Cell Structure and Their Functions Lecture Exercise

Far Eastern University
Department of Biological Sciences
LECTURE EXERCISE
CELL STRUCTURES & THEIR FUNCTIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
The cell is the basic unit of life. The cells in the human body provide structure for the body, take in
nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specific functions. Cells also
contain the body’s genetic material and can make copies of themselves.
ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITIES & INPUT YOUR ANSWERS IN CANVAS.
A. Cell Anatomy
A.1 Identify which of the following cell structures are considered as membranous or non-membranous.
cell membrane centriole endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus
lysosome mitochondrion nucleolus nucleus ribosome
A.2 Fill-in the paragraph (Answer in ALL CAPS)
The cell membrane is a bilayer made of ______________ studded with protein. The membrane’s phospholipid
molecules prevent ______________ molecules from entering, whereas the ______________ molecules serve as
channels for specific molecules. The membrane’s protein molecules may also serve as anchors for
______________ that form the of the cytoskeleton. The same material forms the primary structural elements
of ______________ organelles, such as the mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum.
A.3. Clinical Applications: Predict the expected outcome in these situations.
CHOICES: Hemolysis Isotonic Crenation Hypertonic Hypotonic
_______ 1. Robert is a nursing student. He has been asked to intravenously inject his patient with 10 cc of
an isotonic solution preparation. Mistakenly, he injects his patient with 10 cc of pure water. What
is likely to happen to the red blood cells near the site of injections?
_______ 2. Vicky is Robert’s patient. She is carefully watching him fill an IV bottle with a mixture specially
ordered by the physician. She notices that he accidentally fills the bottle with concentrated (10%)
salt solution instead of the mixture from the pharmacy. Why should she refuse to allow Randy to
attach the IV bottle to her system?
_______ 3. Robert is now assigned to the surgical unit. He is given a piece of living tissue and asked to put
it in fluid before taking the sample to the pathology lab. What essential characteristic must such
fluid have so that it will not damage any cells in the tissue?
B. Transport Through Cell Membrane
B.1 Matching
Choices:
1. The tendency of matter to spread to areas of lower concentration.
2. Movement through a membrane driven by a hydrostatic pressure a. Brownian motion
gradient
3. The term that specifically describes the diffusion of water across a b. Diffusion
membrane
4. The term that describes a membrane that allows only some types of c. Filtration
particles to pass through it.
5. The natural vibration of particles; it drives diffusion d. Hydrostatic pressure
6. In the kidney, blood pressure forces some water and solute particles
from a blood vessel and into a kidney tubule. What is this type of e. Hypertonic
transport called?
7. A cell is bathed in solution X. The cell quickly shrivels. What term f. Hypotonic
describes solution x?
8. Solution Q has a higher water content than cell Z. Therefore, solution g. Isotonic
Q is _____ to cell Z?
9. A saline solution is to be injected into a patient. The salt/water ration h. Osmosis
should be adjusted so that the saline solution is ____ to the patient’s
cells. i. Semipermeable
10.Particles of substance Y move into a cell because there are fewer
particles inside the cell than outside. This is an example of _____?
B.2 Identify: State whether each item is an example of diffusion, filtration, or active transport.
1. Movement if water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

2. Dye particles spread evenly through water.
3. Starch particles pass through a paper membrane.
4. A cell using energy to “pump” sugar molecules from its external environment
5. Osmosis
C. The Cell’s Life Cycle
C.1 Fill-in: Provide the name of each mitotic phase. (Answer in ALL CAPS)
1. The centrioles move toward opposing poles during _____?

2. During _____ the nuclear membrane disintegrates.
3. The nuclear membrane reappears during _____?
4. The last phase of mitosis is _____?
5. During _____ the chromosomes align at the cell’s equator.
6. Cytokinesis usually begins during _____ of mitosis.
7. The first phase of mitosis is _____?
8. During _____ the chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
9. Spindle fibers appear during _____?
10. Mitosis ends with ______?
C.2 Multiple Choice:
1. The function of mitosis is

a. To distribute the cell’s DNA equally between the daughters
b. To divide the cytoplasm equally between the daughter cells
c. To distribute the parent cell’s organelles evenly
d. All of the given
e. None of the given
2. The chromosomes of daughter cells formed during mitosis
a. Are double the number of those in the parent cell
b. Are identical to the chromosomes of the other daughter
c. Are half the number of those in the parent cell
d. b & c
e. All
3. Which of these cells is likely to have been formed using mitosis?
a. Skin cell
b. Sperm cell
c. Egg cell
d. Heart muscle cell
e. a & d
4. A certain stain colors DNA violet. When stained, which of these should appear violet?
a. Chromatin
b. Chromosomes
c. Chromatids
d. a & b
e. All of the given
5. Two DNA molecules, joined at a centromere, have coiled to form tiny bodies. This connected pair
of DNA molecules should properly be called a
a. Centromere
b. Centriole
c. Chromosome
d. Chromatid
e. Chromatin strand

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Far Eastern University

Department of Biological Sciences

CELL STRUCTURES & THEIR FUNCTIONS

ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITIES & INPUT YOUR ANSWERS IN CANVAS.

cell membrane centriole endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus

lysosome mitochondrion nucleolus nucleus ribosome

A.2 Fill-in the paragraph (Answer in ALL CAPS)

A.3. Clinical Applications: Predict the expected outcome in these situations.

CHOICES: Hemolysis Isotonic Crenation Hypertonic Hypotonic

B. Transport Through Cell Membrane

1. Movement if water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

C. The Cell’s Life Cycle

1. The centrioles move toward opposing poles during _____?

C.2 Multiple Choice:

1. The function of mitosis is

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