Kia 6TH Proj

“STUDY ON OPERATIONAL AREAS OF KEMPEGOWDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, BANGALORE”
CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF AVIATION
Aviation is the activities surrounding mechanical flights and the aircrafts industry. Aircraft
includes fixed wings and rotatory wing types, morphable wings, wing less lifting bodies, as
well as lighter-than-air craft such as hot air balloons and airships. The flying boats were in
their turn replaced by land planes, and the new and immensely powerful jet engine
revolutionised both air travel and military aviation.
SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 1

Aviation began in the 18th century with the development of the hot air balloons, an
apparatus capable of atmospheric displacement through buoyancy. Some of the most
significant advancements in aviation technology came with the controlled gliding flying of
Otto Lilienthal in 1896, then a large step in significance came with the construction of the
first powered airplane by the Wright brothers in the early 1900s. Since that time, aviation
has been technologically revolutionized by the introduction of the jet which permitted a
major form of transport throughout the world. The modern aeroplane with its characteristic
tail was established by 1909 and from then, the history of the aeroplane became tied to the
development of more and more powerful engines.
1.1 ETYMOLOGY
The term aviation, noun of action from stem of Latin avis "bird" with suffix - action
meaning action or progress, was coined in 1863 by French pioneer Guillaume Joseph
Gabriel de La Landelle (1812–1886) in "Aviation ou Navigation aérienne sans ballons.
1.2 PRIMITIVE BEGININGS

1.2.1 TOWER JUMPING
Since antiquity, there have been stories of men strapping bird like wings, stiffened cloaks or
other devices to themselves and attempting to fly, typically by jumping off a tower. The
Greek legend of Daedalus and Icarus is one of the earliest known; others originated from
ancient Asia and the European Middle Age. During this early period, the issues of lift,
working on Icarus
wings stability and control were not understood, and most attempts ended in serious injury or
death. According to John Harding, Ibn Firnas' glider was the first attempt at heavier-than-air
flight in aviation history. In 11th century Benedictine monk Eilmer of Malmesbury attached
wings to his hands and feet and flew a short distance, but broke both legs while landing, also
having neglected to make himself a tail. Many others made well-documented jumps in the
following centuries. As late as 1811, Albrecht Berblinger constructed an ornithopter and
jumped into the Danube.

1.2.2 KITES
The kite may have been the first form of man-made aircraft. It was invented in China
possibly as far back as the 5th century BC by Mozi (Mo Di) and Lu Ban (Gongshu Ban).
Later designs often emulated flying insects, birds, and other beasts, both real and mythical.
Some were fitted with strings and whistles to make musical sounds while flying. Ancient
and medieval Chinese sources describe kites being used to measure distances, test the wind,
lift men, signal, and communicate and send messages. Kites spread from China around the
world. After its introduction into India, the kite further evolved into the fighter kite, where
an abrasive line is used to cut down other kites.
1.2.3 MAN CARRYING KITES
Man-carrying kites are believed to have been used extensively in ancient China, for both
civil and military purposes and sometimes enforced as a punishment. Stories of man-
carrying kites also occur in Japan, following the introduction of the kite from China around
the seventh century AD.
1.2.4 ROTOR WINGS
The use of a rotor for vertical flight has existed since 400 BC in the form of the bamboo-
copter, an ancient Chinese toy. The similar rotor on a nut appeared in Europe in the 14th
century AD.
1.2.5 HOT AIR BALLONS
From ancient times the Chinese have understood that hot air rises and have applied the
principle to a type of small hot air balloon called a sky lantern. A sky lantern consists of a
paper balloon under or just inside which a small lamp is placed. Sky lanterns are
traditionally launched for pleasure and during festivals. According to Joseph Needham, such
lanterns were known in China from the 3rd century BC.

1.2.6 RENAISSANCE
Eventually, after Ibn Firnas's construction, some investigators began to discover and define
some of the basics of rational aircraft design. Most notable of these was Leonardo da Vinci,
although his work remained unknown until 1797, and so had no influence on developments
over the next three hundred years. While his designs are rational, they are not scientific, and
particularly underestimate the amount of power that would be needed. Leonardo studied bird
and bat flight, claiming the superiority of the latter owing to its unperforated wing. He
analysed these and anticipating many principles of aerodynamics. He understood that "An
object offers as much resistance to the air as the air does to the object.” Isaac Newton would
not publish his third law of motion until 1687. In 15th century, Leonardo wrote about and
sketched many designs for flying machines and mechanisms, including ornithopters, fixed-
wing gliders, rotorcraft, parachutes and a wind speed gauge.
1.3 LIGHTER THAN AIR

1.3.1 BEGINNING OF MODERN THEORIES
In 1670, Francesco Lana de Terzi published a work that suggested lighter than air flight
would be possible by using copper foil spheres that, containing a vacuum, would be lighter
than the displaced air to lift an airship. While theoretically sound, his design was not
feasible: the pressure of the surrounding air would crush the spheres. The idea of using a
vacuum to produce lift is now known as vacuum airship but remains unfeasible with any
current
materials. In 1709, Bartolomeu de Gusmao presented a petition to King John V of Portugal,

begging for support for his invention of an airship, in which he expressed the greatest
confidence. The public test of the machine, which was set for 24 June 1709, did not take
place. According to contemporary reports, however, Gusmao appears to have made several
less ambitious experiments with this machine, descending from eminences. It is certain that
Gusmao was working on this principle at the public exhibition he gave before the Court on 8

August 1709, in the hall of the Casa da India in Lisbon, when he propelled a ball to the roof
by combustion.
1.3.2 BALLONS
1783 was a watershed year for ballooning and aviation. Between 4th June and 1st December,
five were achieved in France:
 On 4th June, the Montgolfier brothers demonstrated their unmanned hot air
balloon at Annonay, France.
 On 27th August, Jacques Charles launched the world's first unmanned hydrogen-
filled balloon, from the Champ de Mars, Paris.
 On 19th October, the Montgolfiers launched the first manned flight, a tethered
balloon with humans on board, at the Folie Titon in Paris. The aviators were the
scientist Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier, the manufacture manager Jean-
Baptiste Réveillon, and Giroud de Villette.
 On 21th November, the Montgolfiers launched the first free flight with human
passengers. King Louis XVI had originally decreed that condemned criminals
would be the first pilots, but Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, along with the
Marquis François d'Arlandes, successfully petitioned for the honor. They drifted
8 km (5.0 mi) in a balloon-powered by a wood fire.
 On 1st December, Jacques Charles and the Nicolas-Louis Robert launched their
manned hydrogen balloon from the Jardin des Tuileries in Paris, as a crowd of
400,000 witnessed. They ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m) and
landed at sunset in NeslesVallee after a flight of 2 hours and 5 minutes, covering
36 km. After Robert alighted Charles decided to ascend alone. This time he
ascended rapidly to an altitude of about 9,800 feet (3,000 m), where he saw the
sun again, suffered extreme pain in his ears, and never flew again.
 Ballooning became a major "rage" in Europe in the late 18th century, providing
the first detailed understanding of the relationship between altitude and the
atmosphere.

 Non-steerable balloons were employed during the American Civil War by

the Union Army Balloon Corps. The young Ferdinand von Zeppelin first flew as
a balloon passenger with the Union Army of the Potomac in 1863.
1.3.3 AIRSHIP
Airships were originally called "dirigible balloons" and are still sometimes called dirigibles
today. Work on developing a steerable balloon continued sporadically throughout the 19th
century. The first powered, controlled, sustained lighter-than-air flight is believed to have
taken place in 1852 when Henri Giffard flew 15 miles (24 km) in France, with a steam
engine driven craft. Another advance was made in 1884, when the first fully controllable
free-flight was made in a French Army electric-powered airship, La France, by Charles
Renard and Arthur Krebs. The 170-foot (52 m) long, 66,000-cubic-foot (1,900 m 3) airship
covered 8 km (5.0 mi) in 23 minutes with the aid of an 8½ horsepower electric motor.
However, these aircraft were generally short-lived and extremely frail. Routine, controlled
flights would not occur until the advent of the internal combustion engine. The first aircraft
to make routine controlled flights were non-rigid airships (sometimes called "blimps".) The
most successful early pioneering pilot of this type of aircraft was the Brazilian Alberto
Santos-Dumont who effectively combined a balloon with an internal combustion engine.
On 19th October 1901, he flew his airship Number 6 over Paris from the Parc de Saint Cloud
around the Eiffel Tower and back in under 30 minutes to win the Deutsch de la Meurthe
prize. Santos-Dumont went on to design and build several aircraft.
1.4 HEAVIER THAN AIR

1.4.1 17th & 18th CENTURIES

Italian inventor Tito Livio Burattini, invited by the Polish King Władysław IV to his
court in Warsaw, built a model aircraft with four fixed glider wings in 1647. Described as
"four pairs of wings attached to an elaborate 'dragon', it was said to have successfully lifted
a cat in 1648 but not himself. He promised that "only the most minor injuries" would result
from landing the craft. His "Dragon Volant" is considered "the most elaborate and
sophisticated aeroplane to be built before the 19th Century.” The first published paper on
aviation was "Sketch of a Machine for Flying in the Air" by Emanuel Swedenborg published
in 1716. This flying machine consisted of a light frame covered with strong canvas and
provided with two large oars or wings moving on a horizontal axis, arranged so that the
upstroke met with no resistance while the downstroke provided lifting power. Swedenborg
knew that the machine would not fly, but suggested it as a start and was confident that the
problem would be solved.
He wrote: "It seems easier to talk of such a machine than to put it into actuality, for it
requires greater force and less weight than exists in a human body. The science of
mechanics might perhaps suggest a means, a strong spiral spring. If these advantages and
requisites are observed, perhaps in time to come someone might know how better to utilize
our sketch and cause some addition to be made so as to accomplish that which we can only
suggest. Yet there are sufficient proofs and examples from nature that such flights can take
place without danger, although when the first trials are made you may have to pay for the
experience, and not mind an arm or leg". Swedenborg would prove prescient in his
observation that a method of powering of an aircraft was one of the critical problems to be
overcome. On 16 May 1793, the Spanish inventor Diego Marín Aguilera managed to cross
the river Arandilla in Coruña del Conde, Castile, flying 300-400m, with a flying machine.
1.4.2 19th CENTURY
Drawing directly from Cayley's work, Henson's 1842 design for an aerial steam carriage
broke new ground. Although only a design, it was the first in history for a propeller-driven
fixed-
wing aircraft. 1866 saw the founding of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain and two
years later the world's first aeronautical exhibition was held at the Crystal Palace, London,

where John Stringfellow was awarded a £100 prize for the steam engine with the best power
to-weight ratio. In 1848, Stringfellow achieved the first powered flight using an unmanned
10 feet (3.0 m) wingspan steampowered monoplane built in a disused lace factory in Chard,
Somerset. Employing two contrarotating propellers on the first attempt, made indoors, the
machine flew ten feet before becoming destabilised, damaging the craft. The second attempt
was more successful, the machine leaving a guidewire to fly freely, achieving thirty yards of
straight and level powered flight. Francis Herbert Wenham presented the first paper to the
newly formed Aeronautical Society (later the Royal Aeronautical Society), On Aerial
Locomotion. He advanced Cayley's work on cambered wings, making important findings.
To test his ideas, from 1858 he had constructed several gliders, both manned and unmanned,
and with up to five stacked wings. He realised that long, thin wings are better than bat-like
ones because they have more leading edge for their area. Today this relationship is known as
the aspect ratio of a wing.
1.4.3 SIR GEORGE CAYLEY AND THE FIRST MODERN AIRCRAFT
Sir George Cayley was first called the "father of the aeroplane" in 1846. During the last
years of the previous century he had begun the first rigorous study of the physics of flight
and would later design the first modern heavier-than-air craft. Among his many
achievements, his most important contributions to aeronautics include:
 Clarifying our ideas and laying down the principles of heavier-than-air flight.
 Reaching a scientific understanding of the principles of bird flight.
 Conducting scientific aerodynamic experiments demonstrating drag and
streamlining, movement of the centre of pressure, and the increase in lift from
curving the wing surface.
 Defining the modern aeroplane configuration comprising a fixed-wing, fuselage
and tail assembly.
 Demonstrations of manned, gliding flight.
 Setting out the principles of power-to-weight ratio in sustaining flight.

Cayley's first innovation was to study the basic science of lift by adopting the whirling arm
test rig for use in aircraft research and using simple aerodynamic models on the arm, rather
than attempting to fly a model of a complete design.
1.4.4 LEARNING TO GLIDE
In the last decade or so of the 19th century, a number of key figures were refining and
defining the modern aeroplane. Lacking a suitable engine, aircraft work focused on stability
and control in gliding flight. In 1879, Biot constructed a bird-like glider with the help of
Massia and flew in it briefly. It is preserved in the Musee de l'Air, France, and is claimed to
be the earliest man-carrying flying machine still in existence. The Englishman Horatio
Phillips made key contributions to aerodynamics. He conducted extensive wind tunnel
research on aerofoil sections, proving the principles of aerodynamic lift foreseen by Cayley
and Wenham.
His findings underpin all modern aerofoil design. Between 1883 and 1886, the American
John Joseph Montgomery developed a series of three manned gliders, before conducting his
own independent investigations into aerodynamics and circulation of lift. Otto Lilienthal
became known as the "Glider King" or "Flying Man" of Germany. He duplicated Wenham's
work and greatly expanded on it in 1884, publishing his research in 1889 as Bird flight as
the Basis of Aviation. He also produced a series of hang gliders, including bat-wing,
monoplane and biplane forms, such as the Derwitzer Glider and Normal soaring apparatus.
Starting in 1891, he became the first person to make controlled untethered glides routinely,
and the first to be photographed flying a heavier-than-air machine, stimulating interest
around the world.
1.4.5 LANGLEY
On 6 May 1896, Langley's Aerodrome No. 5 made the first successful sustained flight of an
unpiloted, engine-driven heavier-than-air craft of substantial size. It was launched from a
spring actuated catapult mounted on top of a houseboat on the Potomac River near
Quantico, Virginia.
Two flights were made that afternoon, one of 1,005 metres (3,297 ft) and a second of 700
metres (2,300 ft), at a speed of approximately 25 miles per hour (40 km/h). On both
occasions, the Aerodrome No. 5 landed in the water as planned, because, in order to save
weight, it was not equipped with landing gear. On 28 November 1896, another successful
flight was made with the Aerodrome No. 6. This flight, of 1,460 metres (4,790 ft), was
witnessed and photographed by Alexander Graham Bell.
The Aerodrome No. 6 was actually Aerodrome No. 4 greatly modified. So little remained of
the original aircraft that it was given a new designation. With the successes of the
Aerodrome No. 5 and No. 6, Langley started looking for funding to build a full scale man-
carrying version of his designs. Spurred by the Spanish–American War, the U.S.
government granted him $50,000 to develop a man-carrying flying machine for aerial
reconnaissance. Langley planned on building a scaled-up version known as the Aerodrome
A, and started with the smaller Quarter-scale Aerodrome, which flew twice on 18 June
1901, and then again with a newer and more powerful engine in 1903.
1.4.6 WHITEHEAD
Gustave was a German who emigrated to the U.S., where he soon changed his name to
Whitehead. From 1897 to 1915, he designed and built early flying machines and engines. On
14 August 1901, two and a half years before the Wright Brothers' flight, he claimed to have
carried out a controlled, powered flight in his Number 21 monoplane at Fairfield,
Connecticut. The flight was reported in the Bridgeport Sunday Herald local newspaper.
About 30 years later, several people questioned by a researcher claimed to have seen that or
other Whitehead flights. In March 2013, Jane's All the World's Aircraft, an authoritative
source for contemporary aviation, published an editorial which accepted Whitehead's flight
as the first manned, powered, controlled flight of a heavier-than-air craft.

1.4.7 WRIGHT BROTHERS
The Wrights appear to be the first to make serious studied attempts to simultaneously solve
the power and control problems. Both problems proved difficult, but they never lost interest.
They solved the control problem by inventing wing warping for roll control, combined with
simultaneous yaw control with a steerable rear rudder. Almost as an afterthought, they
designed and built a low-powered internal combustion engine. They also designed and
carved wooden propellers that were more efficient than any before, enabling them to gain
adequate performance from their low engine power. Although wing-warping as a means of
lateral control was used only briefly during the early history of aviation, the principle of
combining lateral control in combination with a rudder was a key advance in aircraft control.
While many aviation pioneers appeared to leave safety largely to chance, the Wrights'
design was greatly influenced by the need to teach themselves to fly without unreasonable
risk to life and limb, by surviving crashes. This emphasis, as well as low engine power, was
the reason for low flying speed and for taking off in a headwind. Performance, rather than
safety, was the reason for the rear-heavy design because the canard could not be highly
loaded anhedral wings were less affected by crosswinds and were consistent with the low
yaw stability. The Wrights continued flying at Huffman Prairie near Dayton, Ohio in 1904.
In May 1904 they introduced the Flyer II, a heavier and improved version of the original
Flyer. On 23rd June 1905, they first flew a third machine, the Flyer III.
After a severe crash on 14 July 1905, they rebuilt the Flyer III and made important design
changes. They almost doubled the size of the elevator and rudder and moved them about
twice the distance from the wings. They added two fixed vertical vanes between the
elevators and gave the wings a very slight dihedral. They disconnected the rudder from the
wing-warping control, and as in all future aircraft, placed it on a separate control handle.
When flights resumed the results were immediate. The serious pitch instability that
hampered Flyers I and II was significantly reduced, so repeated minor crashes were
eliminated. Flights with the redesigned Flyer III started lasting over 10 minutes, then 20,

then 30. Flyer III became the first practical aircraft flying consistently under full control and
bringing its pilot back to the starting point safely and landing without damage.
1.5 PIONEER ERA (1903–1914)

1.5.1 PIONEERS IN EUROPE
Although full details of the Wright Brothers' system of flight control had been published in
L’Aerophile in January 1906, the importance of this advance was not recognised, and
European experimenters generally concentrated on attempting to produce inherently stable
machines.
On 13th September 1906, a day after Ellehammer's tethered flight and three years after the
Wright Brothers' flight, the Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont made a public flight in Paris
with the 14-bis, also known as Oiseau de proie (French for "bird of prey"). This well-
documented event was the first flight verified by the Aero-Club de France of a powered
heavier-than-air machine in Europe and won the Deutsch-Archdeacon Prize for the first
officially observed flight greater than 25 m (82 ft). On 12 th November 1906, Santos-Dumont
set the first world record recognized by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale by flying
220 m (720 ft) in 21.5 seconds. Only one more brief flight was made by the 14-bis in March
1907, after which it was abandoned. In March 1907, Gabriel Voisin flew the first example of
his Voisin biplane. On 13th January 1908, a second example of the type was flown by Henri
Farman to win the Deutsch-Archdeacon Grand Prix d'Aviation prize for a flight in which the
aircraft flew a distance of more than a kilometer and landed at the point where it had taken
off. The flight lasted 1 minute and 28 seconds.
1.5.2 FLIGHT AS AN ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGY
Santos-Dumont later added ailerons, between the wings in an effort to gain more lateral
stability. His final design, first flown in 1907, was the series of Demoiselle monoplanes.
The Demoiselle No 19 could be constructed in only 15 days and became the world's first
series production aircraft. The Demoiselle achieved 120 km/h. The fuselage consisted of three

specially reinforced bamboo booms: the pilot sat in a seat between the main wheels of
a conventional landing gear whose pair of wire-spoked mainwheels were located at the lower
front of the airframe, with a tailskid half-way back beneath the rear fuselage structure.
The Demoiselle was controlled in flight by a cruciform tail unit hinged on a form of universal
joint at the aft end of the fuselage structure to function as elevator and rudder, with roll
control provided through wing warping with the wings only warping "down".
In 1908, Wilbur Wright travelled to Europe, and starting in August gave a series of flight
demonstrations at Le Mans in France. The first demonstration, made on 8th August, attracted
an audience including most of the major French aviation experimenters, who were astonished
by the clear superiority of the Wright Brothers' aircraft, particularly its ability to make tight
controlled turns.
The importance of using roll control in making turns was recognised by almost all the
European experimenters: Henri Farman fitted ailerons to his Voisin biplane and shortly
afterwards set up his own aircraft construction business, whose first product was the
influential Farman III biplane. The following year saw the widespread recognition of powered
flight as something other than the preserve of dreamers and eccentrics. On 25 July, Louis
Blériot won worldwide fame by winning a £1,000 prize offered by the British Daily
Mail newspaper for a flight across the English Channel, and in August around half a million
people, including the President of France Armand Fallières and David Lloyd George,
attended one of the first aviation meetings, the Grande Semaine d'Aviation at Reims.
1.5.3 ROTORCRAFT
The first time a manned helicopter is known to have risen off the ground was on a tethered
flight in 1907 by the Breguet-Richet Gyroplane. Later the same year the Cornu helicopter,
also French, made the first rotary-winged free flight at Lisieux, France. However, these were
not practical designs.
1.6 MILITARY USE

Almost as soon as they were invented, airplanes were used for military purposes. The first
country to use them for military purposes was Italy, whose aircraft made reconnaissance,
bombing and artillery correction flights in Libya during the Italian-Turkish war. The first
mission occurred on 23 October 1911. The first bombing mission was flown on 1 November
1911. The first war to see major use of airplanes in offensive, defensive and reconnaissance
capabilities was World War I. The Allies and Central Powers both used airplanes and
airships extensively. While the concept of using the airplane as an offensive weapon was
generally discounted before World War I, the idea of using it for photography was one that
was not lost on any of the major forces. All of the major forces in Europe had light aircraft,
typically derived from pre-war sporting designs, attached to their reconnaissance
departments. Radiotelephones were also being explored on airplanes, notably the SCR-68,
as communication between pilots and ground commander grew more and more important.
1.7 BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS (1918 – 1939)
The years between World War I and World War II saw great advancements in aircraft
technology. Airplanes evolved from low-powered biplanes made from wood and fabric to
sleek, high-powered monoplanes made of aluminium, based primarily on the founding work
of Hugo Junkers during the World War I period and its adoption by American designer
William Bushnell Stout and Soviet designer Andrei Tupolev. The first successful rotorcraft
appeared in the form of the autogyro, invented by Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva and
first flown in 1919. In this design, the rotor is not powered but is spun like a windmill by its
passage through the air. A separate powerplant is used to propel the aircraft forwards. After
World War I, experienced fighter pilots were eager to show off their skills. Many American
pilots became barnstormers, flying into small towns across the country and showing off their
flying abilities, as well as taking paying passengers for rides. Eventually, the barnstormers
grouped into more organized displays. Air shows sprang up around the country, with air
races, acrobatic stunts, and feats of air superiority. Amelia Earhart was perhaps the most
famous of those on the barnstorming/air show circuit. She was also the first female pilot to
achieve records such as the crossing of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

1.8 WORLD WAR II (1939 – 1945)
World War II saw a great increase in the pace of development and production, not only of
aircraft but also the associated flight-based weapon delivery systems. Air combat tactics and
doctrines took advantage. Large-scale strategic bombing campaigns were launched, fighter
escorts introduced and the more flexible aircraft and weapons allowed precise attacks on
small targets with dive bombers, fighter-bombers, and ground-attack aircraft. New
technologies like radar also allowed more coordinated and controlled deployment of Air-
defense. The first jet aircraft to fly was the Heinkel He 178 (Germany), flown by Erich
Warsitz in 1939, followed by the world's first operational jet aircraft, the Me 262, in July
1942 and world's first jet-powered bomber, the Arado Ar 234, in June 1943. British
developments, like the Gloster Meteor, followed afterwards, but saw only brief use in World
War II.
The first cruise missile (V-1), the first ballistic missile (V-2), the first (and to date only)
operational rocket-powered combat aircraft Me 163—with attained velocities of up to 1,130
km/h (700 mph) in test flights—and the first vertical take-off manned point-defense
interceptor, the Bachem Ba 349 Natter, were also developed by Germany. However, jet and
rocket aircraft had only limited impact due to their late introduction, fuel shortages, the lack
of experienced pilots and the declining war industry of Germany.
1.9 POST ERA (1945 – 1979)
After World War II, commercial aviation grew rapidly, using mostly ex-military aircraft to
transport people and cargo. This growth was accelerated by the glut of heavy and super-heavy
bomber airframes like the B-29 and Lancaster that could be converted into commercial
aircraft. The DC-3 also made for easier and longer commercial flights.

The first commercial jet airliner to fly was the British de Havilland Comet. By 1952, the
British state airline BOAC had introduced the Comet into scheduled service. While a
technical achievement, the plane suffered a series of highly public failures, as the shape of the
windows led to cracks due to metal fatigue. The fatigue was caused by cycles of
pressurization and
depressurization of the cabin and eventually led to catastrophic failure of the plane's fuselage.
By the time the problems were overcome, other jet airliner designs had already taken to the
skies. USSR's Aeroflot became the first airline in the world to operate sustained regular jet
services on 15 September 1956 with the Tupolev Tu-104. The Boeing 707 and DC-8 which
established new levels of comfort, safety and passenger expectations, ushered in the age of
mass commercial air travel, dubbed the Jet Age. In October 1947, Chuck Yeager took the
rocket-powered Bell X-1 through the sound barrier. Although anecdotal evidence exists that
some fighter pilots may have done so while dive-bombing ground targets during the war, this
was the first controlled, level flight to exceed the speed of sound. Further barriers of distance
fell in 1948 and 1952 with the first jet crossing of the Atlantic and the first nonstop flight to
Australia. The 1945 invention of nuclear bombs briefly increased the strategic importance of
military aircraft in the Cold War between East and West.
Even a moderate fleet of long range bombers could deliver a deadly blow to the enemy, so
great efforts were made to develop countermeasures. At first, the supersonic interceptor
aircraft were produced in considerable numbers. By 1955, most development efforts shifted to
guided surface-to-air missiles. However, the approach diametrically changed when a new type
of nuclear-carrying platform appeared that could not be stopped in any feasible
way: intercontinental ballistic missiles. The possibility of these was demonstrated in 1957
with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. This action started the Space Race between
the nations. In 1961, the sky was no longer the limit for manned flight, as Yuri
Gagarin orbited once around the planet within 108 minutes, and then used the descent module
of Vostok I to safely re-enter the atmosphere and reduce speed from Mach 25 using friction
and converting the kinetic energy of the velocity into heat. The United States responded by
launching Alan Shepard into space on a suborbital flight in a Mercury space capsule.

With the launch of the Alouette I in 1963, Canada became the third country to send a satellite
into space. The space race between the United States and the Soviet Union would ultimately
lead to the landing of men on the moon in 1969. In 1967, the X-15 set the air speed record for
an aircraft at 4,534 mph (7,297 km/h) or Mach 6.1. Aside from vehicles designed to fly in
outer space, this record was renewed by X-43 in the 21st century.
The Harrier Jump Jet, often referred to as just "Harrier" or "the Jump Jet", is a British
designed military jet aircraft capable of Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOL) via
thrust vectoring. It first flew in 1969, the same year that Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set
foot on the moon, and Boeing unveiled the Boeing 747 and the Aérospatiale BAC Concorde
supersonic passenger airliner had its maiden flight. The Boeing 747 was the largest
commercial passenger aircraft ever to fly, and still carries millions of passengers each year,
though it has been superseded by the Airbus A380, which is capable of carrying up to 853
passengers. In 1975, Aeroflot started regular service on the Tu-144—the first supersonic
passenger plane. In 1976, British Airways and Air France began supersonic service across the
Atlantic, with Concorde. A few years earlier the SR-71 Blackbird had set the record for
crossing the Atlantic in under 2 hours, and Concorde followed in its footsteps.
1.10 DIGITAL AGE 21
21st century aviation has seen increasing interest in fuel savings and fuel diversification, as
well as low cost airlines and facilities. Additionally, much of the developing world that did
not have good access to air transport has been steadily adding aircraft and facilities, though
severe congestion remains a problem in many upcoming nations. Around 20,000 city pairs are
served by commercial aviation, up from less than 10,000 as recently as 1996. At the
beginning of the 21st century, digital technology allowed subsonic military aviation to begin
eliminating the pilot in favor of remotely operated or completely autonomous unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs). In April 2001 the unmanned aircraft Global Hawk flew from Edwards
AFB in the US to Australia non-stop and un-refuelled.

In October 2003, the first totally autonomous flight across the Atlantic by a computer-
controlled model aircraft occurred. UAVs are now an established feature of modern warfare,
carrying out pinpoint attacks under the control of a remote operator. Major disruptions to air
travel in the 21st century included the closing of U.S. airspace due to the September 11
attacks, and the closing of most of European airspace after the 2010 eruption. On 14 th July
2019, Frenchman Franky Zapata attracted worldwide attention when he participated at the
Bastille Day military
parade riding his invention, a jet-powered Flyboard Air. He subsequently succeeded in

crossing the English Channel on his device on 4 th August 2019, covering the 35km journey
from Sangatte in northern France to St Margaret's Bay in Kent, UK, in 22 minutes, with a
midpoint fueling stop included. It includes helicopters, private jets, gliders, sight-seeing
flights, as well as personal aircraft. The website has been tracking flights since 2006. The first
fifth-generation military fighters were produced, starting with the F-22 Raptor and currently
Russia, America and China have 5th gen aircraft (2019).
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the aviation industry due to travel
restrictions and a slump in demand among travellers. Significant reductions in passenger
numbers have resulted in flights being cancelled or planes flying empty between airports,
which in turn massively reduced revenues for airlines and forced many airlines to lay off
employees or declare bankruptcy. Some have attempted to avoid refunding cancelled trips in
order to diminish their losses.
Airliner manufacturers and airport operators have also laid off employees. Government
regulations in Europe and the United States mandated the airlines to refund fares when flights
are cancelled, but in many cases, airlines have instead offered vouchers or travel credits that
must be used by the end of the year. (Some airlines have extended the voucher window to
May 2022.) Despite pleas from industry lobbyists to expand the regulations to allow travel
credits, the US Department of Transportation has reiterated that airlines are obligated to
provide refunds for cancelled flights. Travel vouchers are currently allowed when passengers
cancel travel plans due to travel warnings, stay at home orders and other restrictions. Aviation

sector recorded an 80% decrease in flight movements across all geographic regions, including
America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Middle East as of 4th May 2020.
Early March 2020 saw 10% of all flights cancelled compared to 2019. As the pandemic
progressed, 40–60% fewer flight movements were recorded in late March with international
flights affected the most. By April 2020, over 80% flight movements were restricted across all
regions.[9] Research shows that world recovery of passenger demand to pre-COVID-19 levels
is estimated to take 2.4 years (recovery by late-2022), with the most optimistic estimate being
2 years (recovery by mid-2022), and the most pessimistic estimate 6 years (recovery in 2026).
Large regional differences are detected: the Asia-Pacific has the shortest estimated average
recovery time of 2.2 years, followed by North America in 2.5 years, and Europe 2.7 years. For
air freight demand, a shorter average world recovery time of 2.2 years is predicted if
compared to passenger demand. On the regional level, Europe and North America are
comparable with average recovery times of 2.2 years, while the Asia-Pacific is predicted to
recover faster in 2.1 years.
As passenger flights were cancelled, the cost of sending cargo by air changed rapidly. The
cost of sending cargo across the Pacific Ocean tripled by late March 2020. Adjusted cargo
capacity fell by 4.4% in February 2020 while air cargo demand also fell by 9.1%, but the
near-halt in passenger traffic cut capacity even deeper as half of global air cargo is carried in
passenger jets' bellies. Air freight rates rose as a consequence, from $0.80 per kg for
transatlantic cargoes to $2.50–4 per kg, enticing passenger airlines to operate cargo-only
flights, while cargo airlines brought back into service fuel-guzzling stored aircraft, helped by
falling oil prices. Passenger airlines were enticed to convert aircraft.
At the end of March 2020, cargo capacity was down by 35% compared to the previous year:
North America to Asia Pacific capacity fall by 17% Asia-Pacific to Europe was down by
30%, intra-Asia was down by 35%. Lagging the capacity reductions, demand was down by
23% in March, resulting in higher freight rates: from China/Hong Kong, between 2 March
2020 and 6 April 2020 +158% to Europe and +90.5% to North America. By May, freight
rates from Shanghai were $12/kg to North America, $11/kg to Europe. The cargo shortage

may evaporate if the global economic crisis depresses demand the WTO forecast a global
trade contraction of 13–32% in 2020.
The Covid-19 crisis has challenged the very survival of the aviation industry globally during
the past one year. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) estimates a loss of $370
billion gross passenger operating revenue for the year gone by. As per IATA (International
Air Transport Association), a decline of about 60 per cent in world total passengers during
2020 has been observed and the airline industry alone is expected to have lost $118.5 billion.
In India,
screening of passengers arriving from foreign countries had begun last January with the news
of Covid-19 and till date, the industry has been under stress. During the past few years, Indian
aviation has seen significant growth at an average rate of about 14 per cent. No doubt that few
airlines were struggling to cope up with rising operational costs, excess capacity and yield.
The pandemic has brought these vulnerabilities into sharper focus. Yet, high demand, upbeat
private investments in the airports, opening up of regional airports, big domestic market were
drivers for a better outlook.
However, shutting down of international and domestic operations from March 23rd, 2020 and
March 25th, 2020, respectively to limit the spread of virus, came as a very onerous move for
the industry. Many predicted doomsdays for a few cash strapped domestic airlines and
strongly recommended a bailout package by the Government. Surprisingly, no airline in India
was grounded and all have shown resilience and survival instinct so far. Once the airlines
were allowed to recommence the operations, much needed buoyancy has been infused
gradually in the sector. In fact, the survival story of aviation sector in India has been very
remarkable and unique. Along with the sheer grit of the airlines, introduction of untested but
novel strategies by the government has helped sustain the sector to a large extent.
During the lockdown period, airlines were encouraged to utilize their fleet for movement of
Cargo. Even passenger flights were allowed to carry cargo with special permission.
International borders remained open for movement of freighters. Though this did not address

the financial woes of the aviation players significantly, it helped the industry keep the fleet
running and the crew active, preparing them better for the reopening. The Ministry of Civil
Aviation, while allowing the resumption of domestic operations in May 2020, adopted a
calibrated approach to addressing the challenges of excess capacity and skewed demand.
Airlines were allowed to fly 33 per cent of their declared capacity for the season and
gradually
increase it up to 80 per cent by the end of the year. Along with calibrated opening, the
ministry also made airlines adhere to minimum and maximum price floors. This action was
warranted to protect consumer interest and to ensure that the dominant airlines did not sell the
tickets below cost to drive away weaker competitors. The crisis of an abrupt surge in
cancellation of
tickets and demand for refund by the passengers due to uncertainty of travel and extension of
lockdown was dealt effectively by the Government. Considering the complexity in opening of
international borders with the virus still playing havoc, a few levers were introduced to benefit
the sector. Pre-Covid, utilization of bilateral traffic rights were skewed in favor of foreign
airlines. Using the opportunity during the crisis, the ministry optimized the utilization of
bilateral traffic rights with equal opportunities to domestic airlines. Now, our airlines fly to as
many countries they were flying under Vande Bharat or Air-bubble arrangements. Passenger
capacity is poised to reach about 50 per cent of the pre-Covid level. Domestic airlines have
enhanced their cargo capacities and have almost reached the level of normalcy. Considering
the huge demand, air cargo drivers are steering strong. There have been a few positive effects
of the pandemic disruption on aviation. To brace themselves from the devastating impacts,
airlines and airports have adopted innovative solutions that have become the ‘new normal’.
Hundred per cent web check-in was a distant dream, but has reached almost 90 per cent now,
from a dismal 10 per cent, pre-Covid. Similarly, touch-free baggage drop, minimum contact
security check, robust SOP, seamless movement of passengers through Digi-Yatra will go a
long way to ensure operational efficiency in the sector.
Though the recent growth in demand has been encouraging, the aviation sector in India is still
saddled with huge losses incurred during the past few months. The industry has shown the
required resilience, but is leaning on the Government for some support. The aviation

ecosystem is mostly driven by private entities having commercial interest. Nevertheless, the
sector's potential can be assisted with a few tweaks in existing tax or credit- related policies,
albeit for a limited period, to trigger growth. One of the long-pending demands is to bring
ATF under the ambit of GST, as this will benefit entire value chain, given that the fuel
constitutes more than 40 per cent of operating costs for airlines. Charging of Integrated Goods
and Services Tax (IGST) has already been contested by the sector and dispensing this double
taxation on re-import of repaired aircraft engine and parts, inter-state transfer of goods for
captive consumption, etc. will reduce the financial burden of airlines.
One big relief sought by airports is to allow GST input tax credit for works contract, goods
and services on construction or expansion of airports. This will offset the effect of
unprecedented
fall of passenger traffic and revenue by retaining cash flow to some extent, besides
encouraging capex. The much-lauded seamless multi-modal connectivity can be encouraged
by uniform taxation on different modes of transportation to reduce logistics cost. This is the
right time for states to attract investments and enhance connectivity by extending incentives to
aviation industry and airlines. States can thus get a boost for their economies and enhanced air
connectivity as well. It would be a win-win as the sector also would receive much needed
impetus. Last but not the least, it would bring aviation under the purview of priority sector
lending norms in light of the contribution to the all-round development of the economy.
Aviation is a critical component of the nation’s transportation sector and plays a pivotal role
in economic growth and employment generation. Aviation could be a major growth engine to
make India a $5 trillion economy by 2024. This sector has shown the indomitable spirit- never
hesitant to be in frontline by ensuring the safe movement of people and essential cargo during
the nation’s fight against the pandemic. Some leeway at the right time will safeguard the
aviation to catch up the growth trajectory faster.

CHAPTER – II
RESEARCH DESIGN

2.1 TITLE OF THE PROJECT

“A STUDY ON OPERATIONAL AREAS AT KEMPEGOWDA
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, BANGALORE”.
The background of the study is to learn the distinct functionalities at Kempegowda

international airport with relevance to different operational areas. This study is direct towards
an understanding of dynamic departmental areas that gives the functionality of each
departments. The study was made to understand the frequent changes that happens across the
operational areas which never be the same. The functionalities of each departmental areas is
changing in the position but there is no functionality drawback. This document is trying to tell
how we can create a new way to get a dynamic flow in operations. The documentation of KIA
Bangalore was to obtain real experience of the exclusive operation of dynamic functional
areas. The motive of the study was to understand how each functional area works in the form
of service oriented and whims of the passengers in travelling across the world.
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Eve De Clerk (16 Sep 2016):

BLR Airport to pave roads around the site with plastic waste; Plastic waste has become one of
the largest burdens of our modern world, but Bengaluru Airport has found a novel way to re-
purpose the material. BLR Airport, has received approximately 11 tonnes of plastic waste
from the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP). The plastic will be used in trials to
determine if roads within Bengaluru Airport’s campus can be paved with waste plastic. This
follows a move in which the airport banned all single-use plastics and has increased the work
it has been doing to ensure the airport remains as sustainable as possible. BIAL has conducted

lab tests by blending the plastic with bitumen and the results revealed that this mix is
acceptable. This move could go a long way in reducing the plight of plastic inflicted on the
world. Additionally, reusing plastic in this way will reduce the carbon footprint of the airport
substantially.
Katie Sadler (16 Jul 2017)
BLR Airport introduces first automated e-Gate System in India; The system, developed by
access solutions provider KABA, has been installed by BIAL on a trial basis at the airports
domestic pre-embarkation security check area. Passengers are required to place the barcode
on the printed boarding card or mobile boarding pass at the e-Gate, which opens automatically
upon verifying the validity. Passengers then undergo mandatory security checks and enter the
Security Hold Area. Passengers will not need to produce their boarding pass again until
boarding begins. The e-Gate is a definite step towards a fully automated and seamless
passenger flow. Operator BIAL anticipates the new system will enable passengers to take
control of their passage through the security checkpoint, reducing stress, errors or
inconsistencies and improve passenger experience. BLR Airport, has recently implemented a
mobile boarding pass trial that facilitates entry to the airport, security clearance and aircraft
boarding by passengers displaying a mobile boarding pass on their smartphone devices.
Rachael Harper (12 Dec 2018)

BLR becomes first airport in India with independent parallel runways; BLR Airport, has
commenced operations on its new south runway. This makes BLR Airport the first in the
country to operate independent parallel runways, enabling aircraft to land or take-off
simultaneously on both runways. Our first runway opened 11 years ago and became a linchpin
for the region’s economic development during the last decade. With the aviation industry in
India set for exponential growth, two operational runways will provide the thrust required to
cater to this demand and further bolster the growth of Karnataka and India. The opening of
this key infrastructure is the outcome of phenomenal collaboration amongst various
stakeholders and implementation of processes and procedures developed through advanced

simulations and assessments. The new runway will further bolster our vision to transform
BLR Airport into the new gateway to India.
Hari Marar (26 Nov 2019)

Exploring Bengaluru’s sustainable garden terminal; ‘Terminal in a Garden’ – designed to
revive Bengaluru’s green identity – has been meticulously planned to create state-of-the-art
infrastructure with a low carbon footprint. T2 is designed to provide an innovative airport

experience, including calming gardens at areas of high stress, exciting gardens along the
journey and restful gardens at waiting areas. With lush greenery, both within and outside, T2
will be a visual delight. The concept aims to give passengers a natural feel of a garden as they
pass through every terminal touchpoint. The outdoor garden will enhance the aesthetics, while
offering the feel of a natural forest that includes water bodies and natural topography. The
installation of portals, water bodies, rocks, digital technology, lighting and signature plants at
strategic locations will further enhance the overall experience. Policies are in place to recycle
all waste material from the production process and ensure more energy-efficient processes are
followed. Products will be chosen from certified sustainable sources with recognized
accreditation while ozone-depleting substances and components requiring high-energy input
will be prohibited. To further demonstrate its commitment to establish innovative methods for
sustainable growth, BIAL has already implemented various landmark initiatives with a major
focus on energy saving, water conservation, waste management and pollution control
measures with an aim to take sustainability to new heights.
Anders Nielsen (2020)

Cargo volumes at BLR Airport, are gathering momentum, with international cargo leading the
recovery, following a prolonged slump due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This resurgence in
cargo movement has powered BLR Airport to become the first metro airport in India to record
growth in freight in Sep 2020, compared to the same period in 2019. Improved connectivity
and an increase in Passenger to Cargo (P2C) aircraft, combined with proactive measures by
BIAL – the operator of BLR Airport – to enable seamless processing, have pushed cargo
volumes into positive territory. Perishable cargo has been one of the major growth drivers,
with BLR Airport having processed 17,212 metric tons during this period. Before the

pandemic, around 60 per cent of domestic and international freight was being carried in the
belly space of passenger aircraft and the remainder in freighters. With the reduction in
passenger flights due to travel restrictions, several airlines – both domestic and international –
converted their aircraft, enabling the availability of a larger amount of cargo capacity. As a
result, BLR Airport saw the growth of cargo aircraft movements by 139 per cent against 2019.
2.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
To study the affect of emissions from aircraft piston engines, turbo-jet engines, and low-
bypass turbo-fan engines are largely unknown and should be quantified. Due to the high
visibility of the airport and the activity it supports, it is frequently challenged to provide a
self-assessment of its emissions and impact on the surrounding neighborhoods and
environment. And also analyzing the impact of implementing the AI technology based
operating systems to carry out better functionalities at airport.
2.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
With the implementation of the new AI technology based security systems and other systems
to carry out the effective and efficient operations will considerably enhance the smooth flow
of operations at airports. In view of this situation, the present study analyze the role of AI
technologies on safety and security-related operations at airport. To this end, the study will
also cover the changes in the usage of the AI based systems in airport over the time period
ranging 2010-2021. The empirical study in this research is about all the functional areas of
BLR Airport. Further, the study also involves an analysis of passenger’s perspectives on the
services as well as the benefits they enjoy at airport.
2.5 OBJECTIVES
1. To evaluate the Problems of Air logistic services at airport

2. To analyze the Impact of Covid-19 Crisis on Flights

3. To understand the organization structure of the company

4. To understand the usage of AI Technologies at Airports
2.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problems. It has

understood as a science of studying how research is being done scientifically. In it we study
the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem
along with the logic behind them. It is necessary for the researcher to know not only he
research method/techniques but also the methodology. As we know that for the achievement
of any goal, a proper methodology should be adopted in the same manner for the success of
a project, it is necessary to have a clear methodology.
2.6.1 PRIMARY DATA
Primary data relates to data which has been collected first hand and which has been collected
for the purpose of analysis. It is undertaken, when data needed by the researcher does not
exist. The project is about the organizational study on Kempegowda International Airport,
Bengaluru. Due to this pandemic crisis it was unable to collect more information as first hand
data. Hence, I had collected some few data via some customized e-mails, surveys, some
neighbors (who travel very often) and few people who have been working at airports.
2.6.2 SECONDARY DATA
Due to this pandemic of Covid-19 it’s not that easy to collect the information from the people
in market, instead it was been more ease to get information through online, internet, blogs,
articles, magazines and journals. So the more information I get through is via second hand
data which are already exist such as annual reports, travel magazine, libraries and podcasts
which were really sufficient to carry out my project report so efficiently.

CHAPTER – III
COMPANY PROFILE

3.1 KEMPEGOWDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, BANGALORE

(IATA: BLR, ICAO: VOBL)
Kempegowda International Airport is an international airport serving Bangalore, the capital of

the Indian state of Karnataka, in the southern part of India. Spread over 4,000 acres, it is
located about 30 kilometers north of the city near the suburb of Devanahalli. It is owned and
operated by Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL), a public–private consortium.
The airport opened in May 24th 2008 as an alternative to increased congestion at HAL Airport,
the original primary commercial airport serving the city.
Kempegowda International Airport, Bengaluru (KIAB/ BLR Airport), named after founder of
the City – Hiriya Kempegowda – has the unique distinction of being the first Greenfield
Airport in India, established on a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. This heralded a
revolution in Indian aviation, as more airports in the Country were privatised, thereafter. In
January 2001, Bangalore International Airport Limited (BIAL), formed under the Companies
Act, 1956, was incorporated to build, own and operate KIAB for a 60-year concession period.
Private promoters hold a 74% stake (Fairfax India Holdings: 54% and Siemens Projects
Ventures: 20%), while the Government (Karnataka State Industrial & Infrastructure
Development Corporation Limited: 13%, Airports Authority of India: 13%) hold the
remaining 26%.
Kempegowda Airport is the third-busiest airport by passenger traffic and total cargo handled
in the country, behind the airports in Delhi and Mumbai, and is the 29th busiest airport in
Asia. It handled around 10.91 million passengers in the calendar year 2020 with 311 aircraft
movements a day. The cargo handled by the airport has decreased by 12.7%, with the airport
handling about 326,372 tons of cargo between April 2020 and March 2021, compared to
374,062 tons of cargo handled between April 2019 and March 2020. The airport consists of
two runways and a passenger terminal, which handles both domestic and international
operations. The second runway, constructed by Larsen & Toubro, was commissioned on 6
December 2019. A second terminal is in the early stages of construction. Also, there is a cargo
village and three cargo terminals.
The airport serves as a hub for AirAsia India, Alliance Air, Go First, IndiGo and Star Air and
is a focus city for Air India and SpiceJet. The airport is awarded as the best airport in Asia-
Pacific in 2020 (25 to 40 million passengers per annum) by Airports Council International.
KIAB concluded Calendar Year 2019 with 33.65 million passengers. Powered with cutting-
edge technology, including Contactless Passenger Processing, Self-Bag-Drops, Biometric-
based self-boarding solution, BLR Airport has well-established route network, connecting to
61 domestic destinations and key international markets across the world.
3.1.1 PLANNING (1991–2004)
The original airport serving Bangalore was HAL Airport, located 5 km from the city centre.
However, as Bangalore grew into the Silicon Valley of India and passenger traffic to the city
rose, the airport was unable to cope. There was no room for expansion and the airport apron
could only park six aircraft. In March 1991, former chairman of the National Airports
Authority of India (NAAI) S. Ramanathan convened a panel to select the site for a new
airport. The panel decided on Devanahalli, a village about 30 km north of Bangalore. The
State Government made a proposal to build the airport with private assistance, which the
Union Government approved in 1994. In December 1995, a consortium consisting of Tata
Group, Raytheon and Singapore Changi Airport signed a memorandum of understanding with
the State Government regarding participation in the project.
In June 1998, however, the consortium announced it was pulling out of the project due to
delays in government approval. These included disputes over the location of the airport and
the fate of HAL Airport. In May 1999, the Airports Authority of India (AAI) and the
Karnataka State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (KSIIDC) of the State

Government signed a memorandum of understanding regarding the nature of the project. It

would be a public–private partnership, with AAI and KSIIDC having a 26% share and private
companies having the remaining 74%. In January 2001, the State Government created the
company Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL) as a special purpose entity and
began searching for partners. By November, the project had attracted Unique Zürich Airport,
Siemens Project Ventures and Larsen & Toubro.
3.1.2 CONSTRUCTION AND OPENING (2005–2008)
Construction finally commenced on 2nd July 2005. When a study predicted the airport would
receive 6.7 million passengers in 2008, the airport was redesigned from its initial capacity of
4.5 million passengers to 11 million, with the terminal size expanded and the number of
aircraft stands increased. The cost of the airport rose to ₹19.3 billion. Construction was
completed in 32 months, and BIAL set the launch date for 30th March 2008. However, due to
delays in establishing air traffic control services at the airport, the launch date was pushed to
11th May and finally 24th May 2008.
As the opening date for the airport approached, public criticism arose, mainly directed toward
the closure of HAL Airport. In March 2008, AAI employees conducted a massive strike
against the closure of HAL Airport along with Begumpet Airport in Hyderabad, fearing they
would lose their jobs. The Bangalore City Connect Foundation, a group of citizens and
businessmen, staged a rally in mid-May, claiming the new airport was too small for the latest
demand projections. On 23rd May, a hearing was held at the Karnataka High Court over poor
connectivity between the city and the airport. Ultimately, the State Government decided to go
ahead with inaugurating the new airport and closing HAL Airport. The first flight to the
airport, Air India Flight 609 from Mumbai, was allowed to land the previous night as it would
be continuing to Singapore shortly after midnight. The aircraft touched down at 10:40 pm on
23 May. The airport became the third greenfield airport under a public–private partnership to
open in India, after Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad and Cochin International
Airport.
3.1.3 RENAMING AND EXPANSION (2009–PRESENT)

The original name of the airport was Bangalore International Airport. In February 2009, the
State Government sent a proposal to the Union Government to rename the airport after the
founder of Bangalore, Kempe Gowda I. When no action was taken, the State Government
passed a resolution for the name change in December 2011. The Union Government accepted
the proposal in 2012 and formally approved it in July 2013.
The airport was officially renamed Kempegowda International Airport on 14th December
2013 amid the inauguration of the expanded terminal building. Kingfisher Airlines once
operated a hub and was one of the largest airlines at Kempegowda Airport. Following its
collapse in October 2012, other airlines stepped in to fill the gap in domestic connectivity by
adding more flights. In addition, Air Pegasus and AirAsia India launched hub operations at
the airport in 2014. The first phase of expansion was launched in June 2011 and finished in
December 2013. The ₹15 billion project doubled the size of the passenger terminal to 150,556
square-metre involving the construction of additional facilities for check-in, immigration,
security and baggage reclaim. One domestic gate and three international gates were added as
well. A large, sweeping roof connects the original building with the expanded areas. The
expanded terminal, dubbed "Terminal 1A", has raised the annual passenger capacity of the
airport to 25 million. Ethiopian Airlines began the first nonstop flights between Bangalore and
Africa in 2019, linking the city to its hub in Addis Ababa. Two years later, an Air India
Boeing 777 arrived from San Francisco, marking the first direct service between the United
States and Bangalore, as well as South India as a whole. The flights operate under a
temporary arrangement between the Indian and American governments that facilitates
nonstop air travel between the two countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Air India has
not indicated whether it will continue to fly this route after the agreement ends. United
Airlines intends to initiate its own flights on the San Francisco–Bangalore route in May 2021
3.1.4 LOGO

3.2 VISION
Enabling journeys, creating experiences and touching lives as the new gateway to India.
 Enabling journeys: BIAL’s purpose is to enable and offer connectivity to people to
travel.
 Creating experiences: BIAL exists to create memorable moments for its customers –
by offering experiences that combine culture & art, retail, dining & entertainment,
comfort and convenience.
 Touching lives: BIAL strives to create a meaningful impact not just for its customers
and collaborators but also for the community and environment in which it operates.
 Gateway to a New India: New Gateway to India: BIAL wishes to be the bridge
connecting Bengaluru to the world.
3.2.1 MISSION
 Provide delightful travel experiences

 Achieve highest standards of operations
 Build world-class airport
 Develop an aerotropolis
 Develop an integrated transport hub
 Community building and sustainability
 Meaningful partnerships
 Leadership in technology and process simplicity
3.3 PARTNER ASSOCIATION

 Partner association of aviation:

 Air India SATS
 Menzies Aviation Bobba Pvt.Ltd
 LGS Sky Chefs
 Taj SATS
 IndianOil Sky tanking

 CELEBI
 Aero Technic
 Globe Ground India
 Partner association of non-aviation:

 JCDecaux
 HMS Host
 CPS (Central parking service)
 Aster CMI Hospital
 SKIDATA
 NUANCE (Shoppers stop)
3.3.1 CARGO PARTNERS

The following cargo airlines fly to the airport:
 Blue Dart Aviation

 Cathay Pacific Cargo
 DHL Aviation operated by Aero Logic
 Emirates Sky Cargo
 Ethiopian Airlines Cargo
 Etihad Cargo
 FedEx Express
 Lufthansa Cargo
 MAS cargo
 Qatar Airways Cargo

 Quik jet Cargo

 Sichuan Airlines
 Singapore Airlines Cargo
 Spice Xpress
3.3.2 AIRLINE PARTNERS
 DOMESTIC AIRLINES  INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES
AIR INDIA ( AI ) AIR ARABIA ( G9 )

AIRASIA ( I5 ) AIR ASIA BERHAD ( AK )
GOFIRST ( G8 ) AIR FRANCE ( AF )
INDIGO ( 6E ) AIR INDIA EXPRESS ( IX )
SPICEJET ( SG ) AIR MAURITIUS ( MK )
STAR AIR ( OG ) BRITISH AIRWAYS ( BA )
TRUJET ( 2T ) EMIRATES ( EK )
VISTARA ( UK ) ETHIOPIAN ( ET )
ETIHAD AIRWAYS ( EY )
FLYDUBAI ( FZ )
GULF AIR ( GF )
KLM ( KL )
KUWAIT AIRWAYS ( KU )
LUFTHANSA ( LH )
MALAYSIA AIRLINES ( MH )
OMAN AIR ( WY )
QATAR AIRWAYS ( QR )
ROYAL NEPAL AIRLINES ( RA )
SAUDI ARABIAN AIRLINES ( SV )
SILKAIR ( MI )
SINGAPORE AIRLINES ( SQ )

SRILANKAN AIRLINES ( UL )
THAI AIRASIA ( FD )
THAI AIRWAYS ( TG )
3.4 DOMESTIC NETWORK OF BIAL

3.4.1 INTERNATIONAL NETWORK OF BIAL
3.4.2 TRAFFIC PERFORMANC

3.5 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
Chairman
Aviation Safety Company Security
Member
Member Member Member Member
(Air Navigation
(Finance) (Human Resource) (Operations) (Planning)
Service)
Planning, Desing &

Air Traffic Human Resource Aerodrome
Finance & Accounts Development of
Management Management Operations
Airport
Communication, Infrastructure &

Navigation & Internal Audit Administration Airport Security Preparation of
Surveillance Corporate Plan
Flight Inspection Unit

Airport Development Fire & Search & Long Term
& Radio construction Public Relations
Cell Rescue Services Perspective Plans
&Development Unit
Civil Aviation Training

Consultancy & Co- Indian Aviation
college & other Equipment
ordination Academy
associated centers
Implementation of
Legal Department Right to Information Technical
Act
Commercial Industrial Relations Cargo
Informational
Land
Technology
Fire Training College

Aerodrome Licensing
3.6 EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT TEAM
 Hari K Marar (Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer)

A seasoned aviation professional, Hari brings to the table nearly two decades of experience,
having served the industry in various capacities with great distinction. After his stint with Jet
Airways, Hari joined BIAL as Head of Daily Operations and thereafter he has held key
positions such as Chief Operations Officer, President - Airport and Executive Director &
President. Hari was part of the core leadership team at BIAL that successfully licensed and
operationalised the Greenfield Airport project in Bengaluru. In this role, he was instrumental
in implementing several modern, state-of-the-art airport management systems, for the first
time in India, that resulted in improved operational efficiency of BLR Airport. Under his
leadership, the BLR Airport has transformed itself into the fastest growing Airport in the
world and has won several global accolades. Before moving to Aviation, Hari spent over a
decade in the hospitality industry.
 Bhaskar A. Rao (Chief Financial Officer)

Bhaskar has over 25 years of experience, including an international stint with Rashideen
Group, a large Dubai-based conglomerate. Prior to that, Bhaskar worked with the GMR
Group in India as CFO in the Corporate Finance function, as well as sector CFO for Energy.
An experienced finance professional, Chartered Accountant (ICAI, India) and Certified Public
Accountant (Delaware, US), Bhaskar has, over the course of his career, managed the finance
function for large organisations and has in-depth knowledge in fund raising – equity and debt
– financial reporting, accounting & analysis, M&A, working capital management, risk
management, managing start-up operations, corporate governance, organisation & team
building. Bhaskar was the Founder & CEO of Smart Retail Pvt.Ltd., and nurtured the
company from its first store in 2005 to a 50-store chain with a turnover of $ 20 million.
 Kenneth R. Guldbjerg (Chief Commercial Officer)

Kenneth has over 25 years of experience in managing the commercial business in the
Aviation sector. He has played a pivotal role in establishing commercial goals and roadmaps
for all revenue streams at BLR Airport. Prior to joining BIAL, Kenneth managed the role of
Commercial Advisor and Management Expert for New Castle Airports, including Cancun
Airport and nine Airports of the ASUR group. His task included evaluation, monitoring and
benchmarking work to ensure scaling of targets, while adapting innovation and market
dynamics. Before joining BIAL, he was VP, Commercial Strategy at BAIL International
Airport. Kenneth’s expertise lies in maximising airport revenue, optimising airport assets,
pricing policy and customer satisfaction.
 Rao Munukutla (CEO, Bengaluru Airport City Limited)

Rao is responsible for the development of the Airport City at the KIAB campus. His expertise
lies in strategic planning, growth engineering, global alliances, project finance, project
management, construction and business development. In a career spanning over two and a
half decades, Rao has handled leadership roles in the infrastructure space and delivered
various multi-billion-dollar projects in Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Australia and
Myanmar. Some of his internationally renowned projects include UOB Plaza and Suntec City
in Singapore, Bintan Beach International Resort in Indonesia, MUSE SEZ in Myanmar and
Springfield City in Australia. During his stint in India, Rao led the operations of Jurong
International as CEO and has developed massive projects such as ITPL & IT Corridor,
Bengaluru, Sree City near Chennai, Mahindra World City and Delhi-Mumbai Industrial
Corridor. Rao holds a Master’s Degree in Civil Engineering from the University of
Canterbury, New Zealand and an additional degree in International Construction Management
and Marketing from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He is the recipient of the
National Science & Technology Board and Guthrie Gold Medals in Singapore.
 Satyaki Raghunath (Chief Strategy & Development Officer)

Satyaki comes to BIAL with nearly two decades of experience in working with public and
private sector investors and operators of transport infrastructure, advising on business,
finance, strategy, regulatory and project delivery related initiatives. He has extensive
experience in transportation and airport system planning across major cities – London,
Chicago, Dubai, Houston and New Delhi. In his role at BIAL, Satyaki is responsible for
Strategy and Development, focusing on front-end corporate strategy, traffic forecasting &

market analyses, the aviation business focusing on airline marketing, route development,
cargo and aviation
concessionaires, master planning and the BIAL Centre of Excellence (CoE) comprising
Innovation Lab, Business Intelligence and Capacity and Operational Planning. Prior to BIAL,
Satyaki was with GMR Airports Ltd as Chief Innovation Officer for the airport sector across
the Group. He has also held leadership roles at London Stansted Airport and Dubai Airports,
and as Head of Master Planning at LeighFisher, a specialist global airport advisory firm.
 Shalini Rao (Chief Marketing Officer)

An expert in Strategic Marketing & Brand Building, Customer Experience and Digital
Transformation, Shalini is responsible for branding, communication and marketing at BIAL.
Prior to joining BIAL, Shalini was a Brand Consultant for Tata Sons. She headed Global
Marketing for the Taj Group and Marketing at Tetra Pak India and Mars India. Shalini holds
Master’s in Marketing from Griffith University, Australia and a Post Graduate Diploma from
Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneshwar.
 Tom Shimmin (Chief Project Officer)

Tom has over 35 years of experience in design and construction. A graduate of the Ohio State
University in the USA, Tom brings with him vast experience in construction, procurement,
contract administration and design management. His experience includes airport &
transportation projects with BIAL, Maldives Airport Company Limited and Bay Area Rapid
Transit (BART), theme parks with Walt Disney Imagineering and the United States Embassy
in Taiwan and Moldova. His international exposure spreads across nine countries while
working with Fluor Corporation, Hill International, Surbana Jurong and others. This is his
second engagement with BIAL, having previously headed the expansion of Terminal 1.
 Sajit TC (Chief Human Resources Officer)

With nearly three decades as a strategic HR Leader, Sajit has been with BIAL since 2014.
Sajit’s exemplary people management skills and unique approach to HR – which combines
performance management and productivity – and an emphasis on transformation through
L&D, has made him a key influencer in HR circles. Previously, he has held senior leadership

roles in Tata Motor Finance, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Airtel and Essar Group, where he
helped create a fair and transparent structure that resulted in high employee engagement and
strategic
partnerships. Throughout his career spanning across Oil, Steel, Telecom, Financial Services
and Aviation sectors, Sajit has successfully set up the entire spectrum of business HR,
propelling learning and development by designing and implementing significant
organisational changes to achieve tangible outcomes through a unique blend of HR
competencies and business partnering. He is also a certified Corporate Director by the
Institute of Directors.
 Jayaraj Shanmugam (Chief Operating Officer)

Jayaraj has over 25 years of experience in the airline and telecommunication sectors, having
worked with Singapore Airlines, Qatar Airways, Jet Airways and Maxis Communications. He
has extensive knowledge of airline operations and customer experience, commercial strategy,
revenue management and pricing, marketing and sales. Jayaraj started his airline career with
Singapore Airlines as an Airport Manager and has worked in multiple countries and managed
operations and services in the United States, Russia, India, the Middle East, Europe and
countries in the Asia Pacific region. He has also spent three years in the telecommunications
industry, overseeing customer experience and operations delivery. Prior to joining BIAL,
Jayaraj was the Chief Commercial Officer and Executive Vice-President at Jet Airways. In his
present role, Jayaraj is responsible for the operations at Kempegowda International Airport,
Bengaluru.
 George Thomas Fanthome (Chief Information Officer)

George has almost three decades of experience in managing complex IT environments,
Strategic Planning, Digital Transformation, IT operations, and implementing new
technologies for various corporates in India, USA and Africa. Before joining BIAL, George
held leadership roles at GMR Group, Vedanta Group, Bharti Airtel, GE/Genpact and Arch
Wireless. In the role of Chief Information Officer at BIAL, George will be responsible for
spearheading the IT and Digital initiatives at BLR Airport. He has an MBA in Finance &
Systems Management from the University of Connecticut, USA.

3.6.1 BOARD OF DIRECTORS
 Mr. P Ravi Kumar, IAS

Mr. Kumar, IAS, Chief Secretary, Government of Karnataka serves as the Chairman on the
Board of Directors at BIAL. He is a Post Graduate in Mathematics. Mr. Kumar holds multiple
key positions across various Government Departments which include Energy, Food and Civil
Supplies/Consumer Affairs amongst others. Mr. Kumar is an IAS officer of the 1984 batch.
 Mr. Hari K Marar

A seasoned aviation professional, Hari brings to the table nearly two decades of experience,
having served the industry in various capacities with great distinction. After his stint with Jet
Airways, Hari joined BIAL as Head of Daily Operations and thereafter he has held key
positions such as Chief Operations Officer, President - Airport and Executive Director &
President. Hari was part of the core leadership team at BIAL that successfully licensed and
operationalised the Greenfield Airport project in Bengaluru. In this role, he was instrumental
in implementing several modern, state-of-the-art airport management systems, for the first
time in India, that resulted in improved operational efficiency of BLR Airport. Under his
leadership, the BLR Airport has transformed itself into the fastest growing Airport in the
world and has won several global accolades. Before moving to Aviation, Hari spent over a
decade in the hospitality industry.
 Mr. Kapil Mohan, IAS

Mr. Mohan, IAS is the Principal Secretary, Karnataka State Industrial & Infrastructure
Development Department, Government of Karnataka. He holds key positions across various
Government organisations, including Konkan Railway Corporation, Hassan Mangalore Rail
Development Company Ltd., Karnataka State Forest Industrial Corporation Ltd., Karnataka

Rural Infrastructure Development Ltd., amongst others. A 1990 batch IAS officer, Mr. Mohan
is a management graduate with a background in Science.
 Dr. Ekroop Caur, IAS

Dr. Caur, IAS is the Secretary to Government (Expenditure), Finance Department,
Government of Karnataka. She holds key positions across multiple Government organisations
that include Karnataka Food and Civil Supplies Corporation Ltd., Mysore Sales International
Ltd., Karnataka Road Development Corporation Ltd., and Bengaluru Smart City Ltd.,
amongst others. An IAS Officer from the 2001 batch, Dr. Caur holds a Ph. D and post
graduate degree in Psychology.
 Mr. Madhavan Rangaswamy

Mr. Madhavan Rangaswamy is a Commerce Graduate from National College, Trichy,
University of Madras. He is also a Member of the Institute of Cost Accountants of India and
holds a Specialized Diploma in Management from IGNOU. Mr. Rangaswamy joined
Airports Authority of India (AAI) in the year 1994 and has served AAI in various capacities
at Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi and Kolkata Airports apart from Corporate Headquarters at New
Delhi. He was in-charge of process of selection of a private partner for six Airports across the
country for their operation, management and development for a 50-year concession period, by
virtue of which AAI is estimated to generate several crores of revenue. Currently he is the
Regional Executive Director of Southern Region of AAI. He is also one of the Directors on
the Board of Kannur International Airport Limited.(KIAL) as AAI nominee.
 Mr. Joyanta Chakraborty

Mr. Joyanta Chakraborty is an IRSEE Electrical Engineer of 2005 batch and an ex-IPS
Officer 2011 batch of Odisha Cadre. He has done Bachelor of Engineering from Jadavpur
University, Kolkata. Mr. Chakraborty joined Indian Railway Service in the year 2006 as an
Assistant Divisional Electrical Engineer and thereafter he served Indian Railways in various
capacities. Mr. Chakraborty joined the Indian Police Service (IPS) in 2011 and posted as

Assistant Superintendent of Police at Ganjam District, Odisha. Later, he left IPS in 2013 to
join back Indian Railway Service. Mr. Chakraborty was also instrumental in ensuring the
Railway Board’s Sanction for Provision of End of Train Telemetry Project in all freight trains
in Indian Railways. He has undergone training in Metro technology at CRRC Dalian, China
and Three Phase State of the Art Highest Horse Power Electric Locomotive Propulsion
Technology at
Alstom, Paris. He is also one of the Directors on the Board of GMR Hyderabad International
Airport Ltd. (GMR HIAL) and Chandigarh International Airport Limited (CIAL) as AAI
nominee.
 Mr. Chandran Ratnaswami

Mr. Ratnaswami is the Chief Executive Officer of Fairfax India Holdings Corporation. He is
also the Managing Director of Hamblin Watsa Investment Counsel Ltd. At Hamblin Watsa,
Mr. Ratnaswami is responsible for portfolio investments in Asia. He serves as Director on the
Board of Fair bridge Capital Private Ltd. and several other Boards. Mr. Ratnaswami holds a
Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering from IIT Madras and an MBA from the University of
Toronto, Canada.
 Mr. Sumit Maheshwari

Mr. Maheshwari has been the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Fairbridge
since May 2018 and was appointed as a member of the Board in July 2018. Previously, Mr.
Maheshwari was Vice President at Fairbridge and has been working at Fairbridge since July
2011. Prior to joining Fairbridge, Mr. Maheshwari worked with KPMG in India for 5 years in
their audit and accounting advisory functions. Mr. Maheshwari specialises in Indian GAAP,
US GAAP and IFRS accounting standards. Mr. Maheshwari serves on the Board of several
Fairfax Group portfolio companies in India. He is a qualified Chartered Accountant, has
completed the Post Graduate Programme in Management from the Indian School of Business,
Hyderabad, and holds a Bachelor’s Degree from the University of Mumbai.
 Mr. Basil Justin Wetters

Mr. Wetters is a representative of Siemens Project Venture GmbH, Germany on the Board of
BIAL and brings with him expertise in man management and administrative skills. He also
has expertise in the field of finance and budgetary controls.
 Mr. Marcus Turnwald

Mr. Turnwald started his career with Siemens in commercial, project management of large
thermal power plants, followed by projects and performance controlling with reporting line to
Siemens executive management. Currently, an Investment Manager at Siemens Project

Ventures GmbH (SPV), he is responsible for an Investment portfolio including two on-shore
and three off-shore wind farms in Europe, as well as SPV’s investment in BIAL. Mr.
Turnwald has international work experience as a Financial Advisor in Northern Europe, USA
and Middle East region.
 Mr. Gopalakrishnan Soundarajan

Mr. Soundarajan is Managing Director at Hamblin Watsa Investment Counsel Ltd. Prior to
this, he was the Chief Investment Officer at ICICI Lombard, the largest private sector
property and casualty insurance company in India. Mr. Soundarajan held the position of Head
of investments at ICICI Lombard from 2001 to 2018 and was a Member of the Investment
Committee. Mr. Soundarajan serves as a Director on the Board of Fairfax India Holdings
Corporation, FIH Mauritius Investments Ltd., FTH Private Investments Ltd., Anchorage
Infrastructure Investments Holdings Ltd. and Primary Real Estate Investment Fund. Mr.
Soundarajan holds a Bachelor’s Degree from the University of Madras, is a Member of the
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India and is a Qualified Chartered Financial Analyst and
Member of the CFA Institute in the United States.
 Mr. Marcel Hungerbuehler

Mr. Hungerbuehler is an aviation expert who has profound experience in handling the various
facets of the aviation industry. He has held key positions across the globe in companies like
Swissair, Swissport from 2003 to 2006, Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru from
2007 to 2011 and Delhi International Airport (P) Ltd. from 2011 until his retirement in 2016.
Mr. Hungerbuehler played a vital role in building, operationalising and managing the

Greenfield KIAB, which opened on 24th May 2008. Within a short period of time, the team
developed and established the Airport as the Gateway to the South India, on par with world
class airports in terms of operational excellence and customer satisfaction.
 Ms. Renu Sud Karnad (Independent Director)

Ms. Karnad currently holds the position of Managing Director, HDFC Limited. She comes
with rich experience in handling Finance, Banking (Mortgage Sector), Human Resources,
Communication Strategy and Governance, amongst others. She is also a Parvin Fellow
Woodrow Wilson School of International Affairs, Princeton University, USA and holds to her
credit numerous awards and accolades including 'Outstanding Woman Business Leader'
CNBC-TV 18 Indian Business Leader Awards (IBLA). Under her leadership, HDFC has
consistently been rolling out new, innovative and customer-friendly mortgage products and
services. Ms. Karnad has a degree in Law from the University of Mumbai and holds a
postgraduate in Economics from the University of Delhi.
 Mr. Yves Dufresne (Independent Director)

Mr. Dufresne has over three decades of experience in Air Transport in the international sector
at Air Canada. He has a deep knowledge in negotiating and developing commercial
partnerships with major International airlines. He also has expertise in working with the
Government authorities in Canada and across the globe. Mr. Dufresne is as an active member
on the Board of multiple commercial organisations involved in International Air Transport.
During his career, he held leadership positions and was instrumental in advancing and
expanding Air Canada's global presence through negotiation and acquisition of new
international route authorities, as well as the Airline’s partnership with over 30 major
international carriers. Mr. Dufrsne holds a Master's Degree in Law from the Institute of Air &
Space Law, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, McGill University.
3.7 PRODUCT / SERVICE DESCRIPTION
1. CULINARY

Indulge in a flavourful journey before you fly by choosing from an array of mouth-watering
F&B options. Take your tastebuds on an exciting joyride of flavours!
2. DUTY FREE
The Duty Free shops, operated by Dufry India, are located at International Arrivals and
Departures and offer an unparalleled selection of local and global brands. Choose from over
10,000 products of cosmetics, fragrances, chocolates, liquor and more.
3. RETAIL STORES
At the BLR airport, brands and products from across the world line up to seek your attention.
Indulge in some retail therapy and explore the world of shopping.
4. LOUNGES
With dedicated domestic and international areas, the BLR Airport lounges aim to provide
comfort and convenience to relax and unwind. Enjoy a variety of F&B options along with
interactive live food counters. Well-designed seating space, business centre as well as high-
speed WiFi are on offer.
5. THE QUAD BY BLR

The premier destination for chic shopping, exciting live entertainment and a multitude of
tantalising dining options. Enjoy the drive to BLR Airport and unwind in our four zones, right
outside Arrivals, which are designed to delight. Make the most of it!
3.8 AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

Over the past decade, BLR Airport has been recognised in many ways as an industry leader.
2021
 FICCI Smart Urban Innovation Award for Solar & Renewable Energy
 Best Airport by Size & Region for 25-40 Million Passengers Per Annum at the ACI-
ASQ Awards 2020.

2020
 Best Greenfield Airport, Cargo at India Cargo Awards
 Best Regional Airport in India / Central Asia from Skytrax
 ACI-ASQ Awards for both Arrivals and Departures for 2019
 Best Airport by Size and Region
 Best Environment and Ambience by Size
 Best Customer Service by Size
 Best Infrastructure and Facilitation by Size

 Best Airport Experience in Arrivals
 Fastest Growing Cargo Airport of the Year 2019 (India Region) at the Air Cargo India
awards
 Moodies Award for Best CSR/Cause Advocacy
 Certified Great Place To Work (GPTW)
 Winner of 'Best Use of Integrated Communications' for #PlasticBeku campaign at
Fulcrum Awards 2020
2019
 Golden Peacock Award for HR Excellence
 Emerging Cargo Airport of the Year 2018 at Air Cargo India 2018
 ACI-ASQ awards for both Arrivals and Departure
 Golden Globe Tigers 2019 Award for Social Media Marketing
 Retained ACI Level 3+ Carbon Neutrality for three-year cycle
 Best Airport Aviation Marketing at the India Travel Award South 2019
 Selected as CII GreenCo Star performers
 Tops ACI-ASQ Quarterly Arrivals & Departure Survey for April to June 2019
 Best Airport at ASSOCHAM Awards on Civil Aviation & Cargo
 E&M wins 14 gold medals at the 28th Chapter Convention on Quality Circles –
CCQC 2019
 Rated by ACI as the fastest growing Airport in the World in 2018 (15 million annual
passenger category)
 Rated as Most Sustainable Airport at International Airport Review Awards

 Runner-up in Outstanding Renewable Energy category at the Indian Federation of
India Green Energy Award -2019
2018
 Ranked # 16 among the top 50 Companies across industries by the Times Ascent-
Dream Companies to Work
 Ranked #1 by the Times Ascent-Dream Companies to Work For in the Airlines and
Aviation sector
 Best Employer Brand for Managing Health at Work: for implementing the best health
initiatives for employees
 Commendation for Strong Commitment to HR Excellence at the at the 8th CII - HR
Excellence Awards
 Emerging Cargo Airport of the Year for India at the STAT Trade Times International
Awards for Excellence in Air Cargo
 Won the SKYTRAX Award for being the best Regional Airport in India and Central
Asia in 2017
 Named Second Best Airport in the World in 15 to 25 million passengers per year
category at the ACI ASQ Awards
 ARFF and Aviation Safety received the Special Jury Award at the national level
Safety Competition conducted by CII in Chennai.
 BLR Airport was rated as the Best Airport at the DDP India Travel Awards
 Recognised as the Best Airline Marketing team
 BIAL was recognised as the Corporate Citizen award at the Rotary Bangalore Mclver
Awards
 Special Commendation by the Indian Society for Training and Development at the
ISTD National Awards for Innovative Training Practices for capability building
initiative under Project UTSAHA
 KIAB tops ACI-ASQ Quarterly Arrival Survey among participating Airports

 Recognition of Service to Society at Karnataka Tourism Awards 2018, recognised by

the Ministry of Tourism & FKCCI
 BIAL Landscape Department wins Best Ornamental Garden 2018 at the Lalbagh
Horticulture Show
 Received Energy Efficient Unit award in the 19th National Energy Award for
Excellence in Energy Management
 Runner up in “Outstanding Renewable Energy User” in Service sector at India Green
Energy Awards 2018
2017
 Times Ascent - Dream Companies to Work for, rank 12 among the top 75 Companies
across industries
 BBC Knowledge – EVP (Employee Value Proposition) HR Superstars
 Global HR Excellence Award for Managing Health at Work
 Best Regional Airport in India & Central Asia, SKYTRAX
 Golden Peacock National Training Award
 Level 3+ Carbon Neutrality, ACI
 ‘Model Employer’ Award by the Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of
India
 Emergency Management System, CII National Safety Practice Award
 Favourite Airport for Holidays by HolidayIQ
 CII Customer Obsession Award customer engagement service in large business
organisation
 Best Cargo Airport – West & South and Best Airport Cargo Marketing Team – West
& South, India Cargo Awards
2016
 Ranked 28 among Top 50 Dream Companies to Work for, World HRD Congress
 Ranked amongst the Top 5 for Managing Health at Work, World HRD Congress
 Emerging Cargo Airport of the Year at Air Cargo India Awards
 GreenCo platinum by the GBC of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)

 Samman Patra award for the year 2015-16 by the Central Excise, Customs & Service
Tax Department, Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, GoI
 Clocks 100 millionth passengers in 8 years of operations
 Best Airport in South India at the South India Travel Awards
 Best Aviation Marketing team at the South India Travel Awards
 ‘Airport of the Year-Cargo’ at the 8th South East Cargo & Logistics Awards
 Best maintained Landscape Garden by the by The Mysore Horticultural Society
2015
 World HRD Congress award for Dream Company to work for in the Airlines and
Aviation sector
 SKYTRAX award for Best Regional Airport in Central Asia
 Public Relations Council of India (PRCI) Awards for PR case study for AERA
determination, Pinnacle event and corporate AD for CII annual summit book
 Bhaskar Bodapati awarded “Roll of Honour” under the ‘Fund Manager’ category,
CFO100
 ‘Best Airport’ and Best Aviation Marketing Team at the South India Travel Awards
 Runner-up in the Airport Traffic Growth Awards in the 10m-20m passenger traffic
category in Asia, Asian ANNIES Airport Awards
3.9 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
BIAL is committed to being a responsible corporate entity, sensitive to the environment and
community at large. As a role model for sustainable progress, BIAL’s CSR initiatives are
focused on improving education, healthcare and integrated development of communities in
Devanahalli taluk. Such sustainable development initiatives are;
 NAMMA SHIKSHANA (OUR EDUCATION)

With the goal to augment the learning ecosystem in Government schools, BIAL has
undertaken various infrastructure and programmatic interventions. These interventions have

helped create a positive impact for over 13,000 children. The infrastructure projects include
construction of schools and Anganwadis. These schools are equipped with clean, safe
drinking water and powered by solar energy. As part of the programmatic interventions, BIAL
works with the Government of Karnataka to complement initiatives by providing breakfast to
3,000 children every day, learning kits for students, engaging 50 full-time subject resource
experts and promoting sports and co-curricular activities among students.
 NAMMA OORU (OUR VILLAGE)
Every individual is capable of innovation if given the right platform and support. As part of
the Integrated Development Programme, Namma Ooru is an initiative that empowers
residents in the communities around the BLR Airport to contribute towards the betterment of
their area. Opportunities are created for residents to develop their skills that enable a
livelihood or start their own business ventures.
 NAMMA NELA - NAMMA JALA (OUR LAND – OUR WATER)

This is a sustainability initiative launched with the objective of harnessing rainwater and
enhancing groundwater levels in the surrounding areas. Thus far, Namma Nela- Namma Jala
has helped over 300 families across 11 villages. While a lake rejuvenation project was
initiated with community participation, BIAL collaborated with the Zilla Panchayat to set up
solid waste management units at the Panchayat level.
 NAMMA AROGYA (OUR HEALTH)

A healthcare initiative - Namma Arogya - has provided medical equipment to Taluk
Government Referral Hospitals. This programme has enhanced the pathology lab set up in
primary and community health centres to conduct secondary/ confirmatory tests.
 NAMMA PARAMPARE (OUR TRADITION)

BIAL proposes to develop the Devanahalli Fort as a heritage site in collaboration with the
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), District Administration, Information & Broadcasting

Department and Department of Culture. A joint committee, involving all stakeholders, would
be formed for effective implementation of the project.
3.10 SWOC ANALYSES
 STRENGTH
The strengths of an industry or the businesses are mainly those things which make them
unique in the market and also keep them far ahead of their competitors. The strong areas of
the airport, are as follows:
 The strength of the Product– For every successful business, this is one of the most
common objects that play a huge role in increasing the strength of the business. In
airport the product is air travel which is growing every day. The increased propensity
to fly has provided immense growth to the industry while the huge population of the
country plays the rest of the part.
 Consolidation in Aviation Sector– the airport is growing because of the alliance it
has got to promote its substantial growth.
 Low-Cost Service– There are lots of airline services which are bringing the
opportunity of flying at comparatively low cost than other plush airline services. Due
to that, people try to full-fill their dream to fly.
 Changing Lifestyle of People– Lifestyle of people is regularly changing, and the
disposable income has also increased. This gives the opportunity of the enjoying the
lavish way of traveling, flying.
 The Labor Cost Is Low– in India, the labor cost is quite low, that is $30-35 per man
for an hour. This is $55-60 in the Middle East and South-East Asia and even more in
the USA and Europe.
 When Safety Is Concerned– This is one of the safest modes to travel in comparison
to others and also the quickest. People will prefer it more.
 Highly Trained Staff– No matter the ground staff or the flight attendants, the airport
is getting hyped because of the crew members of the industry.

 Dealing with Advanced Technology– From fuel-efficient transport to the advanced

and automated ground process, technological advancement has made this industry one
of the fastest growing industries in the world.
 WEAKNESS
Weakness mean these are the areas where the industry has scopes to do better than before.
The places of improvement in this industry are-
 Personal importance Gets More Importance– Each Airline Company deals with
their own problems and concentrates only on their own issues instead of thinking
about the entire airport.
 Lack of Infrastructure– It is true that the Government is trying their best to get
better-planned and top class infrastructure, still there are certain loopholes.
 Fixed Revenue– This is a weakness of aviation industry in comparison to other
transport industries. Actually, once the flight goes, the empty seat will remain empty.
 Still Quite Expensive– No matter how the airline companies are providing cheap
offers, still flight tickets are expensive and also require pricy disbursements.
 OPPORTUNITY
These are the areas which can be used to gain more revenues for the business. Some essential
opportunities for airport, are as follows:
 Improvement in Investment– For the green field airport the Government has
approved 100% FDI of which 49% is for domestic airlines. Foreign investments up to
74% are permissible for direct investment.
 Technological Advancement– The more technology will keep on blessing, the
facilities like automated ground processes, fuel-efficient aircrafts, etc. are booming
around.
 Increased Revenue– The in-flight customer-friendly services have been increased,
and the other value-added products will also raise the revenue as customers have to
pay for those separately.

 CHALLENGES
These are the factors for a business which bring jeopardies for the industry and decline the
growth of it. Some of the challenges are:
 Economic Downturn– A global economic slump can affect the growth of the aviation
industry as it will disturb the leisure traveling along with business traveling.
 The threat of Terrorist Attack– Seeing the situation of the world, this is always a
great risk for the flights and overall aviation industry.
 Increasing Cost of Fuel- Though fuel-efficient airlines are emerging, still maximum
airlines are dependent on fuel. The cost is increasing which will inevitably make the
flights more expensive.
 Shortage of Skilled Manpower– This is a real trouble as skilled manpower like

professional ground staffs, cabin crew, flight attendants, and pilots are not highly
available.
3.11 SAFETY, HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT POLICIES
 SAFETY
 Develop and implement Safety strategies, policies and plans for the airport, in line
with the national and international safety regulations.
 Conduct Safety audits across both the airport and the terminals, to ensure compliance
with Safety standards.
 Set policies and procedures for Safety across the organisation and monitor
compliance.
 Monitor and conduct SHE inspections of airport facilities, businesses and properties.
 Conduct investigations of major safety incidents as required, in conjunction with RAC
functions.
 Support Security Affairs, Strategic Planning and Operations functions in developing
the Airport Emergency Response Plan.
 Ensure provision of Safety training for airport employees and 3rd party contractors.

 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
 Developing and implementing Occupational Health strategies, policies and plans for
the airport, in line with national and international regulations.
 Conducting Health audits across both the airport and the terminal, to ensure
compliance with regulatory standards, including lab testing of any applicable samples.
 Conduct Occupational Health assessments for all new jobs, as well as following any
reported incidents or injuries.
 Collate data, analyse and report trends and areas of high Health risk, recommending
changes to processes and activities, and monitoring compliance.
 Ensuring provision of Occupational Health training for airport employees and 3rd
party contractors, in coordination with HR.
 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
 Develop and implement Environmental Protection strategies, policies and plans for the
airport, in line with the national and international Environmental regulations.
 Conduct Environmental Protection audits across both the airport and the terminal, to
ensure compliance with Environmental Protection standards.
 Set policies and procedures for Environmental Protection across the organisation such
as (Air Quality Monitoring and Noise Measurement System).
 Set incidence reporting protocols for Environmental Protection, and carry out
investigations following incidents.
 Monitor and conduct Environmental Protection inspections of both airport facilities,
businesses and properties.
 Collate data, analyse and report trends and areas of high Environmental Protection
risk.
 Ensuring provision of Environmental Protection training for airport employees and 3rd
party contractors.
 Liaise with external stakeholders including government ministries and local
communities, on environmental protection issues.

CHAPTER – IV
FUNCTIONAL AREAS

OPERATIONAL AREAS OF AN AIRPORT
 Runway (4000m x 45m) to cater for Code 4E aircraft

 Parallel full length taxiway (4000m x 25m) designed for Code F aircraft with three
rapid exit taxiways and other connecting taxiways
 Apron with 42 aircraft stands (351,300 sq. m) and Isolation Bay (14,710 sq. m).
 4 km long main access road with two rotary intersections and a grade separator.
 Other secondary access roads and major and minor service roads for connecting the
apron and service areas about 30 km.
 Landside parking facility for 2000 cars.
 Detailed marking plans for runway, taxiway & apron. Detailed road markings and
signage.
4.1 LANDSIDE
The operations at the terminal landside facility are guided by the presence of number of
passenger arrivals and departures and the cargo activity if present on the terminal. The traffic
operations of the landside facilities, apart from the peaking characteristics depend on a
number of things such as:
 The vehicle speed on the airport Roadways is very slow then peripheral roadways.
 Different types of vehicles transfer Roadways on the airport.
 Complex routings present on the airport and multiple ways to navigate the roadway
system.
 The roadway layout in the airport may vary from airport to airport.

 There are large number of merge/diverge points & hence drivers have to take
decisions at very short distances.
 In many cases, the drivers do occasional visits to facility, are confused, so move at
slow speeds.
 The ground access systems inside the airports are complex interrelated facilities and
hence require detailed planning, analysis and evaluation of the current facilities
present at the airport.
The intermodal connections present on the airport are of two types. The first type comprises
the local or regional rail or bus system and the second one comprises the rail or bus system
present on the airport. In some cases mass transit systems also help in transportation inside the
terminal and provide access to the airport, Terminal and concession employees. A large
number of airport roadway systems are present on the airport such as exit Roadways, terminal
approach roads, terminal curb front, recirculation roads, service roads etc. Also, the terminal
curb front of an airport is a highly complex operating area which allows the vehicles to load
and unload passengers and luggage and then merger a way to the main traffic road. This curb
front area of the terminal landside area of the airport can be divided into two types that is
pedestrian facilities and vehicle facilities. Parking facilities are also present on the landside
area of the airport and it provides facilities to a number of users such as traveler’s, employees,
tenants and rental cars. Broadly there are four types of parking facilities passengers which
depend upon the demand for parking.
 Terminal parking is the close in parking facility and the most convenient parking
facility for the passengers. It provides short term as well as long term parking facility.
 Remote parking facilities remain at distance from the airport facility and generally
provide parking facility for long term. They also require on Airport transit capabilities
to carry passengers from parking to terminal and vice versa. The remote parking
charges are less than the terminal parking.
 Off airport parking facilities are same as the remote parking facilities but are present
outside the airport property and are generally handled by private operators.
 Valid parking facilities are provided at large number of airports for the departing
passengers who leave their vehicles parked at the curb front all in terminal parking
lots.
Two wheeler parking Car parking

Duration Fare Duration Fare
0 – 2 hours 40 0 – 1 hours 100

Every additional 2 hrs 20 Every additional 2 hrs 50
One day 150 One day 500
Every additional day 150 Every additional day 300
 LANDSIDE ACCESS
Two National Highways (NH-44 and NH-207) and State Highway SH-104 pass through the
region in addition to a broad-gauge Railway line from Bengaluru to Kolar via. Devanahalli
and Chikballapur. Currently, the NH-44 is the single major arterial providing access to the
traffic bound to KIA. The existing NH-44 in this portion has 6-lane carriageway (with 2 lane
service roads on both sides) and the access road to airport is of eight lanes configurations and
tapering to five lanes in each direction beyond the trumpet. Currently this road expansion
work is under progress.
 MAIN ACCESS ROAD (MAR)

The present MAR is proposed to be widened to 10-lane capacity with provision to widen it
further to 14 lanes in the future and provide for service road/ramps along it for grade
separated interchanges for smooth movement of air passengers at an acceptable LOS. The
proposed right of way (ROW) on the MAR including landscape is around 100 m. The MAR is
presently connected to the NH-44 by a Trumpet Interchange (2-lanes each from Bengaluru
city & Devanahalli and 2-lanes each to Bengaluru City & Devanahalli). The Trumpet arms
from/to Bengaluru city are proposed to be widened to 4 lanes each to cater to the additional
demand of traffic.
 SECONDARY ACCESS ROADS (SAR)

The existing SAR on the north is proposed to be widened to 40 m ROW and upgraded into a
4-lane divided road with provision of expanding into a 6- lane road and by lanes for entry into
the adjacent properties. Another SAR in the south with a 48 m ROW for a 6-lane road and by
lanes for entry into the adjacent properties or ramps for interchange is already constructed and

is operational. This south SAR is connected to the 2nd access road to KIA on the south west
from the proposed airport expressway or the widened SH- 104 to cater to mainly city side
traffic.
 TERMINAL ACCESS FOR T2 AND KERBS

A 6-lane road (with elevated departures road) is proposed to cater to the traffic of proposed
T2 in the forecourt area which will split into two, three-lane roads, one leading to the T2
departure kerbs, second leading to the T2 arrival northern kerb (T2 arrival kerbs adjacent to
the terminal
are split into north and south kerbs, north serving the pick-up for group travelers and the
rental car pick up), loading docks north of the terminal, and the transportation hub. Based on
preliminary estimates of the length of T2, it is expected that kerb side requirements will
justify two kerb side roads on both the departures and arrivals levels.
 EASTERN CONNECTIVITY TUNNEL

A 4-lane tunnel is proposed to cater as an alternative access to the terminal forecourt from the
eastern part of the city. Connecting the South Secondary Access Road (SSAR) and the new
eastern connectivity road being constructed by the PWD on the eastern boundary of KIA from
KSRDCL road, this proposed tunnel is approx. 2.5 km long with approach road of approx.
1.28 km and passes under the aprons and the cross field taxiway of the airside development.
Construction of this eastern connectivity tunnel has commenced.
 KERBSIDE FACILITIES
At T1, there are three drop off kerbs (Inner kerb of 110m, centre kerb of 130m and outer kerb
of 135m) and two pick up kerbs (inner kerb of 115 m and outer kerb of 130 m). In addition, to
these kerbs, auxiliary kerbs are provided for other transportation services, mainly app-based
taxi pick up (Ola of 120 m and Uber of 80 m) as well as bus kerb which has 14 bays.
Similarly, T2 will have three parallel kerbs, inner, centre and outer used for VIP vehicles,
taxis and private vehicles.
 BUS STATION PARKING STALLS

Presently the public transport system connecting airport to Bengaluru city is only by the Vayu
Vajra service (AC Volvo bus) run by KSRTC. There are currently eleven routes operating
scheduled services to and from the airport. There are 14 bus bays/slots presently available for
parking of buses with provision of pedestrian underpass/elevated connections for T1, T2,
proposed MLCP‟s and the proposed metro station in the central forecourt area.
 PUBLIC PARKING
Currently the passenger parking demand is accommodated at four surface parking lots of
approx. 2000 slots which includes both premium and budget parking facility. BIAL has also
planned to develop a multi-level parking (MLCP) of approx. 2000 spaces as a part of the
transport hub to cater to T2 demand. However, to handle long term demand beyond FY 2028,
the revised Master plan has envisioned to convert all surface parking to MLCPs. In addition to
the taxi line up at kerbs, a remote taxi staging of approx. 1600 spaces is planned for taxicabs
to await before dispatching to the terminal pick up kerb.
 EMPLOYEES PARKING FACILITIES

Presently the staffs parking is in open air parking of 64 slots in front of Alpha 1 to Alpha 3
building (admin buildings) & there are 58 Parking slots in Alpha 3 Basement. In addition to
above, about 75 car parking slots, 230 two wheelers parking slots and 25 bus parking slots are
available opposite Alpha 1, 2 & 3 buildings. All employees parking will be either
accommodated in respective building or the common MLCP’s/transportations hubs spread all
over the cityside with suitable efficient, clean and regular connectivity to all work areas. In
future, all these surface parking lots will be converted to MLCP to accommodate aeronautical
long-term demand at KIA.
 METRO STATIONS
Two Metro stations are proposed in KIA with one station proposed close to KIA entrance on
west part of airport for the cityside employees and visitors near the first round about with
buses and pedestrian connectivity to the surrounding developments. The other station in
proposed in the terminal forecourt area as an open station partially embedded inside the
ground, with provision of pedestrian underpass/elevated connections for T1, T2, T3, proposed

car parks and other forecourt development which forms part of the transport Hub. This station
will have baggage handling facility for transferring baggage.
 SUBURBAN RAIL
B-RIDE the SPV for providing the suburban rail services in the Bengaluru city has initiated
discussions with BIAL to provide suburban rail services till the terminal forecourt area.
Alignment finalization studies are in progress.
4.1.1 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION
Apart from those passengers transferring between flights, every passenger has to get to or
from the airport by some form of ground transport. There will be bus stops for local buses and
express coaches, and pick-up and drop-off points for courtesy coaches, near the terminal. The
airport is served by several taxi and rental car companies. In addition, ride-sharing companies
Ola Cabs and Uber have their own pick-up zones outside the terminal. The airport car park is
located at ground level and can hold 2,000 vehicles. The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport
Corporation (BMTC) provides bus transportation to major parts of the city through the Vayu
Vajra (Kannada for "Diamond in the Air") service. It is operated using a fleet of Volvo
B7RLE buses. In addition, the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC)
operates a nonstop bus service called "Flybus" between Kempegowda Airport and Mysore, as
well as a route to Manipal via Mangalore.
A Namma Metro link between Bangalore city and the airport is planned with two stations at
the airport. A high-speed rail link was previously considered and went as far as obtaining
approval from the Union Government. However, the project was eventually scrapped because
of high costs and the lack of stops along the line. A halt at the KIA boundary commenced
operations in January 2021. The train halt is connected to the airport terminal via short five-
minute shuttle busses. Everyday five trains from the city towards Devanahalli stop at the KIA
halt and five trains heading back. Future plans include hyper electrification of the route to

introduce comfortable MEMU trains to the airport. Besides, MEMU trains from Mysore that
terminate at Yelahanka could be extended up to Devanahalli via the KIA halt station,
benefitting airport-bound passengers from Mysore, Ramanagaram and Bidadi. This Metro
connectivity to BLR Airport, likely to be commissioned by December 2024, would provide a
sustainable and efficient mode of transport to the residents and business commuters from all
parts of the city, facilitating the city to realise its economic potential and ease traffic
congestion on the roads leading to the Airport. BMRCL will construct the Airport Metro
section, along with civil, electro-mechanical, other associated facilities, works and related
assets, whereas BIAL will develop, manage and maintain the two metro stations that will be
located within the Airport boundary.
This Airport section is a part of the total 56 km metro line named “ORR-Airport Metro” from
Central Silk Board Junction to Kempegowda International Airport, Bengaluru Terminals via
KR Puram and Hebbal. The ORR-Airport Metro is being established by BMRCL at a total
estimated cost of Rs. 14,844 Crores and is likely to serve 7.8 lakh commuters daily. The two
stations within the Airport boundaries are likely to see the daily ridership of 0.6 lakh
commuters in 2024, increasing to 1.88 lakh commuters by 2041.
Almost two-thirds of the 94 acres of the land required for the ORR-Airport Metro has been
acquired and handed over to BMRCL. The balance land is mostly for the metro depot near the
Trumpet Junction. The shifting of the utilities, namely electricity, water, streetlights, gas and
telecom is underway by the concerned agencies. The ORR-Airport Metro is being established
as per the Metro Policy 2017 with equal equity financing model by the Government of India
and the State Government. The approval of the Government of India is expected by December
2020. The Government of India has already posed the project for financing of project by way
of long-term loans of about Rs. 5,800 Crores with moderate interest rate by Asian
Development Bank (ADB) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
4.2 AIRSIDE
The integration amongst the terminal building in airport and a site facility plays an important
role to accomplish secure and efficient aircraft operations. Therefore, the terminal planner has

to be entirely conscious and stick to exact planning regulations and necessities. Especially, the
terminal planner has to take into account the various requirements of the airport complex
which comprises airside planning, apron planning and to see the necessities of the aircraft
gates requirement at the airport.
The various airside limitations and tasks which should be part of the airport terminal complex
are:
 The navigable airspace around an airport: When considering the Runway system and
also the airports which employ the aircraft instrument approach and departure
procedures.
 Maneuvering and separations for an aircraft: When passenger terminal configurations
are planned, along with aprons, it is important to take into account the maneuvering
patterns and aircraft paths which will later help the air terminal complex. Other things
which affect the maneuvering of aircraft and operations are number of gates, aircraft
type and runway configurations etc.
 ATCT (i.e. Air Traffic control Tower): In order to conduct safe aircraft operations, Air
traffic control tower should be able to see all the moment areas on the airfield i.e.
taxiways, runways and ramps, aircraft parking configuration, tail heights etc. Also, it
is important to have a clear line of sight from the ramp towers, so that air traffic
controller is able to see the entry of aircraft into the apron and moving towards
luggage gates. In case the ramp tower is not on the airport, then the ATC should be
able to see all aircraft ramp areas.
 The access roads to emergency equipment: Immediate response time through
emergency equipment access roads should be able to facilitate the entry of largest
emergency vehicle without an obstacle. Edge-markers to give visual reference to these
access roads which facilitate emergency equipment.
 Airside security: consist of all the parts of the airside of an airport, where restrictions
for all persons is there. In some airports, this area maybe accessible to passengers and
staff who have undergone Security Check.
 Aircraft apron/ Gate access points: The aircrafts are admitted to terminal gates through
taxiway and taxi Lane system. Hence, there Positioning may be affected by terminal

configurations and aircraft configurations. The markings on the apron entrance

pavement facilitate the pilots to find the direction and position on the apron.
 Aircraft deicing: The aircraft deicing is of two types- decentralized and centralized
and prevents accumulation of snow, ice, or even frost on the aircraft. A deicing fluid
which is mixture of glycol and water is heated and sprayed under pressure by spraying
vehicles at the airport prior to departure of aircraft. As the accumulation of ice or snow
on the plane’s wings and rear tail components may change the shape of the engineered
structure and may prevent in the proper lift required for the flight.
 Electronic interference: In order to prevent, the terminal facilities interference with the
navigational aid present at the ground. Computer modeling is used, so that the terminal
building and aircraft parking areas do not interfere with the navigational aid’s such as
localizer, glide slope, DVOR/DME (Doppler VHF Omnidirectional Range
Navigation) or CVOR (Conventional VHF Omnidirectional Navigation), airport
surveillance radar (ASR) etc.
 Aircraft Gates: are the remote Gates & and the contact Gates. The remote Gates and
the contact Gates are used synonymously, but are different terms. The contact Gates
lie at short distance or walking distance from the air terminal or are in direct contact
with the passenger loading Bridge which is attached to the air terminal. The remote
stand or the remote Gates are located far away from the terminal and require a
transportation mode or bus to transfer the passenger from the terminal to the aircraft.
Also, using apron or the loading bridges greatly depend on the level of air service
provided by the airport.
 PARKING FOR CARGO TRUCKS AND STATION WAGONS

The cargo vehicles and the employee service bus/station wagons are parked at the following
locations :
 Opposite to cargo area for trucks
 Between Blue Dart & AISATS for station wagons
A new truck parking centre is under implementation for 300 trucks on the north SAR near the
proposed west cross field location to cater the cargo parking demand. As per the proposed

development the entire cargo facilities along with the support infrastructure is planned to be
shifted to the eastern side of the east cross field taxi way. This will ensure the cargo traffic
will not get mixed up with the passenger traffic and dedicated road access from the eastern
side is available for the cargo traffic.
 FLIGHT CATERING
The existing catering building seems sufficient to serve the anticipated demand up until 2021,
where after additional flight catering facilities will be required to meet the long-term need.
BIAL management, based on their commercial strategy, then have the opportunity to consider
an alternative location, be it on-airport or off airport.
 AIR CARGO FACILITIES

Existing air cargo facilities, including apron areas, warehousing, and express cargo facilities
are located on to the west of the existing passenger terminal building and south of Taxiway.
Warehouse and offices for freight forwarders are provided adjacent to the fuel farm in the
cargo village, which is located near the southwestern boundary of the runway 09L-27R, north
secondary access roadway. The existing cargo facilities are proposed to be shifted into bigger
cargo facilities planned on the eastern part of the airport in the KIA master plan considering
the following points:
 In the future more aircraft stands will be concentrated in the eastern part due to the
future terminal layout which will make the airside roads more congested due to
tugging of cargo from the terminal at the present location to the aircraft stands for
loading.
 The proposed eastern area will completely segregate the cargo functions from the air
passengers and major part of the cityside development but still reducing distance to the
aircraft stands from the cargo processing areas/warehouses.
 The landside cargo traffic will be completely segregated and will have an alternate
access through NH-948 or SH-104 which is planned to be widened to cater to the
future development thus decongesting NH-44.

The proposed Air cargo facilities, based on the high productivity scenario will be
approximately 65,050 sqm built up of air cargo warehouse space, excluding Apron area,
enough to accommodate truck, trailer, and logistics cargo vehicle parking and maneuvering,
employee parking, and freight forwarders.
 AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE REPAIR AND OVERHAUL (MRO)

As of now, there is no existing airline or third party-operated aircraft maintenance, repair, and
overhaul (MRO) facilities at the airport. However, BIAL has received requests from operators
for the provision of facilities to accommodate both routine checks and major maintenance
overhauls for both narrow body and wide body aircraft. BIAL has identified a site of
approximately 12 ha., west of the west cross field taxiway, for MRO facility development.
One MRO is currently under construction. Provisions for two more MROs are provided.
Developing MRO is a unique airport commercial decision, influenced by airline strategy and
therefore not
linked to passenger or aircraft activity levels. One will find small airports that might have
substantial MROs while large airport might have none. It has therefore been agreed, that the
MRO facilities, currently will be limited to the facilities currently under construction, as it
full-fill BIAL long-term commercial expectation.
 AIRPORT MAINTENANCE
Airport maintenance areas provide parking, garaging and line maintenance facilities
(including related offices) for all vehicles associated with the routing maintenance of the
Airport including airside pavements and terminal areas. Approximately 6.1 hectares of land
area is required for airport maintenance.
 GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT PARKING AND MAINTENANCE

Growth in the number of aircraft stands will provide enough land area to meet “On stand”
GSE staging requirement but the current off stand areas which are mainly used for GSE
staging during stand operations is not enough to handle long term demand. Hence off stand
GSE staging area of approximately 1,21,700 sqm is planned to serve the need till ultimate
phase of development. A GSE maintenance facility is required throughout the planning

period. Currently there are two ground handlers at the airport, AIRSATS and Globe Ground
India (GGI). A third handler Celebi Ground Handling, will be joining operations soon at KIA.
Apart from these three ground handlers, the maintenance area for four of the domestic airlines
self-handlers include Indigo, Spice-jet, etc. is also assessed in the revised Master plan. The
total area of approximately 6.5 ha. of workshop and enough land area adjacent to the
maintenance area for parking and miscellaneous storage of GSE is planned for ultimate phase
of development.
 AIRCRAFT RESCUE AND FIREFIGHTING

The current aircraft rescue and firefighting facilities (ARFF) is located to the west of T 1 and
to the south of the aircraft parking apron on a site occupying 0.6 hectares. The new south
parallel runway will result in response times exceeding the design requirements from the
existing ARFF. As a result, a second ARFF on the southwest of the T 2 is planned and
scheduled to be operational by end of FY 2019. The emergency access roads separate from
airfield movement areas is also provided to facilitate the minimum response time of two
minutes.
The new south side fire station will have direct access to the new runway, taxiways, and
perimeter roads. Additionally, a cityside fire station and static water tanks will need to be
provided on the south side to allow for firefighting purposes.
 AIRCRAFT ISOLATION AREA

The current aircraft isolation area is located to the west of the air cargo facilities and is
accessed from Taxiway A but after construction of west cross field taxiway, the existing
isolation parking bay need to be relocated by FY 2030. Hence alternate location for isolation
aircraft parking west of west cross field taxiway close to MRO taxiway is identified in the
revised Master plan.
 FUEL STORAGE
Existing fuel storage facilities are located on a 4.5 hectare site on the west side of the Airport,
to the southwest of the Runway 9 threshold, and is equipped with four storage tanks of 3,300
KL each above-ground tanks. There are an additional two 3,300 KL tanks currently under

construction, as the facility can only accommodate an average of 3-day‟s storage. There will
be ten tanks by the end of the contract period. There is a dedicated truck staging area which
can accommodate approximately 40 tanker trucks. The trucks cannot stage behind the
unloading bays due to safety and challenges. IOSL fleet includes 15 dispenser trucks and two
tanker trucks. The existing fuel farm for storage facilities and parking is sufficient to handle
FY 2033 demand.
 FLIGHT OPERATION
Apart from landside, few airside operations should also be managed by an airport. They are
discussed below:
 Tracking of aircrafts
Customer satisfaction and security are given additional care in airport operations. One way
of providing safety to customers is by tracking their aircrafts in real time with the help of
satellites. This information helps them to determine down line decisions, delay in arrival or
if any sub services are required. It also monitors the movement of other aircrafts.
 Communication
It is also a crucial task to be managed. It involves exchange of messages between the airlines
and stations at airport for information sharing and updates. Flight following is done to
update information regarding flights for reservation tasks and down line stations. Airline
operational
schedule is also issued by the communication department, this schedule is provided to
airport officials, ground handlers and passenger services.
 Support services
It is the duty of the airport to acquire international landing rights and approvals from inland
government agencies, agricultural department, immigration and customs. Assist airlines with
route planning for the most cost-effective route for airline and also safe for passengers.
Provide accommodation and transportation for airline crew members.

 Load control
Help in making decisions related to weight of the aircraft and balance issues. Make
arrangements for transport and delivery of any baggage or passenger omitted due to
operational reasons.
 AIRPORT OPERATION MANAGEMENT

The federal aviation administration has laid few compulsory operations that all the airport
around the globe need to provide. These rules and regulations are mentioned in Section-D of
part 139 which is Certification of Airports. They include the following:
 Pavement Management
Pavement refers to the top most part (surface) of a runway or taxiway. It is either made of
asphalt or concrete. The pavement must have sufficient load carrying capacity, it must be
safe for operation of an aircraft, it must have the ability to provide good ride to the aircrafts.
The minimum requirements for a pavement are: it must be clear of foreign objects (mud, dirt
etc), no cracks or holes on the surface, it must be level and dry. The pavement must also be
well lit for night vision, markings and signs have to be accurate. It is the responsibility of the
airport to keep the pavements well-maintained.
 Safety Inspection:
To maintain the safety of airport operations timely inspections are important. The
inspections have to be carried upon areas such as aircraft parking (Apron), runways,
taxiways, buildings,
hangars, fuelling facilities etc. The need for inspection is to make sure that the
abovementioned areas are void of obstacles, tyre debris, ice or snow, animal hazard etc
because the presence of any of these things will cause huge damage to the airport as well as
the aircraft.
 Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF)

It is a mandatory service to be provided by all airports. The main motto of ARFF is to save
lives. The capability of ARFF at airport has to be at its peaks because they mean the
difference between life & death of all the humans on board. The time limit to respond to
fires by ARFF is about 3 minutes. They must be well equipped and not be lethargic about
the occurrence of accidents.
 Control of Ice and Snow

The presence of ice/snow on the surface of runway or taxiway or on the aircraft itself will
affect the ride of aircraft i.e, it will affect the friction between the aircraft tyres and the
pavement, this will in turn cause problems in take-off and landing; ice on the aircraft will
lead to loss of direction control & reduces aircraft performance. Therefore, to avoid any
danger that might end up in an accident, there must be timely removal of snow and ice,
appropriate material selection for the construction of pavement, notification to aircraft if any
pavement is unsatisfactory.
 Bird/Animal hazard management

Birds flying in and around airports have been a serious threat to aircrafts. They cause huge
damage to the aircrafts which may lead to loss of human life. It is the responsibility of the
airport to control the movement and presence of birds or animals within airside limits. Few
control methods that could solve this issue are: use noise making equipment, this will scare
the birds and they will move away from the airports, inform the traffic control about any
movement of birds, cut down trees so that it will discourage bird population.
 Other services such as NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) is present to update information

about any hazards or change in component.
Traffic and wind direction indicators need to be setup to provide wind surface direction to
pilots. For air carrier operations in airports without control tower a traffic pattern indicator
and landing strip indicator must be put up around the wind cone for all the runways with
right hand traffic pattern. Thus, to conclude I would say that for successful establishment
and growth of an airport, all the members involved in each and every stage must do their

duties with great care and efficiency. A single person cannot do all the operations, there are
numerous managers, supervisors etc. who have been given various responsibilities with
expectation of successful work completion. The airports must encourage and appreciate
people for their work. Dedicated work will run the operations of airport smoothly without
any hurdle. These are few of the most important airport operations. An airport cannot be
certified without the facilities to provide the above mandatory operations. There will be
periodic inspections by the International Air Transport Association to ensure that the airports
are functioning with good standards and all basic facilities.
4.3 TERMINAL BUILDING

The airport terminal is the main link between the aircraft and ground access system. It
comprises the ground access interface linkage, processing of travellers, baggage formalities,
document formalities, cargo handling, airport administration, airport operations and airport
maintenance etc. Some of the factors which need to be considered are size of the airport,
volume of air traffic, attributes of the passengers, service area of the airport, type of service
provided that is domestic and international, type of airline service, airline location and its
position, aircraft fleet, population profile of the area, geographic area, degree of commercial
activity and obviously what category of passenger, it mostly handles. All these factors are
important in formulation of mission of the airport.
The centralized Terminal facilities consist of a single consolidated terminal which maximizes
passenger processing capacity and eliminates unnecessary facility duplication. In case of
decentralized terminal facilities there are multiple unit terminals, which provide various
facilities such as building services restrooms, vertical circulation and other structures
independently. The decentralized terminal complexes are made in order to full-fill the needs
such as different type of airline services, on the basis of domestic or international operation or
maybe due to large operations where various terminals may cater to different parts of the
world. The air terminal may have different terminal facilities requirements which are very
necessary for its operation. There may be many facilities and amenities which at present on
the airport which may vary due to variations in schedule of airlines, degree of business &

leisure travel, short or long haul flights, degree of passenger activity, domestic or international
passenger. The various terminal facilities or counters present on the airport are:
 Check in facilities
 Airport information centres
 Wi-Fi and telecommunication services
 Phone or computer recharge in stations
 Wheelchair provision or storage for disable persons
 Electric passenger carts
 Passenger luggage trolleys v Baggage handling systems
 Alternative electrical power arrangements for security, Communications, operations
and emergency systems
 Security lighting system both inside and outside of the airport
 PROVISION FOR PASSENGERS WITH REDUCED MOBILITY

The Civil Aviation (Access to Air Travel for Disabled Persons and Persons with Reduced
Mobility) Regulations 2007 place responsibility upon the airport authorities to ensure safe
access for disabled people throughout their time at the airport. Some airport authorities
employ specialist ground handling companies to undertake this work. Once onboard the
aircraft, it becomes the airline's responsibility to provide for such passengers. They are known
as 'Passengers with Reduced Mobility' or 'PRMs'.
 HASSLE FREE BAGGAGE
The fully automated Self-bag drop service enables passengers to complete the baggage
transaction within 45 seconds. BLR Airport is the first in the Country to introduce a large
deployment of fully automated baggage drop-off units. The Self Bag Drop employs a two-
step approach. A passenger will first print a boarding pass and an eezee-tag (bag tag) at a self-
check-in kiosk. Once tagged, the passenger will go to the bag drop machine, scan the
boarding pass to initiate the bag drop process. The bag will be measured, weighed, scanned
and automatically fed into the baggage handling system. As many as 32 brand new self-
check-in kiosks, from Maxworth, partnered with ICTS of Europe, will be installed to print

boarding pass and baggage tags. In case of excess baggage, the passenger will be directed to a
hybrid counter to complete the check-in and payment. However, multiple payment gateway
options for excess baggage will be integrated into the machines at a later stage as part of the
technology enhancement. All airports provide baggage trolleys throughout the terminal
buildings and car parks. At most airports, these are free of charge, but at some there is a
refundable charge, like there is at some supermarkets. Others have a non-refundable charge.
 CHECK-IN KIOSKS
For many years in commercial air travel, the process of checking in meant going to a desk
where a member of staff would 'process' the passenger and their baggage. Technological
advances mean that passengers can now often choose how to check in, including using the
internet, mobile devices and self-service kiosks. The kiosks issue boarding cards and some
also issue baggage labels. Passengers attach these labels to their hold-baggage and deposit it
on baggage belts. Senior citizens, children and passengers with reduced mobility can engage
concierge and porter services to ensure a hassle-free experience at BLR Airport.
 Meeting point: Kiosk on the kerb.
 Passengers will be assisted by staff and escorted by the porter to the check-in counter.
 SMART SECURITY LANE WITH AUTOMATED TRAY RETRIEVAL

SYSTEM
This advanced technology will dramatically bring down processing/ waiting time for
passengers
at security checkpoints. It has significantly improved passenger experience and efficiency.

The smart lanes with ATR will automatically return empty trays to the preparation area for
passengers to place their bags and belongings, ending the hassle of looking for trays and
prevent empty trays from piling up. Equipped with a Centralised Screening Control Room,
the processing time for trays is greatly reduced, thereby enhancing through put for the benefit
of passengers.
 QUEUE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

With the introduction of a Queue Management System with implementation partners

Switzerland-based XOVIS, passengers will be well informed in real-time about the processing
times at the airport check points. This system will also help take tactical decisions to improve
the passenger processing at the Airport.
 ENHANCE SHOPPING EXPERIENCE

BIAL has engaged Bangalore-based GrayMatter Software Services to provide a better
passenger shopping experience through targeted positioning of products and relevant offers.
 BIM WITH AUTODESK

Bangalore airport's forthcoming Terminal 2 is the first infrastructure project in India that will
be designed, built and operated across the project lifecycle using an intelligent 3D design
construction technology - Building Information Modeling. This platform will ensure that the
entire team is able to access information – from design, fabrication, and construction to
operations and maintenance.
 SMART WASHROOMS
The Smart Washroom system provides passengers information on the availability of the WC
and urinals. It also guides passengers to the next available washroom. The toilets will be
monitored through a web app.
 VIEWING AREAS
Airports attract sightseers, such as people seeing off or welcoming friends and relatives, or
even
people who enjoy aircraft spotting. Security restrictions have reduced the opportunity to see
certain parts of the airport, but some airports have introduced designated viewing areas for
sightseers.
 DEPARTURE GATES

Passengers gather at the departure gate which is assigned to their flight. At small airports
these may just be numbered exits from the departure lounge. At larger airports they may be
reached via corridors from the main departure lounge, and may have their own seating areas.
 FLIGHT CONNECTION AREAS AND SERVICES

25-40 per cent of passengers may just be transferring between flights. Depending upon
whether they are transferring between international flights, or domestic flights, or a mix of
both, they may need to pass through security and passport control.
 MEDICAL ROOM
Airports have first aid facilities which may include medical rooms, although it is unusual now
for there to be extensive services, e.g. a vaccination service for travellers is not normally
provided. Increased reliance is placed upon the emergency ambulance service, or passengers
being referred to their own doctors if the matter is not urgent. The medical room is likely to be
landside.
 PRAYER ROOM
Many airports have multi-faith rooms in which people can pray quietly. A few hold-services.
The prayer room is likely to be landside.
 CHILDREN PLAY AREA

A treat for children and a bonus for parents is a children's play area. Some airports have staff
employed to look after children in these areas while parents rest or shop. If airports have this
facilities it is usually located near the airside departure lounge. Another facility for those with
infants is baby changing facilities, which should be both landside and airside.
 CURRENCY EXCHANGE
Arriving and departing passengers may need to change their money to/from sterling. All
airports with international flights have currency exchange counters, usually landside, but
sometimes also airside.

 TOURIST INFORMATION DESKS

This facility is very useful to travelers, particularly those arriving from overseas. The desks
are usually located in the landside arrivals area and provide information about the area,
transport facilities and accommodation.
 PASSPORT CONTROL
If you arrived from another country, you must follow the International Arrival signs. This
route will first take you to passport control, where Border Force staff, or an automated
system, will check your passport to ensure you are entitled to enter the country. If you are not
a UK resident, they may also ask for other documents to prove you are travelling for a valid
reason, have sufficient funds and a ticket for your return flight.
 CUSTOMS
Here Border Force staff are responsible for preventing any forbidden items from entering the
country and for collecting taxes and duties on other items. Once through customs, you will
continue to the landside arrivals area.
 TRANSFER PASSENGERS
These passengers go via the transfer or connections area into the main departure lounge to
join all the other passengers. They need to have separate boarding passes for each of their
flights. At major airports it may be necessary for some transfer passengers to transfer to
another terminal.
 SECURITY
Here you must produce your boarding card as evidence that you are a passenger. Some
airports
are introducing automated controls which read the bar code on your documentation to allow
you access. You may also be photographed. This photograph will be checked at the departure
gate to ensure you have not handed your boarding card to anyone else. Continuing through the

security search area, you and your hand baggage will be screened to ensure you are not
carriyng any forbidden items.
 BAGGAGE RECLAIM AND 'MEET AND GREET'

This is where you collect any hold-baggage, before you continue through automatic doors to
the landside arrivals area. In the landside arrivals area you will find anyone who has come to
meet you (in the 'meet and greet' area). Car hire desks, airport information desks, tourist
information desks and information on public transport will also be in this area, as well as
some catering facilities.
4.4 OUTLETS AT AIRPORT

Airports always provide catering facilities. At a small airport it may be a snack bar or vending
machine. At large airports it is likely to be much more extensive, with a wide range of cafés,
restaurants and bars; both landside and airside. This provides important revenue for airport
businesses.
4.4.1 FOOD AND BEVERAGES

Indulge in a flavourful journey before you fly by choosing from an array of mouth-watering
F&B options. Take your tastebuds on an exciting joyride of flavours!
 Aubree
Aubree is all about inspiration, joy, passion, happiness. It has been since 2011 Aubree began
creating the elixir called chocolates for the mortals. Aubree`s chocolates and cakes will rule
and overwhelm your sensory perceptions. We go that extra mile to delight our customers with
our range of products extending from cupcakes, cakes, chocolates, savouries, macrons
platters etc that are truly authentic, and tastes best. Aubree is not only sourcing the highest
quality ingredients from Belgium, but also from around the world to create fusion of flavor
and taste by blending indigenous recipes from around the world.
 Barley & Grape Cafe

For more than five years, Barley and Grapes Café has been providing Bangalore with a highly
appreciated European style café ambience paired with great food and fabulous beverages.

Now present in Phoenix Market City, Whitefield, Sahakar Nagar and Kempegowda
International airport, Barley and Grapes Café is well known as a great place to hang out with
friends and loved ones in an eco-friendly ambience that makes great use of upcycled wood
and furniture to create a clean clutter free environment that’s easy on the eye, friendly and
inviting.
 Café Coffee Day

Café Coffee Day, a part of Coffee Day Global Limited, is India’s favourite hangout for coffee
and conversation. Popularly known as CCD, we strive to provide the best experience to our
guests. Our coffees are sourced from thousands of small coffee planters, who made us who we
are today and we're glad to be a part of their lives. The pioneer of the coffee shop culture in
India provides the perfect place to hang out and have a ton of fun over a coffee. Classic
coffees such as Cappuccino and Americano are like gastronomic fuel for national as well as
international travellers.
 Krispy Kreme
Krispy Kreme began almost 80 years ago in Winston-Salem, NC Founder, Vernon Rudolph,
bought a yeast-raised doughnut recipe from a Chef in New Orleans and even today Krispy
Stores use the same Proprietary Recipe that was Used 80 years ago! Krispy Kreme Signature
Product is our Original Glazed and world famous “Hot Now” Sign signals to consumers that
Krispy Kreme is making fresh doughnuts. Krispy Kreme today has more than 1000 Stores in
21 Countries.
 Samosa Singh
Samosa Singh aims to recreate & lead the Indian snacks category. Built at the intersection of
consumer insights, technology & quality, making it every household’s nostalgic Indian snacks
accessible across online & offline channels. What makes Samosa Singh unique is their
intuitive fusion of traditional recipes with modern textures & flavors. The brand has sold more
than 40 million units.
 Subway

Subway is the world's largest sandwich chain with more than 44,000 outlets in over 111
countries. The brand offers a range of fresh and healthy sandwiches that are made quickly
right in front of the customer and has localized quite extensively for the Indian market by
offering several Indian favorites like Paneer, Chicken Tikka, Aloo Patty etc. You can find the
Subway outlet right at Kerbside at the entrance to the Kempegowda International Airport
Bengaluru.
 Urban Food Market

Dig into drool-worthy street style food on the go at the Kempegowda International Airport.
Managed by experts who understand the importance of quick service of yummy bites, Urban
Food Market is a trendy “Food to Go” joint at the BLR Airport. Savour the true flavours of
delicious Pizzas, Desserts & lots more on the go.
 Pizza Hut
Pizza Hut is the world’s largest pizza brand with thousands of restaurants worldwide, and a
50-year legacy of leadership and innovation making it a recognized leader in the fast food
pizza industry today. Our Pizza Hut Offers a menu that will adequately cover all meal periods,
with enough variety and consistency in every product and it’s the perfect place for the
customer on the go as well.
 TATA Starbucks
Enjoy the perfect Starbucks experience & grab the freshly brewed coffee at the Quad,
Opposite Arrivals.
4.4.2 DUTY FREE STORES

Have the ultimate shopping experience at the BLR Airport with products from acclaimed
international brands. The Duty Free shops, operated by Dufry India, are located at
International Arrivals and Departures and offer an unparalleled selection of local and global
brands. Choose from over 10,000 products of cosmetics, fragrances, chocolates, liquor and
more.
 Go Digital (Duty Free Store)

Spread across 3150 sq. ft of retail space at departure terminal of Bangalore International
Airport, FTRL operates this multi category store. The main store is divided into 3 main
categories as:
1. Electronics – The neatly laid out store offers all your electronics and travel accessories
demands from brands like Bose, Lexingham, Merlin, TRI, and more.
2. Sunglasses – The store boasts carrying luxury and fashion brands including Burberry,
Bvlgari, Michael Kors, Oakley, Prada, , Rayban and more .
3. Watches – The store will offer the variety and comfort of shopping fashion watch
brands like Casio, Edifice, G-shock, Baby-G. It also has a shop-in-shop of Swatch
with beautifully laid brand fixture and stocks.
 Brics & Piquadro (Duty Free Store)

Brics : Founded in 1952 by Mario Briccola, in Italy. Hand-crafts business and travel leather
bags and luggages. Celebrates its 65 years of timeless existence in 2017.
Piquadro : Founded in 1987, in Vergato, Italy by Marco Palmieri. Italian leather goods
company specializing in business and travel items in Italy and internationally. First Piquadro
single branded store was opened in Milan in 2000 and it was followed by Rome two year
later.Products range from men's and women's professional bags to luggage and small leather
items.
4.4.3 RETAIL STORES

Choose from a wide range of retail outlets spread across our Domestic and International zones
 Arcelia by Shoppers Stop

A great fragrance is much more than just the fragrance. It’s the thought, the story and the
approach behind its creation that makes it memorable. We truly believe that a great fragrance
starts with its aroma and ends with myriad of memories and experiences enabling a story to be
born. The biggest ingredient common in every fragrance we create is heart. Our fragrances
start with the aroma, flirt with your memories, and find a place to settle down in your heart.
This fragrance journey lets you dive deeper than the surface of its aroma to create your own
story by shoppers stop

 ArtPort by IRHPL
ArtPort by IRHPL (Art & Artifacts) store is a fusion of contemporary-classic finishes with
traditional patterns, which represents India's Art and Artifacts from Indian regions with rich
heritage. Art, Artifacts & Souvenir for yourself, your friends and family from all parts of
India starting from Kashmiri's Pashmina Shawls to Palm Leaf painting of Kanyakumari are all
available under one roof.
 FabIndia
Fabindia is India's largest private platform for products that are made from traditional
techniques, skills and hand-based processes.Fabindia links over 55,000 craft based rural
producers to modern urban markets, thereby creating a base for skilled, sustainable rural
employment, and preserving India's traditional handicrafts in the process.Fabindia's products
are natural, craft based, contemporary, and affordable.
 Fashion Hub by Shoppers Stop

Fashion hub - The Indian retail group Shopper’s Stop has opened a freshly at Kempegowda
International Airport Bengaluru.Passengers travelling through have the flexibility to shop
from a wide premium array of brands available in-store, including Tommy Hilfiger, CK
jeans, French Connection, Guess, Being Human and US polo are just a few of the many
brands available
 MAC by Shoppers Stop

MAC Cosmetics was founded in 1984 by “makeup artist and photographer, Frank Toskan,
and beauty salon owner, Frank Angelo” in Toronto, Canada, who collaborated to create
makeup products full of color and boldness that would photograph well for their photography
shoots and professional interests (“Our History,” n.d.). The plain black sleekness of the
packaging, formulations of the products, strong customer relationships, and impudent attitude
captured the industry’s leading brands’ interests.
 SAKKARE & SMOOR by IRHPL

SAKKARE & SMOOR by IRHPL offers a wide range of Sweets, Savories, Cookies &
Chocolates. SAKKARE by Anand sweets grounded by authentic, wrapped in royalty, Sakkare
pays ode the royal taste of India its wide range of traditional, handcrafted sweets & Savories
make every moment a memorable- A tribute of traditional. SMOOR. TRUE CHOCOLATE.
TRUE STORY Rich, Honest ingredients & skilled craftsmanship come together to tell a
story like never It`s a couverture chocolate of finest kind.
 Shoppers Stop
Leading Indian retail group Shopper’s Stop has opened a freshly renovated fashion-led outlet
at Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru.Passengers travelling through have the
flexibility to shop from a wide array of brands national cum international.he store features a
range of premium national and international brands, including Tommy Hilfiger, CK jeans,
French Connection, Guess, Being Human and US polo are just a few of the many brands
available. It has a national presence in 34 cities and offers customers a world-class shopping
experience through its 72 stores.
4.4.4 THE QUAD BY BLR

The premier destination for chic shopping, exciting live entertainment and a multitude of
tantalising dining options. Enjoy the drive to BLR Airport and unwind in our four zones, right
outside Arrivals, which are designed to delight. The four zones are:
 Runway
Walk into a runway full of retail therapy. At The Quad by BLR, present an array of exclusive
brands for your indulgence. Get your dose of retail therapy as you enter the exclusive
shopping zone. Discover a bold you when you step into a world of snazzy footwear, stylish
accessories and a wide array of everyday products. Keep an eye out for Living Liquidz for a
selection of drinks for any social occasion.
 Fire & ice

Welcome to a hub full of gastronomic delights. At Fire & Ice, treat your taste buds to some

splendid cuisines, wine and dine with a date or party with your favourite people. Enter a
haven of palatable possibilities. With a vast array of cuisines, gives you the opportunity to
explore and relish different tastes from all over the globe. Whether it's a delectable dessert, a
brewed beer crafted to perfection or a full-flavoured meal, the scrumptiousness would make
you keep wanting to come back for more. All our stores and restaurantse ensure that every
experience here is a safe one. Come by and fall in love at first bite.
 Bric-a-brac
The place to be for connoisseurs of knick-knacks! Bric-a-Brac presents stores to satiate your
hunger for accessories. Tynimo is a Japanese-style lifestyle store that is your one-stop-shop
for all things cutesy. Get your hands-on accessories, home decor, kitchenware, and many
more exciting products for gifting others or adorning your home with.
 Arena
Stumble upon all things lit at this one-of-a kind arena. Plays, musicals, poetry, concerts - to
suit your theatrical taste. The Arena is the platform of entertainment at The Quad by BLR
,with five large LED screens for sports screenings and a stage for the most entertaining
performances.
Groups like Thermal & A Quarter, Kishore Sodha, Aparamparagata, Boombay Djembe Folas,
The Fireworks Duo, Thalavattam, Aurko have performed at this venue. The action is always
around the corner, so stay tuned and get ready for an entertaining experience like no other.
4.5 SECURITY INFORMATION

All passengers must pass through the security screening process after check-in and before
entering the departure area.
 Check-In Time
Most airlines require that passengers report at check-in counters two hours before departure
for domestic flights and three hours before departure for international flights.

 Check-In Procedure
Carry your e-ticket or get your boarding pass at the self-check-in kiosks near departure gates.
Ensure that you have a valid government photo ID for security verification. Proceed to the
check-in counters to collect your boarding pass/drop luggage. Use self-bag drop, show your
boarding pass to CISF to stamp as your pass-through security check.
 Hand Baggage Restrictions

Not more than 100 ml of liquids, aerosols, and gels, is permitted. Sharp items such as
metallic, replica weapons and articles with the potential to cause interference with Civil
Aviation operations are not permitted. Such items may be confiscated by the authorities.
 Prohibited Item
As per Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, carriage of soya beans, chickpeas and
safflower seeds to U.S.A is prohibited. International passengers, ensure that passport and
boarding pass is stamped by the Immigration authorities. Sikh passengers are not permitted to
carry Kirpans.
 Safety at the Airport

As a passenger, you play a vital role in countering any potential threat at the Airport that
might come to your notice. You are requested to report any unclaimed or unidentified
baggage or suspicious person or activity to the CISF Control Room and Terminal Manager.
Airport Authorities have the right to control and take action against unruly passengers, such
as:
 Unruly behaviour arising from consumption of narcotics and/or alcohol
 Refusal to comply with Safety Rules and Standards
 Verbal and/or physical confrontation, threats to an Airport Official
 Sexual abuse or harassment
 Any other riotous behaviour
4.6 LOUNGES FACILITIES

These areas are located in private areas, sometimes separate from the main terminal building.
Very few people are allowed to use them and the service and security levels are very high.
Airports and airlines have business lounges for their most valued passengers. They may be
travelling in first or business class or hold frequent traveler cards. The lounges are quiet areas
which typically have business facilities, such as:
 BLR Lounge (Domestic)

If you are an economy class traveller, you can wait for your flight in the comfort of the BLR
Lounge in the Domestic Departures area of Bangalore Airport. Accessible to passengers on
Domestic flights only. This lounge does not have any sleep facilities.
Location: Domestic Terminal, Airside, Mezzanine Level.
Services & Facilities are as follows:
 Air Conditioning
 Beverages (alcohol) ($)
 Beverages (non-alcoholic)
 Conference Facilities($)
 Disabled Access
 Fax, Photocopier, Printer ($)
 Flight Information Monitor
 Internet/WiFi
 Mobile Charging Stations
 Newspapers/Magazines
 Prayer Room (separate area)
 Smoking Area (separate area)
 Telephone ($)
 Television
 BLR Lounge (International)

If you are an economy class traveller, you can wait for your flight in the comfort of the BLR
Lounge in the International Departures area of Bangalore Airport. Accessible to passengers on
International flights only. This lounge does not have any sleep facilities.

Location: International Terminal, Airside, Level 1, near Gate.

Services & Facilities are as follows:
 Air Conditioning
 Beverages (alcohol)
 Beverages (non-alcoholic)
 Disabled Access
 Fax, Photocopier, Printer ($)
 Flight Information Monitor
 Mobile Charging Stations
 Newspapers/Magazines
 Telephone ($)
 Television
 WiFi
 Plaza Premium Lounge(International)

Want to freshen up and relax during your layover or before a long day of travel? The Plaza
Premium Lounge at Bangalore Airport (International Terminal) offers a wide range of
amenities that will help you feel rejuvenated and ready to fly. Take a hot shower, melt away
your stress with a massage, or sample a variety of foods from the complimentary buffet.
Regardless of what class of service you are flying, you can access the Plaza Premium Lounge
by purchasing a lounge pass to guarantee a seat or paying at the door when space is available.
Below you will find some useful information to plan your visit including: lounge location,
hours, services, and lounge access rates.
Location: International Terminal, Airside, Level 1, near Gate 18
 Plaza Premium Lounge(Domestic)

Escape the crowds and relax in the Plaza Premium Lounge prior to your flight from Bangalore
Airport’s Domestic Terminal. Take a hot shower, enjoy complimentary refreshments, and
relax in comfortable seating. As an added bonus, business services and an integrated spa are
available for additional fees. Regardless of what class of service you are flying, you can

access the Plaza Premium Lounge by purchasing a lounge pass to guarantee a seat or paying
at the door when space is available. Below you will find some useful information to plan your
visit including: lounge location, hours, services, and lounge access rates.
Location: Domestic Departure Terminal, Airside, Mezzanine Level, next to Gate 1.
4.7 SPECIAL SERVICES
 WI-FI Service
Avail free Wi-Fi service (upto 45 minutes) at BLR Airport with a simple log-in process.
Passengers have an option of availing paid Wi-Fi at nominal rates. Although most people now
have mobile devices, telephone access remains important. Many business people use their
time at airports working on their computers, so free Wi-Fi access is increasingly important
and available.
 Sleeping lounges
The sleep pods located in the arrival hall will enable passengers to take a power nap and use
of the showers to freshen up. Check at the nearest Information Desk for directions to the pods.
 Baby care room

Passengers may attend to the needs of their baby in privacy at the baby care rooms located at
the BLR Airport. Follow the signage or check with the nearest Information Desk for location
of the rooms.
 Smoking lounges
Smoking is permitted only in designated smoking lounges inside the terminal (International
and Domestic), on the kerbside (Departures and Arrivals) and at The Quad by BLR.
 Local connectivity
International passengers arriving at BLR Airport can purchase and activate a local sim card by
submitting a copy of their passport and visa to the service provider located near the Arrival
Information Desk, opposite Gate 11.

 Transit passenger
Make the most of your transit time by exploring a range of services at the BLR Airport. Shop
till you drop, indulge in a leisurely meal, rejuvenate at the spa or unwind in one of our
lounges.
 Buggy services
Senior citizens, expectant mothers and passengers with reduced mobility or injury can opt for
the complimentary buggy service available at two designated locations:
 Near Departure gates.
 At International security check area.
 Wheelchair assistance
Passengers who require wheelchair assistance must place a request with their respective
airlines at the time of booking tickets. Wheelchair assistance is available at BLR Airport in
the following areas:
 Departure: A dedicated zone is reserved for drop-off at the Kerb near Departure gates.
A calling facility has been installed at the drop-off point to enable passengers to call
the airline for assistance.
 Arrival: A dedicated zone is reserved for pick-up at the inner kerb near Arrivals.
 FOREX
Thomas Cook (India) Ltd. operates six outlets at BLR Airport – three, each, at Arrivals and
Departures, offering easy access to outbound and inbound travellers. Passengers may utilise
an array of Forex services on offer.
 ATMS
ATMs are located across the Airport to cater to your monetary needs.
 Opposite departure gate # 1 (kerb side)

 Opposite departure gate # 8 (kerb side)
 Opposite arrival gate #11 (kerb side)

 The QUAD by BLR

 Check in Hall near check in counter # 1
 Check in Hall near departure gate # 5 A
CHAPTER – V
SUMMARY OF
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS
& CONCLUSION

5.1 FINDINGS
 It is found that passenger perception and expectation towards air travel amid Covid-19
pandemic, revealed that 90% of passengers considered air travel much safer compared
to the other modes.
 It is found that the passengers also felt airports are safer compared to train and bus
stations. Interestingly, this higher safety perception associated with air travel and
airports have been improving through the weeks owing to various safety measures
implemented at the Airport, including Contactless processing and heightened hygiene
measures.
 It is observed that the comfort levels associated with air travel is progressively
increased irrespective of age, sex, profession across the world.
 It is observed that the work related travel was cited as the most important reason for
their travel intent at 60%, while personal was the next at 30%.
 It is found that the Standard Operating Procedures are helping to boost confidence of
passengers who are uncomfortable about the air travel. There is a high standard of
expectation from the passengers in terms of safety, wellbeing and hygiene to make
airports a safe place to travel.
 Last but not least it is found that airport have introduce end-to-end contactless
processing and make operational changes to ensure that the passengers have a safe and
healthy travel experience.

5.2 SUGGESTIONS
 Transforming Kempegowda International Airport a “Smart Airport – digitized and

seamlessly connected,” help to carry out the operations in more efficient and effective
way.
 Air cargo community system (ACS) is a digital platform that brings together all cargo
stakeholders, including customs, customs brokers, shippers, airlines, trucking
companies, ground and cargo handlers and freight forwarders under one roof,
facilitating the seamless movement of goods and data across the logistics ecosystem.
 The implementation of ACS will eliminate paperwork at Bangalore airport, enable

faster processing of transactions, reduce duplication of information and streamline
processes, making information available prior to cargo reaching the airport.
 Upgradation and Implementation of new instrument landing system (ILS) on runways

help to improve visibility for aircraft landing and take-off in inclement weather and
foggy conditions.
 These enable any aircraft landing at 50-metre visual range and take-off at 125-metre
visibility, helps pilots with a precision approach and landing when the runway
visibility is at a distance less than 50 feet (15 metre) and take-off at a visual range less
than 200 metres.
 Implementing more technological advanced instruments and aids will gradually

improves and develop the aviation industry even faster such as instruments aided by
airfield ground lights, transmission metre, automatic weather observatory station,
surface movement radar and navigational aids.

5.3 CONCLUSION
As a part of the project work, I got an opportunity to gain more knowledge and information
on Kempegowda International Airport, Bangalore. It helped me to analyse the each and every
operational areas and its functions that are carried out by KIA, Bangalore.
The present study is an earnest attempt to determine the passenger satisfaction and perception
towards KIA, Bangalore. It is indeed necessary for an airport to understand the need of the
passengers in order to retain them as well as provide them with best services. If nothing is
done by the airport then there is chances to lose the passengers, which equally bring them
down from the competitors.
From the study it was identified that most of the passengers are satisfied with the services that
are currently provided at airport. Majority of the passengers prefer air travel mode of
transportation because they are highly provided with technological based services and more
safety concerned which literally help them to carry out their task even more easier way. In
simple term airport is providing a more automated and contact-less journey from security
check-in to boarding a plane for passengers to have a hassle-free traveling experiences. If the
airport concentrate on the findings and suggestions of this report, hopefully believe that the
airport can further bring out even more unique kind of services and facilities to fulfil the
satisfaction level of experiences of the passengers by obtaining good results.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Book referred:
 Don Lawrence; “Aviation and Airport Security”; Nova Science Private Limited;
2017
 Daniel J. Benny; “General Aviation Security”; CRC press Private Limited; 2013
 Jeffrey Price, Jeffrey Forrest; “Practical Airport Operations, Safety, and Emergency
Management”; Elsevier Private Limited; 2016
 Rachel Hall; “The Transparent Traveler”; Duke University Press; 2015
Journals referred:
 Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education and Research Vol. 1 (1990)
 Journal of Transportation Security Vol. 1 (2008)
Websites referred:
www.bangaloreairport.com
www.tenderdetail.com
www.indiabriefing.com
www.bengaluruairport.com

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“STUDY ON OPERATIONAL AREAS OF KEMPEGOWDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, BANGALORE”

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 1

1.2 PRIMITIVE BEGININGS

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 2

1.2.3 MAN CARRYING KITES

1.2.4 ROTOR WINGS

1.2.5 HOT AIR BALLONS

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 3

1.3 LIGHTER THAN AIR

materials. In 1709, Bartolomeu de Gusmao presented a petition to King John V of Portugal,

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 4

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 5

 Non-steerable balloons were employed during the American Civil War by

1.4 HEAVIER THAN AIR

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 6

1.4.2 19th CENTURY

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 7

1.4.3 SIR GEORGE CAYLEY AND THE FIRST MODERN AIRCRAFT

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 8

1.4.4 LEARNING TO GLIDE

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 10

1.4.7 WRIGHT BROTHERS

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 11

1.5 PIONEER ERA (1903–1914)

1.5.2 FLIGHT AS AN ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGY

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 12

1.6 MILITARY USE

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 13

1.7 BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS (1918 – 1939)

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 14

1.8 WORLD WAR II (1939 – 1945)

1.9 POST ERA (1945 – 1979)

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 15

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 16

1.10 DIGITAL AGE 21

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 17

parade riding his invention, a jet-powered Flyboard Air. He subsequently succeeded in

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 18

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 19

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 20

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 21

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 22

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 23

2.1 TITLE OF THE PROJECT

The background of the study is to learn the distinct functionalities at Kempegowda

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Eve De Clerk (16 Sep 2016):

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 24

Katie Sadler (16 Jul 2017)

Rachael Harper (12 Dec 2018)

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 25

Hari Marar (26 Nov 2019)

infrastructure with a low carbon footprint. T2 is designed to provide an innovative airport

Anders Nielsen (2020)

SOUNDARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE 26

2.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

2.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1. To evaluate the Problems of Air logistic services at airport