Lethality To Humans Due To Blast Effects Morris
Lethality To Humans Due To Blast Effects Morris
Lethality To Humans Due To Blast Effects Morris
Research
Corporation
Introduction
Sponsored by
U. S. Army
Project Manager Instrumentation, Targets and
Threat Simulators (PM ITTS)
Presented by
Scientific Research Corporation
Norman Morris, Sr. Engineer
TMS
Legend
Ok
Too fast
Uncovered
Foot
Operator Vehicular
Instrumentation Instrumentation
TMS will Enable:
• Actual and Virtual Minefield Environments
• Real-time Operator Analysis Capability for Training
• Testbed for De-mining Instrumentation Development
FEEDBACK • Blasts
(x,y,z), shape, EM responses of
DIS / targets, soil & clutter, ...
HLA
IN
Compute
Blast
Compute Overpressure Lovelace
Range to kth R Foundation
plethal
Battlefield Lethality
Compute
Entity Analysis
Blast
Duration
1000000
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Distance (ft)
10
I II III
1
Scaled Duration
1000
99%
90%
50%
Overpressure (psi)
10%
1%
100
104
103
Overpressure
PLethal
102
10
0.1 1 10 102 103 104
Duration
II
Extract
Random
Fragments
Ahlers &
Fragment Trajectory Analyses:
• Torso impact tests
Feinstein plethal
Flight
Angles • Impact velocities Lethality
Analysis
Gurney
Initial
Velocity
Impacting Fragment
MISP Fragment Analysis Component Mass & Velocity
200
0
m (mass)
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
N
∑m
i =1
i = M0
•
• 53 Fragments of mass > 0.49
•
52 Fragments of mass > 0.50
53
52
•
51 •
•
1000 0.49 0.50 0.525
(No. of fragments)
0.493 0.508
800 Nearest integer
600 representation
N
400 Inverse map
200
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2
N
m (mass) ∑m
i =1
i = M0
2002 Mines, Demolition and
Non-Lethal Conference Lethality to Humans - Page 14 June 4, 2002
Scientific
Research
Corporation
Ejected Fragment Flight Angles and Densities
Assume:
• Fragments eject at right angles to the surface.
• Fragment density is uniform on casing.
Projected patch
(incremental area)
Ground
θ θ
Fragment Ejecta
Obstruct Angle
2002 Mines, Demolition and
Non-Lethal Conference Lethality to Humans - Page 15 June 4, 2002
Scientific
Research
Corporation Initial Fragment Velocity Formula (Gurney)
2E
V0 =
12000 (11 / 20 + M / C )
where :
11000 2 E = 8000 fps (for TNT, Gurney’ s Velocity)
Initial Velocity
Extract
Random
Fragments
Ahlers &
Fragment Trajectory Analyses:
• Torso impact tests
Feinstein plethal
Flight
Angles • Impact velocities Lethality
Analysis
Gurney
Initial
Velocity
Impacting Fragment
MISP Fragment Analysis Component Mass & Velocity
Runge-Kutta 4th
Order simulation
Runge-Kutta 4th
time (sec) Order simulation
Z (m)
Closed form Closed form
approximation approximation
Vz (m/sec)
time (sec)
X (m)
Runge-Kutta 4th
Formulas andOrder simulation
algorithms for above
approaches listedand
Formulas in algorithms
AppendixforA of paper.
above approaches listed in Appendix A of paper.
1000
Kill Rate: Abdomen and Limbs
90%
50%
10%
Terminal Velocity (fps)
Injur
y Thr
eshold
100
1000
Velocity, v
100
Inj
ury P(Lethal|Hit)
Th
res
ho
ld
10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Weight, w
• Fragmentation lethality
- Mass distribution (Mott)
- Ejection angle of flight (geometry)
- Fragment initial velocity (Gurney)
- Fragment trajectories & impact velocities (SRC)
- Lethality computations (Ahlers & Feinstein)
2002 Mines, Demolition and
Non-Lethal Conference Lethality to Humans - Page 21 June 4, 2002
Scientific
Research
Corporation
Backup (Support) Slides
Backup
Op Data
IEEE 1394 IDD
(Raw)
Data Comms/DSP CSCI Mass
Instrumentation
L
Ethernet IDD Storage
•Pre-Exercise (Cumulative)
M
CSCI
CTMS IDD
Op Data (Reduced) THREATS
CTMS CSCI Comms CSCI Node
Shared
•Evaluation/User Interface Memory Mine Interaction
•Ground Truth File (Survey)
Resource
Simulation
•Mine Image JPG Files CSCI (Dynamic)
•Op Data Program CSCI
•MISP Results
•MS Access Reports •Interface Flags
(Static)
VMM Database CSCI
(Static)
Wand Survey CSCI •VMM Data •Political •Statistical
(Ground Truth) •Ground Truth
• Site Data (Pos., Envir.) •Physical - Research
• Target Data (Pos., Envir.) - Ops
• Mode Data
Foot/Wheel
Position
Sensor
RGM
{Poper}i=1,2,...,N Estimate
Y Shock Lovelace
MISP ri Duration
i=1 ri=|{Poper}i - Pmine| Foundation
Detonation And Analysis {PLethal }i
Yes/No? Over-
N
Mine pressure
No Action
shock
params
Mine VMM/RGM
position, Pmine
10000
99%
90%
50%
Overpressure (psi)
10%
1000 1%
100
10
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Duration (msec)
2002 Mines, Demolition and
Non-Lethal Conference Lethality to Humans - Page 25 June 4, 2002
Scientific
Research Lethality Due to Fragment Impact (Feinstein)
Corporation
1000
Kill Rate: Head
90%
Injury Thr 50%
Terminal Velocity (fps)
eshold 10%
100
10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Fragment Weight (lbs)
10000
Kill Rate:
90% Thorax
50%
10%
1000
Terminal Velocity (fps)
100
Inju
ry T
hres
hold
10
1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Fragment Weight (lbs)
10000
f1(w), linear curve based on MV2 hits
100
V(w)=min {f 1(w), f2(w)}, used
for injury assessment
10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Fragment Weight (lbs)
0 0.915
0.6 0.915
1.0 1.0
1.2 1.12
1.6 1.18
2.0 1.14
2.5 1.09
3.0 1.08
10.0 1.08
RGM Operator
Initiali-
zations
Information, Obtain Gurney1 Obtain Mott2
{Poper}i=1,2,...,N Size, Weight,
Fragment Initial Fragment Weight
etc.
MISP Y Velocity Estimates Distribution
N
Detonation Fragmentation Parameters
Yes/No? No (AMSAA)
Action
VMM/RGM
Mine Position, Pmine
1
0.8
0.6
PHit
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Fragment Density, ρ
Using the Poisson Distribution* (with Aoper=2 ft2),
P (K , Aoper
oper
K!
*See Wilbur B. Davenport, Jr.., William L. Root, “An Introduction to the Theory of Random Signals and Noise”
McGraw-Hill, 1958, §7-2 (pp. 115-117)...Note that here we replace shot noise electron-emission times with
fragment spatial locations and time intervals with spatial areas.
• Fragment ρA 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
density at
range r Poisson Distribution
ρ(r)
θ(r i), ρ(r i)
VMM/RGM LUT’s