Special Crime Lecture-LECTURE

CHAPTER I
HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION AND OTHER VIOLENT DEATHS
SPECIAL CRIME INVEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Criminal investigation – it is an art which deals with the identity and location of the suspect and
provides evidence of his/her guilt, in criminal proceedings.
Criminal investigators – a person who is in charge with the duty of carrying out the objectives of
criminal investigation – that is the identity of the guilty party and the location and providing evidence
of his/her guilt.
Homicide investigation – it is the official inquiry made by the police on the facts and circumstances
surrounding the death of the person which is expected to be criminal or unlawful.
Homicide – killing of a human being depending on circumstances.
Note: Homicide is interpreted in its generic or comprehensive term to include all crimes
against person mentioned in the revised penal code.
THE PRIMARY JOB OF THE INVESTIGATOR
To discover whether an offense has been committed under the law.

To discover how it was committed.
By whom it was committed.
When it was committed.
And under certain circumstances, why it was committed.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF A HOMICIDE INVESTIGATOR
Homicide investigator when called upon to investigate a violent death, stand on the dead
man’s shoes, to produce his instincts against those suspects.
Consequently, the zeal, enthusiasm and intelligence the investigator brings in the case marks
the difference between a murderer being convicted or set free.
If the investigator interprets an accidental death as due to natural death and wisdom on the
family may be deprived of benefits and other properties which the deceased have sacrificed to obtain.
(Examples: The deceased was insured for his life).
If he interprets a criminal death as accidental or natural, a guilty person is otherwise set Scot
free.
Note: Remember that the police are the first line of defense in effective application of criminal
justice system.
MISTAKES IN HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION
The mistakes of the Homicide Investigator can not be corrected.
The Homicide Investigator should not cross the three bridges which he burns behind him. It is
important the case be adequately handled by competent personnel. The following are the 3 bridges:
The dead person has been moved. It is therefore necessary that photographs be taken,
measurements made, fingerprints taken and other necessary tasks to be first carried out.
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Knowledge is a thing that multiplies when shared…
The second bridge is burned when the body is embalmed. Embalming destroys traces of
alcohol and several kinds of poisons. If poisoning is suspected, the internal organs should be
recovered before embalming.
The third bridge is burned when the body is burned or cremated. To exhume a body is
difficult and expensive. The lapse of time makes examination doubly difficult and a conclusion is
hard to arrive at. Cremation destroys the body itself.
THE MEDICO-LEGAL AUTOPSY
The real beginning of any homicide investigation should be to establish the cause of death
accurately.
An autopsy should be performed at once when there is the slightest reason to suspect the
probability of homicide.
In general, it maybe estated that a death has been caused by violence, so that an autopsy will
always be performed unless there is adequate proof to the contrary.
Necropsy Report – it is a document stating the cause of death the victim in the Medico-Legal Report.
THE IDENTITY OF THE DECEASED
In homicide investigation, the first attainment is to establish that the victim is dead.
Every effort should be made to identity the victim.
THE FACT OF DEATH
The first action of an investigator upon arrival at the scene of the homicide is the verification of
Death.
An individual is said to be dead in the medical sense when one of the three vital functions is no
longer performing within the body:
Respiration
Cardiac Activity
Central Nervous System activity
In a legal sense, death is considered to occur when all of t6he three above vital functions have
ceased.
PRESUMPTIVE SIGNS AND TEST OF DEATH
The following are few of the signs indicative of death:
Cessation of breathing and respiratory movement.

Cessation of heart sounds.
Loss of placing of nail beds when pressure is applied in the fingernails is released.
SUSPENDED ANIMATION
1. Cardiac activity, breathing a function of the nervous system may reach such as a low level
activity that a homicide investigator maybe deceived into an assumption of death.
2. The following conditions produced simulated appearance of death:
a. Electric Shock
b. Prolonged Immersion
c. Poisoning from Narcotic Drugs
d. Certain Mental Disease
IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE
Identification of the victim is an important investigative steps for the following reasons:
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The identity of the deceased may arouse suspicion in mysterious death since the victim
maybe a person whose life has been threatened or whose death was desired for criminal purpose.
The identity of the dead person provides the focal point for the inquiry since the
investigator can then center their attention on the associates and the hunts of the suspects.
The identification of the deceased can be traced or related to wanted person or missing
one.
Clothes and other articles
In the absence of the next of kin or nearest of kin of the deceased person, the police
usually take possession of property found in the person of the deceased.
The medical examiner may take possession of objects useful in establishing the cause of
death.
In circumstances under which the body is found usually determines the number of
identifying clues that are present in the victim.
IDENTIFYING THE DEAD BODY
by means of physical description

by means of photograph
by means of fingerprints
apparent age
MUTILATED REMAINS
Human or Animal
The criminals sometimes remove or disfigure the heads, hands and feet, to make
identification difficult.
The medical examiner with the assistance of a forensic chemist, anatomist, dentist and
radiologist can make the identification of human bodies.
Time elapse between Death and Burial
A considerable number of years are required from the disappearance of tissues on a

buried body.
If only bones are discovered, it may be said that they have been buried for a long time. If
organic matters are present, some conclusion can be drawn from the state of decomposition.
AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT INVESTIGATION
Desk Officer
Letter Request
Order
Written Directly
BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A HOMICIDE INVESTIGATOR
Pen or Ball pen

Clipboard
Notebook
Typewriting Paper
Flashlight
Ruler or Tape Measure
PURPOSES:
To record the relevant details of the case.
To serve as record of details in the light of development.
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Depository of data which maybe a future subject which would help in report writing, analysis
and judgment.
It may serve documentary evidence in court and to refresh the memory of the investigator while
testifying.
Note: Don’t forget to jot down the time dispatched, time of arrival and time left the crime
scene.
IDEAL COMPOSITION OF A HOMICIDE INVESTIGATING TEAM
Only one investigator maybe assigned to handle a case when it is a minor one and the work
load of the office is great. When a case is relatively important and to ensure thoroughness of the
investigation. Several investigators may be assigned to handle the case.
If there are many investigators assigned to form a team, to ensure maximum effectiveness, the
following arrangement is recommended:
Officer-in-Charge – One, who directs search, assigns duties and assumes responsibilities
for the effectiveness of the search.
Assistant – he must implement the orders of the Officer-in-Charge.
Photographer – photographs the scene and individual pieces of evidence.
Sketcher – makes rough sketch of the scene and later a finish sketch.
Faster Note Taker – one who writes in short hand the observation and description given
during the search.
Evidence Man – collects, preserve and tags articles of evidence.
Measurer – makes overall measurement of the scene.
TEAMWORK – bear in mind always that any endeavor being undertaken, there must be
cohesiveness, cooperation, coordination on the pursuit of a homicide investigation.
HOW TO RESPOND TO A CRIME SCENE
In homicide investigation, time is of the essence – use minimum speed to ensure the responding
officers safety while route to the crime scene.
COMMUNICATION AND NOTIFICATION
Priority in communication must be given to a major alarm.
Headquarters should notify the following person:
Provincial Director
Deputies
Chief Investigation Branch
Medico-Legal Officer on duty
Inquest Prosecutor on duty
Crime Laboratory Officer, if any
PRELIMINARY STEPS TO BE OBSERVED UPON REACHING THE CRIME SCENE
1. Identify, if possible retain for questioning the person who first notify the police.
2. Determine the perpetrator by direct inquiry or observation if his identity is immediately
apparent.
3. Detain all person present at the crime scene. This is to identity the witness.
4. Summon assistance. Ask assistance if necessary.
5. Safeguard the area by physically isolating it.
6. Permit only authorized person to enter the area.
7. Separate the witness to obtain independent statement.
8. Do not touch or move any object.
THE SEARCH
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Before the actual search is done, the investigator must stand aside and make an estimate of the
situation. Ascertain where there are no possible traces of the crime may be made as the
“Headquarters”. Having formed the estimate, the investigator can now determine the number, kind
and views of the photographs he wishes to take.
A plan for the search should be forged which will cover all the ground. Every step of an
investigation must be undertaken with the thought of ultimate presentation in the court. Notes and
measurement must supplement the sketches and photographs.
THE BASIC GUIDES FOR THE INVESTIGATOR TO LOOK UPON ARE THE
EVIDENCES TO ESTABLISH OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING:
The corpus delicti of the facts that the crime was committed.
The method or operation of the perpetrator.
The identity of the guilty party
MECHANICS OF THE SEARCH
If the area to be searched is limited, indoor with few contents of any other situation which will
preclude a systematic search, no standard procedure of search is recommended. Any method of
choice will do provide that alertness, knowledge and experience of the participating investigators are
present.
If the area to be searched is quite extensive, a more systematic scheme of approach is

recommended. The following are the different methods of search:
The Strip Method
The searchers, A, B and C, proceed slowly at the same pace along the path parallel to one side
of the rectangle, the searcher turn and proceed back along new lanes but parallel to the first
movement.
In the modification of the strip method known as double strip method or grid method the
rectangle is traversed first parallel to the base and then parallel to the side.
The Spiral Method
The searchers follow each other in the path of a spiral, beginning on the outside and spiraling in
toward the center.
The Zone Method
The area to be searched is divided into quadrant and each searcher is assigned in each quadrant.
The Wheel Method
If the area to be searched is approximately circular or oval, the wheel method may be used. The
searchers gather at the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes.
The principal drawback of this method is that the distance between the searchers increases as
they depart from the center.
The investigator must see to it that the search made with the employment of any of the above
methods must be thorough.
The discovery of any physical evidence is the course of the search must be collected and
preserved without specific regards to their relation to the crime.
Basically, a searcher must primarily concentrate on the following types of evidences:
Those which establish the amount of element proof that the crime was committed.
Those which may serve to trace the criminal.
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RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CRIME
After completion of the search an effort must be made to (a) determine from the appearance of
the place and its objects what actually occurred and; (b) what were the circumstances of the crime is
known on the reconstruction of the crime.
KINDS OF RECONSTRUCTION
Physical Reconstruction – the physical appearance of the crime scene is reconstructed from the
description of the witnesses and the indication of the physical evidence.
Mental Reconstruction – after physical reconstruction, some conclusion can be made

concerning the consistency of the accounts of the various witnesses. No assumptions should be made
concerning actions with which are not supported by evidences. The final theory developed by the
investigator should provide a line of investigative action.
PHOTOGRAPHING SCENE
After reconstructing the crime scene, the following are the minimal requirements to be
observed by the investigator to ensure admissibility of photographs in courts:
The object which is represented should not be immaterial or irrelevant.

The photograph should not unduly incite prejudice or sympathy.
The photograph should be free from distortion.
There must be a series of photograph of the crime scene to supply the maximum information
and to enable the viewer to understand how the crime was committed.
KINDS OF PHOTOGRAPHS AT THE CRIME SCENE
Overall Photograph – carried on clockwise until a least four general view photographs have
been taken.
Photographs of the Deceased – a set of views showing the relationship of the dead body with
the surrounding.
Photographs of Articles of Evidence – weapons, blood stains, hair, fibers, papers, etc., seen at
the crime scene must be photographed before removal.
Special Techniques – ultra-violet, infrared, othostereoscopy, photomicrography,

microphotography, radiography, gamagraphy, cinematography and projecting work.
Photographing the Environment
Photographing the Body after removal.

Photograph for identification of the victim.
Close pictures of the wounds.
CRIME SCENE SKETCH
The sketch is the simplest and the most effective way of showing actual measurements and of
identifying significant items of evidence in their location at the scene. Sketching is supplementary to
photography.
KINDS OF SKETCH
Rough Sketch – made by the investigator at the crime scene. No scale, proportions ignore, and
everything is approximate. It is to be used as a basis of the finished sketched.
Finished Sketch – made primarily for courtroom presentation. Scale and proportion are
observed.
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KINDS OF POLICE SKETCHING
Sketch of the Locality – the sketch of locality gives a picture of the scene of the crime and its
environs, including such items as neighboring buildings, roads, leading to the location or house, etc.
In arson cases, the sketch of location is great value as an aid in determining whether the fire was
causes by nearby inflammable property.
Sketch of grounds – the sketch of grounds picture the scene of the crime and its environs with
its nearest physical surroundings, i.e. a house with a garden.
Sketch of Details – the sketch of details describes the immediate scene only; for instance, the
room in which the crime was committed and the details thereof. Nowadays, the sketch of details of a
room is generally carried out by what is know as a cross projection. In this method, walls and ceiling
are pictures as if on the same plane as the floor. This will give clear impressions of the scene in cases
blood stains and bullets are found in the walls or on the ceilings.
ELEMENTS OF SKETCHING
Measurements
Compass Directions – a standard arrow to designate the North must indicated to facilitate
proper orientation.
Essential Items – sketch must include important items of investigation.
Scale or Proportion – it must be accurate.
Legend – the explanation of any symbols used to identify objects must be stated. But excessive
lettering in the sketch generally results in a crowded sketch and obscures the essentials items.
Title – this includes case identification, identification of the victim, scene portrayed, location,
date and how made and name of sketcher.
CARE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE, Defined
Articles and materials which are found in connection with an investigation and which aid in
establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the circumstances under which the crime was committed
or which in general, assists in the prosecution of the criminal.
KINDS OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
Corpus Delicti – objects or substances which are an essential part of the body of the crime.
Associative Evidence – evidence which links the suspects to the crime scene or offense.
Fingerprints or shoe impressions are good examples.
Tracing Evidence – articles which assists the investigator in locating the suspect.
PROCEDURE OF CARE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
In order to introduce physical evidence in trial, three important factors must be considered:
The article must be properly identified. (Label & markings).
Continuity or chain of custody.
Competency must be proved, that the evidence is material and relevant. (In marking evidence,
never use an “x”). Use initials of recovering officials on the evidence.
CHAIN OF CUSTODY
The number of persons who handle evidence between the time of commission of the alleged
offense and the ultimate disposition of the case should be kept to a minimum. Each transfer of
evidence should be receipted. The recipient of the evidence shall be accountable during the time it is
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in his possession, protect it and he must record the person whom he received, and to when it was
delivered.
PROTECTING THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
Evidence must be presented in court in the same substantial condition as it is at the time the
offense was committed. It must be protected from accidental, intentional and even from natural
alternation.
PURPOSES OF PROTECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
Certain types of evidence, such as latent fingerprints, are so fragile in nature that a slight act of
carelessness in handling can destroy their value as clues as remove the possibility of obtaining from
them any information which would further the investigation.
It is necessary that evidence presented in court be in a condition similar to that in which it was
left at the time of the offense.
ALTERNATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
Effort must be minimize the alternation of the evidentiary evidence. Alternation of the evidence
may be due to contamination, chemical change, and alternation of shape, removal of a part or
condition of extraneous characteristics and these may be due to natural causes, negligence and
accident and intentional damage or theft.
KINDS OF VIOLENTS DEATHS
HOMICIDE
MURDER
PARRICIDE
SUICIDE
ACCIDENTAL DEATH
DEATH DUE TO TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
TERMS CONNECTED WITH HOMICIDE
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION – IT IS AN ART WHICH DEALS WITH THE IDENTITY

AND LOCATION OF THE OFFENDER AND PROVIDES EVIDENCE OF HIS GUILT
THROUGH CRIMINAL PROCEEDING.
B. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR – A PERSON WHO IS CHARGED WITH THE DUTY

OFCARRYING ON THE OBJECTIVES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION –THAT IS THE
IDENTIFYING THE GUILTY PARTY AND THE LOCATION AND PROVIDING
EVIDENCE OF HIS/HER GUILT.
C. HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION – IT IS THE OFFICIAL INQUIRY MADE BT THE

POLICE ON THE FACTS AND CIRCUMTANCES SURROUNDING THE DEATH OF THE
PERSON WHICH IS EXPECTED TO BE CRIMINAL OR UNLAWFUL
D. HOMICIDE - KILLING OF A HUMAN BEING DEPENDING ON CIRCUMSTANCES.
DEATH – IS THE STATE OF COMPLETE AND PERSISTANT CESATION OF RESPIRATION,

CIRCULATION AND OTHER VITAL FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY. IT IS THE RETURN OF THE
BODY TO A STABLE EQUILIBRIUM CHEMICALLY AND PHYSICALLY.
SORORICIDE - THE KILLING OF ONE’S SISTER
FRATRICIDE - THE KILLING OF ONE’S BROTHER
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MATRICIDE – THE KILLING OF A MOTHER BY HER OWN CHILD
PATRICIDE - THE KILLING OF A FATHER BY HIS OWN CHILD
PARRICIDE – THE KILLING OF A PERSON TO WHOM HE IS RELATED SUCH AS

PARENT, GRANDPARENT, LEGAL WIFE, OR CHILD OR GRANDCHILD.
INFANTICIDE – THE KILLING OF A CHILD LESS THAN THREE DAYS OLD.
SUICIDE – TAKING ONE’S OWN LIFE INTENTIONALLY AND VOLUNTARILY
UXORICIDE – ACT OF ONE WHO MURDERS HIS WIFE
REGICIDE – THE MURDER OF KILLING A KING
VATICIDE – THE MURDER OF A PROPHET
ABORTICIDE – THE KILLING OF THE FETUS INSIDE THE WOMB WHICH IS SO CALLED
ABORTION.
EUTHANASIA – MERCY KILLING OR PAINLESS DEATH OF A PERSON SUFFERING

FROM INCURABLE DISEASE TO CUT SHORT HIS SUFFERING. THIS IS MUDER WITH THE
QUALIFYING AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCE TREACHERY.
ACCIDENTAL DEATH – IS THAT WHICH OCCURS BEYOND THE SWAY OF ONE’S

WILL AND LIES BEYOND THE BOUNDS OF HUMAN FORCEABLE CONSEQUENCES.
S. MURDER – IS THE KILLING OF ANOTHER PERSON PROVIDED THE FOLLOWING

CIRCUMTANCES ARE PRESENT: (anyone of them)
A. WITH TREACHERY, TAKING ADVANTAGE OF SUPERIOR STRENGTH, WITH

THE AID OF ARMED MEN, OR EMPLOYING MEANS OR PERSONS TO INSURE OR
AFFORD IMPUNITY;
B. IN CONSIDERATION OF A PRICE, REWARD, OR PROMISE;
C. BY MEANS OF INUNDATION OF FIRE, POISON, EXPLOSION, S`HIPWRECK,

STRANDING OF VESSEL, DERAILMENT, OR ASSAULT UPON A STREET CAR OR
LOCOMOTIVE, FALL FROM AN AIRSHIP, BY MEANS OF MOTOR VEHICLES, OR
WITH THE USE OF ANY OTHER MEANS INVOLVING GREAT WASTE AND RUIN;
ON THE OCCASION OF ANY OF THE CALAMITIES ENUMERATED IN THE

PRECEEDING PARAGRAPH, OR OF ANY EARTHQUAKE, ERUPTION OF
VOLCANO, DESTRUCTIVE CYCLONE, EPIDEMIC, OR ANY OTHER PUBLIC
CALAMITY;
E WITH EVIDENT PREMIDITATION;
F. WITH CRUELTY, BY DELIBERATELY AND INHUMANLY AUGMENTING THE

SUFFERING
OF THE VICTIM, SCOFFING OR OUTRAGING AT HIS PERSON OR CORPSE
NOTE: FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE COURSE, HOMECIDE WILL BE INTERPRETED IN ITS
GENERIC OR COMPREHENSIVE TERM TO INCLUDE ALL CRIMES AGAINST PERSON
MENTIONED IN THE REVISED PENAL CODE
ESTABLISHING THE CORPUS DELICTI IN CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS
IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS SUCH AS KILLING OR

DESTRUCTION TO LIFE, CORPUS DELICTI OR THE ACTUAL COMMISSION OF THE
CRIME CHARGED MUST BE INITIALLY ESTABLISHED BY THE HOMICIDE
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INVESTIGATOR. TO THIS EFFECT, THERE MUST BE SATISFACTORY EVIDENCE TO
SHOW THE FOLLOWING CONSTITUTING THE CORPUS DELICTI:
THE FACT OF DEATH OR KILLING OCCURRED.

THE IDENTITY OF THE VICTIM.
THE FACT OF DEATH MAYBE SHOWN BY THE FOLLOWING SIGNS OF DEATH:
A. BY THE CESSATION OF BREATHING AND RESPIRATORY MOVEMENT – LIKE THE

HEART ACTION, CESSATION OF RESPIRATION IN ORDER TO BE CONSIDERED AS A
SIGN OF DEATH MUST BE CONTINUOUS AND PERSISTENT.
B. BY THE CESSATION OF HEART SOUND – THERE MUST BE ENTIRE AND CONTINUOUS

CESSATION OF THE HEART ACTION AND FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE WHOLE
VASCULAR SYSTEM. AS A GENERAL RULE, IF THERE IS NO HEART ACTION FOR A
PERIOD OF FIVE MINUTES, DEATH IS REGARDED.
C. BY THE LOSS OF PALINGS OF NAIL BEDS WHEN PRESSURE IS APPLIED IN THE

FINGERNAIL IS RELEASED
D. BY THE COOLING OF THE BODY (ALGOR MORTIS)- AFTER DEATH, THE METABOLIC
PROCESSES INSIDE THE BODY CEASES. NO MORE HEAT IS PRODUCED BUT THE
BODY LOSES SLOWLY ITS TEMPERATURE BY EVAPORATION OR BY CONDUCTION
TO THE SURROUNDING ATMOSPHERE. THE RATE OF COOLING OF TE BODY IS NOT
UNIFORM. IT IS RAPID DURING THE FIRST TWO HOURS AFTER DEATH AND AS THE
TEMPERATURE OF THE BODY GRADUALLY APPROACHES THE TEMPERATURES OF
THE SURROUNDINGS, THE RATE BECOMES SLOWER
ALGOR MORTIS (BODY COOLING)
A 1. GENERAL RULE – 1.5 DEGREES PER HOUR – WHEN ROOM TEMPERATURE

IS ABOUT 70 DEGREES
.
2 DR. SIMPSON ; 2.5 DEGREES AN HOUR FOR THE FIRST 6 HOURS, AND AN
AVERAGE OF 1.5 TO 2 DEGREES LOOS PER HOUR OVER THE FIRST 12
HOURS.
3 DR. RHODES, GORDON AND TURNER: 1.5 DEGREES FOR THE FIRST 12
HOURS AND 1 DEGREE FOR THE NEXT 12 TO 18 HOURS
B FACTORS BODY TEMPERATURE AT THE TIME OF DEATH, BODY SIZE (FAT,

SLOWER, CHILD, FASTER, ETC)CLOTHING OR COVERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
TEMPERATURE (WIND AND HIGH HUMIDITY INCREASE EVAPORATION OF
WATER AND HASTEN COOLING) IMMERSION IN WATER ( GOOD CONDUCTOR)
E. BY INSENSIBILITY OF THE BODY AND LOSS OF POWER TO MOVE – AFTER DEATH,

THE BODY BECOMES INSENSIBLE AND NO AMOUNT OF STIMULATION IS CAPABLE
OF LETTING IT MOVE.
F. BY OBSERVING THE CHANGES IN THE SKIN – THE SKIN AFTER DEATH MAYBE
OBSERVED TO BE PALE AND WAXY LOOKING, THERE IS LESS OF ELASTICITY,
OPACITY OCCURS AND APPLICATION OF HEAT ON THE SKIN SURFACE WILL NOT
PRODUCE BLISTER OR INFLAMMATORY REACTION.
G. CHANGES IN OR ABOUT THE EYE, e.g. LOSS OF CORNEAL REFLEXES, CLOUDING OF

THE CORNEA, FLACCIDITY OF THE EYEBALL. THE PUPIL IS IN THE POSITION OF REST
THE IDENTITY OF THE VICTIM DUE TO VIOLENT DEATH MAY BE STABLISHED BY

THE FOLLOWING METHODS.
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THRU IDENTIFICATION MADE BY RELATIVES, FRIENDS, NEIGHBORS, OR BY
ANYONE WHO KNOW PERSONALLY THE VICTIM
THRU IDENTIFICATION BY THE BRACELETS, NECKLACE, RINGS, AND

ORNAMENTAL WEARING APPAREL OF THE VICTIM.
THRU THE PERSONAL BELONGINGS IN POSSESION AND FOUND IN THE BODY

LIKE LETTER, WALLET, DRIVERS LICENSE, RESIDENCE TAX, ID CARDS AND
ATHERS
THRU CLOTHINGS BY ITS TAILOR MARKS, LAUNDRY MARK PRINTED NAME,

SIZE, TEXTURE COLOR,DESIGN.
THRU FINGERPRINTING AND COMPARISON WITH RECORDS OF POLICE

DEPARTMENT.
THRU BODY PECULIARITIES SUCH AS MOLES, SCARS, WEIGHT, HEIGHT BIRTH

MARKS, HAIR, TATTOOS AND DENTURES
IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE
1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE VICTIM IS AN IMPORTANT INVESTIGATIVE STEP FOR

THE FOLLOWING REASONS.
A. THE IDENTITY OF THE DECEASED MAY AROUSE SUSPICION IN MYSTERIOUS

DEATH SINCE THE VICTIM MAY BE A PERSON WHOSE LIFE HAS BEEN
THREATENED OR WHOSE DEATH WAS DESIRED FOR CRIMINAL PURPOSES.
B. THE IDENTITY OF THE DEAD PERSON PROVIDES THE FOCAL POINT FOR THE
INQUIRY SINCE THE INVESTIGATOR CAN THEN CENTER THEIR ATTENTION
ON HE ASSOCIATES AND THE ACQUINTANCE OF THE DECEASED.
C. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE DECEASED CAN BE TRACED OR RELATED TO

WANTED PERSONS OR MISSING ONE.
2. CLOTHES AND OTHER ARTICLES
A. IN THE ABSENCE OF THE NEXT OF KIN OR NEAREST KIN OF THE

DECEASED PERSON,THE POLICE USUALLY TAKE THE POSSESION OF THE
PROPERTY FOUND IN THE PERSON OF THE DECEASED .
B. THE MEDICAL EXAMINER MAY TAKE POSSESSION OF OBJECTS USEFUL IN

ESTABLISHING THE COUSE OF DEATH.
C. IN CIRCUMTANCES WHICH THE BODY IS FOUND USUALLY DETERMINE

THE NUMBER OF IDENTIFYING CLUES THAT ARE PRESENT IN THE VICTIM.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF HOMICIDE INVESTIGATOR.
HOMICIDE INVESTIGATOR WHEN CALLED UPON TO INVESTIGATE A VIOLENT

DEATH, STAND ON THE DEAD MAN’S SHOES, TO PRODUCE HIS INSTINCTS AGAINST
THOSE SUSPECTS.
2. IF THE INVESTIGATOR INTERPRETS AN ACCIDENTAL DEATH AS DUE TO

NATURAL DEATH, THE WIDOW OF THE FAMILY MAY BE DEPRIVED OF BENEFITS
AND OTHER PROPERTIES, WHICH THE DECEASED HAD SACRIFICED TO OBTAIN.
IF HE INTERPRETS A CRIMINAL DEATH AS ACCIDENTAL OR NATURAL, GUILTY

PERSON IS OTHERWISE SET SCOT-FREE.
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MISTAKES IN HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION
1. THE MISTAKES OF THE HOMICIDE INVESTIGATOR CAN NOT BE CORRECTED.
2. THE HOMICIDE INVESTIGATOR SHOULD NOT CROSS THE THREE (3) BRIDGES,
WHICH HE BURNS BEHIND HIM. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE CASE BE
ADEQUATELY HANDLED BY COMPETENT PERSONNEL.
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE THREE (3) BRIDGES:
A. THE DEAD PERSON HAS BEEN MOVED – IT IS THEREFORE NECESSARY THAT

PHOTOGRAPHS BE TAKEN, MEASUREMENTS MADE, FINGERPRINTS TAKEN AND
OTHER NECESSARY TASKS TO BE FIRST CARRIED OUT.
B. THE SECOND BRIDGE IS BURNED WHEN THE BODY IS EMBALMED. ELBALMING

DESTROYS TRACES OF ALCOHOL AND SEVERAL KINDS OF POISONS. IF
POISONING IS SUSPECTED, THE INTERNAL ORGANS SHOULD BE REMOVED
BEFORE EMBALMING.
C. THE THIRD BRIDGE IS BURNED WHEN THE BODY IS BURNED OR CREMATED.TO

EXHUME A BODY IS DIFFICULT AND EXPENSIVE. THE LAPSE OF TIME MAKES
EXAMINATION DOUBLY DIFFICULT AND CONCLUSION IS HARD TO ARRIVE AT
CREMATION DESTROYS THE BODY ITSELF.
THE MEDICO LEGAL AUTOPSY
1. THE REAL BEGINNING OF HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION SHOULD BE TO ESTABLISH

THE COUSE OF DEATH ACCURATELY.
2. AN AUTOPSY SHOULD BE PERFORMED AT ONCE WHEN THERE IS THE

SLIGHTHEST TO SUSPECT THE PROBOBILITY OF HOMICIDE.
3. IN GENERAL,IT MAY BE STATED THAT DEATH HAS BEEN COUSED BY

VIOLENCE AND AUTOPSY IS ALWAYS BE PERFORMED UNLESS THERE IS
ADEQUATE PROOF TO THE CONTRARY.
NECROPSY REPORT IT IS A DOCUMENT STATING THE COUSE OF DEATH OF THE

VICTIM THIS IS THE MEDICO LEGAL REPORT.
AUTOPSY
AN AUTOPSY IS A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF A DEAD BODY, PERFORMED BY A

TRAINED PHYSICIAN EMPLOYING RECOGNIZED DISSECTION METHOD PROCEDURE AND
TECNIQUESI IT INCLUDES REMOVAL OF TISSUE FOR FURTHER EXAMINATION.
AUTOPSIES VS POST MORTEM EXAMINATION
POST MORTEM EXAMINATION REFERS TO AN EXTERNAL EXAMINATION OF A

DEAD BODY WITHOUT INCISSION BEING MADE, ALTHOUGH BLOOD AND OTHER BODY
FLUIDS MAY BE COLLECTED FOR EXAMINATION.
AUTOPSY INDICATES THAT IN ADDITION TO AN EXTERNAL EXAMINATION THE

BODY IS OPENED AND INTERNAL EXAMINATION IS CONDUCTED
KINDS OF AUTOPSY
1. HOSPITALS OR NON – OFFICIAL AUTOPSY

2. MEDICO LEGAL OR OFFICIAL AUTOPSY
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DEATH IS THE TERMINATION OF LIFE. IT IS THE COMPLETE CESSATION OF ALL THE
VITAL FUNCTIONS WITHOUT POSSIBILITY OF RESUSCITATION
KINDS OF DEATH
SOMATIC OR CLINICAL DEATH

B. MOLECULAR OR CELLULAR DEATH
APPARENT DEATH OR STATE OF SUSPENDED ANIMATION.
THE FACT OF DEATH
1. THE FIRST ACTION OF AN INVESTIGATOR UPON ARRIVING AT THE SCENE OF THE

HOMICIDE IS THE VERIFICATION OF DEATH
2. AN INDIVIDUAL IS SAID TO BE DEAD IN THE MEDICAL SENSE WHEN ONE OF THE

VITAL FUNCTIONS IS NO LONGER PERFORMING WITHIN THE BODY.
A. RESPIRATION
B. CARDIAC ACTIVITY
C. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY
3. IN LEGAL SENSE, DEATH IS CONSIDERED TO OCCUR WHEN ALL OF THE THREE

ABOVE VITAL FUNCTIONS HAVE CEASED.
SUSPENDED ANIMATION
1. CARDIAC ACTIVITY, BREATHING AND FUNCTIONING OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

REACH SUCH A LOW LEVEL ACTIVITY THAT A HOMICIODE INVESTIGATOR MAY
BE DECEIVED INTO AN ASSUMPTION OF DEATH.
2. THE FOLLOWING CONDITION PRODUCED SIMULATED APPEARANCE
1. ELECTRIC SHOCK
2. PROLONG EMERSION
3. POISONING FROM NARCOTIC DRUGS
4. BARBITURATE POISONING
5. CERTAIN MENTAL DISEASED
SOMATIC OR CLINICAL DEATH
THIS IS THE STATE OF THE BODY IN WHICH THERE IS COMPLETE. PERSISTENT

AND CONTINUOUS CESSATION OF THE VITAL FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN, HEART AND
LUNGS WHICH MAINTAIN LIFE AND HEALTH.
MOLECULAR OR CELLULAR DEATH
AFTER CESSATION OF THE VITAL FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY THERE IS STILL

ANIMAL LIFE AMONG INDIVIDUAL CELLS. THIS IS EVIDENCE BY THE PRESENCE OF THE
EXCITABILITY OF THE MUSCLES AND CELIARY MOVEMENTS AND OTHER FUNCTION OF
INDIVIDUAL CELLS.
ABOUT THREE TO SIX HOURS LATER, THERE IS DEATH OF INDIVIDUAL CELLS.

THIS IS KNOWN AS MOLLECULAR OR CELLULAR DEATH.
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MUTILATED REMAINS
1. HUMAN OR ANIMAL
A. THE CRIMINAL SOMETIMES REMOVE OR DISFIGURE THE HEADS, HANDS AND

FEET TO MAKE IDENTIFICATION DIFFICULT
IF ONLY BONES ARE DISCOVERED,IT MAY BE SAID THAT THEY HAVE BURIED
FOR A LONG TIME.IF ORGANIC MATTERS ARE PRESENT,SOME CONCLUSION
CAN BE DRAWN FROM THE STATE OF DECOMPOSITION.
AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION
1. DESK OFFICER
2. LETTER REQUEST
3. ORDER
4. WRITTEN DIRECTLY
BASIC EQUIPMENT OF A HOMICIDE INVESTIGATOR
PEN OR BALLPEN
CLIPBOARD
NOTEBOOK
TYPEWRITING PAPER
FLASHLIGHT
RULER OF TYPE MEASURE
PURPOSE
TO RECORD THE RELEVANT DETAILS OF THE CASE

TO SERVE AS RECORD OF DETAILS IN THE LIGHT OF DEVELOPMENT
DEPOSITORY OF DATA WHICH MAYBE A FUTURE SUBJECT WHICH WOULD HELP

IN REPORT WRITING, ANALYSIS AND JUDGMENT.
IT MAY SERVE AS DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE IN COURT AND TO REFRESH THE

MEMORY OF THE INVESTIGATOR WHILE TESTIFYING.
NOTE: DON’T FORGET TO JOT DOWN THE TIME DISPATCHED, TIME OF ARRIVAL AND
TIME YOU LEFT THE CRIME SCENE.
METHOD OF ESTABLISHING THE TIME OF DEATH
THE INVESTIGATOR EITHER BY HIMSELF OR WITH THE AID OF THE EXPERTS

DETERMINES THE APPROXIMATE TIME OF DEATH. THIS CAN BE SHOWN BY:
1. BY TESTIMONY OF THE WITNESS WHO MAY CORRELATE THE TIME WITH

CERTAIN EVENTS, NATURAL PHENOMENA AND OTHER CONDITIONS. IT MAY
BE APPROXIMATED WHEN THE COCK CROWS, POSITION OF THE SUN OR THE
MOON, DISMISSAL OF CLASSES, WEARING APPAREL OF THE DECEASED,
RINGING OF THE CHURCH BELLS AND OTHERS.
2. BY CIRCUMTANTIAL PROOF AS TO THE TIME OF OCCURRENCE, LIKE THE

LAST TIME THE VICTIM WAS SEEN ALIVE, WITNESSES TO PROVE THE SUSPECT
COMING FROM THE CRIME SCENE AT CERTAIN APPROXIMATE TIME, ETC.
3. BY THE TESTIMONY, OF EXPERTS OR TECHNICAL MEN SUCH AS PHYSICIAN

ON THE FOLLOWING POINTS:
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A. PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF RIGOR MORTIS – RIGOR MORTIS IS THE
STIFFENING OF THE BODY FOLLOWING DEATH. IT USSUALLY OCCURS 2-6
HOURS AFTER DEATH
RIGOR MORTIS (STIFFINING OF MUSCLES TISSUE)
A GENERAL RATES ( AVERAGE CLOTHED ADULT, OBSERVABLE IN

SMALL MUSCLES FIRST)
DETECTED WITHIN 2 TO 4 HOURS
COMPLETED WITHIN 6 TO 12 HOURS
REMAINS FOR 12 TO 18 HOURS
GONE BY 40 TO 60 HOURS
B. FACTORS . BODY TEMPERATURE AT DEATH: HIGH, LOW,

ENVIRONMENT
TEMPERATURE (HEAT ,HASTEN, COLD RETARDS) STRENUOUS

MUSCULAR
ACTIVITY,EMOTIONAL EXCITEMENT
B PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF POST-MORTEM LIVIDITY –THIS IS THE

GRAVITATION OF BLOOD IN THE MOST DEPENDENT PORTIONS OF THE
BODY THUS PRODUCING REDDISH DISCOLORATION OF THE AREA
AFFECTED. IT APPEARS USUALL 3-6 HOURS FOLLOWING DEATH.
LIVOR MORTIS
A RATE
VISIBLE – ½ TO 4 HOURS
WELL DEVELOPED 3 TO 4 HOURS
MAXIMUM 8 TO 12 HOURS
FACTORS CIRCULATORY FAILURE (STAGNATION;SKIN LIVID PRIOR TO

DEATH) CHRONIUC ANEMIA OR ACUTE BLOOD LOSS ( LIVIDITY LESS
MARKED) CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING;CYANIDE;CASE OF RAPID COOLING
(WATER) TRADIEUS SPOT PETECHIE (OVER CONGESTION OF BLOOD IN
CAPILLARIES)
C. COAGULATION OF BLOOD INSIDE THE BLOOD VESSELS-THIS USUALLY

OCCURS 6-8 HOURS FOLLOWING DEATH.
D. VOLUME OF THE STOMACH CONTENTS – THE STOMACH USUALLY

EMPTIES 3-4 HOURS AFTER THE LAST MEAL.
E.DEGREE OF DECOMPOSITION OF THE BODY –IN TROPICAL CLIMATE,

DECOMPOSITION STARTS 36 TO 48 HOURS AFTER DEATH. BODIES ON
SURFACE GROUND IS TRANSFORMED INTO SKELETAL IN A MONTH TIME;
TWICE LONGER WHEN THE BODY IS IN WATER AND ONE TO THREE YEARS
IF BURIED UNDERGROUND DEPENDING UPON THE NATURE OF THE SOIL,
HUMIDITY, DEPT, PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THE EMBALMING FLUID,
INTEGRITY OF THE COFFIN, CONDITION OF THE BODY AT THE TIME OF
DEATH, ETC
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G. OTHER BASIS. OTHER PROOFS INFERRED FROM THE SURROUNDING
EVIDENCE LIKE THE DEGREE OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE COFFIN,
WEARING APPAREL, AND PERSONAL BELONGINGS ETC. SIMILARLY THE
NATURE OF THE BLOOD STAIN, WHETHER FRESH, CLOTHED OR DRIED
MAY INDICATE A RECENT ONE, WHILE THOSE THAT ARE DRIED UP WITH
CERTAIN DEGREE OF DISCOLORATION SHOW THAT IT IS OF LONG
STANDING.
THE FOLLOWING PHYSICAL EVIDENCE MAY ALSO INDICATE THE TIME OF

DEATH.
THE PRESENCE OF RUSTS IN BLADED WEAPON

PRESENCE OF SMOKE ODOR IN THE BARREL OF THE GUN
SPIDER WEB IN THE DISTURBED CRIME SCENE
AMOUNT OF PETROLEUM IN THE KEROSENE LAMP.
POSITION OF THE CLOCK HANDS WHEN DISTURBED AND OUT OF
FUNCTION
DEGREE OF PURIFICATION OF PERISHABLE MATERIAL THAT MAY BE
PRESENT IN THE CRIME SCENE .
METHOD OF ESTABLISHING THE POSITION OF THE VICTIM AT THE TIME OF

DEATH
THE APPROXIMATE POSITION OF THE VICTIM AT THE TIME OF DEATH MAY BE

INFERRED BY THE FOLLOWING:
1. POSTURE OF THE BODY WHEN FOUND – THE BODY MAY BECOME RIGID IN
A POSITION IN, WHICH HE DIED. POST-MORTEM LIVIDITY MAY DEVELOP IN
THE ASSUMED POSITION.
2. POST-MORTEM LIVIDITY – HYPOSTATIC (ACCUMULATION OF BLOOD IN A

DEPENDENT PART OF THE BODY) LIVIDITY (BLUISH GRAY DISCOLARATION)
WILL BE FOUND IN THE AREAS OF THE BODY WHERE THE BODY LIES. IF
THERE IS ALREADY COAGULATION (CLOT) OF BLOOD, OR IF THE BLOOD
HAS ALREADY DIFFUSE INTO THE TISSUES OF THE BODY, A CHANGE OF
POSITION OF THE VICTIM WILL NOT ALTER THE LOCATION OF THE POST-
MORTEM LIVIDITY.
3. CADAVERIC SPASM – THIS THE INSTANTANEOUS RIGIDITY OF A GROUP OF

MUSCLES AT THE TIME OF DEATH DUE TO EXTREME NERVOUS TENSION,
EXHAUSTION OR INJURY TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. THE FINDING OF
WEAPON FIRMLY GRASPED IN THE PALM OF THE HAND OF THE VICTIM IS
THE PROOF THAT IT WAS THE POSITION OF THE DECEASED IMMEDIATELY
AFTER DEATH
.
4.LOCATION OF THE POST-MORTEM CONTACT FLATTERING – DUE TO THE
LOST OF
ELASTICITY OF THE SKIN, THE AREA WHEREIN THE BODY REST OR THE
SKIN WHICH
IS IN CONTACT WITH THE SURFACE WHEREIN THA BODY WILL BE
FLATTENED.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN RIGOR MORTIS AND CADAVERIC SPASM
1.TIME OF APPEARANCE
RIGOR MORTIS APPEARS TWO TO SIX HOURS AFTER DEATH WHILE

CADAVERIC SPASM APPEARS IMMEDIATELY AFETR DEATH.
2. MUSCLES INVOLVED
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RIGOR MORTIS INVOLVED ALL THE MUSCLES OF THE BODY WHETHER
VOLUNTARY OR INVOLUNTARY,WHILE CADAVERIC SPASM INVOLVES
ONLY A CERTAIN MUSCLE OR GROUP OF MUSCLES AND ARE A
SYMETRICAL.
3.OCCURRENCE
RIGOR MORTIS IS NATURAL PHENOMENA, WHICH OCCURS AFTER DEATH,

WHILE CADAVERIC SPASM MAY OR MAY NOT APPEAR ON A PERSON AT THE
TIME OF DEATH.
4. MEDICO LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE
RIGOR MORTIS MAY BE UTILIZED BY A MEDICAL JURIST TO APPROXIMATE

THE TIME OF DEATH, WHILE CADAVERIC SPASM MAY BE USEFUL TO
DETERMINE THE NATURE OF THE CRIME.
STEPS TO BE TAKEN DURING INVESTIGATION AT THE CRIME SCENE
1. STABLISH MOTIVE TO THE KILLING. MOTIVES NEED NOT TO BE PROVED

IN SOME CRIMINAL PROSECUTION BUT THE DETERMINATION OF THE
MOTIVE WILL FURNISH A GOOD CLUE IN THE SOLUTION OF THE CRIME. THE
INVESTIGATOR DRAWING FROM HIS INQUIRY, EXPERIENCE, AND
AVAILABILITY OF DATA MUST BASE HIS INVESTIGATION ON A THEORY
THAT RATIONALLY EXPLAINS THE FATAL ACT.
THE MOST COMMON MOTIVES ARE THE FOLLOWING:
REVENGE SEX MOTIVES

FEUD MORAL TURPITUDE
(WICKEDNESS)
JEALOUSY - LOVE TRIANGLE MENTAL DEFICIENCY
GAIN - FINANCIALLY OR OTHERWISE SELF DEFENSE
CIVIL SUIT SADISM
2. CONDUCT INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION OF WITNESSES- THE

INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION MUST BE DONE IN EXHAUSTIVELY AND
PATIENTLY. OBSERVED PERSONS TO BE INTERVIEWED AS TO THEIR MORAL,
INTELLECTUAL AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONS.THEIR BACKGROUND HISTORY
MUST BE STABLISHED.
ONLY DIRECT QUESTIONING SHOULD BE APPLIED TO DETERMINE THE

CREDIBILITY OF THE WITNESS. IF THE WITNESS IS TO TESTIFY TO WHAT HE
SAW UNDER DIFFICULT CONDITION OF VISIBILITY, THE POSSESSION OF
NORMAL VISSION, NATURAL OR CORRECTED, BECOMES AN IMPORTANT
POINT. IMPAIRMENT OF HEARING WOULD AFFECT THE RELIABILITY OF HIS
TESTIMONY IN REGARD TO THINGS HEARD. THE INVESTIGATOR SHOULD BE
ABLE TO MAKE SOME ESTIMATE OF THE WITNESSES POWER OF
OBSERVATION AND HIS ABILITY TO RELATE FACTS BRIEFLY, CORRECTLY
AND CLEARLY WITHOUT EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED.
3. DETERMINE IF SUSPECT HAS FLED AND DONE INTO HIDING – IF THE

SUSPECT HAS FLED, THIS IS FLIGHT WHICH IS A SIGN OF GUILT. THE
ABSENCE OF THE SUSPECT FROM HIS HOME AND HAUNTS CAN BE
INTERPRETED AS FLIGHT. A SEARCH SHOULD BE MADE FOR THE SUSPECT
IN DIFFEWRENT PLACES . SOMEONE SHOULD BE IN POSITION TO TESTIFY
THAT THE ACCUSED DID NOT RETURN TO HIS HOME OR VISIT HIS USUAL
HAUNTS.
4. GATHER PHYSICAL EVIDENCES TO SHOW SIGNS OF STRUGGLE -
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THE SIGNS OF STRUGGLE MAY BE DUE TO THE RETREAT OF THE
VICTIM IN THE COURSE OF THE ATTACK, THE DEGREE OF RESISTANCE OF
THE VICTIM TO AVOID THE ATTACK AND THE LENGTH OF TIME SUCH
RESISTANCE HAS BEEN OFFERED. IF THE VICTIM DOES IMMEDIATELY
BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS AFTER THE FIRST BLOW, STAB, CUT OR SHOT, THE
SIGN OF STRUGGLE MAY BE LIMITED. NEVERTHELESS IT COULD BE SHOWN
BY THE FOLLOWING PHYSICAL EVIDENCES.
A.BLOOD
GENERALLY, NO BLOOD MARKS ARE PRODUCED AT THE FIRST STAGE
OF THE ATTACK BEFORE BLEEDING COMMENCED. AFTER THE STRUGGLE, A LARGE
NUMBER OF BLOOD STAINS WILL BE SCATTERED IN THE EREA. THE BLOOD SPOTS
MAY INDICATE THE AREA OF THE CRIME WHERE SUCH RESISTANCE WAS
OFFERED THE MOVEMENT OF THE VICTIM AND THE EXTENT OF INJURIES SUSTAINED
B.HAIR
DETACHED HAIR WHICH MAY BE FFOUND IS A CERTAIN INDICATION
THAT STRUGGLE HAS OCCURRED. WHEN FOUND, IT SHALL BE SECURED
IMMEDIATELY IN AN ENVELOPE WITH THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION MARK. FOR
IDENTIFICATION PURPOSES.
C.FURNITURE
OVERTURNED AND DISPLACED FURNITURE MAY GIVE AN IDEA OF THE
DIRECTION WHERE A STTRUGGLE PROCEED OR THE ROUTE BY WHICH THE VICTIM
OR THE ASSAILANT ATTEMTED TO SCAPE. . IF THERE IS A REASON THAT IS THE
OFFENDER WHO OVERTURNED THE FURNITURE, THE ARTICLES SHOULD BE
EXAMINED FOR POSSIBLE FINGERPRINTS. WHEN HEAVY FURNITURE HAS BEEN
DISPLACED WHICH REQUIRES CERTAIN AMOUNT OF FORCE, THE INVESTIGATOR
MUST DETERMINE THE POSSIBILITY OF MORE THAN ONE PERSON TO HAVE DONE IT.
D.MARKS OF WEAPONS
MARKS OF THE WOUNDING WEAPON MAY BE PRESENT IN THE CRIME
SCENE. CLEAN CUT INJURIES OF SHARP WEAPON IN FURNITURE AND WALLS DUE TO
THE VICTIM’S ACT TO AVOID AN ATTACK. EMPTY SHELLS OF A FIREARM, HOLES
PRODUCED BY THE GUN, THE WEAPON ITSELF LIKE BOLOS, KNIFES, DAGGER,
FIREARM, PIECE OF WOOD, BARS, ETC; MAY BE LEFT BY THE ASSAILANT IN HASTE
TO ESCAPE AWAY FROM THE CRIME SCENE.
E.EVIDENCE OF MANNER AND DIRECTION OF ESCAPE OF THE ASSAILANT
THE SHAPE OF THE BLOOD STAINS, THE PRESENCE OF BLOODY FOOTPRINTS,

THE LOCATION OF THE FRACTURED GLASSESOF THE WINDOWS, AND THE
CONDITION OF THE DOORS AND OTHER POSSIBLE PLCES OF EXITS BAY BE USEFUL
CLUES IN DETERMINING THE MANNER OF ESCAPE. THE PROPER TRACING OF THE
FOOT IMPRESSION IN SOIL OR FOOTPRINTS ON THE FLOOR INDICATES DIRECTION OF
MOVEMENT OF THE ASSAILANT IN GETTING AWAY FROM THE CRIME SCENE.
F. PRESENCE OF DEFENSE WOUNDS IN THE VICTIM
DEFENSE WOUNDS ARE THE RESULT OF A PERSON’S INSTINCTIVE REACTION

OF SELF DEFENSE. IT MAY BE FOUND ON THE HANDS IN AN EFFORT OF THE VICTIM
TO GRASP THE WOUNDING WEAPON OR BE RAISING THE HANDS TO PROTECT THE
VITAL PARTS OF THE BODY.
IF A BLUNT (NOT SHARP POINT) INSTRUMENT IS USED IN THE ATTACK, THE

DEFENSE WOUND WILL BE IN THE FORM OF CONTUSION OR LACERATED WOUNDS
AT THE BACK OF THE FOREARM.
ABSENCE OF DEFENSE WOUNDS DOES NOT ELIMINATE THE POSSIBILITY

THAT THE VICTIM MADE SOME FORM OF DEFENSE.
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INTERPRETATION OF INSTRUMENT USED BY THE NATURE OF THE EXTERNAL
INJURIES SUFFERED BY THE VICTIM.
1.CONTUSION – AN INJURY FOUND IN THE SUBSTANCE OF THE SKIN WITH

DISCOLORATION OF THE SURFACE DUE TO THE EXTRAVASATIONS ( TO
CAUSE OF FLOW ) OF BLOOD. THIS IS DUE TO THE APPLICATION OF BLUNT
INSTRUMENT.
2.ABRASIONS – (WEARING OR GRAZING ) – AN INJURY CHARACTERIZED BY THE

REMOVAL OF THE SUPERFICIAL EPITHELIAL LAYER OF THE SKIN BROUGHT
ABOUT BY THE FRICTION AGAINST A HARD, ROUGH SURFACE.
3. HEMATOMA – THIS IS THE EXTRAVASATIONS OF BLOOD IN THE NEWLY

FORMED CAVITY. IT IS SOMETIMES CALLED BLOOD TUMOR. THERE IS
EXTREME DESTRUCTION OF THE TISSUES UNDERNEATH THE SKIN THEREBY
ALLOWING THE BLOOD TO ACCUMULATE. HEMATOMA IS CAUSED BY A HIT
OF BLUNT INSTRUMENT IN AREAS OF THE BODY WHERE BONY TISSUES ARE
SUPERTICIAL
4. INCISED WOUNDS – THIS IS PRODUCED BY FORCIBLE CONTACT ON THE

BODY BY SHARP EDGED INSTRUMENT LIKE BOLOS, KNIVES, EXE, BROKEN
GLASS OR SHARP EDGE OF OYSTERS.
5. STAB WOUNDS – THIS PRODUCED BY THE FORCIBLE APPLICATION OF A

SHARP EDGED AND SHARP POINTED INSTRUMENT. STAB WOUNDS
PENETRATE HUMAN TISSUES TO SOME EXTENT. IF IT INVOLVES VITAL
ORGANS OR CAUSES SEVERE HEMORRHAGE, IT MAY CAUSE IMMEDIATE.
6. PUNCTURED WOUNDS – THIS IS PRODUCED BY SHARP POINTED

INSTRUMENT LIKE ICE PICKS, NAILS, PIN, ETC. THERE IS MORE LIKEHOOD TO
PRODUCE INFECTION LIKE TETANUS AS CONSEQUENCE.
7. LACERATED WOUNDS – THIS IS THE TEARING OF THE SKIN DUE TO

FORCIBLE CONTACT OF A BLUNT INSTRUMENT. THE EDGES ARE IRREGULAR
AND DO NOT CORRESPOND TO THE WOUNDING INSTRUMENT.
8. PETECHIAE- THIS IS A CIRCUMSCRIBED EXTRAVASATION OF BLOOD IN THE

SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE OR UNDERNEATH THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE.
EVIDENCE TO SHOW THE FATAL EFFECT OF WOUNDS
AMOUNT OF HEMORRHAGE
SIZE OF THE INJURY
ORGANS AND PARTS OF THE BODY INVOLVED
MECHANICAL EFFECTS ON THE VITAL ORGANS
DEATH CAUSED BY FIREARMS
GENERAL PRINCIPLE
A. IN THE INVESTIGATION CAUSED BY FIREARM, THE WOUND IS EXAMINE FOR

THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING THE FOLLOWING:
A. A. NATURE AND TYPE OF WEAPON USED

A. B. THE DISTANCE AND THE DIRECTION OF FIRE.
A. C. THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE VICTIM AND THE ASSAILANT
B. IF THE BULLET IS STILL IN THE BODY, THE MEDICAL EXAMINER SHALL

CAREFULLY RECOVER IT FROM THE FATAL WOUND, BULLET THUS
RECOVERED, ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CAN BE OBTAINED CONCERNING
THE CHARACTER WEAPON.
19
C. IF THE GUN IS RECOVERED WHICH IS SUSPECTED TO BE OF THE MURDERER’S
WEAPON, IT MAYBE POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY OR EXCLUDE IT BY MEANS OF
COMPARISON BETWEEN FATAL BULLET AND TEST BULLET.
D. IN ALL INVESTIGATION OF UNEXPECTED DEATH, ALL WEAPON, BULLETS

AND SHELLS RECOVERED SHOULD BE SUBMITTED FOR EXPECT
EXAMINATION.
2. NATURES AND EXTENT OF THE WOUND
TWO TYPES OF WOUNDS
A. A. ENTRANCE WOUNDS
A. B. EXIT WOUNDS
IT COULD BE DETERMINED BY THE FOLLOWING:
THE KIND OF AMMUNITION USED.

THE FIRING DISTANCE.
THE STRIKING OF THE BULLET WITH ANOTHER OBJECT
PASSAGE THROUGH CLOTHING
PATH OF THE BULLET THROUGH THE BODY
B. THE SHAPE, SIZE AND APPEARANCE OF THE ENTRANCE WOULD ARE

AFFECTED BY THE FOLLOWING:
THE DISTANCE OF THE DISCHARGE

THE TYPEOF THE WEAPON.
THE NATURE OF THE WEAPON
THE NATURE AND AMOUNT OF GUNPOWDER.
THE AFFECTED PART OF THE BODY
C. WHEN A BULLET STRIKES A SKIN, IT PUSHES AGAINTS THE TOUGH, ELASTIC

SURFACE WHICH STRETCHES AN INCIDENT WHICH A PART OF THE SKIN
REMOVES THE GRIME (INGRAINED OR SOOT/CARBON) FROM THE BULLET AND
FORM A GRAY RING AROUND THE ENTRANCE WOUND.
D. THE WOUND ITSELF IS LARGER THAN THE BULLET SINCE AT CLOSE RANGE, IT
IS AFFECTED BY EXPLOSIVE GASES, POWDER, CLOTHING AND IN CASE OF
SHOTGUN, A WAD MAY BE DISCOVERED IN THE WOUND.
E. THE POWDER IS NOT COMPLETELY FOUND AND SMALL PARTICLES OF THE

GUNPOWDER ARE DRIVEN THE SKIN BY THE EXPLOSIVES GASES RESULTING
IN A TATTOOING RING.
F. THE SMOKE OF THE DISCHARGE ITSELF IS THE CAUSE OF THE DISCHARGE,

POWDER MARKS AND SCORCHING ARE MORE PROMINENT ON THE SIDES FROM
WHICH THE BULLET COMES.
G. WHEN THE DISCHARGE IS FAR FROM THE ENTRANCE WOUND, IT REVEALS THE
DISCHARGE PRODUCT SUSH A TATTOOING OR SCORCHING BECAUSE OF
EXPLOSIVE GASES. THE WOUND IS SMALLER
3. SHOTGUN WOUNDS
A SHOTGUN WOUNDS ARE RECOGNIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF

SHOTS/PELLETS IN THE WOUNDS. THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF SHOTGUN FOUND AT
THE SCENE IS THE 12 GAUGE SHOTGUN. THIS WEAPON WHEN FIRED FROM A
DISTANCE OF ONE TO THREE FEET WILL MAKE A HOLE.
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4. EXIT WOUNDS
IF THE BULLET PASSES THROUGH THE BODY UNOBSTRUCTED BY BONE, THE

EXIT WOUND IS SMALL AND INVERTED, WHEN THE BULLET STRIKES THE
BONE, IT MAY TURN OVER IN AXIS, PUSH FRAGMENTED MATTER AHEAD
AND IN ITS PART A LARGE EXIT WOUND.
IT IS OFTEN TIMES DIFFICULT TO DRAW USEFUL CONCLUSIONS FROM THE

RELATIVE SIZES OF THE ENTRANCE WOUND AND EXIT WOUND AS IT MAY
BE OF THE SAME SIZE.
DETERMINATION WHETHER THE WOUND IS SUICIDAL, HOMICIDAL OR

ACCIDENTAL
A. EVIDENCE TO PROVE THAT THE GUNSHOT WOUND IS SUICIDAL
A.A. THE FIRE IS USUALLY CONTACT OR NEAR CONTACT, AS SHOWN BY

THE PRESENCE OF BURNING AND TATTOOING OF THE AREA
AROUND THE GUNSHOT WOUND.
A.B. THE PRESENCE OF USUALLY BUT ONE GUNSHOT WOUND. IN

THEMOST CASES AFTER A SHOT ESPECIALLY AT THE HEAD, THE
VICTIM CAN NO LONGER PERFORM VOLUNTARILY ACT TO INFLICT
ANOTHER SHOT EXCEPT IF THE FIREARM USED IS AN AUTOMATIC
OR DEFECTIVE ONE.
A.C. PORTIONS OF THE BODY INVOLVED ARE THOSE ACCESSIBLE TO

THE
HANDS OF THE VICTIM UTILIZED IN COMMITING SUICIDE. PERSON
COMMITTING SUICIDE WILL NOT THINK OF DIFFICULT WAY OF
ENDING HIS LIFE UNLESS HE HAS THE INTENTION OF DECIEVING
THE INVESTIGATOR.
A.D. PRESENCE OF SUICIDE NOTE. CARE MUST BE TAKEN IN THE

DETERMINATION OF THE GENIUSES OF SUCH NOTE.
A.E. HISTORY OR CAUSE OF DESPONDENCY (DISHEARTENED), FAMILY,

FINANCIAL, OR MARITAL PROBLEM MAY PRESENT SUFFICIENT TO
CASE HIM TO COMMIT SUICIDE CONSIDERING HIS CHARACTER AND
MENTAL CONDITIONS.
A.F. WOUNDING WEAPON HELD TIGHTLY IN THE PALM OF THE HAND OF

THE VICTIM. A STATE OF CADAVERIC SPASM MAY BE OBSERVED
WHICH SHOWS THAT THE WEAPON IS HELD TIGHTLY AT THE TIME OF
HIS DEATH.
A.G. EXCLUSION OF ALL OTHER EVIDENCES TO SHOW THAT THE CASE IS

NOT SUICIDE
B. EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT THE GUNSHOT WOUND IS ACCIDENTAL.
B.A. USUALLY THERE IS BUT ONE SHOT.

B.B. THERE IS NO SPECIAL AREA OF THE BODY INVOLVED
B.C. CONSIDERATION OF THE TESTIMONY OF THE ASSAILANT AND THE
DETERMINATION AS TO WHETHER IT IS POSSIBLE TO BE
ACCIDENTAL BY KNOWING THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE
VICTIM AND THE ASSAILANT.
C. EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT THE GUNSHOT WOUND IS HOMICIDAL
21
C.A. THE SITE OR SITES OF THE WOUND OF ENTRANCE HAS NO POINT
ELECTION.
C.B. THE FIRE IS MADE WHEN THE VICTIM IS USUALLY SOME
DISTANCE AWAY FROM THE ASSAILANT
C.C. SIGNS OF STRUGGLE/DEFENSE WOUND MAY BE PRESENT IN THE
VICTIM.
C.D. THERE MAY BE DISTURBANCE OF THE SURROUNDING ON ACCOUNT
OF THE PREVIOUS STRUGGLE.
C.E. WOUNDING FIREARM USUALLY IS NOT FOUND AT THE SCENE OF
THE CRIME.
C.F. TESTIMONY OF WITNESSES.
EVIDENCE TO SHOW THE FOLLOWING CAUSES OF DEATH
1. TO SHOW GUNSHOT
PRESENSE OF CHARACTERISTIC GUNSHOT WOUND IN THE BODY OF THE

VICTIM
B RECOVERY OF SLUG INSIDE THE BODY OF THE VICTIM IN THE COURSE OF
AUTOPSY
C. PRESENCE OF EMPTY SHELL AT THE CRIME SCENE
D. POSITIVE PARRAFIN TEST AT THE WOUND OF ENTRANCE .
E. WOUNDING INSTRUMENT MAY BE RECOVERED IN THE CRIME SCENE.
2.TO SHOW GRANADE OR BOMB EXPLOSION
SEVERE TEARING OF THE CLOTHING.

WOUNDS OF WHATEVER DESCRIPTION FOUND IN THE BODY OF THE VICTIM.
PRESENCE OF SHARPNAIL IN THE BODY.
TESTIMONY OF SURVIVORS OR WITNESSES TO THE EXPLOSION.
DETERMINATION OF THE MOTIVE.
DETERMINATION OF THE SOURCE OF THE GRENADE OR BOMBS.
3.TO SHOW POISONING
A. HISTORY SHOWS THAT THE COMPLAINTS AND SYMPTOMS APPEARED

SUDDENLY LIKE AN ACUTE ABDOMEN, EPILEPSY, HEART FAILURE OR
CHOLERA.
B. THE SYMPTOMS APPEAR WHILE THE INDIVIDUAL IS AT THE STATE OF GOOD

HEALTH.
C. THE SYMPTOMS USUALLY APPEAR AFTER MEAL OR AFTER TAKING SOME FOOD
MEDICINE. THE ONSET OF THE SYMPTOMS ARE INFLUENCE BY THE MODIFYING
FACTORS BUT IN MOST CASES IT APPEARS WITHIN THE HOUR.
D. WHEN SEVERAL PERSONS PARTAKE THE FOOD OR DRUG AT THE SAME TIME,
THE APPROXIMATE OCCURRENCE OF THE SYMTOMS ARE AT THE SAME TIME.
E. THE COURSE OF THE SYMPTOMS MAY EITHER BE GETTING SEVERE OR HAVING

STEADY IMPROVEMENT.
F. EXAMINATION OF ORGAN FOR THE PRESENCE OF THE SUSPECTED POISON
G TESTIMONY OF WITNESS
22
CHAPTER 11
SEX CRIME, CARNAPPING AND OTHER SPECIAL LAWS
CONCEPTS ABOUT SEX CRIMES
IT IS TRIGGERED BY EMOTION. A PERSON WHO COMMITS A SEX CRIMES HAS

LOST CONTROL OF HIS EMOTIONS. IT IS NOT SOMETHING YOU CAN SET OUT AND
ANALYZE. IT IS A COMPULSION COMING DEEP WITHIN THE OFFENDER.
GRATIFICATION OF THE SEX URGE IS OFTEN DONE IN STRANGE AND MORBID

METHODS. IT INVOLVES AN ADDICTION. SEX IS A NORMAL HUMAN NEED, HENCE,
THIS MUST BE CONSIDERED IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THE SEX CRIMES.
MOST SEX OFFENDERS HAVE THEIR PECULIAR WAY TO COMMIT THIS CRIME.
THE CATEGORIES OF PECULIAR WAYS OF SEX OFFENDERS
FETISHISM – OBJECTS COMPULSIVELY USED IN ATTAINING SEXUAL

GRATIFICATION.
SYMBOLISM – THE REPRESENTATION OF THINGS BY THE USE OF SYMBOLS

ESPECIALLY IN THE ART OR LITERATURE SUCH AS SYSTEMS OF SYMBOLS AND
SYMBOLIC MEANING; AND A GROUP OF SYMBLIST AS IN ART OR LITERATURE.
RITUALISM – SEX OFFENDERS OF THIS CATEGORY USE THE SAME APPROACH

OR PRETEXT ALL THE TIME. THIS WILL HELP IN SOLVING SERIAL RAPES BY
ANALYZING THE PECULIAR RITUALS USED.
SEX FANTACY OR DREAM WORLD – THE SEX FANTACY OVERCOME THE

OFFENDER WHO PUTS HIS DREAMS TO REALITY TO SEE IF HE WILL FEEL EVEN
BETTER AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO HIM.
SADISM – PRIOR ACTS OF CRUELTY BEFORE THE SEX ENCOUNTER BRINGS

CLIMATIC SEXUAL SATISFACTION.
MASOCHISM – SEXUAL SATISFACTION IS GAINED BY BEING HUMILATED,

HURT OR BEATEN BEFORE THE SEXUAL ACT.
SADO-MASOCHISM – INFLICTS INJURY AND AT THE SAME TIME ENJOYS

HAVING INJURY INFLECTED UPON HIM PRECEDING THE SEXUAL ACT.
VOYEURISM – A SEXUAL GRATIFICATION BY LOOKING AT NUDE PERSON.

PEEPING TOMS ARE INCLUDED IN THIS CATEGORY.
SATYRISM – AN ABNORMAL OVER-SEXUAL ACTIVITY ON THE PART OF THE

MAN. THE ABNORMAL SEXUAL OFFENDER IS CALLED SATYR, WHICH WAS DERIVED
FROM THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY OF A HALF-MAN HALF-GOAT ANIMAL WHO COULD
IMPREGNATE FIFTY FEMALE GOATS A DAY.
NYMPHOMANIA – THE COMPULSIVE AND UNCONTROLLABLE FEELINGS OF A

WOMAN TO OVER INDULGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY. THE WOMAN IS CALLED
NYMPHOMANIAC.
NECROMANIA OR NECROPHILIA – SEXUAL GRATIFICATION ON A DEAD

PERSON OR LOVE TOWARDS A DEAD PERSON
PEDOPHILIA – SEXUAL GRATIFICATION WHERE THE VICTIMS ARE CHILDREN.

THE PERSON AFFLICTED WITH THIS SEXUAL PERVESION IS THE PEDOPHILE.
23
OTHER TERMS CONNECTED WITH SEX CRIMES
SODOMY – SEXUAL INTERCOURSE THRU ANUS OR ANAL SEX
ORAL SEX – SEXUAL PERVERSION WHERE GRATIFICATION IS THRU THE

MOUTH
BESTIALITY – SEX GRATIFICATION IS THRU SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH

ANIMALS LIKE PETS SUCH AS DOGS, CATS, ETC.
IMPOTENCY – THE FAILURE TO HAVE ERECTION OF THE MALE ORGAN
STERILITY – THE FAILURE TO PROCREATE OR PRODUCE OFFSPRING. A MAN

MAY NOT BE IMPOTENT BUT STERILE AND VICE-VERSA. A WOMAN IS NEVER
CALLED IMPOTENT BUT MAYBE STERILE.
VIRGINITY – IT IS THE CONDITION OF A WOMAN WHERE THE HYMEN OF HER

VAGINA IS STILL INTACT OR UNRUPTURED.
IT DOES NOT MEAN THAT WHEN THE HYMEN IS INTACT, THERE IS NO CASE OF
RAPE. THE MERE TOUCHING OF THE LABIA MAJORA (MAJOR LIPS) OF THE
PUDENDUM (VAGINA) BY THE MALE ORGAN IS CONSIDERED AS CONSUMMATED
RAPE BECAUSE THERE IS A SLIGHT PENETRATION. VIRGINITY IS NOT AN ELEMENT
IN THE CRIME OF RAPE BECAUSE EVEN THE PROSTITUTE WHO IS VETERAN OF MANY
FOREIGN WARS COULD BE A COMPLAINANT.
VIRGINITY IS NOT ONLY LOST THRU SEXUAL INTERCOURSE BUT BY BICYCLE

RIDING OR OTHER STRENUOUS PHYSICAL EXERTION ON THE PART OF THE WOMAN,
OR THE INSERTION OF AN OBJECT WHILE IN THE ACT OF MASTURBATION.
RA 8353 (ANTI- RAPE LAW OF 1997)
RAPE NOW IS CLASSIFIED AS CRIME AGAINST PERSONS. PREVIOUSLY, IT IS A

CRIME AGAINST CHASTITY. THUS, THERE IS NOW AN IMPOSSIBLE CRIME OF RAPE.
RAPING A DEAD PERSON BELIEVED TO BE ALIVE BY THE OFFENDER IS IMPOSSIBLE
CRIME OF RAPE.
RAPE COULD BE COMMITTED ON MALE PERSON.
MARITAL RAPE COULD ALSO NOW BE COMMITTED BY THE HUSBAND
THE INSERTION OF THE PENIS OR OBJECTS INTO THE MOUTH, GENITALS OR

ANAL ORIFICE OF ANOTHER PERSON WITH CARNAL KNOWLEDGE IS RAPE.
STATUTORY RAPE – WHEN THE VICTIM OF RAPE IS TWELVE YEARS OF AGE AND
BELOW, IT IS STATUTORY RAPE. THE REASON FOR THIS IS THAT EVEN IF THE CHILD
CONSENTED TO THE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, HER CONSENT IS NOT VALID BECAUSE
BY HER AGE, SHE COULD NOT GIVE A VALID ONSENT.
EVIDENCE IN THE INVESTIGATION OF RAPE
PANTY OR OTHER CLOTHING OF THE VICTIM
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE VICTIM TO DETERMINE SIGNS OF FORCE

SUCH AS INJURIES OR THE PRESENCE OF SEMINAL FLUIDS INSIDE HER ORGAN
24
DETACHED PUBIC HAIRS OF THE VICTIM AND SUSPECT
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SUSPECT AND THE EXAMINATION OF HIS

CLOTHING
RELEVANT MATTERS AT THE SCENE OF THE CRIME
TESTIMONIES OF WITNESSES IF THERE IS ANY
WRITTEN COMPLAINT OF THE VICTIM
CARNAPPING
THE ANTI CARNAPPING LAW – RA.6539
CARNAPPING DEFINED – IT IS THE UNLAWFUL TAKING WITH INTENT TO GAIN, A

MOTOR VEHICLE BELONGING TO ANOTHER WITHOUT THE LATTER!S CONSENT OR
BY MEANS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST OR INTIMIDATION OF PERSON OR USING FORCE
UPON THING.
ELEMENTS OF CARNAPPING
UNLAWFUL TAKING
INTENT TO GAIN
MOTOR VEHICLE BELONGING TO ANOTHER
LACK OF OWNERS CONSENT
BY VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION AGAINST PERSONS OR FORCE UPON THINGS.
DEFINITION OF A MOTOR VEHICLE (SEC 2 RA 6539)
MOTOR VEHICLE IS ANY VEHICLE PROPELLED BY MEANS OTHER THAN MUSCULAR

POWER, USING THE PUBLIC HIGHWAYS, BUT EXCEPTING ROAD ROLLERS, TROLLEY
CARS, STREET SWEEPERS, SPRINKLERS, LAWN MOWERS, BULLDOZERS, GRADERS,
FORKLIFTS, AMPHIBIAN TRUCKS AND CRANES, IF NOT USED ON PUBLIC HIGHWAYS,
ALSO VEHICLES WHICH RUN ONLY ON RAILS OR TRUCKS, TRACTORS, TRAILERS
AND TRACTION ENGINES OF ALL KINDS USED EXCLUSIVELY FOR AGRICULTURAL
PURPOSES. TRAILERS HAVING ANY NUMBER OF WHEELS,WHEN PROPELLED OR
INTENDED TO BE PROPELLED BY ATTACHMENT TO ANY MOTOR VEHICLE WITH NO
POWER RATING.
MACRO ETCHING – IT IS THE CHEMICAL PROCESS OF DETERMINING THE

AUTHENTICITY OF THE ENGINE AND CHASSIS NUMBERS OF A MOTOR VEHICLE
WHICH IS A REQUIREMENT BEFORE CLEARANCE IS USED FOR REGISTRATION OF
NEWLY TRANSFERRED VEHICLE FROM DEALERS OWNERS OR BUYERS.
MICRO ETCHING – IT IS THE CHEMICAL PROCESS OF RESTORING ERASED OR

TAMPERED ENGINE AND CHASSIS NUMBERS . THE PROCESS IS BY CONTINUOUS
APPLICATION OF STRONG ACID ON THE SUSPECTED TAMPERED OR ERASED
NUMBERS.
HOW TO DETECT STOLEN VEHICLES
NO LICENSE PLATE NUMBER
SPORTING IMPROVISED PLATES
SPORTING PLATES WHICH ARE FOR SPECIFIC VEHICLES LIKE YELLOW PLATE
ATTACHED TO THE PRIVATE VEHICLES
25
ABANDONED VEHICLES
FAKE LICENSE PLATES OR STICKERS
NO STICKER FOR THE CURRENT YEAR
HAPHAZARDLY PAINTED
PLATES DO NOT CORRESPOND TO THE YEAR OR MODEL OF THE VEHICLE
MODUS OPERANDI OF CARNAPPERS
A. SELECTION OF CAR MAKE OR MODEL WHICH EASILY MARKEDTABLE

DUE TO HIGH DEMAND SUCH AS HONDA, PAJERO
B. COLLUSSION OF CARNAPPERS WITH SALES AGENTS OF CAR DEALERS

WHO FURNISHED A COPIED KEY AND THE ADDRESS OF BUYERS
C. USE FO FALSE KEY WHILE PARKED UNATTENDED
D. CARNAPPERS SPORTING AS POLICE OFFICER WHO WILL CHECK AND

CONFISCATE PURPORTEDLY CARNAPPED VEHICLE.
E. BY HE USE OF FIREARM TO INTIMIDATE OR EXACT VIOLENCE ON THE

DRIVER .
F. GOING AROUND EARLY MORNING WHERE THEY WILL DRIVE AWAY
CARS BEING WASHED AND WHILE THE IGNITION KEY IS ON THE
SWITCH
G. WAITING AT THE GATE FOR THE CAR TO ARRIVE OR LEAVE WHERE

CARNAPPERS USE VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION TO THE DRIVER
.
H. OWNERS MAKE FICTITIOUS REPORT OF THEIR VEHICLES BEING
CARNAPPED, THE VEHICLE THEN IS HIDDEN STRIPPED AND
DISMANTLED FOR SALE TO AUTOMOTIVE PARTS OUTLETS,MEANTIME,
THE INSURANCE IS COLLECTED.
OTHER SPECIAL LAWS
R A NO 7691 (BARANGAY CONCILIATION)
RA NO. 3326. AN ACT TO ESTABLISH PERIOD OF PRESCRIPTION FOR

VIOLATIONS PENALIZED BY SPECIAL ACTS AND MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND TO
PROVIDE WHEN PRESCRIPTION SHALL BEGIN.
R A NO. 6981 – (WITNESS PROTECTION PROGRAM)
R A NO. 8293- AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE INTELECTUAL PROPERTY CODE

AND ESTABLISHING THE INTELECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE,
PROVIDING FOR ITS POWER AND FUNCTIONS.
R A NO. 6235 ( ANTI HIJACKING LAW)
R A NO. 3019 ( ANTI GRAFT AND CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT)
R A NO 1379 (FORFEITURE OF ILL GOTTEN WEALTH)
R A NO 7877 (ANTI SEXUAL HARASSMENT ACT)
26
R A NO 7610 (SPECIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AGAINST
CHILD ABUSE, EXPLOITATION AND DISCRIMINATION ACT IN
RELATION TO MURDER, MUTILATION OR INJURIES TO ACHILD)
R A NO 8353- AN ACT EXPANDING THE DIFINITION OF THE

CRIME OF RAPE, RECLASSIFYING THE SAME AS A CRIME AGAINST
PERSON, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE THE REVISED PENAL CODE)
REPEALED ARTICLE 335 ON RAPE AND ADDED A CHAPTER ON RAPE
UNDER TITLE 8.
R A NO 7438 AN ACT DEFINING CERTAIN RIGHTS OF PERSON

ARRESTED, DETAINED OR UNDER CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION BY
OFFICERS , AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION THEREOF.
R A NO 8493 (THE SPEEDY TRIAL ACT OF 1998)
R A NO 7659 ( THE DEATH PENALTY LAW) AN ACT TO IMPOSE

DEATH PENALTY ON CERTAIN HEINOUS CRIMES, AMENDING FOR
THAT PURPOSE THE REVISE PENAL CODE, AS AMENDED,OTHER
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
R A NO 8505 (RAPE VICTIM AND ASSISTANCE PROTECTION ACT

OF 1998) AN ACT PROVIDING ASSISTANCE AND PROTECTION FOR
RAPE VICTIMS, ESTABLISHING FOR THE PURPOSE A RAPE CRISIS
CENTER IN EVERY PROVINCE AND CITY, AUTHORIZING, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES.
R A NO 4103 ( INDETERMINATE SENTENCE LAW) AN ACT TO

PROVIDE FOR AN INDETERMINATE SENTENCE AND PAROLE FOR ALL
PERSONS CONVICTED OF CERTAIN CRIMES BY THE COURTS OF THE
PHILIPPINES ISLANDS; TO CREATE A BOARD OF INDETERMINATE
SENTENCE AND TO PROVIDE FUNDS THEREFORE AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.
R A NO 4200 (ANTI WIRE TAPING ACT) AN ACT TO PROHIBIT AND

PENALIZE WIRE TAPPING AND OTHER RELATED VIOLATIONS OF THE
PRIVACY OF COMMUNICATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
RA NO 7309 (ACT CREATING A BOARD OF CLAIM) AN ACT

CREATING BOARD OF CLAIM UNDER THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
FOR VICTIMS OF UNJUST IMPRISONMENT OR DETENTION AND
VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIMES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
R A NO 8177 ( ACT DESIGNATING DEATH BY LETHAL INJECTING

)AN ACT CREATING LETHAL INJECTION AS A METHOD OUT CAPITAL
PUNISHMENT, AMENDING THE PURPOSE ARTICLE 81 OF THE REVISED
PENAL CODE, AS AMMENDED BY SECTION 24 OF ACT NO 7659.
R A. NO 7080. (ANTI PLUNDER ACT) AN ACT DEFINING AND

PENALIZING THE CRIME OF PLUNDER
RA NO 8049 (ANTI HAZING LAW)AN ACT REGULATING HAZING

AND OTHER FORMS OF INITIATION RITES IN FRATERNITY
SORORITIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATION AND PROVIDING
PENALTIES THEREFORE.
RA NO 6539(ANTI CARNAPPING ACT OF 1972)
B P BLG 22 (BOUNCHING CHECK)
R A NO 8239( THE COMPREHENSIVE DRUGS ACT OF 2OO2)
27
PRESIDENTIAL DECREES
1. P .D NO 1612- (ANTI FENCING LAW)
2. P D. NO 532. (ANTI PIRACY AND ANTI HIGHWAY ROBBERY LAW)
3. P .D. NO 1829 AN ACT WHICH PENALIZES OBSTRUCTION OF

APPREHENSION
AND PROSECUTION OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS.. EFFECTIVE JANUARY
16, 1981.PUNISHES ACTS COMMONLY REFFERD TO AS OBSTRUCTION
OF JUSTICE.
4 P D NO. 1866. (ILLIGAL POSSESSION OF FIREARM)
5. P D NO 749. THE DECREE GRANTS IMMUNITY FROM PROSECUTION

TO A
PRIVATE PERSON OR PUBLIC OFFICER WHO SHALL VOLUNTARILY
GIVE
INFORMATION AND TESTIFY IN A CASE OF BRIBERY OR IN A CASE
INVOLVING A VIOLATION OF THE ANTI GRAFT AND CORRUPT
PRACTICES
ACT.
6 P D NO 968. (PROBATION LAW OF 1976) ESTABLISHING A PROBATION

SYSTEM,
APPRORIATING FUNDS THEREFORE AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
7. P D NO 603 AS AMMENDED (THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE
8. P D NO 533 ( ANTI CATTLE RUSTLING LAW)
CHAPTER 111
METHODS OF POLICE ARREST, SEARCHES AND SEIZURES CONDUCT OF RAIDS
1.DEFINITION OF ARREST
ARREST IS THE TAKING OF A PERSON INTO CUSTODY INORDER THAT HE MAY

BE BOUND TO ANSWER FOR THE COMMISSION OF AN OFFENSE.
POLICE ARREST IS THE ACT OF TAKING AN OFFENDER INTO CUSTODY AND

IMPOSING RESTRAINT UPON HIM WITH FORMAL NOTIFICATION THAT HE IS
“UNDER ARREST”
2. WHO ARE EXEMPT FROM ARREST?
A. SENATORS OR MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE, WHILE

CONGRESS IS IN SESSION, IN ALL OFFENSES PUNISHABLE BY NOT MORE
THAN 6 YEARS IMPRISONMENT.
B. DIPLOMATIC OFFICIALS AND THEIR DOMESTICS.
3. DUTY OF ARRESTING OFFICER. IT SHALL BE THE DUTY OF THE OFFICER

EXECUING THE WARRANT WITHOUT UNNECESSARY DELAY TO ARREST THE
ACCUSED AND TO DELIVER HIM TO THE NEAREST POLICE STATION OR JAIL.
28
4. LIFE OF WARRANT OF ARREST. A WARRANT OF ARREST, EVEN IF NOT SERVED
WITHIN THE STATUTORY PERIOD, REMAINS VALID UNLESS RECALLED BY THE
ISSUING COURT, OR IF THE ACCUSED IS ARRESTED OR HAS VOLUNTARILY
SUBMITTED HIM SELF TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE ISSUING COURT, UNLIKE A
SEARCH WARRANT WHICH HAS A LIFETIME OF ONLY (10) DAYS FROM ITS DATE OF
ISSUANCE.
5. WHEN ARREST MAY BE LEGALLY EFFECTED.
IN GENERAL, AN ARREST CAN BE VALIDLY EFFECTED ONLY UPON LAWFULL

ORDER OR WARRANT OF COMPETENT COURT OR JUDGE.
B. LAWFUL WARRANTLESS ARRESTS:

I. WHEN, IN THE LAWS ENFORCER’S PRESENCE, THE PERSON TO BE
ARRESTED HAS COMMITTED, IS ACTUALLY COMMITING, OR IS
ATTEMPTING TO COMMIT OF AN OFFENSE.
II. WHEN AN OFFENSE HAS IN FACT JUST BEEN COMMITTED, AND THE
OFFICER HAS PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE OF FACTS INDICATING THAT
THE PERSON TO BE ARRESTED HAS COMMITTED IT.
III. WHEN THE PERSON TO BE ARRESTED IS A PRISONER WHO HAS

ESCAPED FROM A PENAL ESTABLISHMENT OR PLACE WHERE HE IS
SERVING FINAL JUDGMENT OR TEMPORARILY COMFINED WHILE HIS
CASE IS PENDING, OR HAS SCAPED WHILE BEING TRANSFERRED FROM
ONE COMFINEMENT TO ANOTHER.
IV. IF A PERSON LAWFULLY ARRESTED ESCAPES OR IS RECUED, ANY

PERSON MAY IMMEDIATELY PURSUE OR RETAKE HIM WITHOUT A
WARRANT AT ANY TIME AND IN ANY PLACE WITHIN THE PHILIPPINES.
V. WHEN THE ARREST IS MADE BY A BONDSMAN FOR THE PURPOSE OF

SURRENDERING THE ACCUSED.
VI. WHERE THE ACCUSED RELEASED ON BAIL ATTEMPTS TO LEAVE THE

COUNTRY WITHOUT COURT PERMISSION.
VII. VIOLATION OF CONDITIONAL PARDON, PUNISHABLE UNDER ARTICLE

159 OF THE REVISED PENAL CODE AS A CASE OF EVASION OF SERVICE
OF SENTENCE.
6. WHO MAY EXECUTE ARREST. AMONG OTHERS, MEMBERS OF THE PNP AND THE
NBI MAY EFFECT ARRESTS.
7. HOW TO EFFECT ARREST
A. IN GENERAL. AN ARREST IS MADE BY AN ACTUAL RESTRAINT OF THE

PERSON TO BE ARRESTED, OR BY HIS SUBMISSION TO THE CUSTODY OF
THE PERSON MAKING THE ARREST.
NO VIOLENCE OR UNNECESSARY FORCE SHALL BE USED IN
MAKING AN ARREST, AND THE PERSON ARRESTED SHALL NOT BE
SUBJECTED TO ANY GREATER RESTRAINT THAN IS NECESSARY FOR HIS
DETENTION. (SEC. 2, RULE 113.)
B. MAKING THE ARREST
I. USE GOOD JUDGEMENT IN CONNECTION WITH THE ARREST.

II. ASSUME THAT THE SUBJECT IS ARMED AND WILL TAKE YOUR LIFE IF
GIVEN AN OPPORTUNITY.
29
C. ARREST ON THE STREET
I. THIS SHOULD BE MADE FROM THE SIDE OR REAR WHEN POSSIBLE.

II. SUBJECT SHOULD BE FORCED TOWARD A BUILDING.
III. AVOID CONGESTED AREAS WHEN POSSIBLE.
D. ARREST AT HOME, OFFICE OR BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENT.
I. RESTRICT THE SUBJECT’S MOVEMENT. DO NOT GRANT REQUESTS

FORPERSONAL PRIVILEGES BEFORE BEING SEARCHED.
II. CLOTHING AND OTHER THINGS REQUESTED SHOULD BE EXAMINED
FOR WEAPONS OR ITEMS OF EVIDENCE BEFORE TURNING THEM OVER
TO THE SUBJECT.
8. TERRITORIAL EFFECTIVITY OF A WARRANT OF ARREST. WARRANTS OF

ARREST ISSUED BY METROPOLITAN TRIAL COURTS, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS OR
MUNICIPAL CIRCUIT TRIAL COURTS CAN BE SERVED ANYWHERE IN THE
PHILIPPINE WITHOUT A CERTIFICATION BY A JUDGE OF THE REGIONAL TRIAL
COURT. (SUPREME COURT CIRCULAR NO. 14, 22 OCT 85)
9. DUTY OF PERSON MAKING AN ARREST WITHOUT A WARRANT. ANY PERSON

MAKING AN ARREST ON LEGAL GROUNDS SHALL, WITHOUT UNNECESSARY DELAY
AND WITHIN THE TIME PRESCRIBED UNDER ART. 125 OF THE REVISED PENAL
CODE, TAKE THE PERSON ARRESTED TO THE PROPER COURT OR JUDGE FOR
APPROPRIATE ACTION. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT THE PHYSICAL DELIVERY OF THE
ARRESTED PERSON THAT IS REQUIRED UNDER ART. 125 OF THE RPC, BUT THE
FILING OF AN INFORMATION AGAINST THE ARRESTED PERSON IN THE PROPER
COURT, WHERE THE JUDGE HAS THE AUTHORITY TO ISSUE AN ORDER OF RELEASE
OR OF CONFINEMENT.
10. PERIODS WITHIN WHICH PERSON ARRESTED WITHOUT A WARRANT SHOULD

BE CHARGED IN THE PROPER FORUM. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 272, DATED 25
JULY 1987, AMENDED ARTICLE 125 OF THE REVISED PENAL CODE BY EXTENDING
THE PERIOD AUTHORIZED TO DETAIN A PERSON PRIOR TO DELIVERY TO THE
JUDICIAL AUTHORITY, TO WIT: SIX (6) TO TWELVE (12) HOURS FOR CRIMES OR
OFFENSES PUNISHABLE WITH LIGHT PENALTIES; NINE (9) TO EIGHTEEN HOURS
FOR CRIMES OR OFFENSES PUNISHABLE WITH CORRECTIONAL PENALTIES; AND
EIGHTEEN (18) TO THIRTY-SIX (36) HOURS FOR CRIMES OR OFFENSES
PUNISHABLE WITH AFFLICTIVE OR CAPITAL PENALTIES.
11. RIGHT OF ATTORNEY OR RELATIVE TO VISIT PERSON ARRESTED. ANY

MEMBER OF THE BAR SHALL, AT THE REQUEST OF THE PERSON ARRESTED OR OF
ANOTHER ON HIS BEHALF, HAVE THE RIGHT TOVISIT AND CONFER PRIVATELY
WITH SUCH PERSON, IN JAIL OR ANY OTHER PLACE OF CUSTODY AT ANY HOUR
OF THE DAY OR, IN URGENT CASES, OF THE NIGHT. THIS RIGHT SHALL BE
EXERCISED BY ANY RELATIVE OF THE PERSON ARRESTED SUBJECT TO
REASONABLE REGULATION. (SEC. 14, RULE 113.)
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 155, DATED 30 MARCH 1987, AMENDING

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 857, PENALIZES ANY PUBLIC OFFICER WHO DEPRIVES A
PERSON OF HIS RIGHT TO COUNSEL. THE PENALTY SHALL BE PRISON
CORRECTIONAL OR IMPRISONMENT OF 6 MONTHS AND 1 DAY TO 6 YEARS.
12. MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF ARRESTED PERSON/SUSPECT. IMMEDIATELY

AFTER ARREST OF A PERSON ORDERED ARRESTED BY THE COURT, OR OF A
SUSPECT UNDER INVESTIGATION, HE SHOULD BE SUBJECTD TO A MEDICAL
EXAMINATION. PRIOR TO HIS RELEASE OR ANY CHANGE OF CUSTODY, THE
SUSPECT SHOULD ALSO BE MEDICALLY EXAMINED BY A MEDICO-LEGAL
OFFICER OR, IN THE ABSENCE OF SUCH MEDICO-LEGAL OFFICER, BY ANY
GOVERNMENT PHYSICIAN IN THE AREA.
30
13.SUMMONING ASSISTANCE FOR THE ARREST. ANY OFFICER MAKING A LAWFUL
ARREST MAY VERBALLY SUMMON AS MANY PERSON AS HE DEEMS NE CESSARY
TO AID HIM IN MAKING THE ARREST. EVERY PERSON SO SUMMONED SHALL AID
HIM IN THE MAKING OF SUCH ARREST, WHEN HE CAN RENDER SUCH AID
WITHOUT DETRIMENT TO HIMSELF. (SEC. 10 IBID.)
14. RIGHT OF PERSON ARRESTED. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7438 STATES THE RIGHTS OF
A PERSON ARRESTED, DETAINED OR UNDER CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION.
POLICE RESTRAINT- THIS IS A METHOD EMPLOYED BY THE INVESTIGATORS TO

DEPRIVE THE LIBERTY OF A PERSON BY TAKING HIM INTO CUSTODY, OTHERWISE
KNOWN AS APPREHENSION. THIS IS USUALLY CALLED AS “DETAINING FOR
QUESTIONING” PROTECTIVE CUSTODY AND “HOLDING A SHORT AFFIDAVIT”.
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF ARREST
AS A GENERAL RULE, THE SAFETY OF THE BYSTANDERS AND THE PERSONS

WHO HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH THE PERSON TO BE ARRESTED MUST BE INSURED
IN MAKING ARREST. FORCE MAYBE USED BUT ONLY SUFFICIENT FORCE NECESSARY
TO SUBDUE THE PERSON TO BE ARRESTED SHALL BE APPLIED AND IN ADDITION TO
THIS, THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES SHOULD BE ADOPTED.
SUMMON ASSISTANCE- IT IS ADVANTAGEOUS TO HAVE AN ASSISTANT PRESENT IN
EFFECTING AN ARREST. THIS WILL BE AN ADDITIONAL SAFETY MEASURE TO THE
ARRESTING OFFICER AND TO PROVIDE WITNESS TO ANY CRIMINAL OCCURRENCE
OR TO SIGNIFICANT EVIDENTIARY FACTS.
SELECT THE PLACE OF ARREST- THE PLACE OF ARREST MUST BE IN A PLACE WHERE
THERE IS THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF AVENUE OF ESCAPE, FREE FROM OUTSIDE
INTERFERENCE AND FREE FROM ANY POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF THE BY-
STANDERS. ISOLATION IS DESIRABLE SINCE CONGESTION MAY LEAD TO OUTSIDE
INTERFERENCE. INTERSECTION AFFORDS TO MANY AVENUE OF ESCAPE.
CONGESTED AREA AND STREET WILL PROHIBIT THE USE OF FIRE ARM BECAUSE OF
THE POSIBILITY OF INJURING THE BUSTANDERS. THE APPREHENSION MUST BE IN A
PLACE FREE FROM INTERFERENCE OF ASSOCIATES.
FOLLOW THE BEHAVIOR IN MAKING THE ARREST- A DIRECT OR STRAIGHT

FORWARD MANNER OF ARREST IS PREFERRABLE. THE SUSPECT SHOULD BE
NOTIFIED THAT HE IS BEING PLACED UNDER ARREST IF POSSIBLE. THE
INVESTIGATOR SHOULD IDENTIFY HIMSELF AND INFORM THE SUBJECT THAT HE IS
TO BE ARRESTED. A PRELIMINARY SEARCH CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED IN AN
INCONSPICIOUS MANNER. THE SUBJECT IS THEN REMOVED TO A PLACE WHERE A
THROUGH SEARCH CAN LATER BE MADE.
DETERMINED THE NECESSARY FORCE TO BE USED- THE DEGREE AND KIND OF

FORCE TO BE APPLIED TO EFFECT AN ARREST SHOULD ONLY BE PROPORTIONAL TO
THE CALCULATED RESISTANCE TO BE OFFERED. IMMODERATE OR EXCESSIVEFORCE
SHOULD NOT BE USED. BUT THE INVESTIGATOR SHOULD NOT, UNDER ANY
CIRCUMTANCES. RETREAT IN THE FACE OF RESISTANCE. THE RULE IS, “STAND YOUR
GROUND”. IF THE INVESTIGATOR USES A REVOLVER, THE CHAMBERS SHOULD BE
FULLY LOADED AND HAMMER SHOULD BE IN THE UNCOOKED POSITION. THE
INVESTIGATOR SHOULD NOT DRAW HIS WEAPON TO USE IT.
SPECIFIC TECHNICS OF AFFECTING ARREST
APPREHENSION ON FOOT- THIS METHOD MUST BE DONE ON STREET INTERSECTIONS.

THE INVESTIGATORS MUST WAIT FOR THE SUBJECT TO HAVE TURNED THE CORNER
AND THE ARREST MUST BE MADE IN NOT LESS THAN TEN YARD AWAY FROM THE
CORNER. IF THE INVESTIGATOR IS WORKING ALONE, HE SHOULD ORDER THE
SUBJECT TO STAND FACING THE BUILDING OR WALL AND QUESTIONING SHOULD BE
MADE WHEN SUBJECT IS ON THAT POSITION. THE INVESTIGATOR SHOULD HOLD HIS
31
GUN AT ADISTANCE OF ATLEAST FOUR FEET FROM THE SUBJECT BACK. IF TWO
INVESTIGATORS ARE PRESENT ONE SHOULD STAND GUARD AT A DISTANCE OF
ABOUT TEN FEET WHILE THE OTHER PERFORMS THE ARREST OR QUESTION THE
SUBJECT
APPREHENSION ON MOTORS VEHICLES- THE POLICE SHOULD RUN ALONG SIDE OF

THE SUBJECTS VEHICLES WHILE ONE OF THE INVESTIGATORSORDER THE DRIVER OR
SUBJECT TO STOP AT THE SIDE OF THE ROAD. THE POLICE VEHICLE SHOULD STOP AT
THE BACK OF THE SUBJECT’S CAR. ONE OF THE INVESTIGATORS SHOULD APPROACH
THE SUBJECT’S VEHICLE FROM THE REAR WHILE THE OTHER STAND IN STRTEGIC
POSITIONS NEAR THEIR OWN VEHICLE. THE ARREST SHOULD BE ANNOUNCED AND
THE OCCUPANTS OF THE DETAINED VEHICLE SHOULD BE ORDERED TO ALIGHTONE
AT ATIME ON THE ROAD WITH THE HANDS UP. THEY SHOULD BE ORDERED TO
STAND FOR SOME DISTANCE FROM THE VEHICLE AND ONE OF THE INVESTIGATORS
SHOULD NOW INSPECT THE CAR TO ASCERTAIN IF ALL THE OCCUPANTS HAVE
ALIGHTED. IF THE SUBJECT’S VEHICLE IS TO BE DRIVEN TO THE HEADQUARTERS,
THE INVESTIGATR SHOULD TAKE THE WHEEL AND DRIVE CLOSE BEHIND THE
POLICE VEHICLE. IF THE SUBJECT’S VEHICLE IS TO BE LEFT BEHIND IT SHOULD BE
SEARCHED AND LOCKED.
APPREHENSION IN ABUILDING- IF SEARCH WILL ALSO BE A POSSIBLE INCIDENT FOR

THE ARREST, A SEARCH WARRANT MAYBE NECESSARY. THE COOPERATION OF TH
BUILDING OWNER, CARETAKER AND SECURITY GUARD SHOULD BE ENLISTED AND
EFFORT SHOULD BE MADE TO UNNECESSARILY DISRUPT THE NORMAL ROUTINE
BUSINESS IN THE BUILDING. IF IT IS AN HOTEL, THE NORMAL QUESTIONING OF THE
HOTEL MANAGER AS TO THE LAYOUT OF THE SUBJECT’S ROOM MUST BE MADE
BEFORE THE APPREHENSION. A NUMBER OF INVESTIGATORS SHOULD BE ASSIGNED
TO THE POSSIBLE AVENUE OF ESCAPEE.
IN THE ACTUAL APPREHENSION, THE INVESTIGATOR SHOULD KNOCK

ON THE DOOR AND ANNOUNCE THAT HE IS A BELLBOY AND IS DELIVERING A
TELEGRAM. IF THE DOOR IS NOW OPENED BY THE SUBJECT, THE
INVESTIGATOR SHOULD MOVE IN QUICKLY, FORCE THE SUBJECT BACK INTO
THE ROOM AND SEPARATE INSIDE THE ROOM, AVOIDING THE DANGER OF
CROSSFIRE.
IF THE DOOR IS NOT OPENED, A PASS KEY SHOULD BE QUIETLY

INSERTED AND TURNED WITHOUT STANDING INFRONT OF THE DOOR. ONE
AGENT SHOULD KICK THE DOOR ASIDE SHARPLY TO DETERMINE IF ANYONE
STANDING BEHIND IT. AGAIN, THE AGENTS SHOULD MOVE QUIKLY AND
SPREAD OUT AGAINST THE NEAR WALL. HOWEVER, IN THE EVENT THAT THE
SUBJECT IS FOUND IN THE FOLLOWING POSITION, THIS PROCEDURE MUST BE
DONE:
A. SLEEPING SUBJECT- CARE MUST BE EXERCISED IF THE SUBJECT IS

SLEEPING FOR POSSIBLE CONCEALED WEAPON UNDER THE PILLOW. THE
PAIR OF AGENTS SHOULD PROCEED QUIETLY TO THE BEDSIDE. IF A THIRD
AGENT IS PRESSENT, HE SHOULD WATCH FOR HIDDEN CONFEDERATES.
B. SUBJECT LYING ON HIS BACK- ONE AGENT SHOULD STAND NEAR THE
FOOT OF THE BED WHILE THE OTHER PROCEEDS TO THE SIDE TO ACT AS
GUARD. THE AGENT ON FOOT SHOULD SNATCH THE COVERS QUICKLY
FROM THE SUBJECT. THE OTHER AGENT SHOULD THEN ORDER THE
SUBJECT TO PUT UP HIS HAND AND GET OUT OF BED. HE SHOULD THEN
IDENTIFY HIMSELF AND MAKE THE FORMAL ARREST.
C. SUBJECT PRONE IN BED WITH HANDS UNDER THE PILLOW- THE AGENT
SHOULD PROCEED TO THE SIDE OF THE BED, SEIZE THE WRIST OF THE
HIDDEN HAND AND ORDERED TO WITHDRAW SLOWLY. THIS WILL
PREVENT HIM TO GET WHATEVER CONCEALED WAPON HE HAS.
32
POLICE SEARCH AND SEIZURES
DEFINITIONS:
1. SEARCH OF A PERSON -IS CONDUCTED TO DISCOVER WEAPONS, OR EVIDENCE TO

DETERMINE IDENTITY.
2. SEIZURE- IS THE TAKING CUSTODY OF PROPERTY FOUND BY SEARCHING.
3. SEARCH WARRANT- IS AN ORDER IN WRITING AND ISSUED IN THE NAME OF THE

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, SIGNED BY MUNICIPAL OR CITY
JUDGE AND DIRECTED TO A PEACE OFFICER, COMMANDING
HIM TO SEARCH FOR PERSONAL PROPERTY AND BRING IT
BEFORE THE COURT. (SEC. 1, RULE 126, RULE OF COURT)
LAWS APPLICABLE TO SEARCH AND SEIZURES
SEC. 1, RULES 126-DEFINITION OF SEARCH WARRANT

SEC. 2, RULES 126- THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TO BE SEIZED
SEC. 3, RULES 126- REQUISITES FOR ISSUING A SEARCH WARRANT
SEC. 4, RULES 126- EXAMINATION OF APPLICANT FOR ASEARCH WARRANT
SEC. 5, RULES 126- ISSUANCE AND FORM OF SEARCH WARRANT
SEC. 6, RULES 126- RIGHT TO BRREAK DOOR OR WINDOW TO EFFECT THE SEARCH
SEC. 7, RULES 126- SEARCH OF HOUSE, ROOM, OR PREMISES TO BE MADE IN THE
PRESENCE OF WITNESSES
SEC. 8, RULES 126- TIME OF MAKING SEARCH
SEC. 9, RULES 126- VALIDITY OF SEARCH WARRANT (LIFETIME)
SEC. 10, RULES 126- RECEIPT FOR THE PROPERTY SEIZED
SEC. 11, RULES 126- DELIVERY OF PROPERTY AND INVENTORY THEREOF TO THE
COURT
SEC. 12, RULES 126- SEARCH WITHOUT WARRANT OF PERSON ARRESTED
METHODS OF SEARCHES BY THE POLICE
1. PRELIMINARY SEARCHES OF PERSON- THIS IS ORDINARILY MADE AT THE TIME

AND SCENE OF AN ARREST. ITS PRIMARY PURPOSE IS TO DISCOVER CONCEALED
WEAPONS AND SEIZURES OF INCRIMINATING EVIDENCE, WHICH MIGHT
OTHERWISE BE DESTROYED.
A. WALL SEARCH- A SUBJECT TO BE PLACED IN POSITION FOR A WALL SEARCH

IS FIRST ORDERED TO FACE THE WALL WITH HIS FEET APPROXIMATELY ONE
YARD FROM THE WALL. HE IS THEN MADE TO LEAN FORWARD AGAINST THE
WALL WITH HIS HEAD DOWN. IN THIS POSITION, HE IS OFF BALANCE. IF HE
MOVES HIS HAND FROM THE WALL, HE WILL FALL DOWN. HIS LOSS OF
BALANCE PROHIBITS ANY SUDDEN MOVEMENT OR ANY ATTEMPT TO STRIKE
A BLOW AGAINST THE INVESTIGATOR. DURING THE SEARCH, THE
INVESTIGATOR STAND WELL IN THE BACK OF THE SUBJECT, COVERING HIM
WITH FIREARM. WHEN THE SUBJECT IS IN A LEANING POSITION, HIS FEET ARE
FORCED OPEN TO ANOTHER 12 INCHES FROM EACH OTHER TO KEEP HIM
MORE UNBALANCE. THEN PLACE THE INVESTIGATOR LEG IN BETWEEN THE
LEGS OF THE SUBJECT. IN THIS POSITION, THE SUBJECT IS EASILY TRIPPED IF
HE ATTEMPTS A SUDDEN MOVEMENT. TO SEARCH THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE
SUBJECT, THE INVESTIGATOR PLACES HIS GUN ON HIS LEFT HAND AND
SEARCHES WITH HIS RIGHT HAND. FOR THE LEFT SIDE, THE LEFT HAND IS
USED WITH THE GUN INHIS RIGHT HAND.
33
SUGGESTED METHODICAL SEARCH IN WALL SEARCH:
REMOVE THE SUBJECT’S HAT, EXAMINE IT AND REPLACE IT.

FEEL ALONG THE BACK FROM THE AREA BETWEEN THE SHOULDER TO THE WRIST
AND UP TO THE RIGHT ARMPIT.
RUN THE HAND FIRMLY ALONG THE RIGHT ARM TO THE FINGERS GRASPING
CONTINOUSLY.
FEEL THE THROAT, CHEST AND WAIST ON THE APPROPRIATE SIDE.
EMPTY THE WATCH POCKET.
EMPTY ALL OTHER POCKETS.
EXAMINE FOR FALSE POCKET.
EMPTY THE TROUSER POCKET ON THE SIDE AND BACK.
SEARCH THE CRITCH AREAS.
FEEL DOWN THE INSIDE OF THE LEG TO THE ANKLE.
SEARCH THE TROUSER CUFFS, SOCK AND SHOE OPENING.
FEEL THE OUTSIDE OF THE LEG.
NOTE: AFTER COMPLETING THE SEARCH ON ONE SIDE, THE INVESTIGATOR

STEPS BACK, SHIFT HIS GUN TO THE OTHER HAND, AND PROCEDS TO
SEARCH THE OTHER SIDE.
B. KNEELING SEARCH- THIS IS USED WHERE NO WALL OF UPRIGHT OBJECT IS

AVAILABLE FOR THE WALL SEARCH. THE SUBJECT IS REQUIRED TO KNEEL
WITH HANDS RAISED OF SECURED BEHIND HIM WITH HANDCUFFS. THE
SEARCH TECHNIC IS SIMILAR TO THAT USED IN THE WALL METHOD. THE
SUBJECT IS DIRECTED TO REMAIN MOTIONLESS AND FACE FRONT. THE
OFFICER SHOULD PLACE ONE FOOT ON THE HEEL OF THE FOOT OF THE
SUBJECT. SHOULD THE SUBJECT ATTEMPT TO RESISTS, THE
INVESTIGATORCAN PIN THE HEEL OF THE SUBJECT TO THE GROUND.
C. FLOOR SEARCH- THE SUBJECT IS INPRONE POSITION, FACE DOWN TOUCHING

THE GROUND, WITH ARMS EXTENDED OVER THE HEAD. THE INVESTIGATOR
CROUCHES AT THE SIDE OF THE SUBJECT AT THE REGION OF THE WAIST OF
SUBJECT.
D. STANDING SEARCH- THE SUBJECT IS IN THE STANDING POSITION WITH FEET

APART AND HANDS RAISED. THE SEARCHER STANDS TO THE REAR AND USES
THE TECHNIC IN WALL SEARCH. THIS METHOD IS ONLY EMPLOYED WHEN
THERE ARE TWO OR MORE ARRESTING OFFICER.
2. COMPLETE SEARCHES OF PERSON- IF THERE IS DOUBT AS TO THE

THOROUGHNESS OF THE PRELIMINARY SEARCH, A SECOND SEARCH SHOULD BE
MADE AT THE PLACE OF DETENTION. THE SUBJECT IS REQUIRED TO REMOVE ALL
HIS CLOTHINGS AND PLACE IT ON A TABLE. THEN THE SUBJECT SHOULD THEN
BE SEARCHED CAREFULLY. THIS NORMALLY DONE WHEN THE INVESTIGATOR IS
LOOKING FOR THE FINE PARTICLES OF PIECE OF EVIDENCE SUCH AS IRON AND
GLASS FRAGMENTARIES, SOIL AND DIRT, TRACES AND PROOHIBITED DRUGS
AND OTHERS.
IN THE EXAMINATION OF THE SUBJECT AND CLOTHINGS, PARTICULAR

ATTENTIONS MUST BE GIVEN TO THE FOLLOWING:
A. ARTICLES THAT MIGHT BE USSED AGAINST THE SEARCHERS OR TO

EFFECT AN ESCAPE (FIREARMS KNIVES, KNUCKLES, EXPLOSIVES AND
OTHERS).
B. ARTICLES THAT MIGHT BE USED BY THE SUBJECT TO COMMIT SUICIDE

SUCH AS POISON, RAZOR BLADE, ETC.
C. ARTICLES THAT CONSTITUTE THE FRUIT OF THE CRIME.
D. ARTICLES USED IN THE COMMISSION OF THE CRIME.
34
E. ARTICLES OF EVIDENCE THAT MAY BE USED TO SUPPORT CHARGES
AGAINST THE SUBJECT. (PAPERS, MAPS, DOCUMENTS)
F. ARTICLES RELATING TO ANY OTHER CRIMINAL ACTIVITY OF THE

SUBJECT.
HOW TO APPLY HANDCUFFS OR OTHER RESTRAINING DEVICES:
WHILE THE ASSISTING INVESTIGATOR IS GUARDING THE SUBJECT THE

SEARCHING INVESTIGATOR RETURNS HIS WEAPON TO THE HOLSTER AND WORKING
FROM THE BACK OF THE SUBJECT, ORDERS THE SUSPECT TO GIVE HIS RIGHT WRIST
TO WHICH THE INVESTIGATOR FASTENED ONE CUFF. THE SEARCHING
INVESTIGATOR WILL THEN ORDER THE SUBJECT TO PLACE HIS RIGHT HAND BEHIND
HIM. THEN THE SUBJECT IS ORDERED TO PLACE HIS HEAD AGAINST THE WALL AND
PUT HIS OHER HAND IN THE REAR. THE SECOND CUFF IS THEN PLACE. IF THE
SUBJECT IS TO BE TRANSPORTED A GREAT DISTANCE, IT IS DESIRABLE TO PLACE
THE HANDCUFFS IN FRONT AND SECURE THE CUFFS TO HIS BELT. IF THERE ARE
MORE THAN ONE PRISONER AND THERE IS ONLY A PAIR OF HANDCUFFS, ONE CUFF
IS ATTACHED TO ONE AND THE OTHER TO ANOTHER SUBJECT. IF THERE ARE FOUR
SUBJECTS, THE CHAIN OF ONE PAIR OF CUFF CAN BE PASSED THROUGH ANOTHER.
NOTE: IF NO HANDCUFF IS AVAILABLE, THE SUBJECT’S BELT CAN BE USED. NECKTIE

OR SHORT PIECE OF ROPE CAN BE USED.
THE POLICE RAID
DEFINITION OF RAID- IS A SURPRISE INVASION OF A BUILDING OR AREA. IT IS AN

ATTACK ON SMALL SCALE OF A LIMITED TERRITORY. THE
RAIDERS MUST BE ARMED WITH A VALID SEARCHG WARRANT.
PURPOSE OF RAID
TO EFFECT AN APPREHENSION.
TO OBTAIN EVIDENCE OF ILLEGAL ACTIVITY BY SURPRISING IN FLAGRANTE
DELITO.
TO RECOVER STOLEN PROPERTY
THE PLANNING OF A RAID
A SUCCESSFUL RAID DEPENDS UPON AN INTELLEGENT PLANNING AND

UNDERSTANDING OF ITS NATURE. IT MUST BE PERFORMED SUPERTITIOUSLY AND
WITH SPEED. THERE MUST BE SUPERIORITY OF MANPOWER AND EQUIPMENT,
EFFECTIVELY IMPLIMENTED BY INTELLEGENT COORDINATION.
THE SITUATION MUST BE ESTIMATED. THE MISSION SHOULD BE CLEARLY

STATED, THE EXTENT OF THE OPPOSITION SHOULD BE CAREFULLY CALCULATED.
THE TERRAIN AND BUILDINGS SHOULD BE SUBJECTED TO CLOSE STUDY. A PLAN
SHOULD BE EVOLVED FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVES WITH
EFFICIENCY AND WITH MINIMUM OF PERSONAL INJURY AND PROPERTY DAMAGE.
THE PARTICIPANTS SHOULD BE INFORMED BY THE RAID COMMANDER OF

THE PRECISE MISSION OF OPERATION; THE PROBABLE IDENTITY OF THE EXPECTED
OPPOSITION; THE ARREST THAT SHOULD BE MADE AND THE ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE
WHICH MAY BE PRESENTED OR WHICH IS NECESSARY FOR THE INVESTIGATION.
A PLANNED RAID MUST BE PRECEEDED BY A SUPERFICIAL

RECONNAISANCE OF THE PLACE. THIS INCLUDES THE STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING:
35
A. BUILDING- THE STRUCTURE SHOULD BE STUDIED TO LEARN THE LOCATION OF
THE DOORS, COMMON, EXITS, FIRE ESCAPES, COMMUNICATION FACILITIES,
WINDOWS, ROOF LAYOUTS AND ETC.
B. PERSONS- OCCUPANTS AND VISITORS OF THE BUILDING SHOULD BE NOTED.

THE FREQUENCY AND TIME OF THEIR VISITS IS OF IMPORTANCE IN PLANNING
THE RAID. THE NUMBER OF PERSONS INHABITING THE BUILDING AT VARIOUS
TIMES OF THE DAY SHOULD BE LEARNED.
C. NEIGHBORHOOD- THE NEIGHBORING BUILDING MAY ALSO BE STUDIED.

OCCUPANTS OF THE LARGER BUILDING MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH ADJACENT
BUILDING. THE DANGER OF COUNTER-ATTACK FROM SYMPATHETIC
NEIGHBORS MUST BE ANTICIPATED. APPROACH AND ACCES TO THE TARGET
BUILDING SHOULD BE STUDIED.
D. TOPOGRAPHY- THE BROAD SURROUNDING AREA MUST BE ENTEREDINTO AN

INTELLEGENT PLAN. THE NUMBER OF LANES, THE DIRECTION OF THE
STREETS, TRAFFIC LIIGHTS AND THE VOLUME OF TRAFFIC AT A GIVEN TIME
SHOULD BE STUDIED. AVENUE OF ESCAPE, POINT OF ROAD BLOCKS AND
OTHER PHYSICAL OBSTACLE OF THE TERRAIN MUST BE NOTED.
PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE PLAN OF RAID
THE PLAN MUST BE SIMPLE

THE PLAN MUST NOT BE UNNECESSARILY COMPLICATED TO DEFEAT ITS
OBJECTIVE.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE RAIDING PARTY MUST BE DETERMINED

THE RAID COMMANDER AND HIS ASSISTANT SHOULD BE MEN OF
EXPIRIENCE IN POLICE RAID. OTHER MEMBERS OF THE RAIDING PARTY
SHOULD BE GIVEN SPECIFIC ASSIGNMENT SUCH AS COVERING, ENTERING OR
GUARDS. SECONDARY ASSIGNMENTS SHOULD BE MADE IN ANTICIPATION OF
ACCIDENTS.
POSITION AND MOVEMENTS MUST BE PRECISED

THE MEMBERS OF THE PARTY SHOULD BE THOROUGHLY BRIEFED. THE
BRIEFING MUST BE IN A CONFERENCE ROOM WHERE MAP OF THE AREA WILL
BE USED TO SHOW POSITIONS, SPECIFIC DUTIES AND OPERATIONAL
MOVEMENTS. THE RAID COMMANDER WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROPER
COORDINATION OF ALL GROUPS IN THE RAID.
WEAPONS TO BE USED MUST BE PROPERLY CHECKED

PROPER INSTRUCTIONS SHOULD BE GIVEN REGARDING THE WEAPON TO BE
CARRIED AND THEIR USE.
SIGNALS FOR COORDINATION MUST BE ADOPTED AND STUDIED

VISUAL, AUDIBLE AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTS CAN BE EMPLOYED, TO
INSURE CONSTANT CONTACT. HAND SIGNAL, FLARE PISTOL, WHISTLES,
PORTABLE TWO-WAY RADIOS, FIELD TELEPHONE AND PUBLIC ADDRESS
SYSTEM CAN BE INCLUDED IN THE EQUIPMENTS.
THE POINT OF DANGER MUST BE KNOWN AND EXPLAINED

THE PAST HISTORY OF THE SUBJECTS OF THE RAID SHOULD BE KNOWN IN
ORDER TO FORM AN ESTIMATE OF THE PROBABLE DANGER OF THE
OPERATION. A DETERMINATION SHOULD BE MADE AS TO WHETHER THE
OPOSITION POSSESS ARMS OR HAS USED ARMS IN THE PAST. THE PRELIMINARY
SURVEILLANCE SHOULD PROVIDE SUCH INFORMATION.
TRANSPORTATION NEEDED MUST BE AVAILABLE

THREE TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION SHOULD BE MADE READY. THERE
SHOULD BE ONE VEHICLE NECESSARY TO CONVEY THE RAID PARTY TO ITS
36
DESTINATION. THE OTHER SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO CARRY PRISONERS AND
EVIDENCES ON THE RETURN TRIP. THE LAST WOULD BE A HIGH-POWERED
PURSUIT CAR IN GOOD CONDITION TO BE USED IN THE EVENT OF ANY
ATTEMPTED ESCAPE BY ANYONE OF THE SUBJECT.
THE MEMBERS OF RAID PARTY MUSR BE SHOWN AND BE FAMILIAR WITH RAID
SKETCH OR MODEL
THIS IS A SIMPLE MAP OR BLUE PRINT SUFFICIENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF
INSTRUCTION AND ORIENTATION. THE MAP SHOULD SHOW THE ROAD
NETWORK AND SPECIAL TERRAIN FEATURE, WHICH WILL AFFECT THE
OPERATION. THE COMMUNICATION LINE AND THE PROBABLE AVENUE OF
ESCAPE MUST BE SHOWN. THE ENTRANCE AND EXIT TO THE BUILDINGS AS
WELL MUST BE INDICATED. THE MAP MUST ALSO SHOW THE GENERAL AREA,
LANDMARKS, WATER, TOWER, BUILDINGS, AVENUES, WINDOWS, EXIT, POINT
OF COVER AND CONCEALMENT, LIGHTING, LOCATION OF RAID PARTY
ELEMENTS, BASIC AND ALTERNATE PLAN.
DUTIES OF THE RAIDING PERSONNEL:
2. RAID COMMANDER- SUPERVICES ALL THE FUNCTIONS AND OPERATIONS.
3. ASSISTANT RAID COMMANDER- SIMILAR TO THE RAID COMMANDER. HE

USUALLY RELAYS THE INSTRUCTIONS OF THE RAID COMMANDER TO THE
PERSONNEL.
4. OTHER PERSONNEL- THE PERSONNELS SHOULD TED FOR THEIR GOOD

JUDGEMENT AND RESOURCEFULNESS. THEIR EXPERIENCE SHOULD BE THE
BASIS FOR KEY POSITIONS.
THE POLICE RAID OPERATION
APPROACH TO THE ASSEMBLY POINT
AFTER BEING BRIEFED CONCERNING THE ASSEMBLY POINT, THE

PARTICIPANTS IN THE RAID PROCEED TO THE RENDEZVOUS. THE PLACE OF
ASSEMBLY MUST NOT BE TOO CLOSE TO THE TARGET. THE VEHICLES LIGHT
SHOULD BE EXTIGUISHED ON ARRIVING AT THE ASSEMBLY POINT. ALL
VEHICLES BELONGING TO THE SUBJECTS NEAR THE TARGET SHOULD BE
RENDERED IN OPERATIVE BY THE SIMPLIEST AVAILABLE MEANS. WHEN THE
RAIDING PARTY IS FINALLY ASSEMBLED, AN ACCOUNTING OF THE PERSONNEL
SHOULD BE MADE. EQUIPMENTS SHOULD BE CHECKED, WATCHES
SYNCHRONIZED AND ARRANGEMENTS OF ROAD BLOCKS OF VEHICLES AND
PEDESTRIAN PUT INTO EFFECT.
AT A GIVEN TIME, THE BUILDING OR AREA WILL BE SURROUNDED BY

THE COVERING UNIT. EACH RAIDER MUST OCCUPY HIS ASSIGNED POSITION
AND SHOULD GIVE A READY SIGNAL.
WARNING TO THE SUBJECTS IF NECESSARY
IN SOME SITUATION, IT MAY BE DESIRABLE TO COMMUNICATE WITH

THE SUSPECT. THIS CAN BE DONE BY VOICE, TELEPHONE, OR PUBLIC ADDRESS
SYSTEM. THE RAIDER SHOULD IDENTIFY THEMSELVES, THEIR PURPOSE
SHOULD BE MAKE KNOW AND THE SUSPECTS REQUESTED TO SURRENDER. IF
HE COMPLIES, HE SHOULD EMERGE FROM THE BUILDING AND SUBJECT
HIMSELF TO A SEARCH AND RESTRAINING DEVICE.
ATTACK ON THE BUILDING IN CASE OF REFUSAL TO SURRENDER
IF THE SUSPECT REFUSES TO SURRENDER OR IT IS ADVISABLE TO

PROCEED WITH THE RAID SURREPTITIOUSLY AND WITHOUT WARNING TO THE
37
SUSPECT, ENTRANCE MUST BE IN TO THE BUILDING. THE INVESTIGATORS
ASSIGNED TO EFFECT ENTRY SHOULD MAKE USE OF ALL POSSIBLE COVER,
SUCH AS WALLS, HODGES, ADJACENT BUILDINGS AND FENCES. THE DOOR
SHOULD BE OPEN WITH A HARD PUSH TO INSURE THAT NO ONE IS BEHIND IT.
FINAL ACTS OF THE RAIDING PARTY
WHEN THE RAID IS COMPLETED, THE RAID COMMANDER WILL FIND

HIMSELF RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SECURITY OF THE INSTALLATION,
PROTECTION OF THE PROPERTTY, APPREHENSION OF THE ASSOCIATES OF THE
SUSPECTS. THE MEMBERS OF THE RAIDING PARTY SHOULD RE-ASSEMBLE AT A
DESIGNATED LOCATION FOR A FINAL ROLL CALL TO ACCOUNT FOR ALL THE
MEMBERS OF THE RAIDING PARTY.
THE POST OPERATION CRITICS
UPON ARRIVAL AT THE OFFICE OF THE RAIDING PARTY, THE RAID

COMMANDER SHOULD IMMEDIATELY CALL FOR A MEETING OF ALL THE MEMBERS
OF HIS RAID PARTY. THE PURPOSE IS TO ASSESS THE SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF THE
OPERATION. ANY CRITICISM FROM THE MEN SHOULD BE WELCOMED AND STUDIED
AND RECORDED FOR FUTURE REFERENCE AND GUIDE.
CHAPTER IV
INVESTIGATION OF ARSON CASE
DEFINITION OF ARSON-
ARSON IS DEFINED AS THE MALICIOUS DESTRUCTION OF THE PROPERTY BY

FIRE.
LAWS APPLICABLE TO THE CRIME OF ARSON
ART. 320, RPC- FORMS OF DESTRUCTIVE ARSON.

ART. 321, RPC- OTHER FORMS OF ARSON
ART. 323, RPC- ARSON OF PROPERTY OF SMALL VALUE
ART. 324, RPC- CRIMES INVOLVING DESTRUCTION AMOUNTING TO
ARSON
ART. 325, RPC- BURNING’S ONE’S OWN PROPERTY AS TO MEANS TO
COMMIT ARSON
ART. 326, RPC- SETTING FIRE TO PROPERTY EXCLUSIVELY OWNED BY
THE OFFENDER.
CLASSIFICATION OF ARSON: A. ATTEMPTED B. FRUSTRATED AND C.

CONSUMATED
IF A PERSON INTENDED TO BURN A WOODEN HOUSE, COLLECTED RAGS

SOAKED IN GASOLINE AND PLACED IT BESIDE THE WALL, BUT WHEN HE WAS
ABOUT TO LIGHT IT, HE WAS SEEN BY ANOTHER WHO RAN AFTER HIM, THE CRIME IS
ATTEMPTED ARSON. IF THE PERSON WAS ABLE TO LIGHT THE RAGS BUT THE FIRE
WAS PUT OUT BEFORE ANY PART OF THE BUILDING WAS BURN, THEN IT IS
FRUSTRATED ARSON BUT IF BEFORE THE FIRE WAS PUT OUT, PRT OF THE BUILDING
WAS BURNED, THEN IT IS CONSUMATED ARSON.. .
NOTE: CONSUMATED ARSON
A. THE MERE DISCOLORATION OR SCORCHING OF A WOODEN WALL BY

FIRE IS CONSUMATED ARSON.
38
B. IF THE SCORCHING IS ON THE CONCRETE WALL WHERE THERE IS
REMOTE POSSIBILITY OF THE FIRE TO SPREAD, IT IS ATTEMPTED
ARSON
C. THE ACT TO SET FIRE WITH THE PREPARATION OF INFLAMABLE

MATERIAL AT THE PLACE TO BE BURNED IS ATTEMPTED ARSON.
D. THERE IS NO FRUSTRATED ARSON.
ELEMENTS OF ARSON
ACTUAL BURNING TOOK PLACE
DONE WITH MALICIOUS INTENT
THE BURNING IS DONE BY A PERSON WHO IS CRIMINALLY AND CIVILLY

LIABLE
TYPES OF FIRE SETTERS

ARSON FOR PROFIT (INSURANCE)
SOLITARY FIRE SETTERS – THEY SET FIRE FOR REVENGE OR

SPITE
.
GROUP FIRE SETTERS- AS AMEANS OF VANDALISM OR BY PEER
PRESSURE. RIOT FIRE IS ALSO DONE BY GROUPS AS AN OUTBURST OF VIOLENCE,
TENSION, OR SOCIAL UNREST AS ARESULT OF MOB RULE. POLITICAL FIRES ARE
INCLUDED TO DRAMATIZE AN ISSUE, EMBARRASS AUTHORITIES FOR POLITICAL
REASON.
BASIS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN ARSON
1. KINDS AND CHARACTER OF THE BUILDING BURNED
THE LOCATION OF THE BUILDING
3. EXTENT OR VALUE OF DAMAGE CAUSED
4. WHETHER OR NOT THE OFFENDER KNOWS THAT THE BUILDING BURNED WAS
OCCUPIED OR NOT
PROOF NECESSARY IN ARSON INVESTIGATION
THE GATHERING OF PROOF IN THE COMMISSION OF ARSON IS OFTEN VERY

DIFFICULT IN VIEW OF THE FACT THAT THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE IS EITHER
DESTROYED OR BURNED TOTALLY BY THE FIRE. IT IS HOWEVER, NECESSARY THAT
THE INVESTIGATOR MUST GATHER THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE WHICH WILL
ESTABLISH THE CORPUS DELICTI OR BODY OF THE CRIME AND THE IDENTIFY OF
THE ARSONISTS WHICH WILL INCLUDE LOCATING AND ASSOCIATING EVIDENCES.
CORPUS DELICTI NECESSARY TO BE STABLISHED EVEN IF THERE IS CONFESSION
FROM THE SUSPECT OTHERWISE, CONFESSION ALONE WILL NOT WARRANT THE
CONVICTION OF THE ARSONISTS. THE FOLLOWING PROOF WILL CONSTITUTE THE
CORPUS DELICTI OF ARSON:
1. THE FACT THAT THERE WAS BURNING- EVIDENCE GATHERED MUST SHOW
THAT THERE WAS FIRE. THE BURNING OF THE PROPERTY AND ITS LOCATION
CAN BE SHOWN BY PHOTOGRAPHS AND ESTABLISHED BY THE DIRECT
TESTIMONY OF EYE WITNESSES. BURNED PARTS OF THE BUILDING MAYBE
GATHERED AS PHYSICAL EVIDENCE.
2. THAT BURNING WAS RESULT OF A CRIMINAL DESIGN- EVIDENCE MUST SHOW

THAT BURNING WAS DONE WILLFULLY BY THE SUSPECTED ARSONISTS. THIS
39
FACT CAN BE ESTABLISHED BY THE DISCOVERY OF INCENDIARY, PRESENCE OF
ACCELERANTS SUCH AS GASOLINE, KEROSENE AND TESTIMONY OF WITNESSES
.
NOTE PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF ARSON (PD. 1613 AND ART 326 –B RPC)
IF THE FIRE STARTED SIMULTANEOUSLY IN MORE THAN ONE PART OF THE

BUILDING OR STABLISHMENTS
IF SUBSTANCIAL AMOUNTS OF FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES OR MATERIALS ARE

STORED WITHIN THE BUILDING NOT NECESSARY IN THE BUSINESS OF THE
OFFENDER OR FOR HOUSEHOLD USE.
IF AFTER THE FIRE, MATERIALS OR SUBSTANCES SOAKED IN INFLAMABLE OR

ANY MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, CHEMICAL OR ELECTRONIC CONTRIVANCE
DESIGNED TO START A FIRE OR ASHES OR TRACES OF ANY OF THE FOREGOING ARE
FOUND.
IF THE BUILDING OR PROPERTY IS INSURED SUBSTANCIALLY MORE THAN ITS

ACTUAL VALUE AT THE TIME OF THE FIRE.
IF DURING THE LIFETIME OF THE CORRESPONDING FIRE INSURANCE POLICY,

MORE THAN TWO FIRES HAD OCCURRED IN THE SAME OR OTHER PREMISES OWNED
AND UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE OFFENDER OR INSURED.
IF SHORTLY BEFORE FIRE, A SUBSTANCIAL PORTION OF THE STOCKS INSURED

AND STORE INSIDE THE BUILDING WERE WITHDRAWN NOT CONNECTED WITH THE
ORDINARY COURSE OF BUSINESS.
IF A DEMAND FOR MONEY OR OTHER VALUABLE CONSIDERATION WAS MADE

BEFORE THE FIRE IN EXCHANGE FOR THE DESISTANCE OF THE OFFENDER OR OF THE
SAFETY OF THE PERSON OR PROPERTY OF THE VICTIM.
SPECIAL AGGRAVATING CIRCUMTANCES IN ARSON (SEC 4 PD 1613)
A, COMMITTED WITH INTENT TO GAIN
B. COMMITTED FOR BENEFITS OF OTHER
C. OFFENDER IS MOTIVATED BY SPITE, REVENGE OR HATRED TOWARD

THE
OWNER AND OCCUPANT OF THE HOUSE.
D.COMMITTED BY SYNDICATE. A SYNDICATE CONSIST OF THREE OR MORE

PERSONS WHO PLANNED AND CARRIED OUT THE CRIME.
MOTIVES OF THE ARSONISTS
MOTIVE IS ONLY A PART OF THE CIRCUMTANTIAL EVIDENCE CAN

EVENTUALLY PROVE THE INTENT OF THE CRIMINAL IN COMMITTING ARSON. ONCE
MOTIVE IS ESTABLISHED, INTENT CAN BE SHOWN:
1. MOTIVE AND ECONOMIC GAIN:
A. INSURANCE FRAUD WITH THE ASSURED DIRECTLY BENEFITTING.
1. DESIRE TO MOVE- THE PREMISES MAY NO LONGER BE DESIRABLE

BECAUSE OF THE CONDITION OF THE BUILDING, THE FACT THAT THE
QUARTER ARE OUT GROWN OR BECAUSE OF THE LOCALITY.
2. DISPOSING OFF MERCHANDISE- THE STOCKS ON HAND MAY HAVE LOST

VALUE BY REASON OF THE SEASONAL NATURE OF THE BUSINESS,
OBSOLESCENE, ACARCITY OF MATERIALS NECESSARY TO COMPLETE
40
CONTRACTS, OVERSTOCK IN THE ABSENCE OF EXPECTED ORDERS, OR A
CHANGING MARKET.
3. PROPERTY TRANSACTION- THE BUSINESS ITSELF MAY NO LONGER BE

DESIRABLE BECAUSE OF IMPENDING LIQUIDATION OR SETTLEMENT OF
ESTATE, THE NEED FOR CASH, PROSPECTIVVE FAILURE, THE
COMPARATIVELY GREATER VALUE OF LAND OR GREATER VALUE OF
INSURANCE BENEFITS.
B. PROFIT BY THE PERPETRATOR OTHER THAN THE ASSURED.
1. INSURANCE AGENTS WISHING BUSINESS

2. INSURANCE ADJUSTERS DESIRING TO ADJUST A LOSS BY SECURING A
CONTRACT.
3. BUSINESS COMPETITORS.
4. PERSONS SEEKING JOBS AS PROTECTION PERSONNEL.
5. SALVAGERS.
6. CONTRACTORS WISHING TO REBUILD OR WRECK.
2. CONCEALMENT OF CRIMES
THE ARSONISTS MAY SET FIRE TO A BUILDING IN ORDER TO CONCEAL

PROJECTED OR PAST CRIMES. HE MAY WISH TO DIRECT ATTENTION IN ORDER TO
LOOT BURNING PREMISES OR STEAL IN OTHER PLACES. THE BURNING MAYBE FOR
THE PURPOSE OF DESTROYING EVIDENCES.
3. AS A PUNITIVE MEASURE
AN ARSONISTS MAY USE FIRE AS A MEANS OF PUNISHING ANOTHER PERSON

FOR REASON OF JEALOUSY, HATRED OR REVENGE.
4. AS A MEANS OF INTIMIDATION OR ECONOMIC DISABLING
THE FIRE MAY BE USED A WEAPON OF THE SABOTEUR THE STRIKERS OR

RACKETEER TO INTIMIDATE OR TO DISABLE ECONOMICALLY AS A STEP TOWARD
FORCING SUBMISSION TO CERTAIN DEMANDS.
5. DUE TO MENTAL SICKNESS SUCH AS PYROMANIA
PYROMANIA IS THE UNCONTROLLABLE IMPULSE OF A PERSON TO BURN

ANYTHING WITHOUT ANY MOTIVATION. PYROMANIACS USUALLY DO NOT RUN
AWAY FROM THE SCENE OF THE CRIME, USUALLY ALONE, AND FEEL SATISFIED
WATCHING THE FLAME.
TYPES OF PYROMANIA
A. ABNORMAL YOUTH- EPILEPTICS, IMBECILES AND MORONS MAY SET FIRE

WITHOUT KNOWING THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE ACT.
B. THE “HERO” TYPE- A PERSON MAY SET FIRE ON A BUILDING SUBSEQUENTLY

PRETENDSTO DISCOVER IT, AND TURN IN THE ALARM SO THAT HE WILL
APPEAR A “HERO” TO THE PUBLIC. A PERSON MAY BURN A BUILDING AND
ENDEAVOR TO ACHIEVE SPECTACULAR RESCUES IN ORDER TO ATTRACT THE
ATTENTION OF SPECTATOR.
C. ALCOHOLICS AND DRUG ADDICTS- PERSONS WHO SUBJECT THEMSELVES TO
INTENSE ARTIFICIAL STIMULANTS SUCH AS ALCOHOL OR NARCOTICS
SOMETIMES DEVELOP A STRONG URGE TOWARD INCENDIARISM.
D. SEXUAL DEVIATES- SOME SEX PERVERTS DERIVES SEXUAL STIMULATION

FROM SETTING A FIRE AND WATCHING THE FLAME. FREQUENTLY HE IS A
41
CHRONIC MARTURBATOS WHO STIMULATES AND ENHANCES HIS SEXUAL
GRATIFICATION BY MEANS OF ARSON.
CAUSES OF FIRES
1. CARELESSLY DISCARDED CIGARETTES.

2. CARELESS DISPOSITION OF READILY COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS.
3. POORLY MANAGED OR DEFECTIVE HEATING FACILITIES.
4. SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION ARISING FROM THE STORAGE OF ARTICLES IN
POORLY VENTILATED PLACES.
5. SUN RAYS FOCUSED ON GLASSES, WHICH MAY SERVE AS A CONVEX LENS.
6. EXPLOSION FROM PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, ALCOHOL AND OTHER SUBSTANCES.
7. LIGHTING, SPARK, OVERHEATING, AND ELCTRICAL DEFECTS.
THE RATE AND EXTENT OF THE SPREAD OF FIRE DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING
FACTORS:
A. WIND VELOCITY AND ITS DIRECTION

B. RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DRYNESS OF THE MATERIALS AND THE ABSENCE OF RAIN.
C. AIR TEMPERATURE CONDUCIVE TO SUPPLY OXYGEN.
D. NATURE AND CONDITION OF ANY VEGETATION SURROUNDING THE BUILDING
PREMISES.
E. NATURE AND CONDITION OF THE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, SUCH AS THE
PRESENCE OF WOOD AND DRAFTS.
F. THE PRESENCE OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS AND FIRE ACCELERANTS IN THE
AREA.
METHODS EMPLOYED BY THE ARSONISTS
1. BY THE USE OF INCENDIARY MATERIALS
INCENDIARY MATERIALS ARE BURNING MATERIAL OR FUEL, WHICH

ARE USED BY THE ARSONISTS TO ACCELERATE THE SPREAD OF FIRE. THEY
MAYBE PRESENT AT THE FIRE SCENE OR LATER INTRODUCED BEFORE ARSON IS
COMMITTED. THE FOLLOWING ARE CLASSIFICATION OF INCENDIARY
MATERIALS.
A. LIQUIDS- SUCH AS GASOLINE, ALCOHOL, PETROLEUM, KEROSENE,

TURPENTINE AND DIESEL FUEL.
B. GASES- SUCH AS ACETYLENE, CARBON MONOXIDE, HYDROGEN NATURAL

GAS, ETHYLENE. SOME GASES WHEN MIXED WITH AIR POSSES EXCELLENT
IGNITION PROPERTY AND WHEN PRESENT IN AN ENCLOSED AREA CAN LEAD
TO EXPLOSION.
C. SOLIDS- SUCH AS CHLORATES, CHROMATES, NITRATES PERMANGANATES.

WHEN SOLIDS EXISTS IN FINELY GROUND OR POWDERED CONDITION, THEY
ARE EXCELLENT COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCES. SOME SUBSTANCES GENERATE
INTENSE HEAT ON CONTRACT WITH WATER. OTHERS GIVE OFF OXYGEN ON
DISCOMPOSITION THUS AIDING COMBUSION.
2. BY THE USE OF “PLANTS AND OTHER CONTRIVANCES’
“PLANTS” IS DEFINED AS DEVICES, WHICH ARE DESIGNED TO IGNITE

COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS SOMETIME AFTER THE INITIATING ACTION. THE
ARSONIST THEREFORE, WILL HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO ESCAPE FROM THE
PREMISES OF THE FIRE AREA. THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE “PLANTS”
EMPLOYED BY THE ARSONIST:
A. USE OF HEATING APPLIANCES, SUCH AS:
42
1. HEATER- FLAT IRON, TEASTERS, SOLDERING IRON, HOT PLATES, LAMP. THE
HEATER IS PLACED IN CONTACT WITH A COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL, TURNED
ON, AND ABANDONED.
2. SPARKLERS- ELECTRIC SWITCHES, DOOR BELLS SHORT CIRCUIT,

TELEPHONE BOX ARE USED. THE VAPOR OF VOLATILE FLUID IS PRESENT IN
HIGH CONCENTRATION AND THE SPARK MAYBE SUFFICIENT TO SET OFF AN
EXPLOSIVE FLASH.
B. USE OF MECHANICAL DEVICES, SUCH AS:
1. CLOCK MECHANISM - WHICH CAN BE ARRANGED SO THAT THE ALARM

MOVEMENTS STARTS THE ACTION.
2. ALTERED EQUIPMENT- SUCH AS BROKEN PIPES ON OIL BURNER OR

SPRINKLER SYSTEMS IN, WHICH COMBUSTIBLE FLUID HAS BEEN PLACED.
3. MAGNIFYING GLASSES- FOCUSING SUNLIGHT ON COMBUSTIBLE

MATERIALS.
4. ANIMAL TIED WITH IGNITION DEVICE.
C. USE OF TRAILERS, SUCH AS:
1. STREAMERS- MAYBE MADE OUT OF CANDLE WICK, ROPE OR CLOTHES

SATURATED WITH INFLAMMABLE LIQUID SUCH AS KEROSENE. THEY ARE
STRUNG FROM ROOM TO ROOM TO PROVIDE A PATH FOR THE FIRE.
BURNING IS SLOW.
2. CIGARETTE GASES- EMPLOYED FOR THIS PURPOSE BY LIGHTING AND

PLACING THEM ON A BOOK OR BOX OF MATCHES.
D. USE OF INFLAMMABLE GASES SUCH AS:
ILLUMINATING GAS
SEWER GAS
E. USE OF CHEMICAL DEVICES, SUCH AS:
THERMIT BOMBS- FOURD EXCEEDINGLY DIFFICULT TO CONTROL. THE MAIN

BODY OF THE BOMB CONSISTED OF POWDERED ALUMINUM AND TITANIUM OXIDE.
PHOSPORUS- USED TO IMPREGNATE CARDS, SO THAT ON DRYING, THE CARD

BURST INTO FLAME.
F. USE OF EXPLOSIVES- BOMBS ARE ORDINARILY USED TO CAUSE PHYSICAL

DAMAGE TO MACHINERY OR PERSONNEL. NITROGLYCERIN TNT, GUNPOWDER
AND GUN COTTON ARE THE COMMON EXPLOSIVES EMPLOYED FOR THIS
PURPOSE.
INVESTIGATION TO BE CONDUCTED DURING THE FIRE
THE INVESTIGATOR MUST BE PROMPTLY NOTIFIED ABOUT THE

OCCURRENCE OF THE FIRE. THIS COULD BE MAINTAINED BY PROPER LIAISON WITH
THE LOCAL FIRE DEPARTMENT. IT IS NECESSARY SINCE THE INVESTIGATOR MUST
CONDUCT SOME OBSERVATION AND EXAMINATION DURING THE FIRE WHICH
INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING:
1. OBSERVATION OF SMOKE AND VAPORS- THE CHARACTERISTICS AND COLOR OF

THE SMOKE, STEAM OR OTHER VAPORS WHICH EMANATES FROM THE FIRE MAY
INDICATE THE NATURE OF BURNING SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS:
43
A. STEAM AND SMOKE- IT INDICATES THAT HUMID SUBSTANCES COME IN
CONTACT WITH COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCES. THE WATER PRESENT IN HUMID
SUBSTANCES EVAPORATES BEFORE THE SUBSTANCE BEGINS TO BURN.
B. WHITE SMOKE- IT INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF PHOSPOROUS.
C. GRAYISH SMOKE- IT MAYBE CAUSED BY FLYING ASHES OR SOOTS OF

LOOSELY PACKED SUBSTANCES SUCH AS STRAW OR HAY.
D. BLACK SMOKE- IT MAYBE PRODUCED IN THE BURNING MATERIAL OF A

PRODUCT OR THE PREPONDERANCE IN THE BURNING MATERIAL OF A
PRODUCT WITH PETROLEUM BASE SUCH AS RUBBER, TAR, COAL,
TURPENTINE, OR PETROLEUM.
E. RADDISH-BROWN OR YELLOW SMOKE- IT MAY INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF

NITRATES OR SUBSTANCES, WHICH ARE COMPOUNDED WITH NITRATES. IT
MAYBE OBSERVED IN BURNING NITRIC ACID, PLASTICS, FILM, OR SMOKELESS
GUN POWDER.
2. OBSERVATION OF THE COLOR OF THE FLAME- THE COLOR OF FLAME MAY

INDICATE THE INTENSITY OF THE FIRE AND THE NATURE OF COMBUSTIBLE
MATERIALS. THE COLOR OF THE FLAME RANGES FROM RED TO YELLOW AND
FINALLY A BLIDING WHITE. ALCOHOL HAS BLUE FLAME WHILE PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS PRODUCES RED FLAME. THE TEMPERATURE OF THE FLAME VARIES
FROM 500 TO 1,500C.
3. OBSERVATION OF THE SIZE OF THE FIRE- THE SIZE OF THE FIRE CAN BE
APPRECIATED AT THE TIME OF ARRIVAL AND SUBSEQUENTLY THEREAFTER. A
KNOWLEDGE OF THE TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION, THE VENTILATION FACILITIES
AND NORMAL CONTENTS OF THE BUILDING WILL ENABLE A PROFESSIONAL
OBSERVER TO FORM AN OPNION AS TO WHETHER THE FIRE HAS TRAVELLED
ABNORMALLY FAST.
4. OBSERVATION AS THE DIRECTION OF TRAVEL OF FIRE – THE FLAME TENDS TO

RISE UNTIL MEETING AN OBSTACLE WHEREIN IT PROJECT HORIZONTALLY TO
SEEK OTHER VERTCAL OUTLET. THE EXTENT AND RATE OF TRAVEL IN THE
HORIZONTAL DIRECTION WILL DEPEND PRIMARILY ON THE DIRECTION OF THE
WIND AND ON VENTILLATION, SUCH AS PRESENCE OF DOORS AND WINDOWS.
THE SPREAD OF THE FIRE IN AN UNUSUAL CONDITIONINDICATE THE PRESENCE
OD ACCELERANT.
5. OBSERVATION OF THE LOCATION OF FLAME- THE LOCATION AND THE NUMBER

OF POINTS OF ORIGIN OF FIRE MUST BE CAREFULLY NOTED. UNRELATED FIRE
ORIGIN IN DIFFERENT PLACES ARE INDICATIVE OF ARSON.
6. EXAMINATION OF ODORS AT FIRE AREA- MANY ACCELERANTS HAVE

CHARACTERISTIC SMELL. THE SMELL OF HIGHLY INFLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES IN
AN AREA WHERE IT IS NOT NORMALLY USED SHOULD AROUSE SUSPICION.
TURPENTINE, ALCOHOL, KEROSENE AND GASOLINE ARE AMONG THE
ACCELERANTS WHICH EMIT CHARACTERISTIC ODORS.
7. EXAMINATION OF EXTERIOR OPENINGS OF BURNED BUILDING- THE CONDITION

OF THE WINDOWS, DOORS, OR OTHER OPENINGS SHOULD BE NOTED. LOCKED
OUTSIDE DOORS AND OBSTRUCTED ENTRANCES MAY INDICATE AN INTENT TO
IMPEDE THE FIREMAN IN THE EFFORTS TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE. OPEN
WINDOWS AND INTERIOR PASSAGEWAY DOORS MAY SUGGEST AN
ARRANGEMENT FOR VENTILATING THE FIRE AND PROMOTING ITS RAPID
PROGRESS. COVERED WINDOWS INDICATE AN EFFORT ON THE PART OF THE
ARSONIST TO CONCEAL HIS PRREPARATION AND WORK.
44
8. OBSERVATION OF THE SPECTATORS- PYROMANIAC ARSONIST USUALLY REMAIN
AT THE SCENE TO WATCH THE FIRE. EXCEPTIONAL SATISFACTION OR
EXCITEMENT MAY INDICATE A PYROMANIAC IN THE CROWN. IF THE FIRE TAKES
PLACE DURING NORMAL SLEEPING HOURS, THE ARSONISTS MAY BE SOMETIME
DISTINGUISHABLE BY BEING ONE OF THE FEW CLOTHED PERSONS AMONG THE
SPECTATORS DURING THE FIRE, PHOTOGRAPHS FROM ALL ANGULATION OF THE
FIRE INCLUDING THE SPECTATORS MUST BE TAKEN.
INVESTIGATION TO BE CONDUCTED AFTER THE FIRE
THE QUANTITY OF EVIDENCE THAT MAY BE RECOVERED FROM THE FIRE

SCENE DEPENDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE BURNING. IF THE FIRE HAS BEEN
PROMPTLY REPORTED AND EXTINGUISHED THE DISCOVERY OF INCRIMINATING
EVIDENCE MAY BE SIMPLE BUT IF THE AREA HAS BEEN REDUCED TO ASHES,
RECOVERY OF TRACES OF EVIDENCE WILL BE A DIFICULT MATTER. WHATEVER BE
THE CONDITION OF THE SCENE, A PATIENT, METHODICAL STUDY OF THE AREA MAY
REVEAL THE CRIMINAL DESIGN AND THE METHOD OF OPERATION OF THE
ARSONIST. IT IS THEREFORE SUGGESTED THAT THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES BE
ADOPTED BY THE INVESTIGATOR IN THE CONDUCT OF INVESTIGATION:
1. SAFEGUARD THE SCENE OF THE FIRE IMMEDIATELY UPON ARRIVAL-
THE INVESTIGATORMUST PREVENT UNNECESSARY DISTURBANCE OF THE

DEBRIS AND THE INTRUSIONS OF UNAUTHRIZED PERSONS. THIS CAN BE DONE
WITH CLOSE COOPERATION OF THE FIRE DEPARTMENT.
2. THE METHOD AND ORDER OF SEARCH MUST BE WELL-PLANNED-
THE AREA SURROUNDING THE BURNED PROPERTY WOULD BE

THROUGHLY EXAMINED FOR TRACES AND CLUES. DOORS AND WINDOWS
SHOULD BE EXAMINED FOR THE PESSENCE OF BREAKAGE, TOOL IMPRESIONS,
BROKEN WINDOW PANES, FIRE.
3. LOCATE THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE FIRE -
THE REGION IN WHICH THE FIRE ORIGINATED MAY BE DETERMINED BY

INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM WITNESSES AND BY AN EXAMINATION OF THE
DEBRIS. IN SEARCHING THE ORIGIN, IT IS NECESSARY TO FOLLOW THE PATH OF
THE BURNING TO ITS SOURCE BY OBSERVING THE INTENSITY OF THE
DESTRUCTION AND THE CHARRING OF THE UPRIGHTS. FIRE THAT ENVELOPS A
WOODEN BEAM TENDS TO ROUND THE EDGES OF THE SIDE AWAY FROM THE
SOURCE OF THE FLAME.
4. EXAMINE THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE AFTER LOCATING-
THE REMAINS AT THE POINT OF ORIGIN SHOULD BE STUDIED CAREFULLY

FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING THE CAUSE OF FIRE. A SEARCH SHOULD BE
MADE FOR TRACES OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. SUBSTANCES SUCH AS
PECULIARY COLORED MATERIALS SHOULD BE COLLECTED FOR LABORATORY
EXAMINATION. PECULIAR ODOR SHOULD BE NOTED.
5. LOCATE TRACES OF ACCELERANTS-
ATTENTION SHOULD BE FOCUSED FOR THE PRESENCE OF TRACES OF THE

ACCELERANTS LIKE KEROSENE, GASOLINE OR TURPENTINE. A STUDY OF THE
MANNER IN WHICH WOOD ARE CHARRED SOMETIMES REVEALS INDICATION AS
TO AN ACCELERANTS USED. IF A WOOD IS SOAKED WITH PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS, SUCH AS GASOLINE OR KEROSENE PRIOR TO BURNING IT, THEN IT
WILL AQUIRE A DISTINCTIVE APPEARANCE IN CHARRING.
45
6. DETERMINED THE PRESENCE OF ALTERED PROTECTIVE DEVICES-
TO INSURE DESTRUCTION, THE ARSONISTS SOMETIMES TAMPERS THE

ALARM DEVICE, THE WATER FLOW MAY BE EXAMINED FOR SIGNS OF
TEMPERING. ABNORMAL CONDITIONS OF THE FIRE DOORS, FIRE ALARMS, FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS, AND WINDOWS SHOULD BE OBSERVED.
7. OBSERVE THE INTERIOR ARRANGEMENTS OF THE BUILDING-
THE CONDITION AND CONTENTS OF VARIOUS AREAS IN THE BUILDING

SHOULD BE NOTED. AN OCCUPANT PLANNING A FIRE WILL BE TEMPTED TO
REMOVE CERTAIN ITEMS SUCH AS ARTICLES OF VALUE OR SENTIMENTAL
SIGNIFICANCE. JEWELRY, INSURANCE POLICY, TITLES OVER THE LAND,
DOCUMENTS, OR CASH AMOUNTS MAY BE REMOVED. BOOK OF ACCOUNTS MAY
BE TENTED ON THE TABLE OF FACILITATE COMBUSTION.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE TO BE GATHERED AND HOW COLLECTED
ANY PIECE OF EVIDENCE THAT APPEAR TO HAVE UNUSUAL SIGNIFICANCE

SHOULD BE PHOTOGRAPHED AND LOCATED ON A SKETCH BEFORE IT IS MOVED. THE
FOLLOWING MAY BE SOME OF THE EVIDENCES THAT MAY BE COLLECTED IN THE
FIRE SCENE:
65. CONTAINERS- BOTTLES, CANS, BARRELS, PAILS OR BOXES TO HOLD THE

COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID MAY BE RECOVERED FROM THE FIRE SCENE. THE
ORIGINAL CONTAINER SHOULD BE COLLECTED AND PRESERVED.
66. ASHES AND DEBRIS- THE ASHES AND DEBRIS WHICH MAY POSIBLY CONTAIN
THE ACCELERANT OR SOME SIGNIFICANT CLUES MAY BE THE REMAINS OF
CLOTHINGS WHICH NORMALLY NOT COMPLETELY BURNED UNLESS SOAK
WITH ACCELERANT MAY BE SIGNIFICANT IN THE EXAMINATION.
67. FINGERPRINTS AND IMPRESSIONS- A SEARCH FOR FINGERPRINTS SHOULD BE

GIVEN SPECIAL ATTENTION ESPECIALLY ON SUSPICIOUS CONTAINER OF
ACCELERANT. THE OBJECT CONTAINING THE PRINT SHALL BE PRESERVED,
PACKED AND TRANSPORTED TO THE LABORATORY. TOOL MARKS, SHOE OR
TIRE IMPRESSIONS SHOULD BE PHOTOGRAPHED, PROCESSED BY
RECOMMENDED METHODS AND SENT TO THE LABORATORIES FOR FURTHER
STUDY.
68. INCENDIARY DEVICES- SUSPICIOUS ARTICLES LIKE WIRES, FUSES STRAW OR

CANDLES, WHICH MAY FORM PART OF THE INCENDIARY DEVICE, SHOULD BE
COLLECTED.
69. STOVES AND FIREPLACES- THE ASHES IN THE STOVE AND FIREPLACES SHOULD
BE SUBJECTED TO EXAMINATION.
70. TOOLS- TOOLS MIGHT HAVE BEEN BROUGHT THERE AND ABANDONED BY THE
ARSONIST IN HIS PREPARATION. IF TOOL MARKS ARE PRESENT ON DOOR JAMBS
WINDOWS SILL AS A RESULT OF FORCIBLE ENTRY, THE BLADES OF THE SCREW
DRIVERS AND CROWBARS SHOULD BE EXAMINED FOR A COMPARISON OF SIZE
AND FOR PAINT PARTICLES.
71. DOCUMENTS- ARSONISTS MAY EXPOSE THE INCRIMINATING DOCUMENTS TO

FLAME. IN THE EXAMINATION OF SUCH DOCUMENTS, THE ABSENCE OF
CERTAIN PAPERS, SUCH AS INSURANCE POLICY, WHICH ARE NORMALLY KEPT
IN THE AREA, SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED.
46
PERSONS AND WITNESSES TO BE INTERVIEWED
A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION CAN BE OBTAINED BY A

CAREFUL QUESTIONING OF THE VARIOUS PERSONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
DISCOVERY AND CONTROL OF THE FIRE THE PROTECTION AND OCCUPANTS OF THE
BUILDING. EVIDENCES TENDING TO ESTABLISH TENDS AND MOTIVES AS WELL AS
THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERPETRATOR SHOULD BE DEVELOPED BY
INTERVIEWING THE FOLLOWING WITNESSES:
PERSONS FIRST ARRIVING AT THE FIRE SCENE- EVERY EFFORT SHOULD BE MADE TO
LOCATE AND QUESTION THE PERSON WHO FIRST SAW THE FIRE. IDENTITY OF THE
PERSON WHO TURNED IN THE ALARM SHOULD BE MADE SINCE HE CAN DETERMINE
THE EXACT POINT WHERE THE FIRE BEGAN AND THE NUMBER OF PLACES THE FIRE
HAS STARTED. THE OPINION AS REGARDS THE PROBABLE ORIGIN OF THE FIRE
COLOR OF THE SMOKE, THE GENERAL APPEARANCE OF CONFLAGRATION MAY BE
DETERMINED BY THE PERSONS WHO FIRST ARRIVED AT THE FIRE SCENE.
THE FIREMEN- THE FIREMEN SHOULD BE ASKED QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE

NATURE OF THE FIRE, COLOR OF THE FLAMES AND SMOKE, AND THE PERCEPTIBLE
ODOR. HE CAN ALSO GIVE THE INVESTIGATOR INFORMATIONS AS CONDITION OF
THE DOORS AND THE WINDOWS.
THE WATCHMAN OR SECURITY GUARDS- THE WATCHMAN OF THE BUILDING CAN

GIVE DETAILED INFORMATION CONCERNING THE CONDITION OF THE BUILDING
BEFORE THE FIRE. INQUIRIES FROM THE WATCHMEN MUST BE MADE REGARDING
THE RECENT BEHAVIOR OF THE OCCUPANTS AND THE MOVEMENTS OF THE STOCK
AND FURNITURES. INFORMATION REGARDING THE LAST PERSON TO LEAVE THE
BUILDING, HIS SUSPICION AND THEORY CONCERNING THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRE MAY
BE ASKED FROM HIM.
THE OCCUPANSTAND EMPLOYEES- THESE PERSONS STAYING THE BUILDING MUST

BE INTERVIEWED SEPARATELY. THEY SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO STATE THEIR
THEORIES AND SUSPICION OF THE FIRE.
OWNER OF THE HOUSE OR BUILDING- THE OWNER MUST BE QUESTIONED AS

REGARDS PRIOR ARREST, APPREHENSIONS, CONVICTIONS, PREVIOUS FIRES,
FINANCIAL STANDING, BUSINESSES, DOMESTIC CONDITIONS, HOBBIES OR
AMUSEMENTS.
OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATIONS
THE IDENTIFICATION FILES SHOULD BE SEARCHED FOR THE NAMES OF ANY

PERSONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BUILDING OR WITH THE FIRE. THE LOCAL FIRE
DEPARTMENT SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR RECORDS OR PREVIOUS FIRES. THE
LOCAL POLICE MUST ALSO BE CONSULTED AS REGARDS THE PERSONS ASSOCIATED
WITH FIRE. THE INSURANCE COMPANIES, WHICH WILL SUFFER TREMENDOUS
LOSSES, ARE WILLING TO OFFER ACTIVE COOPERATION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT
AGENCIES IN FIRE INVESTIGATION.
PHOTOGRAPHY AND SKETCHING OF FIRE SCENE
MORE THAN ANY OTHER CRIME, THE FIRE SCENE MUST NECESSARILY BE
PHOTOGRAPH AND PROPERLY SKETCHED TO AID THE INVESTIGATOR CONSIDERING
THE AREA AND MAGNITUDE OF THE BURNED PROPERTY. PHOTOGRAPHS MUST BE
TAKEN FOR EACH AND EVERY IMPORTANT PIECE OF EVIDENCE FROM ITS ORIGINAL
POSITION AND WHEN IT WAS REMOVED FROM THE FIRE SCENE. DISTANCES MUST BE
REFLECTED EXACTLY IN THE SKETCH TO BE PREPARED BY THE INVESTIGATOR.
47
CHAPTER V
STUDY OF THEFT CASES
DEFINITION OF THEFT-
THEFT- IS THE TAKING OF THE PERSONAL PROPERTY BELONGING TO ANOTHER,

WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE OWNER, WITH INTENT TO GAIN BUT WITHOUT THE
CONSENT OF THE OWNER, WITH INTENT TO GAIN BUT WITHOUT VIOLENCE AGAINST
OR INIMIDATION OF PERSONS NOR FORCE UPON THING.
THEFT – THEFT PERSONAL PROPERTIES ARE TAKEN WITHOUT THE CONSENT OR

KNOWLEDGE OT THE OWNER
PICKPOCKETS, SIMPLE SNATCHING AND OTHER FORMS ARE INCLUDED IN

THIS CLASSIFICATION.
THEFT INSIDE A HOUSE OR A BUILDING WHERE ENTRY IS THRU AN OPEN OR

CLOSED DOOR BUT UNLOCKED, THIS IS THEFT,
BREAKING THE GLASS PANES OF A SHOW WINDOW AND EXTENDING AN ARM

TO GET THE VALUABLES INSIDE IS THEFT. AS THE FORCE UPON THINGS IS NOT USED
AS MEANS OF ENTRY. IF THE ONE WHO BREAKS THE GLASS PANE BODILY ENTERED
THE SHOW WINDOW, IT WOULD BE ROBBERY WITH FORCE UPON THINGS.
ORDERING SOMEONE TO DEPOSIT OR WITDRAW MONEY FROM THE BANK BY

GIVING THE BANK BOOK AND SIGNED DEPOSIT OR WITHDRAWAL SLIPS AND THAT
SOMEONE ABSCONDED THE MONEY, IT IS THEFT.
ENTRUSTING A PIECE OF JEWELRY TO BE SOLD ON COMMISSION BASIS AND

THE AGENT FAILED TO REMIT THE PRICE OR RETURN THE PROPERTY UNSOLD,THE
CASE IS NOT THEFT BUT STAFA
.
IN THEFT, THERE IS ONLY MATERIAL TRANSFER TO THE PROPERTY BUT IN
ESTAFA, THERE IS JURIDICAL TRANSFER OF THE PROPERTY. JURIDICAL TRANSFER
IMPLIES THAT THE RECEIVER OF THE PROPERTY HAS AUTHORITY TO DISPOSE THE
SAME. IN THEFT, THERE IS NO SUCH ATHORITY.
IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THEFT AND ROBBERY CASES,THERE IS THE

IMPORTANCE OF THE VALUE OF THE PROPERTY SUBJECT OF THE OFFENSE,
BECAUSE THE IMPOSSIBLE PENALTY IS BASED ON THE VALUE.
FORMS OF THEFT CASES-
PICKPOCKETS- ARE SPECIES OF CRIMINALS WHO OPERARATES IN LARGE CITIES

OR IN PLACES OF MANY CONGRAGATION AND CROWDED TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM. IN THIS TRADE, SKILL IS REQUIRED FOR THEIR SUCCESFUL OPERATION.
MOST OF THEM ARE KNOWN TO THE POLICE AND HAS DEVOTED MANY YEARS OF
APPRENTICESHIP IN THE ART. THEY OPERATE WITH BARE HANDS ALONE OR WITH A
COMPANION. THE PURPOSE OF THE COMPANION IS TO DISTRACT THE ATTENTION OF
THE VICTIM. THIS METHOD IS THEIR TECHIQUE THROUGHOUT THEIR CRIMINAL
CARRER SINCE IT IS VERY IMPORTANT METHOD. THEY ARE KNOWN BY THEIR STYLE
OF OPERATION AND CLASSIFIED ACCORDINGLY, SUCH AS:
A. FOB WORKER- A METHOD OF ACSTRACTING MONEY OR VALUABLES FROM

THE MOST ACCESIBLE PLACE, USUALLY THE FOB POCKET. FOB POCKET IS
A SMALL POCKET ESPECIALLY FOR THE WATCH, WHICH MAYBE LOCATED
AT THE BREAST PORTION OF A COAT ON THE LEFT SIDE. A FOB WORKER
MAY ALSO BE A TAILPIT WORKER WHO STEAL ON THE SIDE POCKET OF A
MAN OR WOMAN’S JOCKET. USUALLY A FOB WORKER EMPLOYES
AHANDKERCHIEF OR “WIPE” TO COVER THE OPERATION. THE “WIPE”
SERVES ALSO TO HIDE THE THING STOLEN.
48
B. INSIDE WORKER- THIS IS THE REMOVING A WALLET FROM THE INSIDE
POCKET OF A MAN’S COAT. TO COVER HIS OPERATION, AND INSIDE
WORKER USUALLY EMPLOYEES A “STIFF” LIKE NEWSPAPER, WHICH IS
PLACED AGAINST THE VICTIM.
C. PANTS POCKET WORKER- THIEVES WHO EXTRACT WALLET FROM A MAN’S

POCKET WITHOUT THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE VICTIM. THEY ARE THE
CLEVEREST OF ALL THIEVES AND THEY UTILIZE SKILL IN THEIR MODUS
OPERANDI. SOMETIMES THIS TYPE OF WORKER EMPLOYS AS MANY AS
TWO ASSISTANTS. ONE TO DISTRACT THE ATTENTION OF THE VICTIM BY
JOSTLING HIM AND EXCUSING HIM SELF AND THE OTHER RECEIVES THE
WALLET IN A QUICK PASS FROM THE OPERATOR. THE PERSON RECEIVING
THE WALLET REMAINS IN THE SAME POSITION TO AVOID ANY SUSPICION.
THE OPERATION IS ACCOMPLISHED WITH DISPATCHED AND PRECISION.
D. LUSH WORKER- THESE ARE THE THIEVES WHO STEAL FROM A DRUNK OR
SLEEPING PASSENGER IN A TRAIN OR BUS. THEY ALSO OPERATE IN
WAITING ROOMS, PARKS, AND THEATER. THEY OBSERVE THE
PROSPECTIVE VICTIM WHO IS APPARENTLY SLEEPING OR UNCONCIOUS.
SOMETIME, THEY TEST THEIR VICTIM BY GENTLY KICKING HIS FOOT AS
THEY PASS BY. IF THE VICTIM DOES NOT REACT, THE LUSH WORKER
PROCEEDS TO TAKE HIS MONEY AND OTHER VALUABLES.
E. BAG STEALERS- A WOMAN’S BAG SUSPENDED FROM HER ARMS MAY BE

TAKEN BY THE STEALER OR ITS CONTENTS REMOVED WITHOUT
ATRACTING ATTENTION. THIS COULD BE DONE BY THE FOLLOWING
METHOD:
1. BAG OPENER- THOSE WHO SURREPTITIOUSLY OPEN TH E BAG

SUSPENDED FROM A WOMAN’S ARM AND THEY GOT THE MONEY.
2. BAG CLIPPER- THOSE WHO CUT THE STRAP BY WHICH THE BAG IS
SUSPENDED, REMOVES ITS CONTENTS AND THROW AWAY THE BAG.
2. THE AUTOMOBILE OR CAR THIEVES- THESE THIEVES NORMALLY BELONG TO

THE WELL-ORGANIZED SYNDICATE OS EAR THIEF. THE PURPOSE OF STEALING
IS TO SELL THE JEEP OR CAR FOR PROFIT. ONCE A CAR OR JEEP IS STOLEN,
THEY OBTAIN FRAUDDULENT REGISTRATION BY STAMPING NEW SERIAL
NUMBERS ON THE ENGINE AND CHASSIS WITH THE CONNIVANCE OF CROOKED
EMPLOYEES OF THE REGISTRATION OFFICE. THE REGISTRATION IS DONE AT A
FAR REGISTRATION OFFICE IN THE PROVINCES WHERE THE REGISTRATION IS
NOT RIGID. THEN THE CAR OR JEEP IS READY FOR SALE AT LOW PRICE.
SOMETIMES IT IS SOLD IN SPARE PARTS WITH THE ENGINE GOING TO BE
CONVERTED INTO A MOTOR OF FISHERMAN BOAT.
THE STEALING IS VERY SIMPLE. PARKED CARS ARE OPEN OR UNLOCKED

WITH SCREW DRIVERS. THEN THEY JUMP THE IGNITION KEY AND START THE
STOLEN CAR OR JEEP.
THE FOLLOWING, HOWEVER, MAY STILL BE CLASSIFIED AS ANOTHER

FORMS OF AUTOMOBILE THIEF.
JOY RIDERS- THESE ARE TEEN-AGERS OR OLDER YOUTH WHO FOR FUN OR
WHEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL STEAL A CAR FOR THE
PURPOSE OF JOY RIDING. ONCE THE ENTERTAINMENT IS OVER, THEY
ABANDONED THE CAR LATER.
PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS- THESE CRIMINALS MAYBE FACED WITH THE

PROBLEMS OF LACK OF TRANSPORTATION DURING THEIR SCAPE OR
WOULD LIKE TO AVOID IDENTIFICATION. THE SOLUTION IS TO STEAL A CAR
49
AND USE IT IN THE COMMISSION OF THE CRIME. THEY ABANDON THE CAR
LATER.
OWNER MAKING FALSE REPORT- OCCASIONALLY THE OWNER WILL

FALSELY REPORT THE THEFT OF HIS VEHICLE IN ORDER TO COVER UP A
SERIOUS ACCIDENT. HE MAY DAMAGE THE CAR DOOR OR OUTSIDE
WINDOW IN ORDER TO GIVE THE APPEARANCE OF FORCIBLE ENTRY.
3. MISCELLANEOUS THIEVES-
AUTOMOBILE BAGGAGE THIEVES- THEY USUALLY WORK IN PAIR AND AT

THE HOTEL SECTION OF CITIES. ONE OF THE PAIR ACTS AS A LOOKOUT AND
ALSO SERVE AS A SHIELD. THE OTHER OPEN THE CAR AND GET THINGS OF
VALUE INSIDE. THE APPREHENSION OF THIS TYPE OF THIEF IS BEST
ACCOMPLISHED BY MEANS OF PLAIN CLOTHESMAN. CASUAL PATROL MAY
REVEAL THE SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITIES OF THESE TWO PERSONS.
SURVEILLANCE FROM A DISTANCE BY THE PLAIN CLOTHESMAN IS
NECESSARY TO OBSERVE THE ACTUAL THIEF.
B. SHOPLIFTERS- THEY ARE USUALLY WOMEN AND THE TECHNIC EMPLOYED

VARIES. SOME ARE KLEPTOMANIAC OR PERSON SUFFERING FROM
COMPELLING URGE TO STEAL. LARGE DEPARTMENT STORE EMPLOY
DETECTIVES TO MINIMIZED PILFERAGE.
C. HOTEL THIEVES- THESE ARE THIEVES WHO STEAL JEWELRY FURS OR

MONEY FROM HOTEL ROOM. USUALLY THEIRE IS COLLUSION BETWWN THE
BELL BOY AND THE THIEVES ENTRY TO THE ROOM CAN BE AFFECTED BY
STEALING THE KEY FROM THE DESK, SKELETON KEY OR RACK.
WATERFRONT PILFERAGE- THIS TYPE OF THIEVERY INVOLVES ENORMOUS

VALUE COMMITTED BY THE DECK WORKERS, LONGSHERMEN OR BY OTHER
IN COLLUSION WITH THEM. IT IS OF GREAT MAGNITUDE AND SO INTRICATE
THAT IT BECOMES A GREAT PROBLEM IN THE CUSTOM ZONE. WATERFRONT
PILFERAGE IS A RACKET CENTRALLY MANAGED BY CIMINALS WHO ALSO
HAVE DIRECT CONTROL IN THE HIRING OF WATERFRONT PERSONNEL. TO
INVESTIGATE THIS TYPE OF THIEVERY, LARGE NUMBER OF PLAIN
CLOTHESMAN ARE NECESSARY.
BAGGAGE THIEVES – TRAVELERS IN RAILROAD AND BUSES FREQUENTLY

HAVE OCCASION TO PLACE THEIR BAGGAGES DOWN WHILE THEY ATTEND
TO SOME BUSINESS SUCH AS PURCHASING TICKET. THE BAGGAGE THIEF
TAKES ADVANTAGE OF THE UNGUARDED MOMENT SWIFTLY PICKS UP THE
BAGS AND WALK CALMLY AWAY. THE DETECTION OF THIS TYPE OF THIEF
IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE STATION POLICE ON TERMINALS.
DISHONEST EMPLOYEES- THE SYSTEMATIC LOSS OF MERCHANDIZE BY

COLLUSION OF DISHONEST EMPLOYEES CAN RESULT SERIOUS LOSS. THE
PREVENTION OF THIS TYPE OF THEFT IS ACCOMPLISHED BY CAREFUL
BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION OF APPLICANTS PRIOR TO EMPLOYMENT.
SURVEILLANCE AND GOOD UNDERCOVER WORK BY AN INVESTIGATOR
POSING, AS AN EMPLOYEE WILL ORDINARILY YIELD RESULTS IN THE SPARE
OF FEW WEEKS OR MONTH.
SUGGESTED INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURES
THE PROCEDURE OF INVESTIGATING THEFT CASES DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF

THEFT AND MODUS OPERANDI. NORMALLY, THIEVES ARE PROFESSIONAL
CRIMINALS LIKE PICKPOCKETS AND UNDOUBTEDLY, THEY HAVE RECORDS ON FILE
WITH THE POLICE DEPARTMENT. THE STORY OF THE VICTIM WILL SHOW THE
TECHNIC OF THE THIEF. THIS WILL LEAD TO PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF THE
50
SUSPECT AND TO COMPLETELY ESTABLISH THE IDENTITY OF THE SUSPECT THE
FOLLOWING INVESTIGATIVE GUIDELINES ARE SUGGESTED.
ESTABLISH THE DATE AND HOUR WHEN THEFT WAS COMMITTED. IF UNKNOWN,
THE HOUR WHEN THE OBJECT WAS LAST SEEN OR THE HOUR OF THE
DISCOVERYOF THEFT.
GET COMPLETE LIST AND FULL DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES LOST FROM THE
TESTIMONY OF WTNESSES AS WELL AS ITS LOCATION BEFORE IT WAS LOST,
PLACES WHERE THE PROPERTY HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY LOCATED AND THE
REASON FOR PLACING THE PROPERTY IN A CERTAIN PLACE.
IDENTIFY THE PERSON WHO DICOVERED THE LOSS AND THE WITNESSES TO THE
DISCOVERY. DETERMINE F HE IS THE PERSON WHO IS LOGICAL TO DISCOVER
THE LOSS, HOW DID HE DISCOVER THE LOSS AND ORDINARILY, WHO SHOULD
HAVE MADETHE DISCOVERY.
MAKE A LIST OF PERSONS WHO KNEW THE LOCATION OF PROPERTY LOST, WHO
KNEW THE EXISTENCE OF THE SAME, WHO HAS ACCESS TO THE PROPERTY AND
THE PERSONS SAFEGUARDING THE SAME SUCH AS SECURITYGUARDS AND
RESPONSIBLE EMPLOYEES.
ESTABLISH THE MOVEMENTS OF THIS PERSON LISTED THE ABSENTEE IN A

COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENT DURING THE LOSS.
DETERMINE THE TRUE OWNER OF THE PROPERTY, PERSON HAVING POSSESION AT

THE TIME OF THEIR PROOF OF OWNERSHIP, CUSTODY OR RESPONSIBILITY OR
POSSESION.
ESTIMATE THE VALUE OF THE LOST PROPERTIES THRU BILLS OF SALE OF SIMILAR
ITEMS, APPROXIMATE DATA OR PURCHASE AND IDENTITY OF THE VENDOR.
GET A NUMBER OF SUSPECTS NAMED BY THE OWNER OR OTHER PERSON AND

INCLUDE SUSPECTS WHO MAYBE IN FINANCIAL STRAITS, FACED WITH FUTURE
MONEY PROBLEMS OR MAINTAINING A STANDARD OF LIVING INCONSISTED
WITH THEIR INCOME OR PERSONS EXHIBITING UNUSUAL BEHAVIOR DUING THE
PAST DAYS OF THE MONTHS. WHO EVER IS THE SUSPECT, THE REASON FOR
THEIR SUSPICION MUST BE INDICATED.
RECONSTRUCT THE CRIME MENTALLY OR PHYSICALLY AS TO THE METHOD OF

OPERATION, MEANS OF ACCESS TO THE BUILDING, THE SELECTION OF TIME OF
THEFT, METHOD OF COUNSELING THE CRIME, AND CONVERSATIONS AND
TRANSACTIONS, WHICH TOOK PLACE BETWEEN THE PERPETRATOR AND THE
VICTIM OR OTHER PARTIES.
DETERMINE THE CHARACTER OF THE LOST PROPERTIES IN RELATION TO THEIR

SALABILITY TO BUYER OF STOLEN GOODS, OTHER USES, AND CONVERTIBILITY TO
ANOTHER GOOD.
INTERROGATE THE SUSPECT ON THE FOLLWING POINTS:
DETAILED ACTIVITIES PRIOR AND SUBSEQUENT TO THE COMMISSION OF

THEFT.
B. THE TIME AT WHICH HE LAST SAW THEPROPERTIES LOST.
C. THE TIME AT THAT HE LAST NEAR THE LOCATION OF THE PROPERTY
LOST.
D. THE NAME OF PERSONS WHO CAN VERIFY HIS ABILITY.
E. HIS PAST AND PRESENT FINANCIAL CIRCUMTANCES SUCH AS MEANS OF
INCOME INDEBTEDNESS, INVESTMENTS OR PURCHASES OR OTHER
INCOME.
F. HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE OWNER OF THE PROPERTY.
51
RECORDS THE FOLLOWING INFORMATIONS:
PREVIOUS THEFT COMPLAINS MADE BY THR VICTIMS.

B. HISTORY OF PERIODIC OR SYSTEMATIC THEFTS.
C. NAME OF EMPLOYEES WITH POLICE RCORDS.
D. PERSONAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUSPECTS.
INTERVIEW THE BUILDING EMPLOYEES AND OTHERS WHO MAY OBSERVED

PERSONS APPROACHING THE AREA CONTAINING THE PROPERTY LOST AT UNUSUAL
TIMES OR IN A PECULIAR MANNER. THE COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF ANY SUSPECT
MUST BE ASKED.
FINALLY, GATHER PHYSICAL EVIDENCE SUCH AS LATENT FINGERPRINTS,

SHOE PRINTS, ARTICLES OF CLOTHINGS OR SIMILAR TRACES AT THE CRIME SCENE.
APPLY THE PROPER METHOD OF CRIME SCENE SEARCH.
CHAPTER V1
INVESTIGATION OF ROBERRY CASES
ROBBERY
ART 293 OF THE REVISED PENAL CODE - WHO ARE GUILTY OF ROBBERY?
ANY PERSON, WITH INTENT TO GAIN SHALL TAKE ANY PERSON PROPERTY
BELONGING TO ANOTHER, BY MEANS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST, OR INTIMIDATION OF
ANY PERSON, OR BY USING FORCE UPON ANYTHING SHALL BE GUILTY OF ROBBERY.
ELEMENTS OF THE CRIME ROBBERY
1. UNLAWFUL TAKING OF PERSONAL PROPERTY

2. THE TAKING IS DONE WITH VIOLENCE AGAINST OR INTIMIDATION OF
PERSON OR FORCE UPON THINGS.
3. THE PROPERTY MUST BELONG TO ANOTHER
4. THE TAKING IS WITH INTENT TO GAIN.
MEANING OF INTENT TO GAIN
INTENT TO GAIN MEANS INTENT TO OBTAIN FROM THE APPRORIATION OF

THE THING SOME UTILITY, ADVANTAGE, OR BENEFIT:
1. IT IS NOT NECESSARY THAT THE GAIN BE REALIZED AS MERE INTENT IS

ENOUGH
2. THE TAKING OF A THING UNDER CLAIM OF OWNERSHIP IN GOOD FAITH

NEGATIVES INTENT TO GAIN EVEN THOUGH THE CLAIM OF OWNERSHIP IS
UNTAINABLE.
MEANING OF UNLAWFUL TAKING
IT MEANS APPROPRIATING A THING BELONGING TO ANOTHER AND PLACING

IT UNDER ONES CONTROL OR POSSESION
PERSONAL PROPERTY BELONGING TO ANOTHER
THE PERSONAL PROPERTY MUST BELONG TO ANOTHER
A. ILLICIT ARTICLES MAY BE THE OBJECT OF ROBBERY;
52
B. THE OFFENDED PARTY NEED NOT BE THE OWNER OF PERSONAL
PROPERTY TAKEN.HERE MERE POSSESSION IS ENOUGH AS LONG AS
THE OFFENDER IS NOT THE OWNER THEREOF.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROBBERY
1. ARTICLES 294, 297, AND 298, RPC-ROBBERY WITH VIOLENCE AGAINST OR

INTIMIDATION OF PERSON
2. ARTICLES 299 AND 302 RPC –ROBBERY WITH FORCE UPON THINGS.
ROBBERY IN AN INHABITED HOUSE OR PUBLIC BUILDING R EDIFICE

DEVOTED TO RELIGIOUS WORKSHIP.
B. ROBBERY IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE IN A PRIVATE BUILDING.
FORCE UPON THINGS
A. AS MEANS OF ENTRY, A LOCKED DOOR IS BROKEN OR FORCED OPEN. A CLOSE D

BUT UNLOCKED DOOR IS NOT A LOCKED DOOR.
B. THRU AN OPENING WHICH MIGHT BE LOCKED BUT WHICH IS NOT INTENDED OR

DESIGNED FOR ENTRY. IF A ROBBER ENTERS A BUILDING THRU THE OPEN OR
LOCKED WINDOW WHERE HE TAKES PERSONAL PROPERTIES INSIDE, IT IS
ROBBERY.
C. IF THE DOOR IS OPEN OR CLOSED BUT NOT LOCKED, AND ONCE INSIDE BREAKS
OPEN LOCKED DRAWERS, APARADORS, WARDROBES, SAFES WHERE PERSONAL
PROPERTIES ARE TAKEN, IT IS ROBBERY.
D. IF THE DOOR IS OPEN AND USED AS ENTRY AND WHILE INSIDE, THE ROBBER
BRINGS OUT RECEPTABLES SUCH AS APARADORS, DRAWERS, WARDROBES,
SAFES AND OTHER FORMS OF RECEPTABLES AND WHILE OUTSIDE BREAKS OPEN
THESE RECEPTABLES WHERE PERSONAL PROPERTIES ARE TAKEN, IT IS
ROBBERY.
E. THE USE OF PICKLOCKS TO OPEN LOCKED DOORS OR LOCKED RECEPTABLES

INSIDE AND PERSONAL PROPERTIES ARE TAKEN, IT IS ROBBERY. GENUINE KEYS
STOLEN FROM THE OWNER ARE CONSIDERED PICKLOCKS.
F. THE MERE POSSESION OF PICKLOCKS IS PUNISHABLE UNDER THE REVISED

PENAL CODE.
VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION UPON A PERSON
VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION UPON PERSON
A. HOLD UPS ARE INCLUDED IN THIS CATEGORY
B.NATCHING OF HANDBAGS OR JEWLRIES ARE CONSIDERED UNDER THIS

CATEGORY. IF THE VICTIM PUTS RESISTANCE AND VIOLENCE IS APPLIED
BY THE ROBBER ON HIS PERSON
C.THE VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION IS DIRECTED AGAINST THE PERSON

WHO IS THE OWNER OF THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAKEN OR HIS
CARETAKERS.
D.THE POKING A GUN OR OTHER DEADLY WEAPON ON THE VICTIM TO

DIVEST HIS PERSONAL PROPERTY ARE SOME FORMS OF INTIMIDATION.
E.IF INJURIES OF THE VICTIM ARE OF SLIGHT IN CHARACTER , IT IS

ABSORVED AS A FORM OF VIOLENCE. BUT IF THE INJURIES ARE OF LESS
53
SERIOUS OR SERIOUS IN CHARACTER, IT IS A COMPLEX OF CRIME OF
ROBBERY WITH PHYSICAL INJURIES.
F. IF DEATH RESULTS DUE TO ROBBERY WITH VIOLENCE OR

INTIMIDATION OF
PERSONS, A COMPLEX CRIME OF ROBBERY WITH HOMICIDE IS
COMMITTED, IRRESPECTIVE WHETHER THE DEATH OCCURS AMONG
THE ROBBERS.HEARTH ATTACK OR STROKE AS ACONSEQUENCE OF
ROBBERY IS STILL ROBBERY WITH HOMICIDE.
G IF, ON THE OCCASION OF THE ROBBERY, RAPE IS COMMITTED THE

CRIME
IS ROBBERY WITH RAPE.
IF ON THE OCCASION OF THE ROBBERY, HOMICIDE AND RAPE WERE
COMMITTED, THE PROPER COMPLEX CRIME IS ROBBERY WITH
HOIMICIDE. THE RAPE IS CONSIDERED AN AGGRAVATING
CIRCUMTANCES.
FORMS OF ROBBERRY FOR PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION
APARTMENT HOUSE ROBBERY- APARTMENT DWELLINGS AND RESIDENTIAL

HOUSES OFFER MANY ADVANTAGES TO THE ROBBER WHO OPERATES IN CITIES.
MAJORITY OF THE TENANTS ARE UNKNOWN TO EACH OTHER AND EVEN THE
OWNERS THEMSELVES. CONSEQUENTLY, THE APPEARANCE OF NEW FACES IN
THE PREMISES WILL NOT AROUSE SUSPICION. THE ROBBER CAN GAIN
ENTRANCE, DO SOMETHING INSIDE THE BUILDING WITHOUT ATTRACTING THE
ATTENTION OF TE NEIGHBORS. THE ROBBERS IN GAINING ENTRANCE TO THE
APARTMENT OR DWELLING HOUSE USUALLY DO IT AT NIGHT TIME. IT MAY BE
AFFECTED BY FORCIBLY OPENING THE DOOR THROUGH THE USE OF FALSE KEY
OR MASTER KEY. WINDOW GRILLS MAY OPENED WITH THE USE OR IRON BAR
CUTTER. IN SOME INSTANCES, THE ROBBERY GAINS ENTRANCE BY FALSE
PRETENSE SUCH AS BEING A GOVERNMENT AGENT, BILL COLLECTOR OR
PROMOTION AGENTS. ONCE INSIDE THE HOUSE, THEY COERCE OR INTIMIDATE
THE OCCUPANTS INTO THE OPENING CONTAINERS OF THEIR VALUABLES.
THE ROBBERS SEARCHES THE CLOSETS AND DRESSER FOR VALUABLE
ARTICLES SUCH AS MONEY AND JEWELRY. SOMETIMES, HE EMPTIES THE
DRAWERS ON THE BED OR FLOOR TO FACILITATE THE SEARCH. TO AVOID
IDENTY, THE OCCUPANTS ARE ASKED TO LIE PRONE ON THE FLOOR OR THE
ROBBERS THEMSELVES ARE ASKED. TO LEAVING THE APARTMENT AFTER
ROBBERY, THEY MAY JUST OPEN ANY AVAILABLE DOOR AND LEAVE THE PLACE
TO OTHER WITH BE LOOT.
THE SAFE-BREAKING METHOD OF ROBBERY- THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME FORMS

OF SAFE-BREAKING METHODS:
RIP-JOB- THE GREATEST NUMBER OF SAFE BREAKER EMPLOY THE RIP

TECHNIC. THE REQUIRED TOOLS INCLUDE AN ELECTRIC DRILL AND A
CROWBAR. A HOLE IS MADE IN THE UPPER OR LOWER LEFT HAND CORNER OF
THE DOOR. THE CROWBAR IS PLACED INTO THE HOLD AND THE DOOR IS
PRIED UP UNTIL EXPOSED TO A POINT JUST BEYOND THE DIAL. THE DIAL IS
TURNED AROUND TO BE OPENED.
PUNCH JOB- THE DIAL IS FIRST KNOCKED OFF THE SAFE WITH THE HAMMER.
THE PUNCH IS THEN HELD AGAINST THE SPINDLE OF THE SAFE AND HIT
SHARPLY WITH A MALLET OR HAMMER. IF THE SAFE IS ONE WHICH THE
TUMBLERS ARE ON THE END OF THE SPINDLE IS FORCED BACK AND THE
LOCK WILL BE RELEASED. SOME SAFES ARE “PUNCH PROOF” BECAUSE THE
TUMBLERS ARE SET OFF THE SPIDLES. THE TYPICAL BURGLAR IS
SUCCESFULL IN ONLY SMALL PERCENTAGE OF PUNCH JOBS AND USUALLY
MUST RESORT TO ADDITIONAL TECHNIC.
54
THIS METHOD REQUIRES (1) MODERATE DEGREE OF SKILL AND
EXPERIENCE; (2) REASONABLE PORTION OF LUCK; (3) THE CORRECT
SELECTION OF SAFE; AND (4) SIMPLE TOOLS. THIS METHOD IS THE SECOND
MOST COMMON AND WHEN PERFORMED BY EXPERT, THE OPERATION IS
CLEAN, RAPID AND NOT UNDULY NOISY.
CHOPPING METHOD- THE CHOP JOB IS CRUED BUT EFFECTIVE. THE

OPERATOR SIMPLY TURNS THE SAFE UPSIDE DOWN SO THAT THE BOTTOM IS
EXPOSED. THE BOTTOM OF THE SAFE IS THE WEAKEST PORTION SO THAT A
HOLE CAN BE MADE IN IT WITH THE REASONABLE FORCE. AFTER A HOLE HAS
BEEN MADE, THE ROBBER CAN HAVE ACCESS TO ITS CONTENTS.
BURNING THE SAFE- BURNING IS MADE ON THE CENTRAL AREA OF THE SAFE
WITH THE USE OF ACCETYLENE TORCH USUALLY AT A CIRCLE NEAR THE
DIAL. THIS REQUIRE KNOWLEDGE OF THE PROPORTION OF OXYGEN AND
ACETYLENE IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE PROPER TEMPERATURE.
CARRYOUT OF THE SAFE- THE SAFE IS SIMPLY PHYSICALLY REMOVE FROM

THE HOUSE AND CARRIED TO OTHER PLACE WHERE IT IS FORCED OPEN.
TOUCH OR COMBINATION- SOME CASHIER MAY KEEP THE COMBINATION

NUMBER AT THE INSIDE COVER OF A LEDGER OR PASTE IT ON THE SIDE OF A
DRAWER. THE ROBBER MAY DISCOVER THE COMBINATION AND OPEN THE
SAFE IN THE ABSENCE OF THE CASHIER. THE EMPLOYEE MAY LEAVE THE
COMBINATION HALF TURN AND WHAT THE ROBBER WILL DO IS TO REVERSE
THE TURN TO OPEN IT.
THE SYSTEM OF BANK ROBBERY- THE MOST HIGHLY SKILLED PROFESSIONAL

CRIMINALS CONCENTRATE ON BANKS ROBBERY. HOWEVER, THE METHOD OF
OPERATION VARRIES WIDELY WITH THE INDIVIDUAL CRIMINALS. THEIR TARGETS
ARE USUALLY SMALL BANK (BRANCHES) BECAUSE LARGER BANKS INVOLVE
GREATER HAZARD. THE TIME OF THE COMMISSION IS DURING OPENING, LUNCH
HOUR, CLOSING HOUR, OR ANY TIME WHEREIN THE LEAST NUMBER OF PEOPLE
ARE PRESENT.
THE ROBBER ARE IN DISGUISE BY WEARING SUN GLASSES, BY HOOD OR

MAKE-UPS. MOST OF THEM CARRY GUNS. THE WEAPON MAY BE DISPOSED OFF
DURING THE ESCAPE BY BURYING, THROWING OUT OF THE WINDOW OF THE
GETAWAY CAR, OR BY HURLING INTO A BODY OF WATER.
USUALLY, A TYPICAL BANK ROBBER USES A BORROWED CAR OR STOLEN

ONE AS A METHOD OF SCAPE. THE POPULAR CAR LIKE TOYOTA OT VOLKSWAGEN
IS CHOSEN TO AVOID ATTRACTING ATTENTION BECAUSE THEY ARE ORDINARY
LOOKING. THE ROBBER MAY USE THEIR OWN CAR BUT WITH STOLEN PLATE
NUMBER.
THE PREPARATION GIVEN TO THE ROBBERY MAY BE A MATTER OF MONTHS

OR EVEN YEARS, OR THE PERPETRATOR MAY HAVE CONCEIVED OF THE PLAN ON
THE SPUR OF THE MOMENT. WHEN LONG PLANNING IS UNDERTAKEN, THE MODUS
OPERANDI OF THE ROBBERS PASSES THE FOLLOWING IMPORTANT STEPS:
A. FINGER FRINTING ON THE JOB- AT THIS STAGE, THE ROBBERS ARE TIP OFF TO A
TARGET BY “SMALL TIME” CRIMINALS. PICKPOCKET, GAMBLERS, AND
ORDINARY “GIFTER” WILL TIP OFF THE ROBBER WITH AGREEMENT WITH A
SHARE IN THE PROCEEDS OR LOOT. LIKEWISE, THE BANK MANAGER WILL TIP
OFF A CRIMINAL, SUPPLYING ALL THE NECESSARY INFORMATION FOR THE SAFE
AND PROFITABLE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE ROBBERY IN ORDER TO COVER UP
EMBEZZLEMENT OF THE BANK’S MONEY WHICH HE HAS DONE. SOMETIMES AN
UNCRUPULOUS JEWELER WILL ENCOURAGGE A ROBBERY ON HIS OWN SHOP IN
ORDER TO PUT IT AN EXCESSIVE CLAIM WITH THE INSURANCE COMPANY.
55
B. CASING THE JOB- AT THIS NEXT STAGE, THE ROBBER DO NOT JUST EXECUTE
THE ROBBERY OF THE BANK WITHOUT FIRST CONDUCTING A RECONNAISANCE
OR “CASING”. THE PURPOSE IS TO FIND OUT AND STUDY THE LAY OUUT OF THE
BANK IN ORDER TO IMPROVISE TACTICS IN ROBBING THE BANK. THEY WILL GET
FULL INFORMATION REGARDING THE SURROUNDING OF THE BANK, ITS
ENVIRONMENT, AVENUES OF APPROACH, LOCATION AND MOVEMENTS OF BANK
PERSONNEL, LOCATION OF SECURITY GUARDS, ALARM BOXES, POLICE OUT POST
AND OTHERS. IN SO DOING, TO GET THESE INFORMATION, THEY EMPLOY RUSES
JUST TO ENTER THE BANK PREMISES WHICH METHOD IS DESCRIBED BELOW:
1. BY LOITERING- A MEMBER OF THE GROUP MAY SIMPLY LOITER ABOUT

A BANK IN ORDER TO OBTAIN INFORMATION. HE MAY APPEAR TO BE
WAITING FOR SOMEONE INSIDE THE BANK OR MAY STAND OUTSIDE
AND OBSERVE AT A DISTANCE.
2. BY FEIGNING BUSINESS- THE CASER MAY ENTER THE BANK ON THE

PROTEXT OF CASHING A CHECK, CHANING LARGE BILLS, OPENING AN
ACCOUNT, OR MAKING A SMALL DEPOSIT.
3. BY PRETENDING TO BE SALESMAN- A BANK ROBBER MAY APPROACH

THE BANK MANAGER AS A SALESMAN OF CERTAIN COMPANY
PRODUCTS. THE MANAGER MAY EVEN ESCORT HIM TO OTHER
EMPLOYEES AND THE ROBBER WILL MAKE HIS FAST OBSERVATION OF
THE PLACE.
C. “EXECUTION OF THE JOB” - DURING THE EXECUTION STAGE OF THE ROBBERY,

EACH MEMBER OF THE ROBBERY GROUP MAY ACT IN ACCORDANCE WITH
HIS OWN ACQUIRED EXPERIENCE THROUGH PREVIOUS ACTIVITIES. THEY
MAY HAVE NO LEADER AS EVERYONE IS CO-EQUAL TO ANOTHER BUT EACH
ONE HAS A DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT OR DUTY DURING THE ROBBERY.
1. THE WHEELMAN- UNDERTAKES THE PROBLEMS REGARDING

TRANSPOTATION TO AND FROM THE SCENE OF THE BANK. HE
USUALLY STEAL A CAR AND PROVIDE ANOTHER LICENSE PLATE ON
IT. THE CAR IS JUST ORDINARY AND CAPABLE OF RAPID
ACCELERATION.
2. THE RODMAN- THE PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR THE GATHERING AND

TRANSPORTING OF THE GUNS WHICH ARE TO BE USED. HE IS USUALLY
A GOOD MARKSMAN AND IS EXPECTED TO SPECIALIZE IN GUN PLAY IF
THE SITUATION DEMANDS.
3. INSIDEMAN- THESE ARE THE PERSONS WHO PERFORM THE ACTUAL

ACT OF ROBBERY.
4. PLANNING- THE DETAILS OF THE ROBBERY ARE PLANNED WITH

SCRUPULOUS ATTENTION. THE WHELLMAN STUDIES ARE GEOGRAPHY
OF THE AREA, TOGETHER WITH ITS STREETS AND TRAFFIC
CONDITIONS. THE GETAWAY ROUTE IS CAREFULLY LAID OUT.
POLICE PROCEDURE IN PURSUIT OF ROBBERS
TO BE EFFECTIVE IN THE PURSUIT OF THE ROBBERS, THE POLICE MUST

ACT WITH DISPATCH. THE NECESSARY SPEED CAN ONLY BE REALIZED BY PREVIOUS
PLANNING. MOBILE UNITS SHOULD BE DISPATCHED BY RADIO TO THE CRIME SCENE.
WHILE THE RADIO DISPATCHER AND TELETYPE OPERATOR SHOULD TRANSMIT AN
ALARM TO NEIGHBORING POLICE AGENCIES. ALL POSIBLE ROUTE OF SCAPE MUST
BE WELL GUARDED BY THE CHECKPOINTS.
PROCEDURE OF APPREHENSION AT THE ROBBERY SCENE
56
IF IT IS POSSIBLE FOR THE POLICE TO BE AT THE SCENE OF THE CRIME
BEFORE THE ROBBER COULD HAVE LEFT THE PREMISES, THEN THE FOLLOWING
PROCEDURE SHOULD BE EMPLOYED:
THE GETAWAY CAR SHOULD BE IMMOBILIZED AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.
ADDITIONAL POLICE OFFICERS SHOULD BE ASSIGNED TO COVER ANY

ADDITIONAL EXIT SHIELDING THEMSELVESVAS MUCH AS POSSIBLE.
OCCUPIED VEHICLES AND BY STANDERS IN THE AREA SHOULD BE ALLOWED

TO LEAVE IMMEDIATELY.
POLICE OFFICERS SHOULD NOW HAVE STATIONED THEMSELVES UNDER

COVER AT KEY POINTS APPROXIMATELY 25 YARDS FROM THE BANK.
OCCUPANT OF THE GETAWAY CAR SHOULD BE ORDERED TO THROW AWAY

THEIR GUNS AND ALIGHT FROM VEHICLE WITH HIS OVER HIS HEAD. IF HE
REFUSES, THE POLICE SHOULD OPEN FIRE.
THE ROBBER INSIDE THE BANK SHOULD BE ORDERED TO COME OUT

WITHOUT THEIR WEAPON AND WITH THEIR HANDS HELD ALOFT. IF THEY
REFUSE, NO IMMEDIATE ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN. NO ATTEMPT SHOULD
BE MADE TO ENTER THE BANK.
NO ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN WHICH WILL ENDANGER THE LIVES OF

INNOCENT PERSONS. IF THE CRIMINALS THREATEN TO USE THE CUSTOMERS
OR EMPLOYEES AS HOSTAGES, THE POLICE SHOULD PERMIT THEM TO
ESCAPE.
IF THERE IS NO LIKELIHOOD OF INJURING THE INNOCENT THE POLICE

SHOULD PROCEED TO APPREHEND THE CRIMINALS EMPLOYING THE TACTICS
ORDINARILY USED IN POLICE RAIDS.
INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURES AFTER THE ROBBERS FLED
CONDUCT INTERVIEW OF WITNESSES:
UPON RECEIPT OF INFORMATION OF A ROBBERY, THE POLICE OFFICER

SHOULD INFORM THE PROPRIETOR OF THE ESTABLISHMENT TO DETAIN ALL
WITNESSES. ON ARRIVAL AT THE SCENE, THE POLICE OFFICER SHOULD NOT
ALLOW THE WITNESSES TO TALK WITH ONE ANOTHER. THEN, INDIVIDUAL
INTERVIEW MUST BE MADE. THE WITNESSES SHOULD SUBSEQUENTLY BE
TAKEN TO TE OFFICE TO LOOK AT THE PHOTOGRAPHS OF KNOWN ROBBERS. IF
POSSIBLE, THEY SHOULD ALSO BE KNOWN OF OTHER ALBUM OF OTHER LAW-
ENFORCEMENT UNITS OR AGENCIES.
CONDUCT INTERROGATION OF POSSIBLE SUSPECTS:
IN QUESTIONING THE SUSPECT, THE POLICE MUST NOT MAKE THE

SUSPECT BELIEVE HE IS INTERESTED IN THE ROBBERY. HE MUST BE
INTERROGATED ON A DIFFERENT CRIME, LIKE THEFT OR HOMICIDE (REAL OR
FICTITIOUS), WHICH OCCURRED ON A DISTANT PLACE. THE SUSPECT WILL
THEN ESTABLISH HIS THEORY OF ALIBI AND MAY EVEN RISK HIS ALIBI THAT
HE WAS AT THAT TIME NEAR THE PLACE OF THE COMMISSION OF ROBBERY.
THE INVESTIGATOR SHOULD NOT REVEAL HIS TRUE INTENT UNTIL HE HAS
EXHAUSTED THE POSSIBILITIES OF THIS LINE OF INQUIRIES AND UNTIL HE HAS
DISCLOSED HIS ASSOCIATES. ULTIMATELY, A CONFESSION MAYBE GIVEN BY
THE SUSPECT LATER.
GATHER THE FOLLOWING CLUES AND PHYSICAL EVIDENCE:
57
THE DESCRIPTION OF THE GETAWAY VEHICLE SHOULD BE OBTAINED IN
DETAIL FROM POSSIBLE WITNESSES. IMMEDIATELY AN ALARM SHOULD
BE SENT TO NEARBY CITIES AND TOWNS FOR CHECK-UP OF VEHICLES
PASSING THEIR AREA GIVING THE DESCRIPTION OF THE VEHICLE.
CHECKING AT THE LOCAL REGISTRATION OFFICE OF THE
VEHICLESHOULD BE MADE.
B. LATENT FINGERFRINTS SHOULD BE SEARCHED AND PROCESSED FOR THE

POSIBLE IDENTITY OF THE ROBBERS.
C. THE USE OF THE ROBBERS OF RESTRAINING DEVICES MAY REVEAL THEIR

IDENTITY. IN ORDER TO RESTRAIN THE VICTIM, MAY TIE THE VICTIM
WITH ROPE, TOWELS, SHEETS OR ADHESIVE TAPES. THE ROBBERS MAY
BRING WITH THEM THE MATERIAL IN ANTICIPATION OF THEIR NEED. THE
PERSON FINDING THE VICTIM TIED UP SHOULD ENDEAVOR TO RELEASE
HIM WITHOUT DISTURBING THE KNOTS. THE CHARACTERISTIC TYPE OF
KNOT MAY OFFER A CLUE TO THE IDENTITY OF ONE OF THE CRIMINALS.
D. STOLEN PROPERTIES SHOULD BE CLEARLY DESCRIBED. CASH AMOUNTS

AND CHECKS MAY IDENTIFY THE ROBBERY WHEN HE IS CASHING THE
CHECKS OR WHILE IN POSSESSION OF THE SAME.
E. FOOTPRINTS, DISCARDED GARMENTS LIKE GLOVES, HATS JACKETS MAY

BEAR THE IDENFICATION OR LAUNDRY MARKS.
DETERMINE THE ENUNCIATION OF THE ROBBER’S VOICE:
THE MANNER OF SPEECH OF THE CRIMINAL MAYBE USED TO IDENTIFY

THEM. THE ROBBER USUALLY GIVE ORDER TO THE VICTIM DURING THE
COMMISSION AND HIS PECULIAR VOICE, LANGUAGE AND EXACT STATEMENT
MAY BE USEFUL IN THE IDENTIFICATION.
MAJOR OBSTACLES IN THE SOLUTION OF ROBBERY CASES
THERE ARE USUALLY VERY FEW TRACES LEFT BEHIND BY THE CRIMINALS.
THE ACTUAL PHYSICAL WORK OF ROBBERS IS SO LITTLE THAT THE
CRIMINAL SCARELY LEAVES ANY IMPRESSIONS ON HIS SURROUNDINGS.
THE TIME ALLOTTED TO THE WORK IS OF SUCH SHORT DURATION THAT

VICTIM IS NOT SUFFICIENTLY COMPOSED TO NOTE THE EXACT APPEARANCE
OF THE ROBBERS.
THE PROBABILITY OF INTERRUPTION BECOMES QUITE SMALL IN AN

OPERATION THAT OCCUPIES THE SPACE OF ONLU A FEW MINUTES.
THE VIOLENT MANNER OF THE ROBBERS DISMAY THE VICTIMS AND

PREVENTS CIVILIAN COOPERATION.
OTHER FORMS OF ROBBERY
PAYROLL MESSENGER ROBBERY- FACTORIES AND BIG ESTABLISHMENTS WITH

LARGE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES MAY PAY IN CASH, HENCE, THERE IS MUCH
DIFFICULTY OF TRANSPORTING THE AMOUNT FROM THE BANK TO THE PLACE
WHERE THE EMPLOYEES ARE TO BE PAID. BY OBTAINING INFORMATION FROM
DISHONEST EMPLOYEES, THE ROBBER CAN KNOW THE EXACT TIME AND PATH
OF THE MESSENGER AND ALSO THE AMOUNT HE HAD ON HAND. CASING OVER A
PERIOD OF SEVERAL WEEKS OFTEN REVEAL THE MESSENGER’S ROUTINE.
58
ROBBERS OF MESSENGERS ARE USUALLY DANGEROUS CRIMINALS
WHO SHOW NO HESITATION IN KILLING TO OBTAIN THEIR OBJECTIVES. THE
FOLLOWING ARE SOME PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST PAYROLL ROBBERS.
1 THE PERSON WHO IS ASSIGNED TO CARRY THE MONEY SHOULD CHANGE

FREQUENTLY.
THE TIME OF TRANSFERRING THE MONEY SHOULD BE CHANGED EVERY DAY

DEPENDING ON THE FREQUENCY OF TRANSFER OF MONEY.
MULTIPLE EXIT SHOULD BE AVAILABLE.
THE SAME ROUTE TO OR FROM THE BANK SHOULD NOT BE USED EVERY DAY.
BY ARANGEMENT WITH THE POLICE ARMED GUARDS CAN BE OBTAINED FOR

EACH TRIP.
JEWELRY STORES ROBBERY – THSE ROBBERS OPERATES THEIR JOB BY

ASSUMING THE APPEARANCE OF A “GENTLEMEN ROBBERY” OR “BANDIT STYLE”.
THE GENTLEMEN ROBBERY HAS THE APPEARNCE OF A WEALTY CUSTOMER
WITH FASTIDIOUS TASTE AND REQUESTS THE JEWELER TO SHOW HIM THE BEST
STOCK IN A CERTAIN LINE. THE DISPLAYS HIS GUN AND TAKES THE JEWELS.
WHILE THE “BANDIT STYLE” USE A MORE DIRECT APPROACH AFTER

GAINING THE INITIAL CONFIDENCE OF THE SALESMAN. HE CONDUCT THE
OPERATION SIMILAR TO THE BANK ROBBERY.
THE CLOSING-TIME SHOP ROBBERIES- JUST BEFORE THE CLOSING HOUR ROBBER
WILL GET INSIDE THE SHOP, HERD THE EMPLOYEES IN THE BACK ROOM, AND
TAKE ALL THE MONEY IN THE CASH REGISTER AND DISAPPEAR. SINCE THE
EMPLOYEES HAVE AN EXELLENT OPPORTUNITY TO OBSERVE THE ROBBERS
CLOSSELY AND LISTEN TO THEIR VOICES, EFFECTIVE CLUES CAN BE DERIVED
FROM PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION AND THE MODUS OPERANDI.
ROBBERY OF TAXI DRIVERS- ROBBERY OF CAB DRIVERS IS OF INCREASING

POPULARITY. TWO ROBBERS ENTER A CAB AS PASENGER, DIRECT THE DRIVER
TO A LONELY PLACE AND PROCEED TO ROB HIM OF HIS DAY EARNINGS,
PERSONAL BELONGINGS AND EVEN THE TAXI METERS.
ROBBERY OF INDIVIDUALS- THIS FORM OF ROBBERY IS A SMALL TIME

OPERATION PRACTICED BY CRIMINALS WHO LACK DARU=ING AND EXPERIENCE
TO CARRY ON ROBBERY OF ESTABLISHMENTS. MOST OF THEM ARE ARMED AND
DANGEROUS. THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME FORMS OF THIS ROBBERY:
“MUGGING” – THE VICTIM IS SEIZED FROM BEHIND WITH ONE ARM AND
FRISKING HIM FOR HIS VALUABLES WITH THE OTHER ARM. THE VICTIM
MAY BE INTOXICATED, RETURNING HOME AT NIGHT, OR IN SACLUDED
PLACE.
LOVER’S LANE VICTIMS – COUPLES SITTING IN THE PARKED CAR IN A

SECLUDED SPOTS MAY BE FORCED TO GIVE MONEY. THE WOMAN
COMPANION MAY BE RAPE. THESSE ROBBERIES ARE DIFFICULT TO SOLVE
BECAUSE OF THE VICTIMS DESIRE TO WITHHOLD INFORMATION AND
AVOID PUBLICITY.
C. RESIDENCE ROBBERY – ISOLATED HOUSES OF RICH MEN ARE FREQUENT

TARGET OF ROBBERY. RAPE MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE COMMISSION OF
THE CRIME.
59

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CHAPTER I

HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION AND OTHER VIOLENT DEATHS

SPECIAL CRIME INVEST

Homicide – killing of a human being depending on circumstances.

THE PRIMARY JOB OF THE INVESTIGATOR

To discover whether an offense has been committed under the law.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF A HOMICIDE INVESTIGATOR

MISTAKES IN HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION

The mistakes of the Homicide Investigator can not be corrected.

THE MEDICO-LEGAL AUTOPSY

THE IDENTITY OF THE DECEASED

THE FACT OF DEATH

PRESUMPTIVE SIGNS AND TEST OF DEATH

The following are few of the signs indicative of death:

Cessation of breathing and respiratory movement.

Clothes and other articles

IDENTIFYING THE DEAD BODY

by means of physical description

Time elapse between Death and Burial

A considerable number of years are required from the disappearance of tissues on a

AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT INVESTIGATION

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A HOMICIDE INVESTIGATOR

Pen or Ball pen

To record the relevant details of the case.

To serve as record of details in the light of development.

IDEAL COMPOSITION OF A HOMICIDE INVESTIGATING TEAM

HOW TO RESPOND TO A CRIME SCENE

COMMUNICATION AND NOTIFICATION

Priority in communication must be given to a major alarm.

Headquarters should notify the following person:

PRELIMINARY STEPS TO BE OBSERVED UPON REACHING THE CRIME SCENE

MECHANICS OF THE SEARCH

If the area to be searched is quite extensive, a more systematic scheme of approach is

The Strip Method

The Spiral Method

The Zone Method

The Wheel Method

Basically, a searcher must primarily concentrate on the following types of evidences:

Mental Reconstruction – after physical reconstruction, some conclusion can be made

The object which is represented should not be immaterial or irrelevant.

KINDS OF PHOTOGRAPHS AT THE CRIME SCENE

Special Techniques – ultra-violet, infrared, othostereoscopy, photomicrography,

Photographing the Environment

Photographing the Body after removal.

CRIME SCENE SKETCH

CARE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

PHYSICAL EVIDENCE, Defined

KINDS OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

PROCEDURE OF CARE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

The article must be properly identified. (Label & markings).

Continuity or chain of custody.

PROTECTING THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

PURPOSES OF PROTECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

ALTERNATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

KINDS OF VIOLENTS DEATHS

TERMS CONNECTED WITH HOMICIDE

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION – IT IS AN ART WHICH DEALS WITH THE IDENTITY

B. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR – A PERSON WHO IS CHARGED WITH THE DUTY

C. HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION – IT IS THE OFFICIAL INQUIRY MADE BT THE