Plant Growth and Climate Change
Plant Growth and Climate Change
Plant Growth and Climate Change
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David W. Lawlor
Formerly Rothamsted Research
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MICHAEL D. MORECROFT
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology
Maclean Building
Wallingford, UK
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Blackwell
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Contents
List of Contributors
Preface xii
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The climate system 2
1.3 Mechanisms of anthropogenic climate change 3
1.4 Recent climate changes 5
1.5 Future changes in anthropogenic forcing of climate 8
1.5.1 Future global climate scenarios 8
1.5.2 Future regional climate scenarios 10
1.6 Concluding comments 12
References 13
2.1 Introduction 17
2.1.1 Overview of plant biology 17
2.1.2 A word about methodology 19
2.2 Gene expression and carbon dioxide 19
2.3 Cellular processes: photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) and
carbon dioxide 20
2.3.1 C3 photosynthesis 20
2.3.2 C4 photosynthesis 20
2.3.3 Crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis 21
2.3.4 Photosynthetic acclimation to rising CO 2 21
2.4 Cellular processes: photosynthetic carbon oxidation (PCO) and
carbon dioxide 22
2.5 Single leaf response to CO2 22
2.5.1 Leaf carbon dynamics 22
2.5.2 Inhibition of dark respiration 23
2.5.3 Leaf chemistry 23
2.5.4 Stomata' response and CO 2 24
2.6 Whole plant responses to rising CO2 25
2.6.1 Plant development 25
vi CONTENTS
5.1 Introduction: a changing climate and its effects an plant growth and
functioning 96
5.2 Growth of plants in drying soil 97
5.2.1 Hydraulic regulation of growth 97
5.3 Water relations of plants in drying soil 100
5.3.1 Water movement into and through the plant 100
5.3.2 Control of gas exchange by stomata under drought 102
5.4 Water relation targets for plant improvement in water scarce
environments 104
5.5 Control of stomata, water use and growth of plants in drying soil:
hydraulic and chemical signalling 106
5.5.1 Interactions between different environmental factors 106
5.5.2 Measuring the water availability in the soil: long-distance chemical
signalling 108
5.5.3 The integrated response to the environment 110
5.6 Conclusions: a strategy for plant improvement and management to exploit
the plant's drought response capacity 111
References 114
Index 209