- Heighten interactions within the

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD system

- Provide alternative loci of
(Midterm) international politics

Topic 1: The Global Interstate System EARLIEST CHALLENGE: NAPOLEON

BONAPARTE (1769 – 1821)
ATTRIBUTES OF MODERN INTERNATIONAL
- Emperor of the French Empire
POLITICS
- Sought to spread the principles of
 Governed through nation-states the French Revolution across Europe
 States are considered sovereign (Napoleonic Wars, 1803 – 1815)
 International organizations and - Napoleonic Code:
institutions facilitate relations  Forbade birth privileges,
between states freedom or religion,
 International organizations and meritocracy in government
institutions promote norms service
- Brief hegemony over Europe
ORIGINS OF THE NATION-STATE
THE CONCERT OF EUPORE (1815-1914)
 Peace of Westphalia
- Package of treaties that ended the - Sought to restore Europe to world
30 year war (1618-1648) before French Revolution and
- Established notion of Westphalian Napoleon
sovereignty - Austria, Prussia, Russian Empire,
 Legal equality of shares United Kingdom
 Non – intervention - Ushered in by the Congress of
 A repudiation of Vienna (1814-1915)
supranationalism (law-making
TENETS OF THE CONCERT
in states)
- Return of the Monarchy
NATIONALISM
- Return of Christian values in Europe
The nation: - Repudiation of the Napoleonic code
- Renewed peace in Europe through
1. Imagined community
great power diplomacy
2. Limited
3. Seeks to govern itself THE BIRTH OF LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM

Effect:  Immanuel Kant (1795):

- “For states in their relation to each
As nationalism became entrenched in the
other, there cannot be any
19th century, this solidified the Westphalian
reasonable way out of the lawless
order
condition which entails only war
- In Asia, earliest case of this was the except that they, like individual men,
Philippines. should give up their savage [lawless]
freedom, adjust themselves to the
GLOBAL POLITICS SINCE WESTPHALIA:
constraints of public law, and thus
RESPONDING TO NOTIONS OF
establish a continuously growing
SOVEREIGNTY
state consisting of various nationals
- Direct challenges to sovereignty which will ultimately include all the
nations of the world.”

©MJ Caparas
What this means: that no nation should seek to
extend its polity over any other
- Agreements among states merely
nation or people, but that every
avert war
people should be left free to
- Nations needed to give up their
determine its own polity, its own way
freedom and subject themselves to a
of development – unhindered,
larger system of law (analogue with
unthreatened, unafraid, the little
citizens in a country)
along with the great and powerful.”
- - a form of global government
needed to create and enforce these DEFINING LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
laws.
- The idea of common international
INTERNATIONAL LAW principles – from Kant
- Cooperation and respect among
- Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832) –
nation-states – Mazzini and Wilson
coined the term “international” in
- Promotion of global democracy –
1780
Wilson
- International law: law between states
- These ideas became the foundation
- “The end that a disinterested
of the League of Nations
legislator upon international law
would propose to himself would be LEAGUE OF NATIONS (1919-1946)
the greatest happiness of all nations
- Founded in the 1919 Paris Peace
takes together.”
Conference after WW1
MAZZINI’S NATIONALIST INTERNATIONALISM - Maintain world peace through
international arbitration
- Giussepe Mazzini (1805-1872) –
- Birth of task-specific international
architect of Italian unification, ardent
organizations like the WHO and the
nationalist, and major critique of the
ILO (international civil service)
Metternich system
- Nationalism and international AN ALTERNATIVE: SOCIALIST
cooperation complimented each INTERNATIONALISM
other
- Karl Marx
- Cooperation among nation-states
- “Workers of the word unite”
WILSONIAN INTERNATIONALISM - “The proletariat has no nation”
- Marxist anti-nationalism: affinity to
- US President Woodrow Wilson (1856-
the nation retards the worker’s
1924)
struggle
- Nations were subject to the universal
laws of God, which could be THE SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL (1889-
discovered through reason 1916)
- Principles include: self-determination,
- Organization of labor and socialist
democratic government, collective
parties, mainly in Europe
security, international law, and a
- Achievements: 8-hour working day,
league of nations.
international women’s day, May 1
WILSON IN 1917.. - Its parties became major players in
the electoral politics of Europe
- “I am proposing, as it were, that the
- Collapsed in 1916 as its member
nations should with one accord
parties supported the war efforts of
adopt the doctrine of President
their respective states
Monroe as the doctrine of the world:

©MJ Caparas
 THE UNITED NATIONS (1945-)

COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (COMINTERN), - Created to preserve peace after the

1919-1943 war
 Reinforced principles of
- Product of the Bolshevik victory in
sovereignty and non-
Russia
intervention
- Lenin’s toll to promote revolution
- Reflected the postwar balance of
- Central body for all communist
power
parties across the world
 Security council – to maintain
- Dissolved in 1943 to appease allied
peace and security
powers
 Permanent 5 have veto
THE COMINTERN AND THE 3RD WORLD (vestiges of the Concert)
- Took over the duties of the League
- Lenin: “Monopolies, oligarchy, the
- Grew larger than the league because
striving for domination and not for
of decolonization
freedom, the exploitation of an
increasing number of small or weak INTERNATIONALISM AND THE COLONIZED
nations by a handful of the richest WORLD
or most powerful nations – all these
- Colonized world largely ignored
have given birth to those distinctive
- Concert-era international lawyers –
characteristics of imperialism which
did not believe colonies were part of
compel us to define it as parasitic
the same legal terrain
of decaying capitalism.”
- Wilson’s self-determination did not
- Ho Chi Minh: “You must excuse my
seem to include colonies
frankness, but I cannot help but
- Second international did not support
observe that the speeches by
anti-colonial struggles
comrades from the mother countries
- For a while, only communists paid
give me the impression that they
attention to issues of imperialism
wish to kill a snake by stepping on
and decolonization
its tail. You all know today the
poison and life energy of the DECOLONIZATION AFTER THE WAR
capitalist snake is concentrated
- Imperial powers were in ruin and
more in the colonies than in the
could not maintain colonies
mother countries. yet In our
- Wartime defeats exposed the
discussion of the revolution, you
weakness of imperial powers
neglect the colonies, while capitalism
- Wartime heroes in the colonized
uses them to support itself, define
world became prominent
itself, and fight you.”
THE THIRD WORLD
MAJOR CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONALISM:
FASCISM - After WWII, Cold War divided the
world
- Hitler saw both variants
- First World: NATO and the Western
internationalism as an attack on the
Alliance
nation
- Second World: Communist countries
- Fascists believed in the primacy of
- Third World: Those caught in
ethnic majorities
between the superpowers
- Fascists believed in regional spheres
of influence THE BANDUNG CONFERENCE (1955)

©MJ Caparas
 - 29 countries participated - A group of countries in the same
- Established to combat colonialism geographically specified areas.
and neocolonialism by either the US
or the USSR
- Birth of the non-aligned movement  Regionalization
- A Mazzinnian internationalism for - Is the “societal integration and the
decolonizing countries often undirected process of social
and economic interaction”
INDONESIAN PRESIDENT SUKARNO AT
 Regionalism
BANDUNG
- Which is “the formal process of
- We are often told “colonialism is intergovernmental collaboration
dead”. Let us not be deceived or between two or more states”
even soothed by that. 1 say to you, - Is the set of conscious activities
colonialism is not yet dead. How can carried out by states within a region
we say it is dead, so long as vast to cooperate while regionalization is
areas of Asia and Africa are unfree. a less conscious process which is
- And I beg of you do not think of the outcome of these states policies.
colonialism only in the classic form  Globalization
which we of Indonesia, and our - A term used to explain, justify and
brothers in different parts of Asia anticipate the rapid expansion and
and Africa, knew. Colonialism has intensification of social relations
also its modern dress, in the form across world time and space (Steger,
of economic control, intellectual 2013)
control, actual physical control by a - On globalization and regionalization
small but alien community within a the latter is part of the former.
nation. It is a skillful and determined
FRAMEWORK
enemy, and it appears in many
guises. It does not give up its loot
easily. Wherever, whenever and
however it appears, colonialism is an Globalization Asia Pacific
evil thing, and one which must be and South Asia
eradicated from the earth.

LEGACIES OF BANDUNG
1 2 3
- Third world solidarity
 Developing world, global south, Externalist Generative
The region as
- Cementing the emphasis on national an alternative
View View to
development against “neocolonial
globalization
intervention”.
 G22 and the anti-globalization A term used to explain,
movement justify and anticipate the
- Regionally-driven internationalism Globalization
rapid expansion and
intensification of social
Topic 2: Asian Regionalism relations across world
time and space (Steger,
REGIONALISM AND REGIONALIZATION
 Core Claims 2013)
 Region - Deregulation of markets
- Liberalization of Trade

©MJ Caparas
 - Privatization of state owned 2. World War II
enterprises - Influenced by external forces
 #1: Liberalization and Global - Case of Japan and US
Integration of Markets (reduction of 3. Adoption of export oriented growth
government interference) - Japan, Korea and Taiwan (1980s
 #2: Globalization is inevitable and and 1990s)
irreversible - SEA Tigers: reliance on infusion of
 #3: Nobody is in charge of foreign capital
globalization 4. IMF and WB (Bretton Wood System)
 #4: Globalization benefits everyone - The cornerstone of economic
(in the long run) liberalization and globalization in
Asia Pacific post war global economy
THE REGION’S STRENGTH
and South Asia - Case of Indonesia: Suharto regime
 Asia pacific & South Asia: Northeast and its story
Asia, SEA, Pacific Islands, South Asia - Case of Thailand: export oriented
 Diversity: most progressive: South growth
Korea, Japan, Singapore; - Case of Philippines: cozy relationship
 Most poor: Cambodia, Laos, Nepal; with F. Marcos
 Most Populated: China and India and 5. Asian financial crisis
 World’s Smallest: Bhutan and - Root cause: Poor policies, weak
Maldives government, corruption, poor
 As a region: institutions, inadequate liberalization
- 1/3 of the world’s land mass - Globalization played a role in the
- 2/3 of the global population 1997 crisis
- Largest share of global GDP (35%); - Showed how deeply integrated the
USA 23%; Europe 28% economy was in the global financial
- Over 1/3 of world’s exports system
- Prevalence of poverty, HIV/AIDS, 6. Membership to WTO
gender inequality and other socio 7. Liberalization of economy
econ problems. - Rise of China: Deng Xiaoping 1970s:
 US strategy: Pacific Pivot – economic reform – liberalization of
committing more resources and the economy: experienced high level
attention to the region of growth and became more
integrated into the global economy
1 - Rise of India: Liberalized their
THE REGION AS AN OBJECT economy in 1991; increased trades
Externalist
IMPACTED BY GLOBALIZATION and FDI in textile and service sector
View 1

Externalist
1. Colonial Rule and dominance View EFFECTS ON EMPLOYMENT
 Advantages and disadvantage of PRACTICES
colonial rule
- Colonized Asian countries
- Non colonized Asian countries  Globalization initiated significant
i. Case of Japan changes in employment practices
ii. Case of Thailand  Characteristics
- 19th and 2oth century: movements - Temporary and part time
for nationalism and independence employment
emerged
©MJ Caparas
 - Informal employment: self-  Wheat replaced rice as staple food
employment, family workers, informal  McDonaldization
enterprise workers  MTV-ization
- Underemployment: Philippines 18%  Hollywoodization
work force; Indonesia = 25% of work
force 2
- No legal contracts Generative GENERATING GLOBALIZATION:
- Poor working conditions and safety ASIA AS A SPRINGBOARD
View
issues at factories that manufacture
1. Spicy trade
goods for Western companies
2. Early modern world economy: central
1 was Asia
3. Colonialism: influenced the colonizers
Externalist EFFECTS ON POLITICS
as well
View 4. Rise of Japan on procurement of
raw materials
5. Rise of China: producer and
 There was a substantial fall in consumer
authoritarian regime; rise in 6. Rise of India
democratic regime - on IT/ software development
 Due to: - Global service provider: outsourcing
- Rising middle classes and offshoring
- More globally connected world 7. International migrant labor
- End of cold war 8. Remittance from migrant workers (PH
 Fall of Suharto in May 1998 = 11% of the PH economy)
9. Rise of regional free trade
1 arrangements
INFLUENCE ON CULTURE 10. Open regionalism
Externalist
View 3 11. Asian products in global market

The region as
an alternative
THE ANTI GLOBAL IMPULSE:
 Globalization is a form of cultural to
REGIONAL ALTERNATIVES TO
westernization called McWorld globalization
GLOBALIZATION
 Globalization is leading to cultural
homogenization and destruction of
cultural diversity
1. Japan’s colonialization of the region
- Increase in number of McDonald
in 1930s and 40s – East Asian Co-
stores in Asia
Prosperity Sphere
- Rise of domestic fast food chains
2. Asian way
- Rapid expansion of supermarkets
- To reach consensus on national
1 goals with the democratic framework
to take the middle path to exercise
Externalist INFLUENCE ON DIETS tolerance and sensitivity towards
View others
- Contrast to western values: every
individual can do what he likes, free
 Asia have been increasingly from any restraint by government;
westernized
©MJ Caparas
 - Asians respects hard work, thrift,
authority, community over the
individual
- Operates based on Harmony and
consensus rather than on majority
Topic 3: Global Media Cultures
rule
 Globalization
- Regional arrangements
- is a set of multiple, uneven and
- East Asian Economic Caucus (an
sometimes overlapping historical
APEC without western states)
processes, including economics,
- ASEAN +3 – China, South Korea,
politics, and culture, that have
Japan
combined with the evolution of
- Asian Monetary Fund (no USA); act
media technology to create the
autonomously from IMF; was a
conditions under which the globe
failure
itself can now be understood as “an
- Regional terror network (JI – Jemaah
imagined community”.
Islamiyah (an alternative ision of
political and social organization in GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA
the region, one that clashes directly
- The two concepts have been
with globalization paradigm)
partners throughout the whole of
- Local movements that emerged
human history.
- Santi Suk in Thailand: created its
- “Globalization and media have
own currency
created the conditions through which
- Japan: Community supported
many people can now imagine
agriculture an Seikatsu Club
themselves as part of one world.”
(encouraged to buy locally and
ethically) EVOLUTION OF MEDIA AND
3. Regional arrangements GLOBALIZATION
4. Asian Monetary Fund (no USA)
- To understand further the study of
5. Regional terror network (JI – Jemaah
globalization and media, it is
Islamiyah
important to appreciate five periods
6. Local movements that emerged
of the evolution of media and
- Santi Suk in Thailand: created its
globalization.
own currency
1. Oral Communication
- Japan: Community supported
- Language allowed human to
agriculture an Seikatsu Club
cooperate
(encouraged to buy locally and
- It allowed sharing of information
ethically)
- Language became the most
THE MAKING OF THE MIDDLE CLASS IN important tool as human being
SOUTHEAST ASIA explored the world and experience
different cultures.
st 2nd Wave
1 Wave - It helped them move and settle
1960s – 1980s down
1950s – 1970s
- It led to markets, trade and cross-
South Korea,
Japan Taiwan, Hongkong, continental trade.
Singapore 2. Trade
- Language was important but
rd
3 Wave th
4 wave imperfect, distance became a strain
1980s – 1990s for oral communication
Thailand, Malaysia, Urban Centers in
Indonesia, China ©MJ Caparas
Philippines
 - Script allowed human to  Media have linked the globe with
communicate over a larger space stories, images, myths and
and much longer times. metaphors.
- It allowed for the written and  Global imaginary – the globe itself
permanent codification of economic, as imagined community.
cultural, religious and political  Global Village
practice.  Marshall McLuhan
3. The Printing Press  Media have connected the
- It started the “information world in ways that create a
revolution”. global village
- It transformed social institutions  As McLuhan predicted media
such as schools, churches, and globalization have
governments and more. connected the world. However,
- Elizabeth Eisenstein (1979) surveyed the “global village have
the influences of the printing press. brought no collective harmony
1. It changed the nature of or peace. Why do think so?”
knowledge. It preserved and
MEDIA AND ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
standardized knowledge.
2. It encouraged the challenge  Media fosters the conditions for
of political and religious global capitalism
authority because of its  “economic and cultural globalization
ability to circulate arguably would be impossible without
competing views. a global commercial media system
4. Electronic Media to promote global markets and to
- The vast reach of these media encourage consumer values” –
continues to open up new vistas in Robert Mc Chesney
the economic, political and cultural
MEDIA AND POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
processes of globalization
- Radio – quickly became a global  Though media corporations are
medium, reaching distant regions themselves powerful political actors,
- Television – considered as the most individual journalists are subject to
powerful and pervasive mass intimidations as more actors contend
medium. for power.
5. Digital Media  In the age of political globalization:
- Digital media are often electronic government shape and manipulate
media that rely on digital code. the news.
- Many of our earlier media such as
phones and tvs are now considered MEDIA AND CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION

digital media.  Media on one level are the carriers

- In the realm of politic computer of culture
allowed citizens to access  It generates numerous and on-going
information from around the world. interactions
 Globalization will bring about and
“Is it possible for globalization to occur
increasing blending or mixtures of
without media?”
cultures.
GLOBAL IMAGINARY AND GLOBAL VILLAGE
POPULAR MUSIC AND GLOBALIZATION

 Technologies of transport of
information and mediation, including
©MJ Caparas
 social media platforms, have made GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
possible the circulation of cultural
 Countries have also grown
commodities such as music.
financially, providing more financial
 Circulations of cultural commodities
resources for religions to spread
are consumed to gain cultural
their beliefs
capital and social status.
 Religion has tremendously benefited
 Goods and commodities became a
from technological advancements.
catalyst that set globalization.
 Globalization brings to the light the
fact that since religions have similar
Topic 4: Religion and values, not one of them is “correct”
and therefore, can be changed.
Globalization
GLOBALIZATION CREATING BACKLASH OF
GLOBALIZATION RELIGIOUS PAROCHIALISM

- An “ever more interdependent world” - Globalization breaks down traditional

where “political, economic, social communities and replaces them with
and cultural relationships are not larger, impersonal organizations.
restricted to territorial boundaries or - It dramatically alters what individuals
to state actors,” globalization has traditionally understood themselves
much do with its impact on cultures. by – “citizenship”, “nationality” and

RELIGION “immigration”.
- In giving individuals a sense of
- System of beliefs and practices belonging, religious groups help them
- Latin “religare” which means “to bind to find themselves in modern times.
together again that which was once
bound but has since been torn apart RELIGIOUS IDENTITY AND GLOBALIZATION:

or broken.” FURTHERING CHALLENGES

- Religion provides answers to

questions concerning self-identity.
- Religion also institutes a notion of
“truth”, which implies an automatic
exclusion of the one – called an
“abject” – who does not adhere to
such “truth”.
- Like In times of uncertainty like
globalization, therefore, collective
identity is reduced to a number of
cultural religious characteristics –
“them” and “us” and “they” and
“our”. In other words, the abject
suddenly becomes recognized as a
threat.

CONCLUSION

- Religions must use the

communication easily available
through advanced technology to
focus more on the humane and

©MJ Caparas
 pluralistic forms of their teachings – RELIGION IN GLOBAL CONFLICT
values such as human dignity and
- Religious ideas, values, symbols, and
human freedom – as means to
rites relate to deep issues of
manage religious diversity and avoid
existence, it should not be surprising
violence.
when religion enters the picture in
BEYOND THE SECULARIZATION DEBATE times of crisis.
- The ere of globalization brought with
- There is a discontinuity between
it 3 enormous problems, namely:
research agendas that focus on
1. Identity
secularization and globalization.
2. Accountability
- Social scientists have debated the
3. Security
scope, nature, extent and parameters
- Religion provides answer to these
of secularization in an effort to
problems
unveil the overall patterns and/or
o It provides a sense of identity
trajectories of the modern world.
o Traditional religious leadership
- Initially secularization had a strong
provides a sense of
following but eventually it was
accountability
superseded by re-evaluation.
o Religion offers a sense of
- Various debated lead to re-appraisal.
security
- Secularization debate has been
reframed.
- Secularization is understood as a
shift in the overall frameworks of
human condition; it makes it
possible for people to have a choice
between beliefs and non-belief in a
manner hitherto unknown.

TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION AND MULTIPLE

GLOBALIZATIONS

- Migration of faiths across the globe

has been a major feature of the
worlds throughout the 20th century.
- Transnational religion emerged
through the post-World war II.
- Two distinct blends of religious
universalism and local particularism.
 It is possible for religious
universalism to gain the upper
hand, whereby religion
becomes the central reference
for immigrants. Religion
transnationalism = “ religion
going global”
 It is possible for local ethnic
or national particularism to
gain or maintain the most
important place for local
immigrant communities.
©MJ Caparas