DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. DOCUMENTS - any material containing marks, symbols, or signs either visible, partially
visible that may present or ultimately convey meaning to someone, maybe in the form
of a pencil, ink writing, typewriting, or printing on paper.
KINDS OF DOCUMENTS
1. Public Document - a document created, executed, or issued by a public official in
response to the exigencies of the public service, or in the execution of which a public
official intervened.
2. Official Document – a document that is issued by a public official in the exercise of the
functions of his office.
3. Private Document – every deed or instrument executed by a private person without the
intervention of a notary public or any person legally authorized, by which the
documents some disposition or agreement is provide evidenced or set forth.
4. Commercial Document – Any instrument defined and regulated by the Code of
Commerce or other commercial law.
5. Electronic Document – exist only in electronic forms such as date stored on a computer
network, back-up, archive, or other storage media.
6. Paper-based – produced traditionally and manually
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT – Document is usually questioned because its origin, its contents, or
the circumstances and story regarding its production, arouse serious suspicions as to its
genuineness, or it may be adversely scrutinized simply because it displeases someone.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION/FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION - The
practice of application of document examination to the purposes of the law.
 FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINER/QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINER – refers to persons
who study all aspects of a document to determine its authenticity, origin, handwriting,
photocopies, inks, and papers.
HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT – any document was completely written and signed by one person.
REFERENCE COLLECTION – Material compiled and organized by the document examiner to
assist him in answering special questions.
RELATED FIELD OF STUDY
1. Historical dating - It involves the verification of age and worth pf document or object.
2. Fraud Investigation - It focuses on the money trail and criminal intent
3. Paper and ink Specialists - These are public or private experts who date, type, source,
and/or catalogue various types of paper, watermarks, ink, printing/copy/fax machines,
computer cartridges, etc., using chemical methods.
4. Forgery Specialists - These are public or private experts who analyze, altered,
obliterated, changed, or doctored documents and photos using infrared lighting and
other equipment.
5. Handwriting Analysis - These are psychology experts who assess personality traits from
handwriting samples, also called as graphologist or graphoanalysts.
6. Forensic stylistics - Refers to the same purpose but by looking at semantics, spelling,
word choice, syntax, and phraseology.
 7. Typewriting Analysis - These are experts on the origin, make, and model used in the
typewritten documents.
8. Computer Crime Investigation
9. Imprint Examination – including those produced by manual devices, mechanical devices,
and electronic printing devices; also includes those produced by the manufacture of
counterfeiters.

HANDWRITING
It is the result of a very complicated series of acts, being used a whole, and a combination of
certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long-continued painstaking
effort.
COPYBOOK FORM

It is the instruction taught in school.

IMPORTANCE OF COPYBOOK FORM

The nationality of the writer

The system learned
The date when the writing was acquired4
To some of the influences that have surrounded the writer
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HANDWRITING

SENSORY

BRAIN -CORTEX

MOTOR

HAND/PARTS OF THE BODY RESPONSIBLE IN WRITING

FINGER, WRIST, ELBOW, AND SHOULDER

LUMBRICALS, ENTENSOR, AND FLEXOR

DEVELOPMENT OF HANDWRITING

Drawing Stage
Adolescence Stage/Manner of Execution
Stage of Subject Matter
Stage of Degeneration
STYLES OF HANDWRITING

Printed
Cursive
Print-writing
SIGNATURE

A mark or sign made by an individual on an instrument or document to signify knowledge,

approval, acceptance, or obligation.
TYPES OF SIGNATURE

Handwritten Signature
Electronic Signature
Autopen Signature
Stamp Signature
Guided Signature
Model Signature
IMPORTANCE OF SIGNATURE

Evidence
Ceremony
Approval
Efficiency and Logistics

TYPES OF CHARACTERISTICS
General Characteristics – these characteristics refer to those habits which are part of the basic
writing system.
National Characteristics – these refer to the extent that the writing system within a country
share common features and induce class characteristics in the writing of its people, different
from other countries.
Accidental Characteristics – these are an isolated, brief, or temporary digression from normal
writing practices observed in writing standards.
Individual Characteristics – these are characteristics that are the result of the writer’s muscular
control, coordination, age, health, nervous, temperament, frequency, personality, and
character.
Permanent
Common or usual
Occasional
Rare
POINTS IN IDENTIFICATION

Writing movement
Form and design of letters
Muscular control and motor control
Loose Writing
Restrained Writing
Motor coordination
Shading
Alignment
Pen Pressure
Connection
Pen Hold
Skill
Rhythm
Disconnections or pen lifts between letters
Speed
Slant as writing habits
The proportion of letters as individual characteristics or habit
Quality of strokes/Line quality
Variation

PRINCIPLES OF HANDWRITING ANALYSIS

No two writers write exactly alike
The physical writing condition and position of the person including his writing instrument may
affect the handwriting characteristics but they do not confine all its identifying elements.
A writer cannot exceed his maximum writing ability or skill without serious effort and training
applied over a period of time.
The combination of handwriting characteristics including those derived from form and writing
movements are essential elements of identification.
Individuality in handwriting can only be determined through comparative examination with the
standard written or prepared under comparable condition
Similarity does not mean identity
Complete identity means definite forgery
The writing was written by one person when there is a sufficient number of identical writing
habits and identical primary controlling characteristics and addition, the absence of divergent
characteristics.
The writing was not written by one person when there is a sufficient number of divergent
writing characteristics and the absence of identical primary controlling characteristics.

ILLNESSES THAT MAY AFFECT HANDWRITING OF AN INDIVIDUAL

Agraphia- refers to the inability to write in an orderly fashion, but can still be able to
manipulate writing materials. This maybe due to brain lesions such as tumors, brain infections,
injuries or head injuries.
Aphasia- refers to the impairment of the power to use and understand words in
communicating.
Dyslexia- Refers to the disability to read and miss-spell words. (example, from Read to Red.)
Paragraphia- The inability to write the correct words, but ability to copy text is retained.
Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s Disease- Alzheimer is due to old age a person who is above
60 years of age, due to senility he reverts to childhood and loses memory and ability to read
and write. Parkinson’s is due to old age as well but uncontrolled tremor is present.
ALS(Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis)- or LOU GEHRIG DISEASE, which includes weakening of
muscles.
Arthritis- affects the CNS which includes muscles, ligaments and joints or writing hand.
Cerebral Palsy- an abnormal alteration of movement or motor function arising from defect,
injury or disease of the nerve tissues in the cranial cavity.
Hypnosis- a trance-like condition or an induced state that resembles sleep in which the subject
experiences diminished will power and very responsive to the suggestions of the hypnotizer.

Does It Affect Handwriting? ..the person is more relaxed. Thus, interest in the task was
lost.

VARIATION IN HANDWRITING
A more or less definite pattern for each is stored away in the subjective mind but the
hand does not always produce a stereo type of the pattern. The hand ordinarily is not an
instrument of precision and therefore we may not expect every habitual manual operation to
be absolutely uniform. The greater this skill in the art of penmanship, the less the variations
there will be in the form of individualize letters as well as in the writing as a whole.
CAUSES OF VARIATIONS
Function of some external i.e. influence of the available space.
Abnormal conditions such as physical injury, toxic effects, inebriations, emotion and deception.
Position of letter- all the letters are to be found initially, medially, and finally. The fact of the
different position, especially in combination with another and particular letter, may modify any
of them in some way or another.
IMPORTANCE OF VARIATION
Personal variation encountered under normal writing conditions is also a highly important
element of identification. The qualities of personal variation include both its nature and its
extent. It becomes necessary to determine the amount, extent, and exact quality of the
variations.
It is improbable that the variety and extent of the variation in handwriting will be exactly
duplicated in two individuals that such a coincidence becomes practically impossible and this
multitude of possible variations when combined is what constitutes individuality in handwriting.
With a group of signatures of a particular writer, certain normal divergence in size, lateral
spacing and proportions actually indicate genuineness. Variation in genuine writing is ordinarily
in superficial parts and in size, proportions, degree of the care given to the act, design, slant,
shading, vigor, angularity, roundness’ and direction of the stroke.
SCHOOL COPYBOOK FORM (SCHOOL MODEL)

The standard of handwriting instruction taught in particular school. Classes of copybook depend
on the standard copy adopted by a writer.

EARLY FORMS OF COPYBOOK FORM

Spencerian Script is a script style that flourished in the United States from 1850 to 1895.
Platt Rogers Spencer, whose name the style bears, was impressed with the idea that America
needed a penmanship style that could be written quickly, legibly, and elegantly to aid in matters
of business correspondence as well as personal letter-writing. Spencerian Script was developed
in 1840, and began soon after to be taught in the school Spencer established specifically for
that purpose. He quickly turned out graduates who left his school to start replicas of it abroad,
and Spencerian Script thus began to reach the common schools. Spencer never saw the great
success that his penmanship style enjoyed, having died in 1864, but his sons took upon
themselves the mission of bringing their late father’s dream to fruition.

This they did by publishing and distributing Spencer’s unpublished book, Spencerian Key to
Practical Penmanship, in 1866. Spencerian Script became the standard across the United States
and remained so until the 1920s when the spreading popularity of the typewriter rendered it
obsolete. It was gradually replaced with the simpler and less elegant Palmer Method developed
by Austin Norman Palmer.

Palmer Copybook- commonly used in the United States prior to 1980.

D’Nealian Copybook- commonly used in the United States since 1980.
British Copybook
French Copybook
German Copybook

IMPORTANCE OF THE DESIGN OF THE LETTERS (SYSTEM OF WRITING)

May point:

To the nationality of the writer

The system learned
The date when the writing was acquired
To some of the influences that have surrounded the writer

Alignment – The relation of the parts of the whole of writing or line of individual letters in
words to the baseline.
Angular form – sharp, straight strokes that are made by stopping the one and changing
direction before continuing.
Arcade forms – forms that look like arches; rounded on top and open at the bottom.
Bow – the part of the letter or character of signature or handwriting which formed like a bow of
an arrow or simply a curved stroke aligned in a vertical direction.
Collation – side by side comparison
Comparison – The act of setting two or more items side by side to weigh their identifying
qualities
Dextral
Disguised writing – A writer may deliberately try to alter his usual writing habits of hiding his
identity.
Down strokes – the movement of the pen toward the writer
Form – the writer’s chosen writing style.
Garland forms – A cup-like connected form that is open at the top and rounded on the bottom.
Gestalt – “complete”, “whole”
Graphoanalysis – the study of handwriting based on the tow fundamental strokes, the curve
and the straight strokes.
Graphometry – analysis and comparison and measurement
Graphology – the art of determining character disposition and amplitude of a person from the
study of handwriting.
Hand lettering – any disconnected style of writing in which each letter is written separately.
Left handed writing
Letter Space – the amount of space left between letters.
Line Direction – it is the movement of the baseline.
Line Quality – the overall character of the ink lines from the beginning to the ending strokes.
Line Space – the amount of space left between lines.
Manuscript writing – a disconnected form of script or semi-script writing.
Margins – the amount of space left around the writing on all four sides.
Movement
MOVEMENTS IN HANDWRITING
Finger Movement – The thumb, the first, the second, and slightly the third finger are in actual
motion.
Hand Movement – Produced by the movement or action of the whole hand with the wrist as
the center of attraction.
Forearm Movement – the movement of the shoulder, hand, and arm with the support of the
table.
Whole-arm Movement – the action of the entire arm without resting.
Natural Writing – any specimen of writing executed normally without any attempt to control or
alter its identifying habits and its usual quality and execution.
Natural Variation – these are normal or usual deviations found between repeated specimens of
any individual handwriting.
Pen emphasis – the act of intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surfaces.
Pen Hold – the place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen and the angle at which he
holds it.
Pen position – the relationship between the pen point and the paper. The orientation of the
writing instrument.
Pen pressure – the average force with which the pen contacts the paper.
Print Script – A creative combination of printing and cursive writing
Proportion and Ratio – the relation between the tall and the short letter
Quality – the distinct and peculiar characters. Also, quality is used in describing handwriting to
refer to any identifying factor that is related to the writing movement itself.
Rhythm – the element of writing movement, which is marked by regular or periodic
recurrences. It may be classed as smooth, intermittent, or jerky in its quality; the flourishing
succession of motion which are recorded in a written record.
Shading – is the widening of the ink strokes due to the added pressure on a flexible pen point or
to the use of a stub pen.
Significant Writing Habit – any characteristic of handwriting that is sufficiently uncommon and
well-fixed to serve as a fundamental point in the identification.
Simplification – eliminating extra or superfluous strokes from the copybook form.
Size – as a writing characteristics is somewhat divergent under varying condition and may have
but little significance when applied to only on example, or to a small quality of writing like a
signature unless the divergence is very pronounced.
Skill – relative degrees or ability or skill and a specimen of handwriting usually contain evidence
of the writer’s proficiency; degree, ability, or skill of writing proficiency.
Slope/Slant – the angle of inclination of the axis of the letters relative to the baseline.
Speed of writing – the personal pace at which the writer’s pen moves across the paper.
Thread form – an indefinite connective form that looks flat and wavy
Variation – the act or process of changing
Word Space – the amount of space between words.
Writing Conditions – circumstances in which the writing was prepared and factors influencing
the writer’s ability to write at the time of execution.
Writing Habits – any repeated element in one’s handwriting.
Writing impulse – the result of the pen touching down on the paper and moving across the
page until it is raised from the paper.
Wrong-Handed Writing – any writing executed with the opposite hand that normally used; a.k.a
as “with the awkward hand”.
Reprographic examination – refers to the examination of documents which include
photocopies, facsimile, photographs, and the like.
Rubric or embellishment – refers to the additional unnecessary strokes to legibly of letterforms
or writings but incorporated in writing for decorative or ornamental purposes.
TERMINOLOGIES CONCERNING STROKE CHARACTERISTICS

ARC - a curved formed inside the top curve of loop/as in small letter “h”, “m”, “n”, “p”.
ARCH – any arcade form in the body of a letter found in small letters that contain arches.
ASCENDER – is the top portion of a letter or upper loop.
APEX – the uppermost point of a character.
BASELINE – maybe actually on a ruled paper, it might be the imaginary alignment of writing. It is
ruled or imaginary line upon which the writing rests.
BEADED – preliminary embellished initial stroke which usually occurs in capital letters.
BEARD – is the rudimentary initial upstroke of a letter.
BLUNT – the beginning and ending-stroke of a letter (without hesitation).
BOWL – a fully rounded oval or circular form on a letter complete into “o”.
BUCKLE/BUCKLENOT – a loop made as a flourished which is added to the letters, as a small
letter “k and a” or in capital letter “A”, “K”, “I”.
CACOGRAPHY – a bad writing
CALLIGRAPHY – the art of beautiful writing
CONNECTING STROKE – a line joining two adjacent characters
CROSS STROKE – a stroke that crosses another portion of the character and is attached at either
end.
CROSSBAR – a stroke that intersects other portions of the character at both ends.
DESCENDER – opposite of ascender, the lower portion of a letter.
DIACRITIC – “t” crossing and dots of the letter “I” and “j”. The matters of the Indian script are
also known as diacritic signs.
DRAG STROKE – a stroke resulting from the incomplete lifting of the pen.
ENDING/TERMINATE STROKE OF TOE – the end of a letter.
EYE/EYELET/EYELOOP – a small loop or curve formed inside the letters.
FOOT – the lower part which rests on the baseline.
HABITS – any repeated elements or details, which may serve to individuals writing.
HESITATION – the irregular thickening of ink which is found when writing slows down or stop
while the pen take a stock of at the position.
HIATUS/PEN JUMP – A gap occurring between continuous strokes without lifting the pen. Such
an occurrence usually occurs due to speed. It may be regarded also as a special form of pen lift.
HOOK – it is a minute curve or an ankle that often occurs at the end of the terminal strokes/it is
also sometimes occurring at the beginning of an initial stroke.
HUMP – the rounded outside of the top of the bend stroke or curve in small letters.
INDENTATION – latent or visible impressions in paper or other media.
KNOB – the extra deposit of ink in the initial and terminal stroke due to the slow withdrawal of
the pen from the paper (usually applicable to fountain pen.
LIGATURE/CONNECTION – the stroke which connects two-stroke of letter.
LONG LETTER – those letters with both upper and lower loops.
OVAL – the portion of the letter which is oval in shape.
PATCHING – retouching or going back over a defective portion of a written stroke. Careful is
common defect on forgeries.
PEN LIFT – an interruption in a stroke caused by removing the writing instrument from the
paper.
RETRACE/RETRACING – any part of a stroke which is superimposed upon the original stroke.
Example; vertical strokes of the letters “d”, “t” while coming down from the top to bottom will
have retracing strokes.
SHOULDER – the outside portion of the top curve seen in small letters.
SPUR – a short initial or terminal stroke.
STAFF – any major long downward stroke of a letter that is a long stroke of the letter.
STEM OR SHANK – the upright long downward stroke that is the trunk or stalk, normally seen in
capital letters.
TICK/HITCH – any short stroke, which usually occurs at the top of the letters.
TREMOR – a writing weakness portrayed irregular shaky strokes is described as writing tremor.
Tremor of Fraud – The characteristics of tremor of fraud are inequality in the movement at any
place in any stroke or line, with strokes too strong and vigorous combined with weak, hesitating
strokes, interruptions in movement in movement, unequal distribution of ink on upward or
varying pen pressure.
Tremor of age, or of extreme weakness
WHIRL – the long upward stroke of the ascender.
BULBS – a small circular enclosure.
FEATHERING – spreading of ink in the paper.
GRADUATED OR EXPLOSIVE SHADING – when the shading in a letter gradually increases or
decreases, it is called shading. If it is irregular, it is called “explosive” shading.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

FALSEMAKING – The creation of fraudulent writing on a document or the alteration of an

existing document.
FALSIFICATION – In Q.D. context, it pertains to the act of adding and substituting, erasing and
obliterating an original entry, be it punctuation marks, signs, symbols, numerals, characters and
or letters in a document
COUNTERFEITING – The crime of making, circulating, uttering false coins and bank notes
FORGERY – The act of falsely making and materially altering, with intent to defraud, any writing
which if genuine, might be legal efficacy or the foundation of legal liability.
TYPES AND METHODS OF FORGERY

Simple Forgery
Simulated Forgery
Traced Forgery
Auto Forgery
INDICATORS OF FORGERY

Tremors
No rhythm
Carefulness or unusual care
No contrast between thin and thick stroke
Slow writing
Blunt ending and beginning
Absence of spontaneity
Restrained writing
No variation
INDICATIONS OF SIMULATED AND TRACED FORGERIES
Tremulous and broken connecting strokes between letters, indicating points at which the writer
has temporary struck
No rhythm
Carefulness or unusual care and deliberation
No contrast between upward and downward strokes
Slow writing – angular writing
Blunt beginning and endings
Placement of diacritical marks just over the stem of the letters
Absence of spontaneity – lack of smoothness of letters
Restrained writing
No variation
INDICATIONS OF GENUINE WRITING
Carelessness
Spontaneity
Alternation of thin and thick strokes
Speed
Simplification
Upright letters are interspersed with slanting letters
Upwards strokes to a threadlike tracing
Rhythm
Good line quality
Variation
*In order to arrive in a reliable conclusion, the examiner needs genuine documents for
comparison to the questioned document. The known materials needed for comparison
purposes are known as STANDARDS.
STANDARDS

Are condensed and compact-set of authentic specimens which is adequate and proper should
contain a cross-section of the material form its source.
Collected and Requested Standards
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE SELECTION OF STANDARDS
Amount of standards
The similarity of subject matter
Relatives of the QD and SD
WHAT ARE THE DO’S AND DON’TS IN COLLECTING EXEMPLARS

Don’t rely on too little writing.

- 15-20 signatures

- 4-5 pages of handwriting

Don’t rely exclusively on writing that differs significantly from the questioned one.
Do collect similar samples
Don’t rely on documents recently written if the comparison documents were written many
years ago.
Do collect standards dated at approximately the same time as the questioned document.
Don’t compare writing written under abnormal conditions with normal writing.
Do collect documents that duplicate the writing environment.
Do instruct the writer to obtain similar exemplars.

LOGICAL PROCESS
1. Ascertain the facts
2. Analyze the details
3. Qualify the case
SCIENTIFIC METHODS
1. Analysis
2. Comparison
3. Evaluation
4. Verification
THE CARE OF DISPUTED DOCUMENTS AND DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE:
1. It should be kept unfolded and a separate, proper size envelope or folder
2. No photo-static copy, but a proper photograph or photo-enlargement
3. Should not be handled repeatedly by anyone
4. No touching, folding, refolding or pointing to certain parts of a document
5. Pointing the document with sharp material should not be used
6. NO test should be made to alter the condition of the document

REPORTING INDICATIONS

1. Wrote (made, prepared)

2. Strong Indications Wrote
3. Indications Wrote
4. Limited Indications Wrote
5. Can Be Neither Identified Nor Eliminated
6. Limited Indications Did Not Write
7. Indications Did Not Write
8. Strong Indications Did Not Write
9. Did Not Write

*Alterations can take the form of erasures and replacement and/or insertion of
Material into a document.

TYPES OF ALTERATIONS
 1. Abrasion – any forms of erasures using rubber eraser or scraped with a sharp
Object, such as knife or razor blade.
2. Chemical Eradication – Chemicals bleach the color from the ink and in some
Cases remove the ink from the paper.
3. Obliterations – the act of covering the material in question with an opaque
Substance.
4. Insertion and Substitution– one page or more pages is/are added or removed
From the document
5. Addition – introduction of words/figures not originally part of the document
6. Interlineations or Intercalation – introduction of words/figures between lines.
7. Folds – folds in a document may indicate a substitution particularly if the folds in
Substituted pages do not match.
8. Cut and paste
9. Electronic Alterations

DISGUISED WRITING
Natural writing refers to any specimen of writing executed normally without any
Attempt to control or alter its identifying habits and its usual quality and execution.

METHODS OF DISGUISED
1. Change in slant
2. Altered letter forms
3. Use of block letters
4. Other hand writing
5. Change of Writing instrument
6. Change of speed
SIGNS OF DISGUISED
1. Inconsistencies within the writing
2. Poor rhythm
3. Erratic movement followed by smooth rhythmic writing
4. Slowness and hesitation

SOLUTION OF A DISGUISED WRITING PROBLEM

1. Collection and study of adequate standards which contain the fixed, occasional,
Rare, and accidental characteristics of the writer. Frequently the most difficult part
Of a case is locating good specimens.
2. Study of questioned writing to determine if it is normal handwriting containing
Natural variations or if it is disguised.
3. Comparison of questioned with standard writing methodically listing identifying (or
Non-identifying) characteristics of the handwriting, composition, arrangement, ink,
Writing instrument, paper, etc.

PAPER
These are sheets of interlaced fibers –usually cellulose fibers from plants, but sometimes from
cloth rags or other fibrous materials, that is formed by pulping the fibers and causing to felt, or
mat, to form a solid surface.
MANUFACTURING PAPER

Cooking process – the pulpwood will be chipped into small pieces that are then mixed with
chemicals and fed into pressure vessels called digester to soften the lignin, which binds the
fibers together.
Washing, screening, cleaning, and, if necessary, bleaching to the desired brightness.
Next, the fibers are combined with pigments, dyes, and sizing. These fibers flow onto a moving
screen called a Fourdrinier, on which the fibers mat, forming a continuous sheet of paper with
much of the water drawn through the screen into collection tanks to be recycled.
Then, the web of pulp passes through heavy rollers, which press moisture from the sheet.
Drying stage – evaporation of the remaining water in the pulp of fibers
The paper then passes through series of calendar stacks that sooth the paper.
Pressing process – the paper passes over a dandy roll, which imprints the watermark on the
paper.

PROPERTIES OF PAPER
The paper contains many properties that are important considerations when determining how
the paper will be used.

Weight
Strength – tensile strength and tear strength
Durability
Thickness
Finish of the paper
Water absorbability
Presence of watermark
WATERMARK

This is a translucent distinctive designs of the manufacturer

HISTORY OF TYPEWRITER
What are the defects in typewriter which form part of individual characteristics?
Horizontal Mal-alignment – the character defectively strikes to the right or left of its normal
allotted striking position.
Off its feet – heavier in one side or corner than over the remainder to its outline.
Rebound – character prints a double impress on with the lighter one slightly off act to the right
or left.
Typeface Defects
Twisted Letters – characters become twisted so that they lean to the right or left of their
correct slight
Vertical Mal-alignment – character printing above or below its proper portion
Clogged Typeface
What are the defects in typewriter which form part individual characteristics?
1. Horizontal Mal-alignment – the character defectively strikes to the right or left
Of its normal allotted striking position.
2. Off its feet – heavier in one side or corner than over the remainder to its outline.
3. Rebound – character prints a double impress on with the lighter one slightly off
Act to the right or left.
4. Typeface Defects
5. Twisted Letters – characters become twisted so that they lean to the right or
Left of their correct slight
6. Vertical Mal-alignment – character printing above or below its proper portion
7. Clogged Typeface

COMPUTERS AND PRINTERS

Most of the documents can be viewed electronically. Today’s documents are typed
On a computer, mistakes can be corrected unlike in typewriters, and documents can
Be reproduced and printed using word processing software possibly on one of several
Printers connected to the system.

Printers are important in identification of the source of a disputed document. There

Are certain properties of different printers which will separate a printer to another
Printer.
TYPES OF PRINTER
1. Dot Matrix – It has series of small pins that press against the ribbon and stamp the
Paper. A microscopic examination will show the round edges from the individual
Dots.
2. Ink Jet – It sprays the ink onto the paper configuring the letter designs in a way
Similar to the dot –matrix designs. The sprayed ink may run slightly, blurring the
Rough edges of the dots.
3. Laser printer – A light source such as a laser exposes a photosensitive drum in a
Pattern of tiny dots to form an image. Negatively charged toner clings to the
Positively charged, sensitized areas of the drum. The toner is transferred to the
Paper that has been given a positive charge. The toner is fused to the paper by
Heat and pressure.