 3.353

The life-cycle cost (LCC) of a solar PV system is the sum (usually in years) for the investor to recover the initial
of initial capital cost, operation & maintenance cost and cost or what is called breakeven point. If the cost of
replacement cost [15]. electricity $0.1/kWh and 9,817 kWh/y and LCC is $5,442
Table 5 lists the prices of the system components and then the payback period will be 5.5 years.
the cost of structure and hand work and the total capital
cost is about $4,865. Such small system for a specific TABLE 5. Five kW PV-GTS initial capital cost
building requires very little maintenance and the cost for Item Qty $Unit $Total % of
this purpose like periodic cleaning of the PV array or price price total cost
replacing some cables or connectors can be ignored. PV modules 20 122 2,440 50.15
While Operation and maintenance cannot be ignored for Grid tied 1 855 855 17.57
single large mega scale PV power plant. inverter
The inverter is the component of second highest cost Mounting 1 940 940 19.32
after the PV modules and it is may be damage especially structure
with working at high ambient temperature [49]. Cables and 1 130 130 2.67
According to Reference [11] replacement cost of the connectors
inverter will be 577 $. Therefore, LCC is 5,442 $. Installation 1 500 500 10.28
Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is the ratio of the total work
life cycle cost to the life time energy produced in $/kWh Total cost $ 4,865
[48]. If the system works for 10 years, 𝐸𝐿𝑇 will be
92.63MWh, LCOE is 0.058$/kWh while when the
system works for 25 years, 𝐸𝐿𝑇 will be 218.6MWh, CONCLUSION
LCOE is 0.025$/kWh. The payback period is the time
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Meeting the electrical energy demand has now become a 11. Hammad, M., Ebaid, M.S., Halaseh, G. and Erekat, B.,
major challenge for a country like Iraq with the growth in 2015, "Large Scale Grid Connected (20MW) Photovoltaic
population and same old thermal/gas power plants which System for Peak Load Shaving in Sahab Industrial
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system, output electricity and system losses installed in a based on Actual System Specifications”, International
typical governmental primary school. It is found that 5 Journal of Computer Applications. Vol. 116, Issue 3, pp.
kW system covers the schools load completely and 19-34.
exports the excess to the national grid. The project has 13. Rehman, S., Ahmed, M.A., Mohamed, M.H. and Al-
tempting advantages economically and environmentally Sulaiman, F.A., 2017," Feasibility study of the grid
connected 10 MW installed capacity PV power plants in
which may encourage the government and the investors
Saudi Arabia" Renewable and Sustainable Energy
for similar projects in the future.
Reviews, Vol. 80, pp.319–329.
14. Celik, A. N. "Present status of photovoltaic energy in
Turkey and life cycle techno-economic analysis of a grid-
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Persian Abstract
DOI: 10.5829/ijee.2018.09.02.05
‫چکیده‬
‫ در یک مدرسه ابتدایی معمول در عراق مورد استفاده‬PV ‫ برای تجزیه و تحلیل یک شبکه متصل شده به شبکه‬PVSyst ‫ نرم افزار شبیه سازی‬،‫در این مطالعه‬
‫ متوسط بار الکتریکی‬.‫ کیلو وات است که به ترتیب مقرون به صرفه و قابل استفاده از هزینه ها و نقاط منطقه مورد نیاز است‬5 ‫ سیستم پیشنهادی‬.‫قرار می گیرد‬
‫ در حالی که آن را شرح داده است و عملکرد‬،‫ شبیه سازی سیستم در سیزده استان عراق انجام شده است‬.‫ماهانه برای مدرسه معمولی تقریبا محاسبه شده است‬
‫ مگاوات ساعت در‬228. ‫ است و در حدود‬528.5 ‫ نسبت عملکرد سیستم در بغداد‬.‫آن به صورت نمونه ای برای شهر بغداد مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است‬
‫ دالر است‬544. ‫ نتایج نشان می دهد که هزینه اولیه سرمایه‬.‫ از طریق بار مصرف می شود و باقیمانده به شبکه ملی تزریق می شود‬٪7.26 ،‫سال تولید می شود‬
‫ این مطالعه به وضوح نشان‬.‫ دالر است‬52558 ،‫ سال کار می کند‬15 ‫ اگر سیستم برای‬،‫ کیلو وات ساعت‬1 ‫ هزینه‬.‫که بعد از پنج سال و نیم بازپرداخت می شود‬
‫ بدون‬/ ‫ این سیستم ها پروژه بسیار با ارزش‬،‫ عالوه بر این‬.‫می دهد که سیستم قدرت فتوولتائیک می تواند به طور موثر به بار پیک بر روی شبکه کمک کند‬
.‫تعمیر و نگهداری می باشد و می تواند به هر بار بار حداکثر زمان برسد‬

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