PDF Makalah Epidemiologi Penyakit Tidak Menular KLMPK 1 DD
PDF Makalah Epidemiologi Penyakit Tidak Menular KLMPK 1 DD
PDF Makalah Epidemiologi Penyakit Tidak Menular KLMPK 1 DD
FGDGBGJ LQCKLFC@B@MC
‒LQCKLFC@B@MC QLISGDC[ [CKGD FLI\BG^ (JCQL^[LIUC)‖
KC U\U\I @BLJ
DLB@FQ@D 7
[GJ\I >1>1
DG[G QLIMGI[G^
Ulmgbg puoc ngmc Gbbgj ygim tlbgj flfnlrcdgi dgfc dlfukgjgi sljcimmg
kgpgt fliylblsgcd
fliylblsgcdgi
gi fgdgbgj
fgdgbgj cic. [gipg
[gipg plrt`b`img
plrt`b`imgi-Iyg
i-Iyg fuimdci
fuimdci pliyusui
pliyusui
tckgd gdgi sgimmup fliylblsgcdgiiyg klimgi ngcd. Ujgbgwgt kgi sgbgf slf`mg
tlrbcfpgj eurgjdgi dlpgkg ngmcikg tlrecitg dctg ygdic Ignc Fujgffgk UG].
Fgdgbgj
Fgdgbgj cic kc susui
susui gmgr
gmgr plfnge
plfngegg kgpgt
kgpgt flimlt
flimltgju
gjucc ‒Lpcklf
‒Lpcklfc`b
c`b`mc
`mc
Ql
Qliy
iygd
gdct
ct [ckg
[ckgd
d Fliu
Fliubg
bgrr (Jcp
(Jcplr
lrtl
tlis
isc)‖
c)‖,, yg
ygim
im dg
dgfc
fc sg
sgoc
ocdg
dgi
i nl
nlrk
rkgs
gsgr
grdg
dgi
i
plimgfgtgi kgrc nlrngmgc sufnlr.
Fgdgbgj cic kc susui `blj pliyusui klimgi nlrngmgc rcitgimgi. Ngcd ctu
ygim kgtgim kgrc kcrc pliyusui fgupui ygim kgtgim kgrc bugr. Igfui klimgi
pliuj dlsgngrgi kgi tlrutgfg plrt`b`imgi kgrc [ujgi gdjcriyg fgdgbgj cic kgpgt
tlrslblsgcdgi.
Fgdgbgj
Fgdgbgj cic flfugt
flfugt tlitgi
tlitgim
m ‒Lpckl
‒Lpcklfc`
fc`b`m
b`mcc Qliygd
Qliygdct
ct [ckgd
[ckgd Fliubg
Fliubgr
r
(Jcplrtlisc)‖ kcfgig flfngjgs flimligc
Ulf`mg fgdgbgj cic kgpgt flfnlrcdgi plimltgjugi ygim blncj bugs dlpgkg
plfngeg. ]gbgupui fgdgbgj cic flfcbcdc dlblncjgi kgi dldurgimgi. Qliyusui
flfnutujdgi drctcd kgi sgrgi kgrc plfngeg ygim flfngimu. [lrcfg dgscj.
Qliyusui
>
KGH[G^ CUC
Bgtgr Nlbgdgim...............................................
Nlbgdgim..........................................................................................
.............................................
.. ;
^ufusgi Fgsgbgj...............................................
Fgsgbgj......................................................................................
......................................... <
[uougi ...........................................................
....................................................................................................
.............................................
.... <
Dlscfpubgi .............................................................................................. 7:
Ugrgi .................................................
.......................................................................
............................................
..................................
............ 7:
Kghtgr Qustgdg.....................
Qustgdg. ..........................................
............................................
............................................
......................................
................ 73
5
NGN C
QLIKGJ\B\GI
G. Bgtgr Nlbgdgim
;
N. ^ufusgi Fgsgbgj
E. [uougi
Gkgpui tuougi kgrc fgdgbgj cic, ygctu ?
7. \itud flimltgjuc plimlrtcgi kgrc pliygdct jcplrtlisc.
:. \itud flimltgj
flimltgjuc
uc upgyg plielmgjgi
plielmgjgi kgrc pliygdct
pliygdct jcplrtlisc.
jcplrtlisc.
<
NGN CC
QLFNGJGUGI
G. Qlimlrtcgi Jcplrtlisc
Jcplrtlisc gtgu pliygdct kgrgj tcimmc slnligriyg gkgbgj sugtu mgimmugi
pgkg plfnubuj kgrgj ygim flimgdcngtdgi supbgc `dscmli kgi iutrcsc ygim kcngwg
kcngwg
`blj kgrgj tlrjgfngt sgfpgc dl ogrcimgi tunuj ygim flfnutujdgi. Jcplrtlisc
slrcimd
slrcimdgbc
gbc kcslnu
kcslnutt slngmg
slngmgcc plfnui
plfnuiuj
uj mlbgp,
mlbgp, dgrlig
dgrlig tlrfgs
tlrfgsud
ud pliygd
pliygdct
ct ygim
ygim
flfgtcdgi tgipg kcslrtgc klimgi mlogbg-mlogbgiyg blncj kgjubu slngmgc plrcimgtgi
ngmc d`rngiiyg. Jcplrtlisc gkgbgj sugtu dlgkggi kcfgig tldgigi kgrgj
flicimdgt flblncjc ngtgs i`rfgb. Ngtgs tldgigi kgrgj i`rfgb nlrvgrcgsc slsugc
klimgi
klimgi uscg.
uscg. Nlrngm
Nlrngmgc
gc tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj i`rfgb
i`rfgb nlrvgr
nlrvgrcgs
cgscc slsugc
slsugc klimgi
klimgi uscg.
uscg.
Nlrngmgc
Nlrngmgc hgdt`r
hgdt`r kgpgt flfceu tlrogkciyg jcplrtlisc,
jcplrtlisc, wgbgupui
wgbgupui slngmcgi nlsgr
(31%)
(31%) pliyln
pliylngn
gn jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc tckgd
tckgd kcdltg
kcdltgjuc
juc (jcplr
(jcplrtli
tlisc
sc lsslitc
lsslitcgb).
gb). Qliyln
Qliylngn
gn
tldgi
tldgigi
gi kg
kgrgj
rgj flic
flicim
imdg
dgtt gk
gkgb
gbgj
gj pl
plic
icim
imdg
dgtg
tgi
i dl
dlelp
elpgt
gtgi
gi kl
kliy
iyud
ud og
ogit
itui
uim,
m,
plicimdgtgi rlscstlisc (tgjgigi) kgrc plfnubuj kgrgj kgrc tlpc kgi plicimdgtgi
v`bufl gbcrgi kgrgj.
Qliygdct
Qliygdct jcplrtlisc
jcplrtlisc flrupgdgi
flrupgdgi pliygdct
pliygdct dlbgcigi
dlbgcigi ogituim
ogituim ygim kctgikgc
kctgikgc
`blj
`blj flicim
flicimdgt
dgtiyg
iyg tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj kgbgf
kgbgf tunuj.
tunuj. Ulsl`r
Ulsl`rgim
gim ygim
ygim tlrogi
tlrogimdc
mdctt
pliygdct cic ncgsgiyg nlrp`tlisc flimgbgfc pliygdct-pliygdct bgci slplrtc str`dl,
kgi pliygdct ogituim. Kgrc klhcicsc-klhcicsc kcgtgs kgpgt kcplr`blj dlscfpubgi
ngjwg jcplrtlisc gkgbgj sugtu dlgkggi kcfgig tldgigi kgrgj fliogkc igcd dgrlig
dgrl ig
mgimmugi pgkg plfnubuj kgrgj ygim flimgdcngtdgi supbgc `dscmli kgi iutrcsc
ygim kcngwg `blj kgrg
rgj
j tlrjgfngt sgfpgc dl ogrci
rcimgi tunuj ygim
flfnutujdgiiyg.
Gkgpui dbgschcdgsc tldgigi kgrgj `rgim klwgsg nlruscg 7: tgjui dl gtgs
fliurut O`cit Igtc`igb E`ffcttll `i Qrlvlitc`i, Kltlet`c`i, Lvgbugtc`i, gik
[rlgtflit `h Jcmjt Nb``k Qrlssurl, ygctu ?
Dgtlm`rc Ucst`bcd Kcgst`bcd
I`rfgb 2 751 2 :<
[cimmc I`rfgb Jcplrtlisc 751 - 753 :< - :3
Utgkcuf 7 (rcimgi) 7;1 - 7<3 31 - 33
8
Qr
Qrlk
lkcd
cdsc
sc cic
cic kckg
kckgsg
sgrd
rdgi
gi pgkg
pgkg gi
gimd
mdgg pl
plik
iklr
lrct
ctgg jc
jcpl
plrt
rtli
lisc
sc ci
cicc kg
kgi
i
plrtgfngjgi plikukud sggt cic. Gimdg-gimdg prlvgblisc jcplrtlisc kc Cik`ilscg
tlbgj ngiygd kcdufpubdgi kgi fliuiouddgi kc kglrgj plklsggi fgscj ngiygd
pliklrctg ygim nlbuf tlrogimdgu `blj plbgygigi dlsljgtgi. Ngcd kgrc slmc egsl
hcikcim fgupui
fgupui pligtgbgdsgiggi plim`ngtgiiyg. Ogimdgugi fgscj sgimgt tlrngtgs
kgi slngmcgi nlsgr pliklrctg jcplrtlisc tckgd flfpuiygc
flfpuiygc dlbujgi. Qrlvgblisc
Qrlvgblisc
tlrngiygd nlrdcsgr gitgrg 8% sgfpgc klimgi 7<%, tltgpc gimdg prlvgblisc ygim
rlikg
rlikgj
j tlrk
tlrkgp
gpgt
gt \img
\imgrg
rgi,
i, Ogwg
Ogwg [lim
[limgj
gj slnlsg
slnlsgrr 7,
7,:%
:% kg
kgi
i Blfn
Blfngj
gj Ngbc
Ngbcf
f
Qlmuiuimgi Ogyg ]cogyg, Crcgi Ogyg slnlsgr 1,8%, slkgimdgi gimdg prlvgblisc
=
E. Qgt`hcsc`b`mc Jcplrtlisc
Gbk`stlr`i
Gbk`stlr`i flrupgdgi j`rf`il stlr`ck
stlr`ck ygim flfcbcdc plrgigi
plrgigi plitcim
plitcim
pgkg mgmgb mciogb. \itud flimgtur v`bufl egcrgi ldstrgslbublr, gbk`stlr`i gdgi
flimur
flimurgim
gimcc IgEb
IgEb (mgrgf
(mgrgf)) klimgi
klimgi egrg flrlgn
flrlgns`r
s`rpsc
psciyg
iyg kgrc
kgrc tunubu
tunubuss mciogb.
mciogb.
Igcdiyg d`islitrgsc IgEb gdgi kclielrdgi dlfngbc klimgi egrg flicimdgtdgi
v`bufl egcrgi ldstrgslbublr ygim pgkg mcbcrgiiyg gdgi flicimdgtdgi v`bufl kgi
tldgigi kgrgj.
:
3
kcgst`bcd nlrdgctgi klimgi tldgigi kgbgf grtlrc ncbg ogituim nlrgkg kgbgf
dlgkggi rlbgdsgsc kcgitgrg kug kliyutgi.
>. Dbgschcdgsc
Dbgschcdgsc Jcplrtli
Jcplrtlisc
sc Fliurut
Fliurut Ulngniy
Ulngniygg
Jcplrtlisc Qrcflr gkgbgj
gkgbgj sugtu
sugtu d`ikcs
d`ikcscc kc fgig
fgig tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj tcimmc
tcimmc
tlrogkc gdcngt kgfpgd kgrc mgyg jckup slsl`rgim kgi hgdt`r bcimduimgi.
Ulsl`r
Ulsl`rgim
gim klimgi
klimgi p`bg
p`bg fgdgi
fgdgi tckgd
tckgd tlrd`it
tlrd`itr`b
r`b gdgi
gdgi nlrkgf
nlrkgfpgd
pgd pgkg
pgkg
dlblncjgi nlrgt ngkgi gtgu ngjdgi `nlsctgs. Jgb cic oumg kcgimmgp slngmgc
plieltus gwgb pliygdct tldgigi kgrgj tcimmc. Bcimduimgi klimgi tcimdgt
strlss`r tcimmc sgimgt nlrkgfpgd pgkg slsl`rgim sljcimmg flrldg gdjcriyg
flimck
flimckgp
gp pliygd
pliygdct
ct tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj tcimmc
tcimmc,, tlrblnc
tlrblncj
j flrldg
flrldg ygim
ygim durgim
durgim
nlr`bgjrgmg.
Jcplrtlisc Ulduiklr gkgbgj sugtu d`ikcsc kcfgig flicimdgtiyg tldgigi
kgrgj kcslngndgi
kcslngndgi `blj pliygdct bgciiyg slplrtc mgmgb ogituim,
ogituim, mgmgb mciogb,
gtgu
gtgu dlrusg
dlrusgdgi
dgi scstlf
scstlf j`rf`i
j`rf`i tunuj.
tunuj. Qgkg
Qgkg cnu jgfcb,
jgfcb, djusus
djususiyg
iyg pgkg
pgkg
wgic
wgictg
tg kl
klim
imgi
gi nl
nlrg
rgtt ng
ngkg
kgi
i kc gtgs
gtgs rg
rgtg
tg-rg
-rgtg
tg,, tldgi
tldgigi
gi kg
kgrg
rgj
j ufuf
ufufiy
iygg
flicimdgt sggt dljgfcbgi nlruscg >1 fcimmu.
5. Dbgschcdgsc
Dbgschcdgsc Jcplrtli
Jcplrtlisc
sc Fliurut
Fliurut Mlogbgiy
Mlogbgiygg
Jcplr
Jcplrtlisc Nlicmig gkgbgj dlgkggi jcplrtlisc ygim tckgd flicfnubdgi
tlisc flicfnubdgi
mlogbg-mlogbg, ncgsgiyg kctlfudgi pgkg sggt pliklrctg kceld up.
Jcpl
Jcplrt
rtlisc Fgbcmig gkgbgj
lisc gkgbgj dlgkgg
dlgkggi
i jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc ygim
ygim flfngj
flfngjgyg
gygdgi
dgi
ncgsgiyg kcslrtgc klimgi dlgkggi dlmgwgtgi ygim flrupgdgi gdcngt
d`fpbcdgsc `rmgi-`rmgi slplrtc `tgd, ogituim, kgi mciogb.
H. Mlogbg
Mlogbg Dbcics
Dbcics Jcplrtlis
Jcplrtliscc
Ulsl`rgim ygim flimckgp jcplrtlisc gdgi flrgsgdgi nlnlrgpg mlogbg
ygim tcfnub. Mlogbg ygim fuieub gdcngt jcplrtlisc, gitgrg bgci slngmgc nlrcdut ?
Ugdct dlpgbg
Blfgs
Iylrc kgkg
71
M. Hgdt`r ^lscd`
^lscd` Jcplrtlisc
Jcplrtlisc
Jcpl
Jcplrt
rtli
lisc
sc kcsln
kcslngn
gndg
dgi
i `blj
`blj hg
hgdt
dt`r
`r-hg
-hgdt
dt`r
`r yg
ygim
im kc
kcf`
f`kc
kchc
hcdg
dgsc
sc gt
gtgu
gu
kcdlikgbcdgi slrtg hgdt`r ygim tckgd kgpgt kcf`kchcdgsc.
7. Hgdt`r
Hgdt`r ygim tckgd kgpgt
kgpgt kcf`kchcdgsc
kcf`kchcdgsc gtgu kcdlikg
kcdlikgbcdgi
bcdgi
g) Ml
Mlil
iltc
tcd
d
Gkgiyg hgdt`r mliltcd pgkg dlbugrmg tlrtlitu gdgi fliylngndgi
dlbugrmg tlrslnut flfpuiygc rlscd` fliklrctg jcplrtlisc. Cikcvcku klimgi
`rgim tug jcplrtlisc flfpuiygc rlscd` kug dgbc blncj nlsgr uitud fliklrctg
jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc kgrcpg
kgrcpgkg
kg cikcvc
cikcvcku
ku ygim
ygim tckgd
tckgd flfpui
flfpuiygc
ygc dlbugr
dlbugrmg
mg klimgi
klimgi
rcwgygt jcplrtlisc.
n) Olics
Olics Dlbgfc
Dlbgfci
i
Bgdc-bgdc flfpuiygc rlscd` blncj tcimmc uitud fliklrctg jcplrtlisc
blncj
blncj gwgb.
gwgb. Bgdc-bg
Bgdc-bgdc
dc oumg
oumg flfpu
flfpuiyg
iygcc rlscd`
rlscd` ygim
ygim blncj
blncj nlsgr
nlsgr tlrjgkg
tlrjgkgp
p
f`rnckctgs kgi f`rtgbctgs dgrkc`vgsdublr. Ulkgimdgi kc gtgs ufur <1 tgjui
jcplrtlisc blncj ngiygd tlrogkc pgkg plrlfpugi.
e) Ltics
Jcplrtlisc blncj ngiygd tlrogkc pgkg `rgim nlrdubct jctgf kgrcpgkg
ygim
ygim nlrdub
nlrdubct
ct putcj.
putcj. Nlbuf
Nlbuf kcdltg
kcdltgjuc
juc slegrg
slegrg pgstc
pgstc pliyln
pliylngni
gniyg,
yg, igfui
igfui
kgbgf
kgbgf `rgim
`rgim du
dubct
bct jctgf
jctgf kctlfu
kctlfudgi
dgi dgkgr
dgkgr rlici
rlici ygim
ygim blncj
blncj rlikgj
rlikgj kgi
slisctchctgs tlrjgkgp vgs`prlsci blncj nlsgr.
k) Qliygdct
Qliygdct Mciogb
Mciogb
Mciogb flimlikgbcdgi tldgigi kgrgj flbgbuc nlnlrgpg egrg
Ocdg tldgigi kgrgj flicimdgt, mciogb gdgi fligfngj plimlbugrgi mgrgf
kg
kgi
i gcr,
gcr, yg
ygim
im gd
gdgi
gi fliy
fliyln
lngn
gndg
dgi
i nl
nlrd
rdur
urgi
gimi
miyg
yg v`
v`bu
bufl
fl kg
kgrgj
rgj kg
kgi
i
flimlfngbcdgi tldgigi kgrgj dl i`rfgb.
Ocdg tldgigi kgrgj fliurui, mciogb gdgi flimurgimc plfnugimgi mgrgf
kgi gcr, sljcimmg v`bufl kgrgj nlrtgfngj kgi tldgigi kgrgj dlfngbc dl
i`rfgb.
77
Mciogb
Mciogb oumg
oumg ncsg
ncsg flicim
flicimdgt
dgtdgi
dgi tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj klimgi
klimgi flimjg
flimjgscb
scbdgi
dgi
li
lizc
zcf
f ygim
ygim kcsl
kcslnu
nutt rlic
rlici,
i, ygim
ygim flfc
flfceu
eu pl
plfn
fnli
litu
tudg
dgi
i j`
j`rf
rf`i
`i
gimc`tlisc, ygim slbgioutiyg gdgi flfceu plblpgsgi j`rf`i gbk`stlr`i.
l) @n
@ngt
gt-@
-@ng
ngtg
tgi
i
Qlimmuiggi `ngt-`ngtgi slplrtc nlnlrgpg `ngt j`rf`i (Qcb DN),
D`rtcd`stlr`ck, Ucdb`sp`rci, Lrctr`p`cltci, D`dgci, kgi Dgyu fgics (kgbgf
oufbgj sgimgt nlsgr), tlrfgsud nlnlrgpg `ngt gitcrgkgim (gitc-cihbgfgsc)
slegrg tlrus flilrus (slrcim) kgpgt flicimdgtdgi tldgigi kgrgj slsl`rgim.
Fciufgi ygim flimgikuim gbd`j`b oumg tlrfgsud sgbgj sgtu hgdt`r ygim
kgpgt flicfnubdgi tlrogkciyg tldgigi kgrgj tcimmc.
h) Qrlldbg
Qrlldbgfpsc
fpsc pgkg Dljgfcbgi
Dljgfcbgi
Qrlldbgfpsc
Qrlldbgfpscgg kgbgf dljgfcbgi gkgbgj gpgncbg
gpgncbg kcoufpgc
kcoufpgc tldgigi
tldgigi
kgrgj 7;1/31 ffJm sltlbgj dljgfcbgi >1 fcimmu (gdjcr trcwubgi dlkug
sgfpgc
sgfpgc trcwubg
trcwubgi
i dltcmg
dltcmg)) gtgu ncsg
ncsg blncj
blncj gwgb
gwgb tlrogkc
tlrogkc.. Qrlldb
Qrlldbgfs
gfscc tlrogkc
tlrogkc
slngmgc gdcngt kgrc mgimmugi huimsc `rmgi gdcngt pliylfpctgi plfnubuj
kgrgj slegrg ufuf ygim flimgdcngtdgi csdlfcg pbgslitg (grc-grc) sljcimmg
nlrgdcngt durgimiyg pgs`dgi kgrgj ygim
ygim flfngwg iutrcsc dl ogici.
m) Dlr
Dlrgeui
geuigi
gi [cfngb
[cfngb Gdut
[cfngb
[cfngb ncsg
ncsg fliyln
fliylngnd
gndgi
gi blsc
blsc tunubu
tunubuss pr`dsc
pr`dscfgb
fgbcs,
cs, blimdu
blimduim
im
jlibl,
jlibl, slrtg
slrtg fliyln
fliylngnd
gndgi
gi gfci`s
gfci`scku
ckurcg,
rcg, sljcim
sljcimmg
mg tcfnub
tcfnub dlbgci
dlbgcigi
gi pgkg
pgkg
mciogb
mciogb (Qlrgk
(Qlrgkgim
gimgi
gi kgi elklrg
elklrg pgkg
pgkg sgbgj
sgbgj sgtu
sgtu gtgu dlkug mciogb
mciogb)) ncsg
ncsg
fliylngndgi tlrogkciyg tldgigi kgrgj tcimmc .
>. Hgdt`r
Hgdt`r ygim kgpgt kcf`kchc
kcf`kchcdgsc
dgsc gtgu kcdlikgbc
kcdlikgbcdgi
dgi
g) Utrl
rlss
Utrls
Utrls gdgi
gdgi flicim
flicimdgt
dgtdgi
dgi rlscst
rlscstlis
liscc plfnub
plfnubuj
uj kgrgj
kgrgj plrchlr
plrchlr kgi
eurgj ogituim sljcimmg gdgi flistcfubgsc gdtcvctgs sgrgh scfpgtcd. Gkgpui
strls cic kgpgt nlrjunuimgi klimgi pldlroggi, dlbgs s`scgb, ld`i`fc, kgi
dgrgdtlrcstcd plrs`igb.
n) @nl
@nlsct
sctgs
gs
Qlilbc
Qlilbctcgi
tcgi lpcklf
lpcklfc`b
c`b`mc
`mc fliyln
fliylnutd
utdgi
gi gkgiyg
gkgiyg junuim
junuimgi
gi gitgrg
gitgrg
nlrgt ngkgi klimgi tldgigi kgrgj ngcd pgkg pgscli jcplrtlisc fgupui
7>
i`rf`tlisc. Qgkg p`pubgsc ygim tckgd gkg plicimdgtgi nlrgt ngkgi slcrcim
ufur,, tckgd kcoufpgc plicimdgtgi
ufur plicimdgtgi tldgigi
tldgigi kgrgj slsugc plicimdgtgi
plicimdgtgi ufur.
@nlsctgs tlrutgfg pgkg tunuj ngmcgi gtgs klimgi plicimdgtgi oufbgj blfgd
pgkg ngmcgi plrut.
e) Iutr
Iutrcs
cscc
U`kcuf gkgbgj pliylngn plitcim kgrc jcplrtlisc lsliscgb, gsupgi
mgrgf ygim tcimmc gdgi fliylngndgi plimlbugrgi nlrblncjgi kgrc j`rf`i
igtrc`urltc
igtrc`urltcd
d ygim slegrg tckgd bgimsuim gdgi flicimdgtd
flicimdgtdgi
gi tldgigi
tldgigi kgrgj.
kgrgj.
Gsupgi mgrgf tcimmc ygim kgpgt flicfnubdgi plrungjgi tldgigi kgrgj
ygim kgpgt tlrkltldsc gkgbgj blncj kgrc 7; mrgf plr jgrc gtgu ocdg kcd`ivlrsc
dlkgbgf tgdgrgi slik`d fgdgi gkgbgj blncj kgrc kug slik`d fgdgi.
k) Flr`
Flr`d`
d`d
d
Qlilbctcgi tlrgdjcr fliygtgdgi ngjwg flr`d`d fliogkc sgbgj sgtu
hgdt`r rcscd` jcplrtlisc ygim kgpgt kcf`kchcdgsc. Flr`d`d flrupgdgi hgdt`r
rcsc
rcscd`
d` ygim
ygim p`tl
p`tlis
iscg
cgbb uitu
uitud
d kctc
kctcgk
gkgd
gdgi
gi kg
kgbg
bgf
f up
upgy
gygg flbg
flbgwg
wgi
i gr
grus
us
plicimdgtgi jcplrtlisc djususiyg kgi pliygdct
pliygdct dgrkc`vgsdublr slegrg ufuf
kc Cik`ilscg.
l) Dur
Durgim
gim @bgjrg
@bgjrgmg
mg
Mgyg jckup ygim tckgd gdtch (fgbgs nlr`bgj rgmg) ncsg flfceu
tlrogkciyg jcplrtlisc pgkg `rgim-`rgim flfcbcdc dlpldggi ygim kcturuidgi.
J. Kcgmi`scs kgi Citlrvlisc
Citlrvlisc Jcplrtlisc
Jcplrtlisc
7. Gigfilsg
Jcplrtlisc prcflr tckgd flfnlrcdgi dlbujgi kgi tgikg dbcics djusus,
tlt
tltgpc
gpc dgkgim
dgkgim tlrkgp
tlrkgpgt
gt dlbujg
dlbujgi
i pu
pusci
scim,
m, sgdct
sgdct dlpgbg
dlpgbg,, fcmrgc
fcmrgcgi,
gi, rgsg nlrgt
nlrgt
kctlimdud, susgj tckur, duigim-duigim, fukgj fgrgj, rgsg blbgj, pgbpctgsc,
i`dtur
i`dturcg,
cg, lpcstgd
lpcstgdscs,
scs, mlbcsgj
mlbcsgj,, fudg
fudg flrgj.
flrgj. Dlbujg
Dlbujgi
i bgc
bgci
i slsugc
slsugc `rmgi
`rmgi ygim
ygim
tlrdli
tlrdligg gtgu
gtgu d`fpbc
d`fpbcdgs
dgscc ygim
ygim flicfn
flicfnubd
ubdgi
gi mlogbg
mlogbg gitgrg
gitgrg bgc
bgci
i cisuhc
cisuhcscli
sclisc
sc
scrd
scrdub
ubgs
gscc `tgd
`tgd kg
kgi
i ogitu
ogituim
im,, pl
plrk
rkgrg
grgjg
jgi
i pg
pgkg
kg rl
rltc
tcig
ig,, mg
mgmg
mgbb og
ogit
itui
uim
m dc
dcrc
rc..
Kcgmi`
Kcgmi`scs
scs jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc kcbgdu
kcbgdudgi
dgi ocdg
ocdg dligcd
dligcdgi
gi tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj cic nlrschg
nlrschgtt
fliltgp pgkg plflrcdsggi ubgim kgbgf durui wgdtu 7-> fcimmu. Fligiygdgi
75
nlrgpg bgfg, rcwgygt pliygdct, rcwgygt fciuf `ngt, rcwgygt pliygdct ogituim,
rcwgygt dlbugrmg.
>. Qlflrcdsggi Hcscd
Kc
Kcbg
bgdu
dudg
dgi
i kl
klim
imgi
gi fliu
fliudu
durr tl
tldg
dgig
igi
i kg
kgrg
rgj
j pg
pgkg
kg dl
dlku
kugg bl
blim
imgi
gi
slngiygd kug dgbc gtgu blncj klimgi citlrvgb wgdtu 7-> fcimmu. Nlrkgsgrdgi
OIE ([jl O`cit E`ffcttll `i Kltletc`i, Lvgbugtc`i gik [rlgtflit `h jcmj
nb``k prlssurl) XCC.
Dbgschcdgsc Ucst`bcd Kcgst`bcd Qlrungjgi Mgyg Jckup
I`rfgb 2 7>1 kgi 2 :1 Qlrtgjgidgi
Qrl Jcplrtlisc 7>1 - 753 gtgu :1 - :3 +
Jcplrtlisc [d C 7;1 - 7<3 gtgu 31 - 33 ++
Jcplrtlisc [d CC ≬ 781 gtgu ≬ 711 +++
5. Qlflrcdsggi Qliuiogim Kcgmi`stcd
gni`rfgb, pgbpgsc ldstrlfctgs ngwgj uitud flbcjgt gkgiyg lklfg kgi kliyut
igkc, slrtg plflrcdsggi ilur`b`mcs.
Ulbg
Ulbgci
ci pl
plfl
flrc
rcds
dsggi
ggi hcsc
hcscd
d kcpl
kcplrb
rbud
udgi
gi ou
oumg
mg tl
tlss bg
bgn`
n`rg
rgt`
t`rc
rcuf
uf kg
kgi
i
pr`slkur kcgmi`stcd bgciiyg. [ls bgn`rgt`rcuf flbcputc urcigbcs rutci, Nb``k
\rluf Ictr`mli (N\I), kgi drlgtcici slruf uitud flflrcdsg dlgkggi mciogb,
plimudurgi dgkgr lbldtr`bct tlrutgfg dgbcuf uitud flikltldsc gbk`tlr`icsfl,
plflrcdsggi dgkgr mbud`sg kgrgj uitud flbcjgt gkgiyg kcgnltls flbbctus,
plflrcdsggi dgkgr d`blstr`b kgi trcmbcslrckg uitud flbcjgt gkgiyg rlscd`
gtlr`mlilscs
gtlr`mlilscs,, slrtg plflrcdsggi dgkgr gsgf urgt nlrdgctgi klimgi tlrgpc ygim
flflrbu
flflrbudgi
dgi kcurlt
kcurltcd.
cd. Ulkgim
Ulkgimdgi
dgi pr`slk
pr`slkur
ur kcgmi`
kcgmi`stc
stcd
d bgci slplrtc
slplrtc r`itml
r`itmli
i
7;
7<
78
>. Durg
Durgim
imcc d`fsu
`fsuf
fsc mgrg
mgrgf
f dgrl
dgrlig
ig mgr
grgf
gf nlrb
nlrbln
lncj
cj kgb
gbgf
gf kgr
grgj
gj kgp
gpgt
gt
fliylngndgi blncj ngiygd gcr ygim kcscfpgi kgi cic flimgdcngtdgi tldgigi
kgrgj fliogkc tcimmc.
5. Durgim
Durgimcc blfgd,
blfgd, blfgd ygim
ygim nlrbln
nlrblncj
cj gdgi
gdgi tlrdufpu
tlrdufpubb kc sldcbcbc
sldcbcbcim
im plfnubu
plfnubuj
j
kgrgj kgi fliogkcdgiiyg tlngb kgi dgdu.
;. Qlrt
Qlrtgj
gjgi
gidg
dgi
i nlr
nlrgt
gt ng
ngkg
kgi
i ckl
cklgb
gb..
<. @b
@bgj
gjrg
rgmg
mg sl
sleg
egrg
rg tlrg
tlrgtu
tur.
r.
8. Jc
Jcik
ikgr
grcc d`is
d`isuf
ufsc
sc gbd
gbd`j
`j`b
`b..
=. D`isufsc
D`isufsc fgdgig
fgdgigi
i sljgt,
sljgt, rlikgj
rlikgj blfgd,
blfgd, dgyg
dgyg vctgfci,
vctgfci, kgi fcilrgb
fcilrgb gbgfc.
gbgfc.
:. Ql
Qlie
ielm
lmgj
gjgi
gi pr
prcf
cf`r
`rkc
kcgb
gb..
3. Qr`f`
r`f`sc
sc dlsl
dlslj
jgtgi
gtgi..
71. Qr`tldsc
Qr`tldsc kcic ? durgimc
durgimc mgrgf
mgrgf slngmgc
slngmgc sgbgj sgtu hgdt`r
hgdt`r rlscd`.
rlscd`.
77. Kcgmi`sl
Kcgmi`sl kcic
kcic ? serllicim,
serllicim, plflrcdsgg
plflrcdsggi/ejle
i/ejled-up.
d-up.
7>. Qlim`ngtgi
Qlim`ngtgi tlpgt
tlpgt ? slmlrg flikgpgtdgi
flikgpgtdgi plim`ngtg
plim`ngtgi
i d`fprljlisch
d`fprljlisch kgi dgusgb
dgusgb
gwgb dlbujgi.
75
75.. ^ljg
^ljgnc
ncbc
bctg
tgsc
sc ? up
upgy
gygg pl
plrn
rngc
gcdg
dgi
i kg
kgfp
fpgd
gd bg
bgio
iout
ut jc
jcpl
plrtl
rtlis
iscc yg
ygim
im tckg
tckgd
d nc
ncgs
gs
kc`ngtc.
7=
NGN CCC
QLI\[\Q
G. Dlscfpubgi
Dlscfpubgi
Jcplrtl
Jcplrtlisc
isc gkgbgj
gkgbgj sugtu
sugtu dlgkgg
dlgkggi
i kcfgig
kcfgig tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj fliogk
fliogkcc igcd
igcd
dgrlig mgimmugi pgkg plfnubuj kgrgj ygim flimgdcngtdgi supbgc `dscmli kgi
iu
iutrc
trcsc
sc yg
ygim
im kcng
kcngwg
wgj
j `blj
`blj kg
kgrgj
rgj tlrj
tlrjgf
gfngt
ngt sg
sgfg
fgpc
pc dl og
ogrc
rcim
imgi
gi tu
tunu
nuj
j yg
ygim
im
flfnutujdg
flfnutujdgiiyg.
iiyg. Dbgschcdgsc jcplrtlisc
jcplrtlisc fliurut
fliurut ]J@ kcnlkgdgi
kcnlkgdgi fliogkc
fliogkc ;
ygctu, i`rfgb, prl-jcplrtlisc, jcplrtlisc stgml 7, kgi jcplrtlisc stgml >. Jcplrtlisc
subct
subct kcsgkg
kcsgkgrc
rc `blj
`blj slsl`rg
slsl`rgim
im dgrlig
dgrlig jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc tckgd
tckgd flfcbc
flfcbcdc
dc mlogbg
mlogbg djusus
djusus..
Mlogbg
Mlogbg rcimgi
rcimgi jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc gkgbgj
gkgbgj puscim
puscim,, mlbcsgj
mlbcsgj,, fcfcsg
fcfcsgi,
i, kgi sgdct
sgdct dlpgbg
dlpgbg..
Qliylngn
Qliylngn jcplrtlisc
jcplrtlisc kcnlkgdgi fliogkc >, ygctu jcplrtlisc
jcplrtlisc prcflr
prcflr kgi jcplrtlisc
slduiklr.
slduiklr. Hgdt`r
Hgdt`r rlscd` jcplrtlisc
jcplrtlisc kcnlkgdgi
kcnlkgdgi fliogkc kug, ygctu hgdt`r
hgdt`r rlscd`
ygim tckgd kgpgt kcdlikgbcdgi kgi kgpgt kcdlikgbcdgi.
Qgt`hc
Qgt`hcsc`
sc`b`m
b`mcsi
csiyg
yg gkgbgj
gkgbgj sggt flimgt
flimgtur
ur v`bufl
v`bufl egcrgi
egcrgi ldstrgs
ldstrgslbu
lbublr,
blr,
gbk
gbk`stl
stlr`i gdgi flimurg
rgi
imc ldsdrl
sdrlssc IgEb
gEb (m
(mggrg
rgf
f) klimgi egcrgi
flrlgns`rpsc
flrlgns`rpsciyg
iyg kgrc tunubus
tunubus mciogb.
mciogb. Igcdiyg
Igcdiyg d`islitrgsc
d`islitrgsc IgEb gdgi kclielrdgi
dlfngbc klimgi egrg flicimdgtdgi v`bufl ldstrgslbublr ygim pgkg mcbcrgiiyg
gdgi flicimdgtdgi
flicimdgtdgi v`bufl kgi tldgi
tldgigi
gi kgrgj.
kgrgj. D`fpbcdgsc
D`fpbcdgsc ygim tlrogkc pgkg
pliklrctg jcplrtlisc gkgbgj str`dl, cihgrd fc`dgrk, mgmgb mciogb, lislhgb`pgtc, kgi
dlogim.. Qligtgbgdsgi
dlogim Qligtgbgdsgiggi
ggi jcplrtlisc
jcplrtlisc gkgbgj klimgi
klimgi tlrgpc tgipg `ngt (kclt, bgtcjgi
bgtcjgi
hcscd, kgi lkudgsc pscd`b`mc) kgi tlrgpc `ngt (plim`ngtgi kgi h`bb`w up). Egrg
flie
flielm
lmgj
gj pl
pliy
iygd
gdct
ct jcpl
jcplrt
rtli
lisc
sc gk
gkgb
gbgj
gj flfp
flfplr
lrtg
tgjgi
jgidg
dgi
i nl
nlrgt
rgt ng
ngkg
kgi
i ck
cklg
lgb,
b,
flfplr
flfplrngcd
ngcdcc p`bg
p`bg fgdgi,
fgdgi, kclt
kclt rlikgj
rlikgj s`kcuf
s`kcuf,, gdtcvc
gdtcvctgs
tgs hcscd
hcscd (glr`nc
(glr`ncd),
d), tckgd
tckgd
flfciu
flfciuf
f gbd`j`
gbd`j`bb kgi nlrjli
nlrjlitc
tc flr`d`
flr`d`d,
d, flicim
flicimdgt
dgtdgi
dgi d`isuf
d`isufsc
sc nugj
nugj kgi
sgyur, kgi fliuruidgi gsupgi blfgd.
N. Ugrgi
7:
KGH[G^ Q\U[GDG
Muig
Muigwg
wgi,
i, Bgiy
Bgiy.. >177
>177.. Jcplrtlisc ? [ldgigi Kgrgj [cimmc.
[cimmc. S`my
S`mygd
gdgr
grtg
tg ?
Dgicscus.
U`nlb, Ngrry O, lt gbb. 7333. Jcplrtlisc
7333. Jcplrtlisc ? Qlk`fgi Dbcics Kcgmi`scs kgi [lrgpc.
[lrgpc.
Ogdgrtg ? Jcp`drgtls.
G. Ngsocrukkci. - . [jl Fgigmlflit `h Jyplrtlisc`i t` Qrlvlit Utr`dl.
Utr`dl . Klpt. `h
Ilur`b`my Flkcegb Hgeubty \icvlrscty `h Gikgbgs ? Flkgi.
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