Effectiveness of Implementation of City Ordinance No.

001-2019

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented To

The Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice Education PHINMA Araullo University

Cabanatuan City

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

By:

Amolo, Reymart S.

Manalus, Mariella T.

Mindioro, John Christian A.

Sebastian, Ar-jay S.

Soriano, Moises IV P.

Villasan, Anthony

2022
 CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction

Car parking is a major problem in urban areas in both developed and developing

countries. Parking problems in cities and urban areas are becoming increasingly important and

have been one of the most discussed topics. The imbalance between parking supply and parking

demand has been considered as the main problem. Due to the lacking of sufficient areas for

parking, open areas such as public squares, public fields, places of social gatherings are, over

time and under the pressure of the problem, converted to parking areas. (Ibrahim, 2017)

As stated in Smart Cities Dive in China, parking management systems have been unable

to keep up, leading to chaotic parking situations which cause congestion, increase air pollution

and decrease the economic efficiency of the city. With the number of private vehicles growing

from less than 10 million in 2002 to over 88 million in 2012, the number of drivers and demand

for good parking spaces continue to grow. Improving the parking management system is a

challenging task that Chinese cities.

On the article entitled “The Problem with Parking” Directo stated that, whenever he

drives to a destination, the first thing that he considered is parking. The driving public is well

aware of the hassles of finding a parking space in a business district or a mall during weekends.

It is a welcome gesture from a building owner to provide a convenient and affordable parking.

Parking that is difficult to find, inadequate or expensive tends to frustrate consumers and

contribute to spill overs, which is a major problem now for our government. This create

problems because street-side parking eats up space, and sidewalks are also compromised.

(Directo III, 2017)

 According to an article “After Traffic Comes Parking Hoes”, when you have more cars

on the road, the next most irksome problem after traffic is trying to get a parking space. Street

parking is also something that is reasonable predictable. Many local government units are

already instituting regulations that cover such public space use. (Gamboa, 2014)

Cabanatuan City known as the “Tricycle Capital of the Philippines” also facing the same

problem on the imbalance between parking supply and parking demand. Local Government Unit

of Cabanatuan implement the City Ordinance No. 001-2019 also known as “Traffic Code of City

of Cabanatuan”. This ordinance enacted to provide legal parking zones around the city.

The purpose of this research is to address the effectiveness of implementation of traffic

code of City of Cabanatuan in parking management. Also this research aimed to know if the

motorists are able to follow the traffic rules, regulations and guidelines in parking management

under the City Ordinance.

The Setting of the Study

Cabanatuan was founded as a Barrio of Gapan in 1750 and became a Municipality and

capital of La Provincia de Nueva Ecija in 1780. Cabanatuan is the site of the historical "Plaza

Lucero" and the Cabanatuan Cathedral, where General Antonio Luna was assassinated by

Captain Pedro Janolino and members of the Kawit battalion. Cabanatuan lost the title of

provincial capital in 1850 when the capital of Nueva Ecija was moved to San Isidro, another

historic town. It was only in 1917, when the Administrative code was enacted, that Cabanatuan

was restored as capital of the Province. However, in 1965, Congress created Palayan City, which

has been the capital ever since. Officially the City of Cabanatuan, is a 1st class component city in

the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of
327,325 people, making it the most populous city in Nueva Ecija and the fifth-most populous in

Central Luzon.

The city is popular for being home to more than 30,000 motorized tricycles, making it the

"Tricycle Capital of the Philippines” and its strategic location along the Cagayan Valley Road

has made the city a major economic, educational, medical, entertainment shopping and

transportation center in Nueva Ecija and nearby provinces in the region such as Aurora and

Bulacan. It has also earned the moniker "Gateway to the North".

Cabanatuan remained Nueva Ecija's capital until 1965, when the government created

nearby Palayan City as the new provincial capital. Nueva Ecija's old capitol and other

government offices are still used and maintained by the provincial administration.

Conceptual Framework

An ordinance adopting revised traffic code have been implemented in Cabanatuan City

since 2019. On-street parking is seen as being favorable to local business, even though successful

business districts without on-street parking can be found around the Cabanatuan City.

In order to understand the effectiveness of implementation of this city ordinance, it is

essential to have more insight about how knowledgeable the car and motorcycle drivers who are

facing certain road conditions, and how the enforcers implement the ordinance. The aim is to

provide a strong and empirical evidence regarding car and motorcycle drivers’ on-street parking

decisions so that parking policies can be framed in accordance with car and motorcycle drivers’

behavior, which can reduce number of cars and motorcycles cruising for parking.

To further discuss, the conceptual framework of the study, figure 1 present the paradigm,

the input, process, and output. The input deals with the profile of the respondents in terms of age,
gender, civil status, educational attainment, and years of residency/ years in service, and the level

of effectiveness of the city ordinance implemented in refer to parking management. While the

process deals with the collection of data of the respondents’ profile, administering questionnaire,

and statistical analysis of data. Lastly, the output is to be about the effectiveness of

implementation of the City Ordinance No. 001-2019 in parking management.

Input Process Output

 Profile of the   the

Collection of To address the
respondents: data of the effectiveness of
 Age; respondents’ implementation of
 Gender; profile. traffic code of City
 Civil status;  Assess the of Cabanatuan in
 Educational effectiveness ofparking
the
attainment; and implementationmanagement.
of
 Years in service/ City Ordinance
 To No.make
years of driving. 001-2019. recommendations if
 Level of effectiveness  Compared the the motorists are not
of implementation of significant able to follow the
City Ordinance No. difference on the
traffic rules,
001-2019. assessment of the
regulations and
 Significant difference two groups of guidelines in parking
between the respondents in the
management under
assessment of the two effectiveness ofthe City Ordinance.
groups of respondents implementation of
in the effectiveness of City Ordinance No.
implementation of 001-2019
City Ordinance No.  Describe the
001-2019 implication of
 Implication of findings of the
findings of the study study to the safety
to the safety of the of the community.
community.

Paradigm of the Study

Figure 1.
Statement of the Problem

This study will attempt to assess the Effectiveness of Implementation of City Ordinance

No. 001-2019.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following sub-problems:

1. How will the socio-demographic profile of the respondents be described in terms of:

1.1 For Enforcers

1.1.1 Age;

1.1.2 Gender;

1.1.3 Civil status;

1.1.4 Educational Attainment; and

1.1.5 Years in service?

1.2 For Motorists

1.2.1 Age;

1.2.2 Gender;

1.2.3 Civil status;

1.2.4 Educational Attainment; and

1.2.5 Years of driving?

2. What is the level of effectiveness of implementation of City Ordinance No. 001-2019?

3. Is there a significant difference between the assessment of the two groups of respondents

in the effectiveness of implementation of City Ordinance No. 001-2019?

4. What is the implication of the findings of the study to the safety of the community?

Hypothesis

(Null) Ho

The researchers hypothesized that “there is no significant difference between the

assessment of the two groups of respondents in terms of the effectiveness of implementation of

City Ordinance No. 001-2019”.

Significance of the Study

The study entitled “Effectiveness of implementation of City Ordinance No. 001-

2019” will be beneficial to the following:

Community. This study will provide awareness for the community about the implementation of

city ordinance no. 001-2019. Through this, they will be aware about the no parking zones, both

sides parking zones and one-side parking zones.

Motorists. It is necessary to say that not all motorists are informed of about this city ordinance.

This study will be abounded with sufficient knowledge that can give awareness about the

implementation of the said city ordinance.

Traffic enforcers. Through this study they will know if the city ordinance implemented by their

personnel in traffic management is effective or not. If they found out that the ordinance is not

doing well, then they can make some revisions on it.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a good reference for those who would like to study

something related to parking management. It may serve as their guidance to gather information

and a building blocks to have a bigger study.

Researcher. The researcher will also gain significance in this study. As a future law enforcing

officer, they can acquire insights about their future duties and responsibilities on enforcing the

law.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study will attempt to assess the effectiveness of implementation of City

Ordinance No. 001-2019 in parking management. The study will be conducted in the selected

barangays of Cabanatuan City including General Tinio, Sanciangco, Melencio, Mabini, and

Zulueta. Those barangays are included in the implementation of Cabanatuan City Ordinance No.

001-2019 No Parking, Both-Sides Parking and One-Side Parking Zones. The respondents are the

50 selected traffic enforcers who are enforcing the said city ordinance, and 50 selected motorists

who are driving along on the above mentioned barangays. Both group of respondents are

selected using accidental sampling. The study will use descriptive method and is limited to the

profile of the respondents, and the level of effectiveness of implementation of City Ordinance

No. 001-2019 in parking management. The study will be conducted for a period of one (1) year

from September to January, 2022.

Definition of Terms

Illegally Parked Vehicle. Refers to one which is parked in areas prohibited by City

Ordinance No. 001-2019 parking purposes or those designated by the Authority and or the local

government units (LGUs) as NO PARKING areas or zones.

Legal Parking Zones. The parking spaces that is provided in accordance with the

law.

Motorists. Refers to the group of respondents who use and drive either private or

public vehicle, driving along on the barangay of General Tinio, Sanciangco, Melencio, Mabini,

and Zulueta

On-Street Parking. Type of parking strategy that is implemented under the City

Ordinance 001-2019, dictating the motorists to park their vehicles on the street that is nearer to

their destinations.

One-side parking. Type of parking strategy that is implemented under the City

Ordinance 001-2019, dictating the motorists on which side of the street can be used for parking.

Parking Demand. It is the shortage of parking spaces, one of the reason why the

Local Government of Cabanatuan City created the City Ordinance No. 001-2019.

Parking Management. Refers to a policy under the City Ordinance No. 001-2019

which aimed to use parking resources efficiently.

Parking Problems. The problem of lacking sufficient parking spaces on

Cabanatuan City that may results to the violation on the City Ordinance No. 001-2019.
 Parking Supply. Refers to the availability of parking spaces.

Public Space Use. Refers to the public spaces that are using for the on-street

parking.

Traffic Code of City of Cabanatuan. Also known as “City Ordinance No. 001-

2019”. Under this ordinance is the parking management, which is the implementation of no

parking, both-sides parking and one-side parking zones.

Traffic Enforcers. Refer to the group of respondents including traffic enforcer,

highway patrol personnel, and PNP member who are enforcing the City Ordinance No. 001-

2019.
 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter contains the exploration of related literature and studies- foreign and local.

Four areas are considered in this portion, as follow: local literature, foreign literature, local

studies and foreign studies.

Foreign Literature

Spatial Analysis of Curb-Park Violations and Their Relationship with Points of Interest

In Iran which is an Asian country too like Philippines, the inappropriate parking of

vehicle is one of the reasons that leads to problem in vehicular accidents, transportation and

traffic violations. The analysis of parking violations to know the few factors namely width of the

paths and the discipline of the drivers, citizen’s awareness on existence of car-park-lines and low

quantity of parking lots. This is commonly occurred in public markets or urban areas bringing

negative impacts in terms of developing countries and infrastructure. Traffic violations cause

several problems including increasing the congestion of the volume of traffic, endangering the

safety of citizens and cars and increasing the number of accidents. (Koohpayma, et al. 2019)

Investigating Problems of Vehicle Parking in A Low-Rise Residential Area in Nangok-

Dong, Seoul
 Nangok-dong is one of the low-rise residential areas in Seoul and is designated as

the city’s urban regeneration area. There are many reasons regarding why parking is problematic

in the low-rise residential areas in Seoul. First, the areas were initially occupied by single–family

houses through Land Compartmentalization and Rearrangement Projects in the 1970s. But some

of the houses began to be changed to multi-family housing. Second, the demand for vehicles use

explosively increased from the 1980s. Accordingly, available parking space became deficient

and many vehicles came to be parked along a narrow alley. This caused community conflicts and

pedestrian safety problems.

The local government has implemented three policies to solve the parking problems.

First, they constructed the public parking lots. Second, the resident priority parking area was

designated on the road to manage the illegal parking and to add more parking space in the low-

rise residential area. However, the vehicles occupied the alley of the residential area, and

pedestrian safety was threatened. In addition, there is a limit to the parking supply

fundamentally. Finally, ‘Green parking project’ was implemented to provide parking space by

removing the fence of the houses. However, this project is effective only for some single-family

houses. Despite these efforts, the policies have not solved parking problems in Nangok-dong.

Because constructing the public parking lot and designating the residents’ priority parking area

have limitation of space for supply. Since only 7% of the total houses are single-family houses in

Nangok-dong, the green parking project is not effective. (Seo and Kim, 2018)

Lack of Parking Space

In Czech Republic, aside from cars, trucks also suffer in this lack of parking space.

Forcing them to stop for the reason of mandatory breaks or public holidays. They only have two

choices which is break the law on driving time or park outside the area specified.  As the
problem arise, possible solutions occur such as building new parking areas or expand the existing

areas. If we see the parking policies very carefully, it is as clear as a day that parking is not

something offered to motorists but is regulated by the government. It proved to be so helpful in

understanding the use of land in urban areas. (Bartuzka, 2020)

London’s Drivers Feel The ‘Parking Pain’

The total cost of ‘parking pain’ in London is £6.1 billion per annum, says the report,

taking into account the cost of searching for parking, overpaid parking and fines. The amount of

time drivers spent scouring London streets for parking also contributes to the capital’s air

pollution. Searching for parking wastes almost half a billion liters of fuel in London every year.

Not only does these cost drivers dear, but it also generates 1.1 billion kilograms of carbon

emissions across the capital. Solving the parking problem will help create a greener London.

Meanwhile, 70 percent of Londoners said that finding a parking space was stressful,

compared with 64 per cent nationwide. Asked who was at fault over parking problems, 53

percent blamed local authorities who do very nicely, thank you, from the parking fines and

overpayment with 22 percent blaming central Government. A total of 66 percent of Londoners

claimed there was not enough parking, compared with 71 percent UK-wide. Half of London

drivers believe the worst parking sin is hogging two spaces, followed by wrongly using disabled

spaces and blocking access. (Williams, 2017)

Drivers Spent an Average of 17 Hours a Year for Parking Spots

Searching for parking is more painful than ever for U.S. drivers. Motorists spend an

average of 17 hours a year searching for spots on streets, in lots, or in garages. Motorists in large

cities endure the toughest challenges. In New York City, the hardest-hit U.S. urban area, drivers
on average spend 107 hours a year looking for parking spots, the report said. The searches add

up to what the report estimates as $2,243 in wasted time, fuel, and emissions per driver, plus $4.3

billion in costs to the Big Apple. Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington and Seattle round out

the top five cities with the toughest parking experiences, the report said.

While many Americans are all-too-familiar with parking problems, the first-of-its-

kind report uses data from 100,000 locations across 8,700 U.S. and foreign cities and the

interviews with drivers in and around 10 major U.S. urban areas in an effort estimate the

economic and non-economic impact of parking pain. The at-times maddening searches may also

lead to unforeseen personal and emotional problems. According to the report, nearly two-thirds

of the U.S. drivers reported they felt stressed while trying to find a parking spot. (McCoy, 2017)

Local Literature

Cebu City to Implement DILG Memo vs. Roadside Parking

The Cebu City government will review its ordinance legalizing pay parking along the city

streets following issuance of a memorandum circular enjoining local government units (LGU) to

stop using public roadsides as parking spaces. In line with President Rodrigo Duterte’s mandate

to clear public roads of obstructions, Interior Secretary Eduardo Año issued Memorandum

Circular 2019-193 on Nov. 20, 2019 addressed to governors, mayors, vice mayors, barangay

captains, and Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) regional directors and

heads of government agencies.

 The memorandum said LGUs “are required not to use public places, particularly the

thoroughfares for parking purposes” and designate a “facility designed for public parking

whenever possible.” The memorandum was “for immediate compliance.” City Councilor

Raymond Alvin Garcia said they will tackle DILG memorandum circular before they can decide

on the City Ordinance on roadside parking.

“We will discuss the matter first to the executive department. We believe that an ordinance is

also a law. The memorandum circular is an issuance coming from the DILG. If you ask me, the

City Ordinance may take precedence. But that is just my own legal opinion (which) I may be

wrong,” Garcia said in a radio interview. The city lawmaker said he will also look into the report

that more than 100 roadside pay parking employees will be displaced in case the city government

will decide to fully implement the DILG memorandum circular. (Saavedra, 2020)

Parking Problems

If parking space is unfenced, unenclosed, unlit and unguarded, a car enthusiast will

typically be wary of parking there and hanging out in that area, be it a mall, a park or anything

similar. We understand the safety aspect better, because we care about our cars and all the time

and effort we’ve put in to our vehicles. But this awareness of safety has, I would like to believe,

also made us sensitive to our own personal safety, as well as the safety of our loved ones.

If we go to a place where parking is poor, chances are we’ll be put off, or risk

parking far out from where we originally intended to go. Aside from the aforementioned safety

concerns, nobody wants walking under the intense heat of the sun, or rain during the wet season,

or alone at night, again safety being the main concern. Next time you decide on where to hang
out, keep your parking in mind. It makes a world of difference for you, your loved ones and your

car. (Santos, 2012)

Illegal Parking Laws in the Philippines: How not to be a parking jerk

In the Philippines, as stated on the article “Illegal Parking Laws in the Philippines:

How not to be a parking jerk”, in this year 2021, traffic is one of the problem in large cities.

Different laws are implemented to ensure the safety of citizens and avoid various types of

accident in the road. It is clear that no one is allowed to park in No Parking signage. Do not

block the driveway, this is sign of no respect to your fellow man. Avoid parking to the residential

areas. Other case often occurred with the owner of multiple cars that does not fit in their garage.

Commonly it is acceptable to park along their driveway if it is no longer creating a traffic

violation.

Additionally, parking in sidewalk, this is risky and blocking the people from

walking freely. you cannot park along the sidewalk. If your car sticks out of your own property

and is parked on the curb or sidewalk it obstructs others drivers, road users or people from

walking freely on the designated sidewalk opening them up to harm due to oncoming traffic that

causing a congestion and accidents. we can see this a lot along the streets of Manila and other

cities without proper parking. Ushers or people that will actually let you park along the sidewalk

which is not the right thing to do. You risk yourself being issued a ticket for your trouble because

they don’t have a knowledge about traffic rules they only want is to get a reward from you.

In a desperate attempt to remedy the problem, a Filipino congressman filed an

unusual bill (House Bill 5098) requiring new car owners to provide proof of parking. Although
almost nobody believes the bill will pass, it still underscores the need to provide effective

parking management to address parking issues in urban areas.

Parking Woes in Developing Countries

In my city of Manila, Philippines, even parking at home is a problem. The sheer lack

of space to park a car can drive owners to park their cars on the streets. Aside from the lack of

security and traffic congestion this may cause, the practice also results in pedestrian accidents as

a majority of sidewalks in the city are virtually non-existent. Pedestrians are forced to walk on

the streets, sometimes even in the middle of traffic.

No matter how many parking infrastructures and policies are created, the city

government must have the political will to follow though and implement legislation. If not, the

issue of parking will have a domino effect, affecting mobility, economy, environment, and the

general well-being of the city’s people. (Vasallo, 2015)

What Kind of Parking Rules do We Need?

When the topic of parking is brought up, most people have a strong opinion. Some

even get emotional. Others see parking as generally inadequate and a necessity that property

developers and government should provide. On the other hand, some consider parking spaces as

unnecessary and costly infrastructure. Recently, legislators have made several proposals related

to parking. It is important to examine how parking affects transportation and mobility and the

kinds of parking rules or policies necessary to improve mobility for all.

Today, city streets are already filled with cars and motorcycles. A major cause of

congestion is the growing reliance on private motor vehicles to move around our cities. The

number of cars on the road is increasing so fast that it is not feasible to address congestion by
building more parking spaces, roads or bridges for cars. On average, in Greater Manila, over 500

cars and over 2,000 motorcycles are added to the population of vehicles on the road each day.

One would have to build at least 10 kilometers of road daily to keep up with the growth in the

number of private vehicles. (Siy, 2018)

No Parking, No Illegal Garaging

Many residents park on the streets because they do not have their own garages, or

have other vehicles that would not fit in their garage. Others use their garage as a “bodega” for

merchandise or household items. Neighborhood groceries also use the streets for delivery trucks.

Restaurants that have no provisions for customer parking get those customers just the same,

thanks to the public roads they end up using.

With President Duterte’s order to Interior Secretary Eduardo Año in his State of the

Nation Address to reclaim public roads and sidewalks from obstructions, the Department of the

Interior and Local Government (DILG) immediately issued a memorandum circular to this effect

to all mayors and barangay chairpersons. Illegal parking, garaging, actually worsens the already

heavy traffic and deprives workers, employees and students rushing to their work and schools the

benefit of a smooth, safe and efficient commute. All this time, sidewalks have been expropriated

for stalls, offices, additional rooms, dirty kitchens and what not. Meanwhile, poor vendors have

had to make do selling their wares on the streets. (Papa, 2019)

Foreign Studies

The impacts of illegal parking on the urban areas’ traffic and environmental conditions

The case of the city of Thessaloniki”. In Greece, the problem of illegal parking is

directly connected to the increasing private car ownership and use of the recent years. Private car
owners are clearly the majority of offenders as indicated by the conducted in surveys. In recent

decades an exponential increase in car sales had taken place leading to a large number of

households with two or more private cars; this results in poor parking supply, unable to meet the

actual parking requirements. For this reason, demand reduction strategies should be implemented

in order to switch users from private car to public transport.

The challenges for parking are exacerbated as parking supply in general is

determined based on parking requirement without having view on how much it will cost directly

and indirectly, now and in future as the parking spaces are built and converted on valuable lands

to meet the requirements. Hence, it is important to study each aspect related to parking, so that

planners and engineers can give a solution and make an effective policy to offset the problems.

Characteristics and evaluation of parking system, behavior of parkers and modelling parking

demand are the aspects around which the discussion has been carried out. (Tsakalidis and et al,

2015)

Study on demand and characteristics of parking system in urban areas

In India, the coordination between parking policies and traffic management revealed

how parking is becoming a barrier to the through-traffic operation. Also, it is responsible for the

inefficient use of available resources, even the decisions are made on an ad-hoc basis while

making policy. Hence, it is necessary to understand the parking choice behavior and actual

demand of parking space. In the last three decades, ample studies have been done to evaluate

parking characteristics, to estimate the demand for parking and on driver's behavior while

choosing the parking space.

 Problems related to and due to the parking, various parking characteristics and their

applications, parking choice behavior of drivers, development of demand models considering

various factors and review of parking policies as an integral part of the urban transport system

are discussed in detail. Whilst underdeveloped, authors found the literatures suggest that greater

attention should be given to metrics like ease of access, walk time, parking charges, parking

guidance and information system, management, etc., at all stages of planning and policy

formulation. Taken together, mentioned studies demonstrate useful information concerning the

entire parking sys-tem. It also provides useful information to the planners and policy makers for

planning, designing and evaluating parking system. Parmar et al. (2020)

Analysis of Illegal Parking Behavior in Jeddah

Parking policies ensure the efficient of the transportation system and the

management of traffic demand. Illegal parking practice can hamper sustainability of

transportation system. Car parking in the city of Jeddah is largely uncontrolled and there is a lack

of management of the public parking supply and controlled parking system. Illegal parking has

become a serious problem in Jeddah city in Saudi Arabia, causing undesirable traffic

congestions, air, and noise pollutions and reducing ease of movement in and around the city.

In fact, the rapid growth of vehicle ownership in Saudi Arabian cities, especially in

Jeddah and the shortage of parking infrastructure, primarily proliferate the problem. Parking

spaces play imperative role in the transportation system. It is crucial for Jeddah city to deploy

stringent parking policies in order to reduce the consequences of illegal parking behavior and to

achieve sustainability in transportation. (Aljoufie, 2016)

Problems of Parking in Urban Areas and their Possible Solutions

Vehicle parking is a major problem in urban areas in both developed and developing

countries. Following the rapid increase of car ownership, many cities are suffering from lacking

of car parking areas with imbalance between parking supply and demand which can be

considered the initial reason for metropolis parking problems. This imbalance is partially due to

ineffective land use planning and miscalculations of space requirements during first stages of

planning. Shortage of parking space, high parking tariffs, and traffic congestion due to visitors in

search for a parking place are only a few examples of everyday parking problems. 

In Urban India, however the problem of parking has not been given due importance.

Mass transportation systems are generally ignored or do not provide regular, frequent, safe and

adequate quality of services. There-by people are relying on the private vehicles, which in turn

leads to the extreme traffic congestion and shortage in parking areas. With the preparation of a

comprehensive traffic and transportation plan for the city along with the appropriate locating of

land uses on the master plan, these problems can be addressed. This system is called “Parking

Management”. Parking management can be defined in a broad sense that it is an effective tool

for the local government which helps in reduction of single occupant vehicles and encourages the

mass transportation facilities to influence the other aspects of parking supply and demand.

(Singh, et al. 2021)

Study on Management Strategy of the On-Street Parking in Urban Residential Area

At present, the parking problem in residential areas of some large and medium-sized

cities in China is increasingly prominent, and parking resources are generally tight. On road

parking is a necessary supplementary form to solve the urban parking problem, which plays an
important part in alleviating the parking demand pressure in residential areas. However, due to

the poor management and use of on-road parking, there are problems such as parking confusion

and illegal occupation of road resources, which affect the road capacity.

On road parking has become an important measure to alleviate the parking

difficulty, mainly playing the role of short-time parking for service vehicles and supplementing

the shortage of parking spaces at night; on the other hand, the setting of on road parking facilities

will affect the road traffic capacity. Therefore, how to manage on-road parking is particularly

important. foreign scholars have focused on the parking management policy and parking balance,

now they focus on the development and use of advanced parking management equipment, such

as meter charging system and three-dimensional automatic parking garage. Domestic research is

mainly reflected in the impact of on-road parking on dynamic traffic, on-road parking planning

and management, and on-road parking charges. (Xiaoyan, et al. 2021)

Local Studies

Duterte Admin Looking at Illegal Parking as Cause of Traffic Woes

Here is the law in place with regard to parking. For one, Republic Act 4136, or the

law that lists relative land transport and traffic rules, stipulates that parking is prohibited in

specific places. “No driver shall park a vehicle, or permit it to stand, whether attended or

unattended, upon a highway in any of the following places: within an intersection; on a

crosswalk; within 6 meters of the intersection of curb lines; within 4 meters of the driveway

entrance to fire station; within 4 meters of fire hydrant; in front of a private driveway; on the
roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the curb or edge of the highway; and at any

place where official signs have been erected prohibiting parking”. (Marasigan, 2016)

Comparison of On-Street Parking Management in Ermita-Malate and Makati (2013)

The researcher found out from the data gathered that Ermita-Malate actually has

existing parking ordinances but these are not properly implemented. From the existing ordinance

in Makati, several recommendations were made for Ermita-Malate specifically the three-hour

parking limit. This recommendation was done to maximize the use of the on-street parking

facilities. An on-street parking map was generated for Ermita-Malate area to serve as a guide for

motorists to determine the proper on-street parking areas. (Bulactial, 2013)

Proposed Parking Facilities for the Local Heritage Site of Iloilo City

Parking as part of an urban transportation system is one of the crucial issues of

government and private business owners. Parking is a critical component of transportation policy

and management for any locale, but especially for the large central cities. The policies and

management practices affecting parking lead to outcomes that, in turn, can affect land use, air

quality, traffic congestion, travel behavior, safety, and economic development, not to mention

revenue lines. For example, policies that provide large amounts of unpriced parking may

encourage automobile use, thereby increasing congestion. Effectively managing parking is an

ongoing battle for the large central cities as they face competing, and sometimes contradictory,

objectives along with an ever-increasing demand for space.

On-street parking must be regulated as to the type of vehicle and parking duration.

Parking fees must be implemented for both on-street and off-street parking. The owners of the
privately owned vehicles then can opt to use public utility vehicles and thus reduce the volume of

vehicles. (Lacsao, et al. 2012)

Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies to the Present Study

The Reviewed of Related Literature helps the researcher to accumulate more information

that is related to parking management. This literature and studies aid to prove that there is an

existing problems related to parking management, not only in the Philippines but also on the

other country. The gathered related studies, literature and present study are manifesting the same

problem in parking.

Inappropriate parking can result of traffic congestion, accident and obstruct other drivers

and road users. Some studies showed that the large number of vehicles and lack of parking space,

are one of the problems in parking management, which is also manifested in Cabanatuan City.

The researchers conduct this study to know the effectiveness of implementation of City

Ordinance No. 001-2019, which is focusing on parking management.

 CHAPTER 3

Research Methodology

This chapter of the study refers to the set of rules and procedures employed in the

systematically arriving at the solution of the research problem. It is an explicit presentation of the

research plan formulated, the research design to be used and sampling plan to be implemented,

the treatment to research to be employed, including the appropriate statistical treatment to be

implemented.

Research Design

The researchers will use the descriptive method of research for this is the most

appropriate means of assessing the Effectiveness of City Ordinance No. 001-2019.

According to Tan (2002) descriptive methods of research is a self-reported of data that

are collected from the samples for the purpose of describing populations in relation to the given

variables. This method involves the classification and enumeration of collected data which
gathered using the questionnaire. The study focuses at the present condition and has the purpose

of finding new truth. The truth may have many different forms such as increased quality of

knowledge, a new generalization for a new law on increased insight to causes which are

operating, the discovery of a new causal relationship of the problem to be solved.

Respondents

The respondents involved in the conduct of this study were fifty (50) Traffic Enforcers

and the fifty (50) Motorists in Cabanatuan City. The samples were selected through accidental

sampling. According to Bradfield and Moredoc (2000) in non-probability sampling, the sampling

is not a proportion of the population and there is no system in selecting sample. The selection

depends upon the situation; wherein the researchers conducted the process of picking out of

people in their availability and it is the fastest way to immediately get their reactions to a certain

issue. The chosen respondents were capable to assess the effectiveness of parking management;

hence they are selected as the target respondents in the conduct of this study to shed light on the

problems at hand.

Sampling Procedure

The respondent will be selected through accidental sampling, according to Tan (2006)

this sampling design wherein the subjects are picked through accidental or the availability of the

respondents to be included in the sampling frame based on certain qualities for purposes of the

study. Subjects are viewed as “Typical cases” that provide enough data to answer the research

questions. Accidental sampling is commonly in qualitative studies. Fifty (50) traffic enforcers

from the population of Highway Patrol Group, PNP and Cabanatuan City Traffic Enforcers, and

Fifty (50) Motorists from Cabanatuan City were selected through accidental sampling.

Research Instrument
 The main instrument that will be used in the study is the questionnaire checklists which is

formulated with the help of research panelists and research adviser. Questionnaire checklist

refers to a set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers, devised for the purposes

of survey or statistical study. The instrument that will be used is a structured questionnaire

developed by the researchers which consists of items that the selected respondents have to

answer in a set format.

The instrument is composed of two (2) parts in the checklist. First part contains the

profile of the respondents which includes the age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and

years in service/ years of driving. Second is the sub-problem number 2 which contains the level

of effectiveness of implementation of City Ordinance No. 001-2019. The scale and numerical

equivalent along with the interpretation is tabulated below.

Scale Numerical Equivalent Interpretation

4 3.26-4.00 Very Much Effective

3 2.51- 3.25 Much Effective

2 1.76-2.50 Effective

1 1.00-1.75 Not Effective

Data Gathering Procedure

 The researchers had allotted vigorous time, effort and cooperation in developing their

questionnaire so as to serve its intended respondents. The first step before going to the testing

proper is to make a request letter. The researchers will present a letter of approval to the Dean of

the College of Criminal Justice Education to ask permission to conduct a study outside the

school premises.

Before starting the data gathering procedure, the self-made research tool will be subjected

for validity and reliability tests to ensure that the quality of data that will be gathered from the

respondents is accurate. The questionnaire will be validated by the panel. A letter will also be

sent to significant authorities which include the sample questionnaire for the further assessment

of the administrators and will be subjected for approval or modification of the study.

Before administering the tool, the respondents will be oriented first about the

questionnaire that they will answer and will be informed about the purpose of the study. The

researchers will also emphasize that their identity and privacy will be ensured and their answers

to the questionnaire will be confidential to others. Participants were given time to respond and

then the researchers collected the survey questionnaires after the given time. The data gathered

from this research instrument will be tally and computed for interpretation according to the

response by the participants.

Statistical Treatment of Data

1. Percentage

This will be used to establish the demographic profile of the two (2) groups of respondents.

 The researcher will use the formula:

 Percentage (%) = Frequency x 100
Number of Population

2. Weighted Mean (WM)

This will be used to assess the level of effectiveness of the implementing traffic rules.

The formula for finding the weighted mean is: WM= TWF

X = ∑fx
N

3. Standard Deviation

This will be used as inputs to the computation on the significant difference between the

assessment of the respondents as to the effectiveness of the implementing traffic rules.

Formula for Calculating Standard Deviation:

σ=√∑(xi−μ)2
N

σ = population standard deviation

N = the size of the population

xi = each value from the population

μ = the population mean

Dear Respondents,

The under designed is presently conducting a study on “Effectiveness of Implementation

of City Ordinance No. 001-2019”. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the

implementation of the City Ordinance No. 001-2019 in Cabanatuan City. In connection to this

we would like to ask for your cooperation to answer the questionnaire with honesty. The result

shall be for this research purposes only. Your responses will be treated with utmost

confidentiality. Thank you for your participation.

Ms. Mariella T. Manalus

Mr. Reymart S. Amolo

Mr. John Christian A. Mindioro

Mr. Ar-jay O. Sebastian

Mr. Moises VI P. Soriano

Mr. Anthony Villasan

Researchers
 Questionnaire for Traffic Enforcers

PART 1. Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Instruction: Please put a check (/) mark on the blank provided before each time that is applicable
to you.

Profile of the respondents:

1.1 Age
(Edad)
21-30 years old
31-40 years old
41-50 years old
51 years old and above

1.2 Gender
(Kasarian)
Male
Female

1.3 Civil Status

(Katayuang Sibil)
Single
Married
Widow/er

1.4 Highest Educational Attainment

(Natapos na Edukasyon)
High School Graduate
Vocational Education
Some College
College Graduate
Some Master’s Degree
Master’s Graduate

1.5 Years in service

(Taon sa serbisyo)
1-10 years
11-20 years
21 years and above

Questionnaire for Motorists

PART 1. Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Instruction: Please put a check (/) mark on the blank provided before each time that is applicable
to you.

Profile of the respondents:

1.1 Age
(Edad)
21-30 years old
31-40 years old
41-50 years old
51 years old and above

1.2 Gender
(Kasarian)
Male
Female

1.3 Civil Status

(Katayuang Sibil)
Single
Married
Widow/er

1.4 Highest Educational Attainment

(Natapos na Edukasyon)
High School Graduate
Vocational Education
Some College
College Graduate
Some Master’s Degree
Master’s Graduate

1.5 Years of Driving

(Taon ng Pagmamaneho)
1-10 years
11-20 years
21 years and above

PART 2. Level of Effectiveness of Implementation of City Ordinance No. 001-2019

Instruction: Please put a check (/) on the blank provided before each time that is applicable to
you.

INTERPRETATION SCALE
Very Much Effective (VE) 4
Much Effective (ME) 3
Effective (E) 2
Not effective (NE) 1

Items 4 3 2 1
(VE) (ME) (E) (NE)
1. Provision of appropriate on-street parking aid in
reducing parking problems.
2. Administering regulations result in more efficient
use of parking facilities.
3. Providing on-street parking brings convenient to
multiple users.
4. Providing appropriate on-street parking can lessen
congestion and improve traffic flow.
5. Imposing charge to motorists who parked illegally,
to stop illegal parking.
6. The adequacy of signage to help the motorists to
identify proper parking zones.
7. Adequate on-street parking can help improve the
pedestrian mobility and safety through the removal
of vehicles that are causing an obstruction by
being parked on the footpath.
8. Prohibiting the motorists to park a vehicle, or to
stand, whether attended or unattended, within an
intersection can aid to reduce parking problems.
9. Forbid motorist to park a vehicle, or to stand,
whether attended or unattended, upon any place
where official signs of prohibiting parking have
 been erected can aid to reduce parking problems.
10. Requiring motorists to avoid parking a vehicle
along any sidewalk, path or alley to reduced
parking problems.