A Compendium Comparative Grammar Indo-European Grammar Greek and v1 1000190227
A Compendium Comparative Grammar Indo-European Grammar Greek and v1 1000190227
A Compendium Comparative Grammar Indo-European Grammar Greek and v1 1000190227
'
COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR
LANGFAGES.
.
AUGUST SCHLEICHER.
BY
r^^ET I.
"Sfr
LONDON :
1874.
All rightsreserved.
''/\UU
HERTFORD:
kindly given. -^
Herbert Bendall.
Liverpool College,
Oct. 1874.
99906
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
manner to beginners.
intelligible I have remodelled
yearly lectures.
In these lectures on Indo-European grammar I felt
criticized.
by the
way I have never denied myself. Those who
August Schleicher.
INTRODTJCTION.
PASE
I. Science op Language 1
Grammar 1
,
flexive)
1. Its Development 4
2. Its Decay 4
GRAMMAR.
I. PHONOLOGY.
A. VOWELS.
PAOB
Table of Sounds 9
" 2. Vowels 10
Examples "
1. a-scale 10
2. "-scale 10
3. M-scale 10
" 4. Sanskrit 12
Table of Sounds 13
Pronunciation of Sounds 14
" 5. Vowels 16
"Weakening: r:=ra 17
u=^va, i=zi/a 18
u=:an, am 19
I^ote. "
The roots ending in a which are usually classed
with a 21
PAOK
Lengthening ot i to I 22
Second step-formationof i to di 23
Lengthening of w to " 24
Second step-formationof w to aw 24
1 .
Laws regulating the concourse of vowels 25
a. Contraction 25
b. Loss of a 26
b. iy, "iy"y 28
contractions) 28
d. Compensatory lengthening 29
e. Dulling of a to e and au 30
f. Auxiliary vowel e, ! 31
Their pronunciation 32
Note. "
Ambiguity of sounds 33
"Weakening of a to t 34
Lengthening of this i to t 35
Weakening of o to v 35
....
,
o = origl.a 37
XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAOE
o beside a dialectically . . . ,
37
a = origl.a ,
37
a beside e 37
az=za-^naaal 38
of
"20. Step-formations a. First step : 1. " ......
38
raised to o. 2. a raised to a, 17 39
Second step,to 40
Lengthening of t to t 41
-o-t
^.
46
V becomes v 46
2. e =
y 47
v,^,\ 48
49
after \, fx, v 50
FAOB
2. Vowel-prefixure 52
2. "Weakening of a to " 56
0 retained after v, u 58
2. o:=origl.a 58
0 after v 58
so = origl.sva 58
3. e = ongl. a 59
2. e = origl.a 61
3. d=: origl.a 61
4. 6 = origl.d 62
5. "" = origl.a 62
Dulling of " to e 63
Fundamental vowel u 65
"Weakening of m to ", t 65
u raised to aw 67
FAoa
0 before r
70
Dissimilation 70
1 Compensatory lengthening 71
.
2. Contraction 71
compounds '72
74
" 43. Auxiliary vowels
B. CONSONANTS.
1. k, 2. ^,3. 77
p
\. g,2. d,Z. h 78
Note. "
On the originalexistence oi h 78
aspirated Consonants 78
" 47. Momentary sonant ...
hh 78
\. gh,2. dh,Z.
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVU
FAGS
" 50. r . .
80
Sk. ^ = origl.yfe 83
Mte."ks ioT kt 84
l.Origl.^ 85
sound-laws) = origl.^ 85
d from ad 86
3. Sk. i 86
2. Sk. s = origl.8 88
Sk. s = origl.8 88
Change oisiot^d 90
XVUl TABLE OF CONTENTS.
FAOK
3. Sk. t? = origl.v 90
Sk. r:=origl.r 91
Sk. Z=origl. r 92
Law of reduplication 95
1. h; /c, 7= origl.^ 98
TT, T=origl. h 99
2. t; T=origl. t 100
Note 2. "
TJnorigl. of
aspiration mute momentary sonants
con-
101
1. y; 7 = origl.^r 101
j8 = origl.^ 102
XX TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
t becomes 0-,
sometimes also before i; 119
Towels 124
PAGE
1. k; Lat. c, q, k
g't;=origl. 128
Mote. "
Pronunciation of c before i; A = origl.k in pro-
nominal
\. g;J.dit.g,gv,v=oxi^\. g 132
Note. "
Flug \)esidLQflu ; i not= origl.^ 132
Mispronunciationoi gn os nn 133
f=ongl.gh 136
5 = origl.dh 139
dh, bh 139
Loss of y 141
Note. "
SUU8, tuus, ^sevos, ^tevos 143
PAGE
2. jn=origl. m 144
of d before v 148
PAGE
Final nt 160
EEEATA.
PAG. LINE.
for
"
48 33 read 7.
*
life of the language,' generally called historical
grammar, or
mar
gram-
merely descriptive,but that which
which is throws light
on speech-forms as far as possible,because as a rule it is not
confined to the treatment of any one particular language.
N^ofe 2. "
The following work embraces only two parts, viz.
scientific treatment of sounds and of forms. Indo-European
function and sentence-formation we are not at present in a,
world which have lived till now. Since languages are tinually
con-
and
tradition), diverges into several languages (dialects)
:
once.
speech.
IV. The name of Indo-European has been given to a distinct
These are :
know only from a later date, and which must have branched
language.
2. The south-west European division, composed of the Greek,
next to which we must perhaps place the Albanian, served
pre-
to us only in a later form ; Italian (the oldest
700 A.D. Italian and Keltic have more in common with one
Gothic.
two fundamentalrlanguages,
viz. the Sclavo-Teutonic,which
afterwards divided itself into Teutonic and Sclavo-Lithuanian,
and the the remaining portionof
Aryo-Graeco-Italo-Keltic, the
Asia.
Note. "
In the present work an attempt is made to set forth
or
less doubtful, does not weigh at all against the advantages
which, according to our view, are
attained by the arrangement
of the subject used hereafter.
Teutonic
^
^'0/
^^N^'-
""
V
GEAMMA.R.
PHONOLOGY.
A. VOWELS.
i.e. those sounds from which arose the sounds of the different
change which come into play during the life of a language, and
to which accordingly,they may be traced as to a common source.
10 INDO-EUROPEAN ORIGINAL LANGUAGE-VOWELS.
of the vowel
composition. in their
aspirates are The
double sounds ; both
which sounds
they consist, the pre-
ceding of
momentary consonant and the subsequent aspiration,
must be heard in pronunciation.
Note 3. The momentary
" consonant which precedes the pro-
nunciation
of an initial vowel "
the so-called spiritus lenis,the
aleph or hamza of the Semitic, " which is formed by the sudden
separationof the vocal chords, should
represented properly be
here and in the other
languages in the tables, and expressed by
a special character (perhaps',after Gk. analogy). It is a con- sonant
2nd Step.
a-|-aa=da
a-fai =di
a+a,u=du.
Examples.
1. "-scale.
SANSKRIT.
CONSONANTS. VOWELS.
MOMENTARY. PROLONGED.
.
UKASPIILkTED. ASPIRATES.
Gutt.! k kh gh a d\ 1
"
/ e di
Pal. U g lih gh il )
Ling.' t d th dh rf I }-o du
Dent. It d th dh
I
Lab. p b ph bh V m UU J
14
4
SANSKRIT. TABLE OF SOUNDS.
of sounds,
physiology and the historyof language.
The remarks on the pronunciationof the aspiratesin " 1
hold good here also : they are distinct double sounds, and the
like Ti,g, in German kind, gieng (in the case of the aspirates
the is still naturallyadded).
aspiration Our pronunciation of
these sounds is nevertheless clumsy (especially
before other
Of the the
spirants, exact pronunciationof % (a variation fr. s
Sanskrit Vowels.
its total loss (the latter rarely happens in the case of the other
and
syllables, count as vowels ; r is then even capable of being
lengthened to f (as i and w to I and m).
Besides short i and u, Sanskrit has further their unoriginal
lengtheningsI, u ; at and au have been compressed into e and o
which thus passed into the same vowels e and o; from ee, oo
arose e, o).
Here for the first time we are met by a very important law
affectingthe life o:*^a language " the law of assimilation (partial
and total),and by the no less frequent *
vowel- weakening,' a
favourite ia
change, especially the case of a. The vowel-scales
2. i-scale i e di
3. M-scale u o du
Examples.
1. a-scale.
(matres,fii]-Tep-a";), ho-Trip-asi),
dd-tf-n (datores, st. dd-tdr- (dator,
horrjp),
lz=:al occurs only in ^kalp (3 pres. med. kdlp-a-te,keep self
one-
Note. "
grammarians treat r, /, as fundamental
The Hindu
vowels, ar, al, as their first step-formations.As a vowel of the
first step it is generally a (forit often stands parallelto e, o,
=:
2
18 SANSKKTT. fl!-SCALE. WEAKENING.
" 6. (1. 3. 8g. pf. med.), ^Jltar(make), for *ia-har-e, and this fr. 1.
for
(3.pi.pres.),y/as (esse), *as-anti (ass-unt for *es-unt); s-ya^i
he determines),for *as-yati,y/as, sa,
(e.g.in vy-ava-sydti, so too
u=zva {ais lost and ^? becomes ") ; uk-td-s (n.sg. masc. past part,
(speak, 3.
pass.),-v/^'^^ sg. pres. vdk-ti),u-vaJc-a (3.sg. pf.)for
*va-vdJc-a,ulcus (3 pi.pf.)for *va-vaJc-us,f.f.*va-vak-anU, dvoliam
for *a-va-nJc-am (1. sg. aor.), f.f. *a-va-vak-am (Gk. etTroi/ fr.
act.), kur-u-te (3 sg. pres. med.), and other like forms of \/kar
(make), "
these stand for *kar-u, *kar-ute, etc., whilst the latter
again stand for *kar-nu, *kar-nute, etc. (v. post. * Rules of Con-
20 SANSKRIT. a-SCALE. FUND.-VOWEL.
e.g. hi-nd-s for *ha-na-s (past part, pass.),y/ha (leave,3 sg. pres.
mdn-as-as
(fjLiv-o"}), fxevov^); dg-va-s,f.f.akras (equos,
(*/M"P-ecr-o"i,
tTTTTo? for *lKFo"i)
\ sa (6), ta-m, {t6-v,is-tu-m); gata-tamd-s
(centesimus),
etc.
SANSKRIT. fl-SCALE. STEP-FORMATION. 21
into first and second steps (as in Gk., Lat., Goth.), and, over,
more-
dem.), ya (n. sg. masc. ntr. ya-s, ya-t rel.), ka (n. ace. sg. masc.
e.g. ndv-d ndv'dm (n, ace. sg. fem. nou-a, vifa) bes. nava-s
nava-m (n. ace. sg. masc), st. nava- (nouos) ; dg-vd (equa) bes.
dg-va-s (equos),st. dg-va- {ak-va-),and generallybefore certain
e.g. i-ydt bes. i-yat(3 sg. opt.)^i (ire). Bef. final r in noun- " 10.
stt., as bef. r folld. by a sf. whicb begins with a conson.,
Note 1. "
Root-fms. with final vowels are particularlyoften
mentioned in the
lengthened in gramm. and dictt.,because fm.
the lengthening particularlypopular in
was these cases. On
the unoriginalityof i and u in Indo-Eur., cf. my remarks in
Beitr. i. 328-333.
Note 2. "
On tr-tiya-s in wh.
{ter-tiu-s), tr can be taken as a
redupl.),y/bhi (frighten)
; ne-tra-m (eye, lit. 'the guiding one'),
ndy-ati (3 sg. pres.),nay=ne (v. post. " 14, d), y/ni (lead); ce-te
3 sg. pres. med.), y/gi (rest,
{K"i-Tat, lie),etc.
The 2nd step of i is in Sk. di, e.g. vdig-ya-s(man of third
caste),y/vig (go in ; cf. vig-as and veg-a-s); vdid-ya-s (vedic,
learned), y/vid (see, know ; cf. Ved-a-s) ; ddiv-a-s (godly),
whence ddiv-a-m (destiny),
st. dev-d- (deus),y/div (shine); gdiv-a-s
(belongingto the god Qiva, Qiva-worshipper),fr. Qivd-s (the
god Qiva) ; vdisnavd-s (belonging to Vishnu, Yishnu- worshipper
24 SANSKRIT. M-SCALE. FUND. -"VOWEL.
" 11. fr. Visnu-s (thegod Yishnu) ; bef. vowels not ai but ay is found
St. sunu- (n. sg. su-nu-s, cf. " 15, d). Like i, so u bef. r, and
bhdv=bhdu (v. " 14, d), ^bhu (be); sdu-ti (3 sg. pres.),su-sdv-a
(1,3 sg. pf.)for *su-sdv-a (v.sub. consonn.), sdv=sdu (v." 14, d),
y/su (bring forth); d-^rdu-sam (1 sg. aor. compos.), y/gru
(hear),etc.
Note. "
"
I and u are subjectto step-formationonly when they
are at the end of roots," is the rule of Sk. grammar, i.e. they are
in these cases lengthenings of real i, u ; as medial root-sounds
however, they are felt by the language-instinctto be unorigl.,
and are therefore not treated like genuine i, u. Real i and u
consonant.
Note. "
Only the most, important Sk. sound-laws are here
mentioned " those whichchanges operate within the word : the
undergone by a the termn.
consequence placeof word in of its
in a sentence belong to the department of Sk. special-grammar,
not to the Indo-Eur. (the so-called Comparative ')Grammar. *
by separation,
d. by change of vowel to correspondingspirant.
Contraction occurs when a happens to stand before another
iy, uv.
a. Exx. of contraction: pres. st. bhdra--\-i
oi o^i. mood=
bhdre-, e.g. bhdre-t fr. Hhara-i-t (3 sg. opt. pres., y/hhar,bear) ;
26 SANSKRIT. VOWEL SOUND-LAWS.
" 14. noun st. dgva-+i of loc. caae=dgve (loc.sg. of n. sg. dgva-s,
equos),etc.
Note. "
V. older peculiarcontractions post. (" 15, c).
b. Loss of a occurs e.g. in cases like dhanin- (rich,
h. masc.
sg.
dhanJ), fr. st. dhdna- (neutr. n. sg. dhdna-m, wealth) 4-sf. in;
only bef. sf. ya \b a regularly lost,e.g. st. dhdn-ya- (adj.rich,
n. sg. masc. dhdn-ya-s), from same st. dhdna-. Roots in a do
was lost bef. i, and not ma, but ima, etc., was considered to be
the termn.
Note. "
y-anti (3 pi.ind. pres.),y/i,contrary to rule where we
with origl. sf. yans, e.g. st. Idghlyas- (n. sf. masc. Idghlydn),
fr. laghu-s (light) for *lagh-yds-,cf. i-Tuia-a-cov for
=e-Xa;)(;u-9,
and
*\ax-y(""v, superl.Idgh-is-tha-s, where
e-\d'X;-i"7-T0-"i, is- is a
relic of -yas-, -yds-. So moreover the sf. ya has also a fm. lya,
I,which prob. can only be=2^a, e.g. bhdranii (thebearing one, f.)
= *bharant-yd = (pepovaa = *(pepovT-ya; ganitri = *ganitr-yd fr.
*gan-i-far-ya(genetrix)
=yev"T"tpa, i.e. *ry"v"T"p-ya,
etc., ya- stt.
Note. "
In the case of compens. lengthening in Sk. and in
the other languages, we might make a more accurate distinction
as follows: 1. "-[-conson. (cf.O.-Bulg instr. sg. -miz=0T[gl.
=~
-[-
30 SANSKRIT. VOTVEL SOUND -LAWS.
1
~
lengthening (" 15, d), in the case of unusual and late nantal
conso-
2 sg. imper.); dhehi for *dhdhi, with asp. (v. " 59) for Yedic
daddhi for *dadh-dhi (pres. st. dadh, ^dha, set) ; dehi for *ddhi,
fr. *dadhi for daddhi (pres.st. dad, y/da, dare) ; in pf. fm. as
finallyin voc. of fern, a- st., e.g. dgve (but earlier still d(;va),
voc. of agvd (equa). du for earlier d (cf.6 for as in termn. bef.
sonants, " 15, d) occurs in n. ace. dual, e.g. dgvdu, earlier dgvd
I^ote. "
Since beside svdp-i-mi for *svapmi, etc.,we see svdpdmi,
etc., we must simply suppose that here, as often elsewhere, beside
the pres. st. svap-, there was a pres. st, in a, svapa-.
GEEEK.
"16.
Summary of Sounds.
*
Or medial.
32 GREEK. VOWEL-SYSTEM.
" 16. In this table only the indivisible sounds are mentioned.
sounds TT?, /C9. The vowel-diphthongs are ai, ei, oi ; av, ev, ov
they are written, i.e. at like German ai or ei, but et like e-\-i
tacked diphthong, which is found dialectically
on, a in German,
and characterized in other languages by ei/ [ej)(cf.Curt. Erl.
" 8 sqq.).
Note 2. "
Like most other written languages,the Greek does
not characterize its long vowels throughout ; in earlier Greek,
however, they were not indicated at all : a serves as a and d, t
for i and I, v for ii and ii,in the earlier writing e for e and e
served : the archaic dialects (Doric)have remained most faithful " 17.
only 1. the of
representative the originala, but also 2. (opposed
to 6= a) the representativeof the originala.
Through the diflferentiation of a into o, a, rj, oo, it became
comparatively seldom.
This same colouringof the a-sound into e and o occurs when
scales,at and av
appear as steps raised from c and v.
language.
The Greek vowel-system, in many parts difieringfrom the
2nd Step.
ov (du)
Note. " More than one sound accordinglyoccurs here in dif-
ferent
functions,as is the case with i and u in Sanskrit, and
34 GREEK. fl-SCALE. WEAKENING.
" 17. partly also in Zend. In the Greek, however, we meet with the
. ambiguity of the sounds for the first time to a greater extent ;
in eliMt
(eo,ibo),fundamental-form distinct from
ai-mi, originally
from
"t;u.t(sum), *i"Tfit, fund. -form as-mi ; el in elirov (dixi), fr.
^ieirov,*FeFeirov, ^ Feir ; el in eX7]v(opt.pres.) for *e(Tyr}v, f.f.
as-yd-m ; Kreivca (kill) for *KTevyai ; ov in arTrovhrj(haste ; raised
to ev in (rrrevhw, V airuh)is altogetherdifferent,as ov in ttou?
Examples.
I 18. "
1. a-scale.
ira-rp-i,
from stem iraTep- (father),originalpa-tar-, thus stand
Note. "
Loss of initial a in Greek is not common, cf. ecr-fiev
(we are), f.f. as-masi, Sansk. s-mds, and Lat. s-timiis ; etrjv^i
*ecryr]v, f.f. as-ydm, Sansk. s-ydm, Lat. s-ieni; ev (ev) for *i(rv,
f.f. asu, Sansk. su (well).
" 18. ^J'^av (bring forth), cf. Sk. gdn-a-s (mensch), gain (wife),
Gothic kven-s (wife,spouse) ; KvK\o"i (ring),cf. Sk. Jcakrd-ni ;
this change
Dialectically is more frequently observed, esp.
in f.f. samaias, from
Aiolic, e.g. 6vvfia=6vofia ; vfj,oio^=:.6fioco";,
stem sflw=Gk. oiw like),the origin of which
{6/jb6";, is found
to V.
in existence.
e=a. eS-ft),
Sk. dd-mi (eat),y/iS, origl.ad (edo); -y/eSin
e^-ofMU=^*"TeZ-yofiaL e8-09 (sed-es),origl.
(sed-eo), sew? (sit)
; y/^^eu
fievo";, might), Sk. and origl.mdn-as ; ^ep-ere, Sk. hhdr-atha ; " 19.
origl.evidentlyhhar-a-tasi (2 pi.pres. act.),etc.
o=a. 7roS-o9,Sk. and origl.pad-ds (g.sing.),st. and ^pad
(foot,go), where of course, in accordance with the sensibility
of the Greek, the o may also be considered as a raised step
from 6 in TreS ; 6, to, origl.and Sk. sa, ta-t,root and st. sa, ta
older a is preserved in the Doric FiKart for the newer Attic eiKoac
rdfivQ),Tpd"f)(o,
rpcnro), which we have to consider as the sents
pre-
Kpeia-aoiv *KpeT-p(ov)beside
(better)(i.e. Kpar-ta-ro's (best). Cf.
older 'yovv6"i=i*"yovFo'i,
(Ion.) yovvaTO^^*"yovFaTo";, cf. Sk. gdnu
Note. "
The step-formation
same of e=a kind of to o=-d
termination, e.g. 1/60-9 (n. sing, masc), veo-v (n. sing, neut.),
origl.and Sk. ndva-s, ndva-m (nouo-s,nouo-m),but fem. vk-a,Ion.
i/e77= origl.and Sk. ndvd (noua). In 77, 'd,origl.and Sk. sd, beside
and Sk.
6,origl. sa (pron. demonstr.),and other pronominal stems,
is found radical 0 raised to t], d, the root being equivalentto the
stem as often.
Note 1. "
beside
/j,e-fjbT]X-a fiiX-et, (be
-y/fteX a care to), shows
also the raisingof e to 77.
40 GREEK. a-SCALE. 2nD STEP.
; dpayy-6"i
V^TTTa,cf. Tre-TTTrj-Kdo'i (helper)beside (I help).
dpTjy-co
From these examples we gather an equation Tj'.co'.'.elo.
Also where there is no parallelfirst step to w, we must hold
Dialectically
Note. " ou occurs for w, i.e. u, in isolated instances
(a weakening which occurs also in
Lat.). (o'.ov {u)'.'.o'.v(u),
e.g. Thessal. ryvov/jia=^yv(i0fi7] (insight, opinion),y/'yvo,original
gna=gan (learn);-ow =-0)1/, fund, -dm in gen. pi.,cf. Lat. -utn,
etc.
2. z-scale.
" 21.
Root-vowel I. i-0t,Sk. i-mds-i,i-hi,origl.
t-fiev, i-masi,i-dhi,
lic,Sik.ri^,
y/i(ire)\e-Xiir-ov, y/\L'n;\jQ.i. FlZ-fxev
origl.rik (leave);
GREEK. e-SCALE. IsT STEP. 41
i-TnO-o/MTjv,
e-iriO-ov, for *7rlO-Ti-"i,
7rLa--ri"; (faith), ^ttiO (persuade),
and element of stem-formation rt ; ayiZ-t]
(splinter),
o-^t^co
(split)
z=.*a')(iZ-y"o,
V'o"X*S=Sk.Tchid,Lat. scid, origl.skid (scindere)
;
6-fjbi'^-elv,
V/^^X^Sk. mih, origl.mi^h (mingere) ; X,t%-vo9(dainti-
ness),
^J\tx^"Sk. lih,rih, Lat. lig,origl.righ ; arix-09
\i')(;-iJbd(o,
(rank),e-aTLx-ov, y/cnx (march, tread),Goth, stig,Sk. and origl.
stigh ; Tt-9, fund. ^"-s,Lat. qui-s,Goth. *hi-s,pronl.root, origl.ki
(dem. and interrog.),
etc.
where the language has lost all sense of the derivation, and
hence for the most part no t, ec, or oi, is parallelto at, e.g. aW-w
with eI-/Ai,
'/-/iey, ol-px)'^',
Kai-po-"^ (pointof time), cf.
Goth, hvei-la origl.kai-rd, origl.y/ki.
(hour,time, Engl. while'), *
42 GREEK. W-SCALE. RADICAL W.
"23. 3. w-scale.
(pf.),
av-To (aor.),y/av (rush); "/t-v-9=Sk. ag-u-s, origl.
a^-M-"
44 GREEK. VOWELS. M-SCALE. 2nD STEP.
(seeLat. *
Towels '), Sk. os-dmi, origl.aus-dmi, y/us, origl.us ;
Lith.).
2. Second step ov occurs seldom, espec. when u is medial
*pov0-Tio^,
*pov0-(Tio";
?), beside i-pev0-a"
(blush),and i-pv0-p6";
(red) ; o-ttovB-tj
(haste) beside a-7reuS-ci" (hasten); \ov(Ta-ov=
vav^ (nauis)(i.e.
my? on acct. of =Sk.
1/771)9) ndu-s, Ion. vr)F-6"i,
Dor. vdF-69, Sk. ndv-ds, point to y/nu.
(OV is only I6n.=av, e.g. (wonder)=^au-/Lta,0eFa,
0(ov-fjui
(show, gaze),point to y/0v.
0"Fd-ofjuii,
to also occurs sts. as second step from v, e.g. (broth),
"a)-/io?
cf. ^-/M7)(yeast),Sk. yu-m-m, Lat. iu-s, similarlybelonging to
GREEK. VOWELS. SOUND-LAWS. 46
element has become assimilated -to the first,so that only o, "
Note 1. "
Cases such as ovpav6-";
(heaven) beside Sk. vdrunas
Sound-laws Vowels.
of " 25.
*ddsya-yai-ant as i.i.=^hr]Lo-oL-ev,
and in that case with
case of termn. -an. e.g. (1.)loc. dat. pi. rata-i, Ion. rfja-t,
thence rat?, fr. *tdsi (pronoml. st. ta raised to fa, and loc. termn.
iVb^e. "
Esp. in Lesbo-Aiolic v between two vowels is pre-
ferred
to he=^v, e.g. (pour), -v/%v; so irvev-o)^
')(e-v-o)=^')(^6F(o
*'nveFa) (breathe), ^/ttw, devco^diFo) (haste),^6v, etc.
*ayofuit,fund. f. -sydmai',further
(f)ev^ovfMii,=:^a-60fjLai,
irXevaovfjuac,
in K"veo"i (empty), Aiol. Kevvof, both fr. f.f. kvanyas, Sk.
*Kevyo'i,
gunyds ; e'reo? (true) ^= Sk. satyds ; (nepe6"i
(firm, solid) beside
staryas, fem. arelpa, staryd ; Epic "^vop-er)
f.f. *a'T"pyo";,
a-Tepp6"i,
=^dv8p-ui f.f. of
(manliness), suff. is yd (st.dvip-,
dvBp-),
n. sing.
dvi^p(man).
I^ote 1. "
In cases of
declens.,e.g. TroXew?, e is not=y, but
there was a step-raising of c to et, and the representativey was
lost ; e.g. 7roA,eft)9=7roXeo9,fr. *7ro\ey-o";,st. TroXt (city),f.f.
parai-as,st. /fori.
iVb^e 2. " Original v also does not change to t. In poetry
perhaps the metrical forms such as irXemv for ifkevetv (sail),
"v/ttXu,raised to TrXeu, ifkeF,may be traced to a present st. in ya,
which the Gk. has strangelyliked, thus 'jr\eia)=^*7r\eF-yay,
while
TrXeo) = ifkeFod ; mo? beside veFo"i (new), re to? beside veF6"i
48 GREEK. VOWEL SOUND-LAWS.
"26b. (fallow),
brings us to a f.f. navyas, which clearlyoccurs in Lith.
nau-tjas, Goth,
niuyis,st. niuya- (new). From such cases et may-
transposition
we must hold to be this, that at first,whilst y and
V were yet in existence, an i and u arose by assimilation in the
y, V, disappeared.
y; e.g. Krelvco Aiolic
(kill), fCT6vv(o, for *KTetvy(o,fr. *KTevyco;
fikXaiva (fem. fr. stem jxekav- black), fr. *ixekavya ; ')(eipaiv
"
and V.
Hom.
however, for *6(f)eXyQi,
dial.,6(f)"tXa), o^eXXo) (ought).
v; e.g. yovv6"f,
yovva (Aiol.y6wo";,yovva),yovvaro^, for yovF6"i,
yovFa, y6vFaro";,st. yovv (knee); ovTw;, Ion. =0X09 fr.
(all),
0X^09, cf. Sk. sdrva-s Lat. saluo-s,sollus (Fest.totus),
(every,all),
fr. *soluo-s ; 7ravpo-"i (small,few) fr. *'7rapFo-"i,
cf. Lat. paruo-s ;
" 27. because they extend to explain the Greek forms alone. The
fundamental-forms,however, in the commonest and most portant
im-
cases, conform to the rules laid down in the construction
of stems and words.
The forms
peculiarto the Greek, e.g. opoay, 6pda"i, by assimi-
lation
for 6pda",opdet^; Bpaxocribeside Spdovcrt,Bpwai, etc.,
frequentlyoffer difficulties in their explanation.
^(jyijva
{^iv(o for point out)
*"^avyay, for *i"^av-aa,earuXa
Aiol.
{oTeWo) for *are\ya),send) for *e'oTeX-o-a, representation
of compensation,eoTeXXa, etc.
" 29. doubtless in other languages consonantal stems have often come
be-
allied to vowel
stems, especially to the "-stem (e.g.Lat.
pedi-bus,Bt.ped-). [Curt, has suggested doubts which I do not
understand, especially on account of the Herakl. irpaa-arovT-aaa-i;
he maintains a helping- vowel in these cases.] Less stilldo futs.
of verb-stems in \, fi, v, p, belong here, e.g. revS) fr. ^revea-w,
*T"v"a) ; /SaXw fr. *^aXecra3,*^aXe(o. In these cases we come
upon
the verb-stem -eo-w, originalasydmi, fut. of y/as (esse)(v. sub.
'Conjugation').
2. Vowel addition (prefix).
This phenomenon of sound also is to be referred to the slight
development of the vocal-sound before the followingconsonants.
Ace. to Gr. Curtius (Grr.Et.^ p. vowels
649, etc.)prefixed- are very
7^ IT, but
(f), on the contrary, most frequentlybefore more than
e-%^69beside Sk.
'x6e"i(yesterday), hyas, etc.
b) before X, fi, v, p ; i-\ax^'i(small),Sk. laghus, Lat. leui-s,
fr. *legU'is; i-fjue, beside
e-fioi, /ie, p,OL, origl.st. ma (pron. 1
(mingo), o-fitx-^V (mist),origl.^Jmigli,cf.
pers.); 6-iiix^(o Sk.
(thorough),for
Bi-T)veK-'^"i veK, cf. 0. Bulg. nes-ti,Lith. nhz-ti
ep"rt) (roS)dew),
Feparj, cf. Sk. ^/vars (rain); e-FeUotnv (II.\d, " 29.
LATIN. "30.
Table of Sounds in the Latin Language.
54 LATIN. VOWEL-SYSTEM.
Latin Vowel-system.
"31
The Lat. vowel-system has suffered frequent changes in the
the old diphthongs are vouched for by Old Lat., and esp. by
Oscan. In the above cases the Lat. is insensible to vowel-
cases.
2. "-8cale i ei I e, ai ae oi oe u
3. w- scale u evL au o ou u
become ou u).
(i.e.
The change from diphth. to monophth. is capable of simple
of
explanation (assimilation
physiological both sounds, each to
Examples. -
" 32.
1. a-scale.
" 32. (magis uolo),and in like cases (v. Sound-laws,' " 42) :
* sf. -hr-um
Note. "
The
lengthening of e weakened from origl.a into I
(ei)is o f
hardly susceptible proof: scrlbo (write) beside "ypd(f)co,
since both words are generallyakin, we must perhaps assume
to be a case of a-scale passing into j-scale, as often in Sclavo-
LATIN. vowels: "- SCALE. 57
sonus "
pinguius quam i, exilius quam w " sonum y Graecae
"
uidetur habere Gramm. ; imp. Claudius Caesar ordered the
(willing),
etc.
(will),
uol-t^ uol-im, later uult, uel-im, cf. Sk. mr-dmi {vr-nomi,
vr-ndmi), ^/var; uoc-are Sk.
(call), ^Jvak, Gk. Ferr, origl.vak;
nort-o (turn),later uert-o, cf. Sk. mrf-ate (3 sg. pres. med.
for uocuus.
which,
dic-0,SeiK-vvfii, must be kept distinct)
; proc-us (wooer) " 34.
beside prec-ari (beg) ; for-s (chance),for-dus (pregnant), beside
fero (bear),^/fer,origl.y/bhar.
When 0 is short, the step-formationscan take place also
fr. hhar.
The fem. of the "-st. had origly.in the Lat. also long a, e.g.
coctus, origl.
nav-a-s, kak-ta-s, Gk. veF-o-"i,
Treir-To-f;, Remains of
occur within the root. Hence the suflF.-turO', fern, -tura-, e.g. " 34.
-dm, -rom {hou-om even in Yerg.), Gk. -a"v, in *-aiv,Sk. and origl.
-dm, -sdm, e.g. tarum=Gh,
(is) *raaiv, i.e. rtav,
Sk. tdsdm;
v6c-um=.Gik. Sk.
Foir-uiv, vdJc-dm.
Goth,
Jchi-n-d-d-mi,o-%tfa)=*o-;^tS-ycD, y/skid in skaid-an, y/scid;
y/mig, origl.migh, Gk. /it%, in mi-n-g-o, mic-tus for *mig-tus
(past part, pass.); y/ligin K-n-g-o (lick),
origl.righ, Gk. \lx ;
qui-s(who ?), cf. Goth, his (dem.), Lith. szi-s,f.f. ki-s, y/qui=.
ki. In stem- formative elements, e.g. ou-i-s (sheep),Gk. 6F-l-^,
Sk. dv-i-s, Lith. av-l-s,-y/w,av, with suJQF.i, i is often lost in
Also mare
I 35. others. for *man, cf. mar-i-a (in similar cases final i
is lost); so also in naue-bos, tempestafe-bus(inscrr.),origl.i has
passed into e, stems ndui-, tempestdti-.
Note. "
Thus here e is the newer, i the origl.and hence older
sound ; whilst in the case of the more usual i weakened from a,
when it is interchanged in the earlier lang. with e, the latter is
the earlier sound. The language, however, no longer felt the
difierence of derivation, and both e'-sounds were treated alike.
Perh. unorigl.lengthening of i to I should not be separated
from step-formn.of * (to ei).
First step : ei {i,e);*deiu-08,diu-os (godlike,deiuae,deiuinus,
occur),Sk. devd-s, f.f. daiva-s, ^Jdiv (shine); deic-o,dlco (say),
f.f. daik-dmi, ^dic; ei-tur, i-tur ('it is gone,' impers.),y/i;
feid-o,fld-o (trust),\/fid; ueiuo-s, uluo-s (alive),cf. Sk. givd-s,
Lith. gyvas, ^Jgi, redupl. gig, uig, giu, uiu {u for g, through
intermed. fiTM(vid.sub. "Consonn."), ueie-us, ule-us (hamlet),Sk.
t'egas, Sk. Foikoi;;uinum (wine), i.e. ueinom, Goth, vein, Gk.
Folvo"; ; clearlyId-us, eid-us (a fixed day in the month, origly.
the day on which the moon shines,the bright day ; Corss. Krit.
Note. "
For oe we find e written by mistake (cf.Fleckeisen,
5th Art. aus einem Hilfsbiichlein fiir Lat. E-echtschreibung,
Frankf. 1861, p. 22), e.g. oh-edire for ob-oedire, cf. audire,
n-enum:=n-oenum {nan).
3. u-scale.
| 36.
Yery much obliterated in Lat. Exx. are very rare : we can
Note 1. "
Genuine u does not change to o except mfb-re fr.
fa-se, y/fu.
Note 2. "
u as lengthening from H is prob. not to be separated
fr. u-=ou, 1st and 2nd step-formn. of u. In tu (thou),we have
an unorigl,lengthening, f.f. is tu, for in Sk. tv-am, Gk. rv, av,
Goth, thu, Scl. ty, there is no step-formn. We cannot decide
between lengthening and in
step-formation cases like su-s (boar),
vs", O.H.G. su; mus (mouse), fiv^, O.H.G. mus, etc., where Gk.
vouches for the hypothesisof the lengthening.
f.f. dauJc-dmi, ^duk (because pres. stt. of this kind were formed by
the Ist step); uro (bum), *ouso for *euso="v-a) for *eva-ai,Sk. 6s-
-dmi, f.f.aus-dmi, y/us; in roots which end in u we find ov for *ev=^
" 36. here belongs fiber (udder), on acct. of Gk. ovOap,f.f.of both
Note. "
u, ou, are here and there secondary productsthrough
falling-outof sounds, e.g. *councti,cuncti (all together),fr.
as
fluunt fr. flouont,boo fr. bono, etc. The laws of hiatus in Lat.
and
and complete similarity;
partial the same effects are produced " 38.
takes place.
Thus aureohis, gladiolus, even vinolenttts,etc., stand for
we see an influence
assimilating of foregoing vowels on those
follg.
; consequently o is nearer to e and i than u, and e more
akin to i than a.
e of
(theregularrepresentative i before 2 consonn.),e.g. salsus,
insulsus, sepelio,sepicltus,
etc. ; further, u has remained before
i has a specialaffinity
to n and dentals,and is the commonest
=.*ferent-s(cf.(f"ep(ov=(j""povT-";);
sal (salt)
=sa/-s (gen. sdl-is),
of. a\9, etc.; esp. often through loss of nasal bef. s, e.g. ace. pi.
of a-st. -OS nav-ans) ; in
(nou-ds)=-ons (f.f. compar. -ior,-iorem,
fr. -yans, -yansam, etc.; further,jodwo (place)
=*/30S-"o [cf.pos-ui],
quini (by fives)
=g'Z^2WC"i, exdmen (swa.Tm)=exdg-men (ago); thus
g falls out esp. bef. y, e.g. mdior (greater)
=*mdg-ior, cf. mag-nus
//"(^^^,
etc.
N^ote. "
Cases like inultare
=*w{a7are, y/u6c; conultium
(invite)
(wrangle)=*coww2CzYwm ^Judc; suspltio(suspicion) =*SMS^^c^W"?,
etc. (on the last ex. cf. Fleckeisen, Rhein Museum, viii. 227 ;
on the other side Corssen, Kritik. Beitr. s. 12 sqq., who writes
susplcio,conulcium, and derives them accordingly,but assigns
inultare to an ambig. Sk. -y/vi). Cf. " 77, 1. a. sub fin.
also in root sylls. Nevertheless, that the weakening did not variably
in-
termed. 0.
a becomes i; e.g.fac-iocon-Jic-io,
pa-ter lupi-ter,cad-o,ce-cid-i,
can-o, ce-cin-i,
etc. ; the change must be through intermed. e. e
ago cf. ar/co, f.f. ag-dmi, next step ag-d by loss of mi; ego cf. " 41.
opt. fr. -ef, -It,earlier -eit : also -it in pf. was sounded -eit in
for and beside animale, die for and bes. dice, hoc for and bes.
hoce, ut for and bes. uti; partly older, e.g. uehis for *uehisi,i.i.
vaghasi; est, uehit, for *esti,*uehiti,f.f. asti,vaghati{tremonfihas
remained, Bergk. index lect. Marburg, 1847-8), etc.
Lat., and occurs (1.)bef. vowels, e.g. minor, minus, for *minior,
*minius; nullus for ne-ullus,etc.; cases can be produced where no
*sterula; puella for *puerla fr. *puerula; misellus for *miserlus fr.
" 42. Thus arises puer, etc., fr. *puers,which comes fr. puero-s, puerus
(in existence), uir fr. *uirs, *mros, acer (" 43) fr. acris, etc;
This is noticeablyregular after r with short syll.precedg.;
hence quatuor stands for *quatuors,*quatuores,cf. reaaape^, Sk.
Jcahdras ; after the vowel had been lost,the s also fell off from
for *famuls fr. famulos, damnas for *damnats fr. damnatos; alls
uigilfr. uigilis,
etc.
Note. "
The occasional omission of vowels in the text of Inscrr.
which could not take placein the spoken lang.(e.g.dcumius, fed,
uixt for Decumius, fecit,uixit)has been pointed out by B,itschl.
(Rhein. Mus. n. Folge xvi. p. 601 sqq. ; xvii. p. 144 sqq.).
B. COHSONAHTS.
they are fixed and invariable in roots (we may pass over the
splitting-
up of the origl.lang.,for they are found in the three
combinations (e.g.vak-hhis inst. pi. fr. st. vak, voice) were not
Examples.
" 45.
3. p. rule),thence
y/pa (drink), y/pa (protect, pa-ti-s(lord)
divApa-tar-s(father), h"txce
j9"r (fill), paru-s (many) Q.ndipar-na-s
Note. "
The Teutonic and Gk. forms of those words that show
h in the Aryan and S. -European langg. point partlyto hh, e.g.
Sk. y/handh (bind), but
hand, f.f. therefore hhandh, Gk.
Goth,
for *"^evd,
"s/irevd TrevO-epo^ irelafiafor *7rev9-/j,a
(afl"nis), (cable);
Sk. (fore-arm),Gk. irfj^v; for *"pr)Xy^}N.-Eur.
bdhus bogr,
O.H.G. puoc, origl. initial-sound bh; Sk. yjbudh (know), Gk.
y/TTvO (TTvv^dvofiai) for *(f)v9, Goth, bud, not *pud, as might be
expected fr origl. (moreover
b the Goth, root, notwithstanding the
difference of function, is identical with budh, irvd); if b were origl.,
the Gk. fms. would be *^ev6, */S7;p^y9, *^vd. These three roots
have a final asp., which was the effect of the disappearance of
an origl.asp. at the beginning in Aryan and Gk. (thiscon- jecture
formative particles.
Spirants.
1 . y. ya-s (wbicb),yuga-m (yoke,iugu-m),y/yug, yu (iungere)
;
masc, akvd-sas, nom. pi.masc, etc ; also in st. forms, e.g. man-as
(mind), etc.
3. V. thence
y/va (flow),y/vam (uomere), y/vah (speak), vdk-s
formative sff.
The physiologically-arranged
table of Sk. consonn. is in " 4,
where also their pronunciationis considered. Whilst the vowel
many ways with later elements. Hence arises that large number
of con son. -sounds which is unparalleledin other Indo-Eur. langg.
The origl.sounds in Sk. are the mom. mutes and sonants, and
the sonant aspp. all of gutt,, dent., and lab. quality,thus, k, f,p;
g, d, b (?); gh, dh, bh; further the spirantsy, s, v, and also
sounds gain a stillwider sway in tlie course of the development " 51.
laws for medial sounds, but esp. for termn. (these laws however
do not belong here,but rather to Sk. specialgrammar), through
which the conson.-syst.of Sk. became considerably
removed
from the basis of the origl.lang.
The of gutt.by palatals
representation occurs only bef. vowels
and sonant mom. prolonged sounds, not bef. mom. consonn.,
mute conson.-prolonged-sounds,
and in termin. Yet here also
6
82 SANSKRIT. CONSONANTS.
of relation.
Examples.
" 52.
Origl. mom. mute unaspirated consonn.
Note. "
Bef. mom, sounds and s the gutt. remains, e.g. vdk-ti
(he speaks), vdk-si (thou speakest,s for s after k, v. " 55, 2),
vag-dhi(speak),g for k ace. to sound-laws, v. post., etc.
kh and 1th occur for origl.k after s ; this s more often than
skak-ati (spring).
Note. "
Most words in kh cannot, or at least not certainly,
be reduced to their f.f.
52. ah (be swift). [On the change of origl.k io p, wh. often does
Note 1. -The
unoriginalityof th is shown by the fact that it
"
rksa-s (bear)=:a/9/rro-9,
ursu-s for *iirctus (cf.post, sub Lat.) ;
st. tdksan- (carpenter)=Te/n-oj/- y/ksan (slay)further fmn. fr.
;
ksa, cf. KTev {ap,(f)i,-KTl-ov
in icreivai ; ^/ksi
(dwell), Gk. kti
dwellers-around, ktl-^q),bmld), etc. Contrariwise, e.g. uktd-s
SANSKRIT. CONSONANTS. 85
(said),
past part. pass. vdk-ti,3 sg. pres. \^m^, origl.vak (say," 52.
;
speak) ; st. gak-tdr- (fut.
part.),gak-td- (pastpart.),^gak (know,
be able),etc.
3. Origl.j9=Sk. p,j9^.
Sk. j9= origl.p, -//'fl(drink, protect),whence pd-ti-s
e.g.
(lord.), ; ^par (fill),
pi-tdr-n.Bg.pi-ta (father) 3 sg. pres. pi-par-ti,
(TTraipco, O.H.Cjf.
a-cnraipayf sporo (spur),spor (track); phena-s
(foam),cf. Scl. pena, Lith. p'ena-s (milk) ; Lat. spuma, provided
it comes fr. *spoi-ma, would here also point to sp, in phe-na-s
etc. we must therefore assume a root cpi,etc. For the rest, ph
is not frequent in initio.
origl.s, e.g. srs-td-s, past part. pass, y/sarg (do) ; mars-ti, 3 sg.
pres. \Jmarg (cleanse, wash away). Sometimes also g is inter-
changed
with d and f, ace. to the qualityof the followingsounds.
86 SANSKRIT. CONSONANTS.
" 53. In more cases in Sk. h (=gh) stands where Gk. and the other
Note. "
d in pld (press)and nldd- seems to have arisen from
sd, namely in case oi pld, which is proved unoriginalthrough I
1. Origl.gfA=Sk. gh, h.
\/vag ; \/mih (pour out, mingere), 3 sg. pres. meh-ati for migh, " 54.
cf. supr. meghds, Gk. y/ fi^Xy V^"^ (lick),3 sg. pf. li-le-ha,
cf. Xt%, etc.
Note 1. "
In nakha-s, nakha-m (nail,claw), cf. 6vvx-o^,Scl.
nog-Mi, Goth.*nag-l'S,kh stands most strangelywhere we should
have expected gh.
Note 2. gh occurs
"
; in other
rarely,e.g. ghasd-s (fish) Indo-
Europ. langg. no similar example is yet known ; gh occurs most
often in initio in onomatopoetic words.
2. Origl.dh=Sk. dh, h.
Sk. ^=origl. dh, e.g. in hi-td-s for *dhi-tars fr. *dha-ta-8, past
" o4. (masc. elbow) for *bhdhu-s,cf. Norse bogr,Gr. inj^v-^i for *"fytyxy"i
;
further, as one part of the pres. stem which comes fr. as (esse),
and serves to form the fut.,e.g. dd-s-yd-ti=.B(oaei,
fr. *8(a-a-y"-Tt
;
yjbhar (ferre)
=^o/)6t {T.*(f)ope-y6-ri;
yjyu, yug (iungere),cf. Lat.
^Jiug,whence yugd-ni-=.\j3X.
iugu-m ; yuvan-, ace. sg. yuvdn-am,
cf. Goth, juggs (same meaning), Lat. iuuenis : cf.
ydkrt (liver),
Lat. iecur (id.).
The connexion between y and i is treated in " 14, 1, d ; the
3 sg. pres.
^Jtar8 (tliirst), trs-ydti,cf. Lat. torr-eo=z*tors-eo," 55.
Germ, durs-t; s also sporadicallyafter a, e.g. y/hhds (speak),
3 sg. pres. hhdsate, further fmn. of y/hha^^Qik. "^a in "^d-ri-";,
^d-ai-"i
(speecli), (say);
(f"7j-fjic bes. bhds, 3 sg. pres. hhdsate
thus
(="^i;crt-) comes loc. pi.bhuti-su for *bhuti-su;ne-syati(3 sg.
fut. ^ni, lead)for *nai-syati; e-si,f.f. ai-si (2 sg. pres. ^i, go) ;
*
vdk-si (2 sg. pres. y/vak, speak) but dt-si for ad-si (2 sg. pres.
= origl.s).
o,
r, g, occur, like s, ace. to definite sound-laws, in place of s ;
yet mainly in termn. alone, in which case -as also may pass
into 0, and s be lost,e.g. vrkal for vrka-s at end of a sentence, or
bef. k, p ; avir eti for avis eti (ouisit); r occurs for s bef. all
gds-tu ; avig Jcarati (the sheep goes) ; vrko bhavat for vrkas abhavat
(the wolf was) ; vrka dste for vrkas date (the wolf sits),
etc.
90 SANSKRIT. CONSONANTS.
" 55. In stems ending in -s these changes take place before case-sff.
Nasals.
" 56,
1. Origl. w=Sk. n, e.g. na, an- (negation); y/nag (perish),
3 sg. pres. ndgyati,cf. veK ; st. war-, nara-, n. sg. na for *nars,
(mean), with
'
for n ace. to Sk. sound-laws, etc. All these
earliest Indian still rih. Also where the kindred langg. show
foregoing sections).
Between the various ways in which the Indo-Eur. sounds
vd^-am, Gk. Foir-a, Lat. ubc-em, fr. f.f. vdk-am), and the
and
sound-representation sound-law is and
chronological, fore
there-
the of
separate-life a lang. belong
"
here only in so far as they
bear upon our knowledge of older word-forms. The numerous
laws, e.g. in Sk., which come into play only when words
one another, not only in the middle of words, but also between
the end of one word and the beginning of another when they
are combined in a sentence, a process which we can scarcely
attribute to the lang. at this early condition; the laying-
down of these laws belongs,as we have said,in a great measure
elsewhere.
,
Medial Sound-laws.
1. Assimilation. ^59.
a. Medially also sometimes occurs complete assimilation of a
bhis,etc.
The influence of spirants on follg.
mom. sounds has been already
handled under *
s.' In the case of the combination of s with a
tyth,the
follg. latter becomes assimild. to s because it is a lingual,
e.g. superl.sf. origl.is-ta; fr. yans, compar. sf. shortened is + ta,
arises next *is-tha ("51, sqq.),and since after vowels other than a,
and aor., e.g. y/vas (dwell),3 sg. fut. vat-sydti,3 sg. aor.
(increase)
+ ^a (pf. part, pass.) fms. rudhd-; *leh-ti, *legh-tiy
3 sg. pres. y/lih,i.e. Ugh (lick),become ledhi, etc. ; A + ^, th, dhy
here becomes dh, accompanied by lengthening of preceding
short vowel: this sound-interchange is accordingly clearly
more secondary and later than the change of ht, i.e. ght, into
gdh. The aspirationis thus throughout postponed to the follg.
consonant.
When the of
aspiration a root-termn. cannot remain, e.g. in
termn. or bef. s, and the root begins with an origl.sonant un-
aspd. conson., the aspn. passes over to the latter,e.g. st. sarva-
Termination.
" 60. 1. In termn. only one conson. is tolerated,of more than one
only the first remains, e.g. st. mil (voice,ace. mTc-am) should
be in n. sg. *vdJc-s,or rather (ace.to " 52, 1) *vdk-s, or (ace.
to " 55, 2) vdk-s, wherefore vdk is now seen. Since aspp. are
of 3 pi. -us for -ant, hence e.g. dsds tatra (erant ibi)for origl.
*dsant tatra. In all other cases, however, n only remains ace. to
(milking),dhuk (dhug).
Note. "
That palatalsare not retained in termn. was remarked
above in " 51, sub. fin.
one will deny that kh, th,ph, are much easier to pronounce than
but
effects, lost as a separatelyexisting sound; v is retained
7
98 GREEK. CONSONANTS.
" 61. as /" in tlie arcliaic lang.; s stands its ground only in termina-
tions
beside r.
Examples.
"62.
Origl. momentary mute unaspirated consonants.
dig, Goth, tih, origl.dik; hma (ten), Lat. decern, Sk. dagan-,
Goth, taihiin,origl.dakan- ; Xev/c-o? ing-twiligh
(morn-
(white),dfM"j"L-\vK-i]
^\vK, Sk. ruJc,origl.ruk, etc.
100 GKEEK. CONSONANTS.
" 62. -que, Goth, -u-h for *-ha, cf. tto-tc (when), Dor. 7ro-/ca, aXKc-re
Note. "
Upon the very uncommon softening of r to 8 in
Gk. cf. G. Curt. Gr. Et.^ p. 469 sqq. It occurs almost without
exception in obscure etymologies,not in words accuratelycor-
responding
3. Origl.j9=Gk. ir (cf.7r=:origl.
k), e.g. y/iro,tti (drink),
in 7r6-aL"i(draught),ire-iro-fiaL, iri-vo) (drink); 7r6-ai"i
irk-irw-Ka,
(husband),f.f. and Sk. j^d-tis(lord); st. ira-rep- origl.
(father),
Trcfi-irXd-vac
pa-tar-, fr. y/pa (protect);y/irXa, e.g. in irifi-TrX'q-fiL,
(fill),
origl.pra fr. par, e.g. Sk. pi-par-mi (1 sing. pros, act.);
TrXaru? (broad), origl.pratus, Sk. prthus; y/ifkv in irXeF-co
ifKoF-o'i (voyage),TrXy-ro?
(sail), (washed),Sk. plu, origl.
pru;
GREEK. CONSONANTS. 101
in Sk.
aspiratesmake their appearance without visible reason.
This occurs comparatively frequently in the case of tt, cf.
a-Xe/^-w (anoint), a-Xot^-?; (ointment), bes. Xiir-a, Xiir-o'i
(grease),Xivr-apo^(greasy,shiny),cf. Sk. '\/lip (anoint),O.Bulg.
lep-a (plaster),L ith. lip-ti(cleave to) ; ^\e"^-apov(eyelid)bes.
^XeTT-cD (glance); Ke^-aXrj (head) bes. Lat. cap-ut, Sk. kap-dlas,
kap-dlam (shell,skull); aacf)-^^(clear), cro(f"-6"i (sap-iens), cf.
Lat. sajJ-io(smack, am wise), O.H.Cjt. y/sah (understand ; in pf.
int-sicah,*ant-suob, he understands, notices), etc. Moreover,
fioO-a (bustle) must not be coupled with Sk. \^math, manth
mat, mant, stir,move), and
(i.e. O.Bulg. met-q (trouble), met-ezl
1. Origl.5r=Gk. 7, yS.
Gk. 7=origl. g (on ^=7y, v. sound-laws),e.g. ^^^ev in yev-o^
(race), 71-7(6)
v-o/iat (I am born, become), Sk. gan, origl.gan;
^yvo=:gna fr. gan in ji-yvco-aKco (I learn), yvco-fjurj (thought,
opinion); yow (knee) = Sk. gdnu, cf. Lat. genu, Goth, kniu;
\/^vy,origl.pug (iungere)in ^evy-vv/iL(I yoke), ^vy-ov (yoke);
^/dy in ay-(o (lead)=Sk. dg-dmi, Lat. ag-o, O.Norse inf. ak-a,
Note 1. "
It is only in quitedetached cases that Gk. Z seems =:
pres. Bl-B(o-fii,
origl.da-dd-mi; y/BaK (bite),pres. Buk-vco,Sk.
Vdag, origl.dak; in Bafi-da, BdfM-vrjfii
\/8a/jb (tame, bind), Sk.
and origl.dam (domare) ; B6/j,o";
(house),Lat. donius, Sk. damds
(knew), Goth, vait, f.f. vi-vdidu; y/kB, origl. and Sk. y/sad
breu-is,fr. *hregii-is,
Scl. hruz-u; /SSe-co(pedo),Bohem. bzdi-ti," 63.
Lith. Germ,
hezd-'eti, uentris
fist (jflatus sine crepitu),thence
fi^t-en(flatum uentris emittere), Scl.-Germ. thus with spirant
bef. d (whether this spirant was inserted in Germ, or lost in
Note. "
%, instead of
0, (f), y, 8, /3,in Gk., is barelyseen in one
single certain ex. ; even the cases which G. Curt. (Gr. Et.^
p. 449 sqq.) allows are more or less doubtful. 0eo9 (god) is
in no way related to ^if-6"i (gen. fr. Zev"i),8Z09 (godlike),
Lat.
deus, diuos,but, as G. Curt, makes probable,to \/6e"i(Gr. Et.^
p. 450) (pray), in dea-aeaOat, iroXv-dea-ro^ (much-implored),
Tlaai-Oerj(implored by all),dea-^aro'^(said by god), 6ea--K"\o^
(godly),d"io"ifor *decrLO'ifr. st. 6eo-, *6eo-o-,with regular loss of
o bef. origl.suff. pa, and loss of s (cf.aX'^deia,i.e. *aXr]dea-ia
fr. st. dXijOea-),Lat. fes in fes-tus; fiiOr] (drunkenness) does
not belong to Sk. ^Jmad (be drunk), but to i^kOv(n.intoxicating
drink, wine), Sk. and origl.mddhu (honey-mead, intoxicating
drink),etc. Only in pf. act. we see in later formations p^ and
4" bes. 7 and fr. "Xl^-(o,etc.,
/8 (eX-Xo^-afr. Xey-m, Te-0Xt(j)-a
V. post).
in Goth,
Sk. lih,earlier rih, i.e. righ (lick),
Xetx-oy (lick), ligin
bi-laig-on(eVt-Xei^-efcy)
; y/^iix^ 6-fiiX'^^(urino), o-fiix-Xv
(mist), Sk. mih, i.e. migh in meh-dmi (urino),megh-ds (cloud),
Germ, mig, e.g. Dutch mlge (long),Sk. dlrghds,
(urina); BoXcxo"i
i.i. darghas, etc.
104 GREEK. CONSONANTS.
" 64. In 677179 (near)=Sk. dhiis,i.e. *anghus (narrow), " the Goth.
p. 460 sqq.).
I^ote. "
In vi(})-a
(ace. snow), vi(f)-eT6-f;
(snow-storm), vi"f"-"t
(itsnows), for ")(,cf. Lat. nix, niu-is,for *nig-s,*nigu-is,
stands
(f)
(v. post),ning-it; the root had an initial s lost in Graeco- Italic,
cf. Lith. snig-ti(to snow), sneg-as (snow), O.Bulg. sneg-u (snow),
Goth, snaiv-s (snow), Zend \/gniz {gnaez-enti, pi. pres. 'it
3
snows,' lit. they snow '), Sk. ^J"nih (be damp), f.f. of root is
*
therefore snigh.
2. Origl. c?A=Gk. 6 (on Oy^aa, cf. " 68), e.g. y/Oe, origl.
dha Sk. and
(set), pres. rC-6rj-fiL, origl.dd-dhd-mi, Goth, ^da,
(do), H.G. ta, e.g. in 1 pres. tuo-m fr. *ti-fd-mi=:dhadhdmi ;
Note 1. "
In y/\a^ (Xafi^dvo), "-\a^-ov, take, seize) bes. " 64.
\d(f)-vpov (booty),dfi^L-\a^-rj"t Sk. ^/lahh (keep,get),
(clasping),
/3 is very prob. a representativeof origl.hhj caused perb. by
tbe nasalized pres. Xafi^dvo), cf. supr. e77U9 fr. ^Jagh; also
^pifj^ai
(roar) bas /3 for origl.hh, cf. Lat./rem-o, Sk. hhrdm-dmi
(swarm, rove). On otber isolated exx. cf. Gr. Curt. Gr. Et.^
p. 460
sqq., Grassmann, Kubn's Zeitscbr. xii. 91 sqq.).
Note 2. yjFpa'^ in prf^-vv\ii (break, tear), pry^-yua (rent),
"
a relation)
; so too tbe Gotb. fm. band points to tbis (pres.
bind-a, pf. band) ; y/irvO for *^v6 in irwd-dvofiai,irevd-ofiai
(learn, ask), Sk. biidh for *bhudh (be awake, know, be wise),
Litb. y/bud [bud-etibe awake, bud-ru-s wakeful), O.Bulg. bad
" 65. 1. Origl. y=Gk. i, e, ^, ', is lost (on y in ^, cro-, cf. " 68,
(as) = origl.
ydt (abl.of st. ya-), and that of tero, lifievo'i,
etc.,
origl. \/ya (go); even the writing of f for y in fori and
(t"A,09,
neut. end), etc., vid. " 26.
Here there occurs also a transpositionof origl.y after a
Wote. "
A d has been here developed bef. origl.y, for ^=dz
or dy, preciselyas in other Ian gg. we find a change fr. y to dy,
and further to dz, e.g. Lat. maiorem, middle-Lat. madiorem.
It. maggiore, i.e. madzore; Prakrt gutta-, i.e. dzutta-=-yukta- .
Be=*By=OTig\. in nephew),
sf.'Beo- (e.g. dBek^L-Beo-^, and
y
108 GREEK. CONSONANTS.
8g. masc. and neut. of o-st., origl.a-st., e.g. 'imrov ii. iirrroo,
y entirelydisappeared,it became i.
mdnas; sf. of nom. sg. masc. fem. -s, e.g. iroa-'i, oy^r^^FoTr-^;,
Sk. and origl.pdti-s, origl.vdk-s; sf. gen. sg. -09, origl.-as,
vdJc-as,Sk. vdJc-ds,etc. ;
e.g. FoTT-o^,origl. ^arop, Sk. and origl.
s^flr,e.g. in 1 sg. pros. (rrop-evwixL, arop-vvfii (spread),Sk.
str-nomi, origl. star-naumi, etc.; ^ara, toTrjfiL(set),origl.
sta-std-mi, Lat. and origl.s^a; ot)? bes. V9 (swine), Lat. sms,
; it is also foimd in
*kh-yoiJbai,
Lat. sed, origl.and Sk. sad (sit); etrrd (seven),Lat.
'
Note. "
It is not
probable that the (which regularlyrepre-
sents
s) in words which origly.began with sv compensates for
the V, and that s afterwards entirelydisappeared from before "
*i-a-eaT7}K"tv,
y/"rTa (stand),redupld. sa-sta, *ae-aTa; evco bes.
doubly represented.
JNote. "
At first sight 609 bes. a^6";and 09 seems clearlyfr.
a Gk. f.f. *aFo^, viz. eo9 for *eo9 {ehos) fr. *eFo"i (ehvos),and
this fr. *ia-Fo";,*i-(TFo^ for *aFo'i, with the favourite vowel-
prefix,which does not occur in 0-^09 and 09; but when we
recollect the Lat. suus, earlier souos, i.e. *seuos (" 33, 2), we are
110 GREEK. CONSONANTS.
" 65. led back to* a specialGr.-Ital. f.f. *sefos (cf.Lith. sdvo fr. an
Sometimes '
" e.g. in tTTTro? (horse) fr. *IkFo^, cf. the extant fm. t"/co9, Lat.
equos, Sk. dgvas, f.f.akvas; that' occurs here only in later times
=Sk.
(later) ut-taras; v is so frequently an initial sound, for
properly be v,
followed the analogy of v; here belongs prob.
vhmp (water), cf. Boiot, ovStop,Lat. unda, Sk. ud-am, ud-akdm
(In e%-ft" hold, liave) Sk. = sah {sdh-ate,he holds, carries; this " 65.
y/i-^i^saghis confused in Gk. with y/vagh, uehere) ; Ihim
N^ote. "
The st. ovt- in mv=:*6vt-";,ovaa=^*ovTya, 6v=*ovt=
origl.as-nnt-, pres. part. act. of origl. ^/as (esse),only ap- parently
belongs here. The earlier fms. of this part. ia"v,etc.,
point to a once-existent fm. *i6vT-,*"(t-ovt-,with \/i"ipreserved,
fr. which fm. the s regularlydropped out, *ear-ovr- thus became
iovT-,later the e fell and
oflF, thus arose ovt-.
p. 621 sqq.
The assimiln. of s to other consonn. is treated," 68 ; the loss
origl.V is expressedby .
earlyGk. st. Sfo-=Sk. dva-; the same holds good in kvcov (dog),
bes. Lat. cams for *quam-s, Sk. gvd (nom. sing,for *gvan-s,st.
gvan-, gun-), and in some other cases. It is very hard to decide
earliest.
into F, tovpo'i,
SovpaTo";,
fr. *8opFo"i, from
*SopFaTo"i, which are
" 27), e.g. FoLvo"s (wine),cf. Lat. ulnum, O.Lat. ueinom, f.f. of
St. vaina- (or, ace. to ; Focko^
Gk., t'aina-) (house),Lat. tdcus,
i.e. O.Lat. ueicos, Sk. vega-s, origl.vaika-s; Fipyov (work),
y'Fe/"7=Sk. vrg, urg, Germ", i^ark (work, to work), origl.varg;
^FlS (see,know), origl.Sk. vid, Lat. nid, Germ, vit, e.g. in
A'8-;u."z/=Sk.
and origl.vid-mdsi, FoiSa^^Qih. veda, Goth, vait,
^ J. Savelsberg, "
de digammo eiusque immutationibus dissertatio," pars i.
Aquisgrani,1864; pars ii. 1866.
GREEK. CONSONANTS. 113
f.f. vivdida ; V^^tt, speak=Lat. uoc for *uec, Sk. m^, origl.mk, " 65.
Note. "
Thus vp can disappear in medio betw. vowels ; this
occurs in sf. tav-ya, formed by ya and step.-formn.of stem
of abstracts in tu, sounded in Gk.
termn. as reo, e.g. hoTeo"i
(dandus)=Sk. ddtdvyas ; dereo^i (ponendus)=Sk. dhdtdvyas.
Note. "
In /3= origl.v, ^ovXofzat (I will),which
isolated exx.
sound instead of F.
Quite beside the ordinary rule find
o-"^=earlier sv in pron.
we
in Zend ; in Horn. ^77 (as) for *cr^, of. Goth, sve (as), the
initial s has been lost (G. Curt. p. 387).
Origl. V is said to be=/A in afiv6";(lamb) for *dFc-vo-"i,fr.
origl.avi-s, Gk. 0A-9 (sheep),and in other singleinstt. more or
vark (ship) = Sk. ndus, Lat. nauis ; d-v^p (man), st. i/ep-=Sk.and
origl.nar- ; ivveFa (nine), Lat. noiiem, Sk. and f.f. ndvan- ;
Origl.r=Gk. p, X,.
Gk. p= origl.r, e.g. in \/pv9 (be red), Sk. and origl.rudh;
suff. -po, Sk. and origl.-ra, both in i-pvO-p6-"i
(red) = Sk.
origl.par in
(fill), 7ro\v"i (many), Sk. purus for origl.parus,
(small):=Sk.
(fill);i-'kaxju^
Trtfju-ifXTj-fii, laghus; BoXt^os(long),
Sk. dlrghds, Zend daregho, origl.dargha-s ; oKa (whole) for
*oXFo";,Lat. sollus for *soluos, Sk. sdrva-s,etc.
Medial.
1. Assimilation.
6p"";-
sf. -vo; Aiol. ep^fjn (am)=*eo--yL6t 6pei,-v6"i,
; el-fil, represent
the double cons, by compensatory lengthening. Not unfre-
such assimilns.,
e.g. trepippvro'i for *7r"pi-"rpv-ro-";,
(sea-girt) ^pv " 68.
(flow,peF-(o)for *(Tpv,Sk. and origl.sru, Germ, stru (with serted
in-
fjL"i8^";
(freely
smiling) for *^tko-(TfieL-Zr}^,
^ ^il for *o-/4t,
Sk. and
not seldom in
(especially nom. sing,and where vr, vh, v9, were
originallyexistent)accompanied by compensatory lengthening
of precedg. vowels (cf." 28), in which cases, perh. not common,
fr. *7rev9-ao/jbai,
Trelaofiat
*(r7revS-aa), Ti6ei";fr. *rLdein-";,
'^api-ei^i
fr. {(fjipcov,
*')(apt-FevT-"i however, fr. *^"povT-^, v. " 28, 3 ;
takes place together with the loss of the former consonant, e.g.
118 GREEK. CONSONANTS.
=-*^ovF-o^, gen. fr. st. 701/7;- (knee); st. iroKkb- for *7rdkFo-, a
/3), '^ is produced in the same way, since Ky first became ry, as
SB, initial S, for By,yy, a sound which did not become By until
late, is likewise dialectic ; e.g. Boiot. Lak. Jew? for *Ayev"i
{Zev"i)
; Boiot. a^dBBto for *a(f)aB-y(o [a^d^oi,cut
fr. *a(^arf-y(o
found *Fep^Q)ace. to the rule, but this form seems to have been
Fpe^a),Boiot. which
Fpe8BQ)=^*Fpey-yQ), differs from *FepB-ya)
merely in transpositionfrom Fepy to Fpey. So also B fr. By is
epaw, Sipcra,
')(ep(ro"i(')("ppo(;), (6dppo"i),
6dp(T0"i iricjiavaac
(which
perh. is hardly authenticated), beside medial combinations, as
; Aiol.
6ppdrco=6p(TdT(o iyevvaro =^ i"y"ivaTo^=*i"yevaaTo
; Aiol.
cf. Lat.
*%6i/o--o9,
*%"z'-9, Sk. hd-sas, O.H.Gr. st. gansi-,
(h)ans-er,
Lith. 0. Bulg.
zqsl-s, gasi ; fiijv (month), Ion. Aiol. fiec^, gen.
in oppositionto
(sleep), som-ntis {*sop-nus).
Bef. labb. v notably passes into the lab. nasal /x (e.g.e/t-Tretpo?
for bef. gutt.
*ey-7ret/309), into the gutt. nasal 7 (e.g.avy-KaXeo)
for *aw-Ka\e(o), cf. " 66, 1.
Bef. ^ the dentt. t, S, ^, often pass into their spirants,e.g.
(smell),y/oh ; iB-fiev
(we know) bes. dr-fw^;,
; dpi6-fi6";,
t"r-[iev
and others,do
K"Kopv6-/j,ivo"i, not show the change to a:
known, e.g. hoy-pu, ^Bok ; re-rvy-puL, ^rxr^ ; yet ;n; often mains,
re-
e.g. This
BpaxjiT]. law was likewise incompletelyapplied
in the earlier dKax-p^vo"i.
(Ion.) langg.,e.g. tK-p,"vo"i,
Sometimes nasals seem to change preceding mom. sounds
Dor. dial.)r is changed to cr, e.g. ^"tI (he says), Dor. ^ri;
the -Tfc of 3rd pers. sing,is kept in ia-rl (he is); the abstracts in
-(n-"i for -Tt-9, e.g. in Hom.
"})d-(n"i, and tragg. ^a-rt? (speech);
(cookery,-y/TreTT,
7re\fn"i f.f. kak-ti-s
f.f. kaJc,cook) fr. *7r67r-Tt-9, ;
suff. 2/", Gk. -to, forming -^ya, with stems ending in t-, ta- (the
stem-termn. a of ifa being lost, which is regularlythe case bef.
suff. ya), Gk. -no, and hence -aio, e.g. fr. ttXovto-? (wealth) is
GREEK. CONSONANTS. 121
(n. sing,yepcov, old man) with sf. ya, Gk. la, makes "yepovria, and
by rule nOelaL
(v. supr.)(f"6pov"n, (Ion.),etc. Yet in Att. and
(tx^B-tj
*(r)(ih-ya), for and
\/o-'^lB,
(splinter), bes. -s/aKiBin(rKiS-vrj/j,c
cf. Lat.
(divide,scatter), scid in scindo, Goth, skid in skaida (cut),
Sk. lihid^i.e. origl.skid, in Jchi-nd-d-mi (slit) for
(sufier)
; Trda-^a
*7ra-"TKa) or -^/irain
perh. *'irav-(7Ka), ira-O (e-irad-ov),
and ire-v,
" 68. The nasals also seem to have this aspiratingeffect sometimes,
e.g. Boiot. -vdi for -irrt, 3 p. pi. act. vb. ; 6^^-ri(voice) for
*Fo[nr-7}fr. y/Feir, origl.vak (speak); e7%-09 (nt. spear) fr. y/uK
(be sharp),cf. uk-ovt- (ukcov,javelin).
Perh. p, \, are the cause of aspirationin Tpe^-w (nourish),
which thus by assumption may be for bes.
*Tep(f"o) repTrco (sate,
delight,cf. TepireaOaLiBrjTvo^),
Sk. tarp (be sated, delighted),
Lith. tarp-ti (thrive); ifKaB-avo'i, irkad-dvrj (flatcake), bes.
TrXaT-u? (broad),Lith. plat-As, etc., irXaT-T) (plate,oar- blade).
'
Concerning *
unorigl. aspiration, cf. Gr. Curt. Gr. Et.^ p.
439
sqq.
e. Mutual assimilation (complete or partial) of
cf.
*dr/-yo/j,ai, ay-to? (holy); fjui^cov,
/Mel^ojv
(greater),the latter
that {dy) passed next into ay, as n into ai (v. sup. c), and
ry
this ay into aa by rule (b), for in Dor. t remains before l ;
(preservedin a-fi^poTO^},
" 68. *fi^poTo"; and this for *fipo-TO";,
past
part, from y/mar, mra (mori),cf. Sk. mar-ta-s (a mortal, man,
Rigved. I. 84, 8, ace. to Kuhn, Beitr. iii. 236) ; the same cess
pro-
takes placein ySXtrreo(cut honey) for fr. *fi"\,LT-t/Q),
*/t/3\tTTG),
st. honey) ; ^XaxTKca (go, come)
fiekir- (/jbeXi, for fr.
*/t)8Xo)cr/cG)
\/fMo\ in fw\-elv,etc.
*fikQ)crK(o,
Note. "
In like cases,
TTToXt?, and bes. TroXt? (city),cf.
such
Sk. puram, ; 7rr6\"fAo";
purl, y/par (fill) (war), cf.
bes. '7r6X"fio"i
(brandish), and
Trekefjbi^Qi Lat. pello ; trriaafo (-peel)=^*7rTta-i/co
for "v/7rfc9=Lat.pis (pinso),Sk. pis,
*'7rt(Tt/(o, irr stands for tt
fiet^ov-,
greater).
h. Transposition, as in Odpa-o^bes. Opdao';,SiBopKa bes.
ehpaKov: it is not to ascertain which arrangement is here
easy
the primitiveone.
Note. Te-0vr}-Kabes. e-6av-ov, and the like, are
" primitive
deviations from root-fms,,and must not be treated according to
Gk. sound-laws. Cf. '
root- formation.'
k\v-6i^ orlgl.kru-dhi, etc. This change scarcely ever takes " 68.
etc.
case of e.g. tt, ^ ; accordingly the sound that ended the root
former only was admissible into the syll.of redupln., " hence
the aspp. are redupld. through their first element alone (%, i.e.
kh, through k; 0, i.e. th, through r; ^, i.e. ph, through tt) "
e.g. (set),
't-o-TTj-fit for sti-std-mi; je-ypa(})-a
i.e. *ai,-aTr}-fjLt (have
written)foT*yp"-ypa"j)-a (havebeen born) for *"^e-"^v-/ca
j iri-^v-Ka ;
126 GREEK. CONSONANTS.
(1 sing.),f.f. and Sk. dhhara-m, etc. More rarely it coalesced " 69.
with the precedg.vowel ; this is probably the reason why precdg.
a was lengthened,and hence also in the above lang. it remained
-sa-m, cf. Sk. d-dik-sam ; BeKa, cf. Lat. decern, Sk. ddgan-, etc.
"Where there are more than one consonn. of which s is the
(gen. eX/j,iv6-o";,
*e\fiiv0-"i intestine worm), ireipiv-'i
for *7reipivO-^
(gen. ireipcvO-o';,
hamper), a\9 (gen. a\-69, salt),
which end in
displeasingcombinations.
The well-known v is
i^eXtcvartKov no relic of an earlier state
does not appear, therefore, until the origl.t had already been
lost,and the feelingfor lang. had become accustomed to treat
the f.f. of this termn. is -masi, hence rose -mas, which is kept in
-fiev, e.g.
Sk. and origl.hhdrdmasi, hence Sk. hhdrdmas,
Gk. (Dor.) (pepofie^;, (fiip'ofie-v
*(f)"po/jb", (we must not think of a
=origl. gh.
k (written.c,q) remains always unchanged, but here and there
irevre; y/quo in quo-d (which), etc., origl.ka, cf. Gk. tto, earlier
in-clu-fus (famed),origl.
kru, cf. Gk. k\v ; y/scid in scindo (split),
" 71.
origl.skid, cf. Gk. a-x''^cams ',
(hound) for *cvan-is,origl.
kvan-s,
cf. Gk. Kvcdv, Kvv-6";;y/dic in deic-o,dlc-o (say),-dlc-us (saying),
origl.dik, cf. Gk. hiK in BeU-vufic
; decern (ten),origl.dakan, cf.
iVb^e 1. "
This is prob. the case also in gloria (glory) for
*cldria,*cJ6sia,a further fmn. of st. *cl6s- for *clouos-,*cleuos-
=Gk. KkeFa-, Sk. grdvas- (glory),Sclav, slaves- (n. ace. slow,
word), root origly.kru (hear),as Sk. gravas-ya- (famous),cravas-yd
(famousness, Kuhn, Zeitschr. iii. 398), yet the b is strange, for
we should have expected u, cf. in-iuria^^*ious-ia,fr. ious,ius, a
further fm. fr. *iouos,*ieuos.
Note 2. " The pronunciation of c bef. i became, as in other
langg., that of palat. ^ (perh. like Germ, k in kind) : the
preference for c before i, where another vowel follows,was the
stronger, because in these cases i was nearly the same as y, so
sap-io (taste of), sap-iens (wise), does not belong to sucus, Gk.
07r69 (sap),but to O.H.G. '\/sab(understand, pf. int-suab ; Mid.
H. pres. ent-sebe, pf.
G. cro(f)-6"i
(wise), aa(})-rj"i
ent-suop), Gk.
(intelligible,clear),with unorigl. asp. (v. supr. " 62, 3, n. 2) ;
saep)-io(hedge in),prae-saep-e (crib,stall),does not agree with
Gk. ar]Ko-'i even in root- vowel (Lat. ae=ai, Gk. 7;=a) ; trepit
(vertit; Paul. Ep., 367 ; Curt. Gr. Et.3 411) seems to be bor-
rowed
from Gk. rpeiret.
1. Origl.^=Lat. g, gv (gu),v.
Lat. ^=origl. g, e.g. ^/gen in gi-g(e)n-o
(beget),gen-us (race),
gna in gnd-tus (one bom, son), origl.gan, cf. Gk. 76^ ; ^gno in
gno-sco (learn),gnd-tus (known), origl.gna, transposed fr. gan,
cf. Gk. yvo in yi-yva-a-KOj ; genu (knee),cf. Gk. yow,
Sk. ganu,
Goth, kniu ; '\/agin ago (drive), origl.ag, pres. ag-dmi, Gk. 07
happens that Lat. v betw. vowels may be origl.g and gh, e.g.
^/u^g for *guig, cf. Germ, quick in uixi (;pf.)=*uig-si,
uic-tus
Note 1.
Jluxi,fluc-tus,con-flug-es(confluence),
"
bes. fluo, i.e.
*flou-o(flow),show indeed a further fmn. of y/fiuio flug, as Gk.
^Xv to "^\vy (" 71, 3 n.) ; we see, however, no ground for the
assumption that^MO, *flou-o,together Vfiih.fluu-ius(river),have
passed through fms. *Jlogu-o,*flugu-ium (Corss. Ausspr. etc., i.^
44). In this case the root-fm. is preserved without g.
Note 2. "
Cf. exx. cited under gh, " 73, 1, and sound-laws,
" 77, 1. a.
ing),-yStia
(presumption),-/9to9however gi, pres. gdy-dmi% 72. =Sk.
imitative sound.
Note 4. " c and g distinguishedin
were not earlier Lat. writing,
but prob. in the spoken lang. only.
Note 5. "
Bef. n we are now accustomed in pronunciation to
change Lat. g to
gutt. n, i.e. the g becomes assimild. to w, cording
ac-
2. Origl.c?=Lat. d, rarely /.
Lat. c?= origl.d, ^da in dd-tus (given),Sk. and origl.
e.g.
^da, cf. Gk. Bo ; \/dom in dom-are (tame), Sk. and origl.y/dam,
cf. Gk. Bafi-dco
; dom-us (house),Sk. and origl.dam-as, cf. Gk.
So/t-09
; dent-em (tooth,ace), Sk. and origl.ddnt-am, cf. Gk.
Sk.
(sit), and origl.sad, cf. Gk. eS, etc.
Lat. /= origl.d in initio,and, more rarely, medially bef.
vowels, e.g. lacrima (tear)fr. dacrima (Festus),cf. SuKpv,Goth.
tagr, O.H.G. zahar; leuir cf. Bdrjp-,
(father-in-law), st. Bdep-,for
*Baiep-,
*BatFep-(Ebel, Zeitschr. vii. 272), Sk. st. devdr-, n. sing.
134 LATIN. CONSONANTS.
" 72. devd,also a-st. devard-s, O.H.Q-. zeihhur, Lith. deveri-s (known
to me through the Dictionary only), 0. Bulg. deveri ; lingua
(tongue),earlier dingua, of. Goth, tuggo, Germ, tunge ; ol-ere
Note 1. " -f
may placed
represent any of the aspp^, and is
mainly in medially b occurs instead
initio ; of ./; yet rufu-s
(red), serofa (sow), Afer (African), sifilusand aifilare(Fr.
siffler,Zeitschr. xvi. 382) bes. usual sibilus (whistling,piping),
sibilare (to whistle, pipe),etc., with medial / betw. vowels, ac-
cording
longer felt.
Note 2. "
ch, th^ ph, are not Latin but Gk. sounds, which did
not come into use till a comparatively late period,and are yet
unknown in the earlier lang. Further details as regards the
history of these ways of spelling belong to the special gr.
of Lat.
1. Origl.^;^=Lat. g, gv (gu),v, h, f.
Lat, ^=origl. gh, e.g. y/ger, gra, in ger-men (bud),=Lith.
zel-mu, St. zel-men- (sprout),
grd-men origly.a
(grass), side-form
in snlg-ti
y/snig, (tosnow), sneg-a-s (snow), and Gk. (snow,
vi(f"-a
ace), vij"-"i(it snows) "
an origl.y/snigh as a basis, which is
to the V.
Note. "
Therefore g may represent both origl.gh and g ; in
such cases as mag-mis (great) bes. fj,ey-a"i, ego (I) bes. iyo)
(" 64, 1), we must not permit ourselves to determine that Lat.
" 73. since the correspondingGoth. fins, mik-ils^ik, show the unasp.
conson.
137
Note 1. "
No
origl.gh seems
ex. to be found.
of 5=
Note 2. The "
origl.'\Jghar (be green) is found also in fms.
2. Origl.rfA=Lat. dj, h.
referred to this root, as the similar roots also in Lat. are elsewh.
still used
practically as sufl"xes (e.g. laua-cru-m, ludi-cru-s,ala-
-cri-s,uolu-cri-s,cf. '\/]iar
(make) ; late-bra,fune-hri-s,of. ^Jhhar,
ferre,etc.). In uncompounded words '\ldha is in Lat. fa, fe ;
V. post.
with d, not dh, to which the S.- and N.-European langg. point;
fer-us,fer-a, fer-ox (wild),cf. Gk. Orjp,Orjp-iov
; fr-mus (fast),
fre-tus (trustingto),fre-num for-ma (shape),cf.
(bridle), Sk.
229 sqq.).
In rufus (red)= Goth, raud-s, f.f. rdudha-s, y/rudh, medial/
stands also for origl.dh, whilst ruh-er (red),ruh-igo (rust),are
regular,and show J for/ (v. supr. n. 1), but collateral raud-us
hence we find this root in Lat. as ntd, nif, rub (for rutilus,v. '
140 LATIN. CX)NSONANTS.
" 73. cf. ti-hi,Sk. tii-hhyam; in both langg. the initial m seems to
-hMyamy cf. " 3), a f.f. which diverged later into Sk. md-
origl. bh
-a-hhyams, -d-bhyams (v. *decl.'), has entirely dis-
appeared,
Note. "
In some exx. a Lat. tenuis stands apparently for an
asp. ; these are rutilus (fieryred) bes. Sk. y/rudh, Gk. pv6 ;
the above-named words also t and p are not = origl.dh, bk, Gk.
6, "f).ru-tilus (cf.fu-tilis,mu-tilus) seems to have sf. -tilo,and
to stand peculiarlyfor *rud-tilus,*rus-tilus (v. post.),like early
Lat. ad-gre-tus,e-gre-tus,for *-gred-tus,*-gres-tns(class,gressus,
yjgrad, gred, in grad-ior,step),pa-tior however is a later fmn.
fr. ^pa, which is otherwise formed in Gk. ira-O, irev-d {7rev6o";,
suffering,
grief); to the origl.existence of the shorter root-fm.
aspn., cf. supr. " 62, 3, n. 2. Thus latere alone remains plained
unex-
bes. instance,for
Xadeiv, a solitary which we must not try
to make good a consonantal change which is otherwise unknown.
LATIN. CONSONANTS. 141
Consonantal Prolonged-sounds.
(young man), cf. Sk. yiivan-,Goth, yuggs, Scl. yunii, Lith. yaiinas
(young) ; dio (say)for *ag-io, pres. fmn. in sf. origl.ya, y/ag,
origl.y/agh,cf. ad-dg-ium (saying),Sk. ah (say); mdior (greater)
fr. *mag-ior, comp. sf. -ior, earlier -ios,Gk. -lov, Sk. -yds, -lyds,
origl.-yan8 ; meio = *migio, i.e. *migh-ydmi, pres. fmn. in origl.
ya, etc.
Lat. "=origl. y after consonn., e.g. med-ius =.0x1^. and Sk.
*ia-yr]-T,Sk. syd-m,
*i"T-yr)-f/,, sijd-f,opt. pres. Vas (be); ca/^eo
for *cap-yd, i.e. *kap-yd-7ni,pres. in origl.^(2, etc.
" 74. after consonn. also,e.g. minor, minus for *min-ior, *min-ius,
(less),
origl.sf. -i/ans, compar.-fmn. ; ero, eris,erit,fr. *eso,*esis,*esit,
for *esyis,*esyit,f.f. as-yd-mi,as-ya-si,
*es]/o, as-ya-ti,pres.-fmn.
through ya of -^as,which expresses fut. meaning, cf. Sk. s-yd-mi,
8-yd-si,s-yd-ti,Gk. eaofiai for ; -bus sf. of dat. and
*ia-yo-fjuii,
abl. pi.origl.-bhyams, Sk. -bhyas, etc.
2. Origl.s=Lat. s, r.
Lith. -s, e.g. eqiio-s, origl.aJcva-s,Gk. tTTTro-?, Sk. dgva-s ; sf. -os,
Lat. were sounded -no (later-uu), fem. -ua, after most consonn.,
genua, (contiguous),'\/tag{tango];
etc.); con-tig-iio-s de-cid-uo-s
Not thus
unfreq.v disappearsentirely, e.g. se, si-hi (himself),
etc., for *sve, *svi-hi,
fr. st. origl.sva- ; te (thee),ti-hi (tothee),
for *tve, *tvi-bi,
cf. Sk. fva-m (n. sg.); for origl.initial sva-, so-
occurs regularly(v. supr. " 33) ; canis (hound) for *cvan-is, cf.
Kvcov, Sk. st. gvan, f.f. kvan- ; suadeo (recommend) for *suadveo,
Ifote. "
On the allegedchange o{ v to b in Lat. v. Corss. Krit.
Beitr., 157 sqq. Only in ferhiii,pf. fr. pres. ferueo (boil),v
after r and bef. u has become
(ox-stall) h ; buhile bes. houile
seems caused by the analogy
(ox-); opilio,upilio of hu-hulus
(shepherd),stand for *oui-pilio,cf. Pal-es, at-7roX-o";,
/3ou-7ro\-o?
(Corss.ib. 152 ; Krit. Nachtr., p. 180 sqq.).
"75. Nasals.
Lat., origl.n bef. gutt. consonn. becomes gutt., bef. labb. it be-
comes
ne-fas,etc., Sk. and origl.na; in-, Umbr. an-, Gk. dv-, Sk. and
origl.an- (neg. in composn.) ; \/nec in nec-are (kill),
noc-ere
did the nasal pass into the root, whereby arose yuhgdmi, rum-
origl.ahva-m, etc.
iVb^e. "
In tene-hme prob.for *tenes-brae,*temes-hrae,
(darkness),
\/tam in Sk. tdm-as (darkness),O.H.G. detn-ar (dawn), etc., n
Sk. laghii-s,
e-Xa'xy-fi, f.f.prd-na-s,
origl.raghu-s; ple-nu-s(full),
parall.fm. to par-na-s, Zend pereno, Sk. purnd-s, i.e. origl.
par-na-s, Goth., fullsfor *ful-na-s; sollus (whole,Fest.)for *soluo-s,
parall.fm. to sal-uo-s (whole),Gk. *6xFo^, Sk. and f.f. sdr-va-s;
Sketch Sound-
" 77. of some laws which are important for
Comparative Grammar.
Medial.
except that they are treated as well known, they are not at all,
or mentioned.
only briefly,
a. Complete assimiln. of foregoing to following
consonn. This occurs after long vowels, after which doubled
whilst after short vowels the doubling of the conson. is the dis-
tinctive
" 77. yjag, Sk. ah, origl.agli (say); me-io by dissimiln. (cf." 38) fr.
e.g. se (dj-iungo,pefrj-iero,
difsj-iudico,
trafnsj-icio,
etc.
Bef. /,X has died out in ie-la (web), which, however, can only " 77.
joeswrt the assimiln. has been kept,pesna stands for *pet-na (v.
Trer, Sk. j9o^ (%)" cf. prae-pet-es (aues; Fest.), O.H.G.
c), \/j9e^,
fed-ara,fed-ah, Gk. 'rrr-iXov,
irre-pov (feather,wing), etc.
Bef. m, s is lost in re-mus (oar),cf. tri-resmus (three-oared)
Col. Rostr.,res-mus stands for ; s is lost
*ref-mus, cf. i-per-fioq
without compensatory lengthening in Cd-mena for Cas-mena,
^/cas,cf. car-men, Sk. Vf^Sj f"^5(count, say).
Bef. n and m, s also becomes r. v. e.
corpor-is.
Bef. c?,s is lost in, e.g. m-dex for *ms-dex, l-dem for *U-dem,
Bef. s is lost,
J, also,^ e.g. tene-brae for tenes-brae,
and the like ;
V. post.
Bef. c^,r is lost with compensat. lengthening in ped-o,pod-ex,
bes. Sk. y/pard, O.H.G.
TrepB-G), farz, Lith. perd (1 sg. pres.
jt?^rc?s
u *perd-yu)
= .
sum, etc.
*
burnt'); cf. terra (dry land) for *ters-a.
consonn.
fr. cf
*parc-tiis, . parc-o ; thus also wrs?^ for *urfisus fr. *urctus,
in-uitus fr. *in-uic- (i)-tus, y/uic^ uec, Gk. Fck Sk. tag,
(e/c-coi/),
i.e. I'aA; (will): in-ul-tare fr. *in-uic-(i)-tare,
y/uic, uec, uoc
-tama-s, retained in is
op-timiis) assiraild. to s in -is-simus=-
for cf.
*ag-tics, scrip-tus,scrip"-si,
mute; e.g. ac-tus ag-o ;
for *scrib-tus,*scrib-si,cf. scrih-o,etc. ; in uec-tus bes. ueh-o,
become c?.
xiv. 222, XV. 238. On the other hand, Cors. Krit. N. p. 186 sqq.
LATIN. CONSONANTS. 153
{figo)
; noara, i.e.*nocsa, for *noc-ta etc.,bes.
{noc-eo), ac-tus [ag-o),
and many
iuji-n-g-o),
fic-tu-s{\/fig others with retained t.
change the mute s into sonant r. The same process takes place,
e.g. in Germ, also {war, wdren, for was, wdsen, ^icas, cf.
ge-ices-en, etc.),and in Sk. So, e.g. in gener-is(genus)for old
*
Lat. genes-OS ; maiores fr. *maioses; erat fr. *esat, y/es, etc.;
154 LATIN. CONSONANTS.
but rarely,e.g. nasus, cf. Sk. nas, Scl. wosii,etc., miser, uasa,
kind of assimiln.,
in that sonant consonn. become thereby similar
to the surrounding vowels, and are swallowed up by them, so
case is the loss of y and "?, as moneo, mones, fr. *moneyo, *moneyis,
vas-antd-s 0. Bulg.
(spring), ves-na ; uls, uim, bes. uires,tiirium,
st. uisi-,uiri- ; prob. through analogy fr. origl.*divas- arose a
betw. vowels, cf. " 39, 2; " 77, a, sub fin. ; on loss of h, cf. " 73, 1.
before follg.
t,"?, t,change into s (asin Zend, Gk., Scl.-Germ.),
156 LATIN. CONSONANTS.
=iTac?, etc.
Bef. /, s has disappearedin fallere(deceive)bes. a-(f"dX\etv,
fungus (id.)bes. o-(^07709,
funda (sling)
bes. a^evhovrj,
fides(lyre)
bes. a-^lSr);
on loss of s hef.p,v.
the conjectured Corss. Krit. B. 457.
sirpeus\T\i^ "
), sirpea,m-piculus,-la, (junket),sirpare (bind),
bes. scirpus (withe),scirpeus,
scirpea,etc.,cf. O.H.G. scilaf,
sciluf,
N.H.G. schilf,and perh, in some others (Corss.Krit. B. 31
in
certainty this branch, because we are confined to a few examples.
It is well known that it was not till historic times that men
simplified
gn into n, as e.g. in no-sco, no-tus, no-men^ fr. older
(nosse: cf. yi-'yvoxTKco, Sk. gna, Germ, kan and kna^ etc.):
LATIN. CONSONANTS. 157
nd-tus for earlier gnd-(us, preserved in co-gnd-tus,y/gna ir. gan " 78.
cf. gen-us.
(gignere), The same sound-law, by which an initial
gutt.+ w becomes n, occurs also in Eng. : the old initials gn, kn,
are still noticeablywritten in Eng. of this day, in words like
is not quiteclear.
As siiduis for *suadim (" 77, 1, a), so uigintifor *duiginti,
cf.
Gk. too in
{eiKoat), Kelt. (Erse fiche,ficliet,
i.e. uiginti),
in
conson.
(Corss.Krit. N. p. 142).
Even the favourite initial sound gu appears simplified
to u in
interrog.
pronn., e.g. in u-bi for *cu-bi or *quo-bi,kept in compd.
of. IJmbr. pufe (j9=Lat. c) ; u-nde
ali'CU-bi, for* cu-nde, kept in
and
*ferent-s, so in such cases (but noubs, nouds, for *noiions,
in these cases where they stand for rts, Us, nts, i.e. when s alone
we find to be the case in Umbr. also. This fact proves that in " 79.
earlier times (and later also in the unfonned branch of the
time the poets were wont to neglect final s bef. initial sonn.,
con-
st.,which in the older lang. still shows the s here and there,
e.g. heis, magistreis,etc., bes. hei, magistrei; a later fm., as hi,
magistri,was the one afterwards exclusivelyfixed upon; the
same process takes place in gen. sg. fem. of a-stems, e.g. suaes,
dimidiaes, later ae only is found, etc.
Through evaporationof the vowel of the last syll.s after r is
272).
Origl.final t had in earlier Lat. a weak sound, like a scarcely
audible d; accordingly it is freq. omitted in writing, e.g.
patre (Epit.Scip.Barb.) bes. Gnahiod, etc. In classical Lat. d
Lat. only, but was not written in class. Lat., e.g. eqitb-d,equo
=origl. aJcvd-t,Sk. dgva-t ; in termn. -to of imper. t has wise
like-
loss, and thus remains in class. Lat., whilst archaic Lat. does
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CONTENTS.
FAOB
Triibner's Oriental Series 3
Archsology, Ethnography,Geography, History,Law, Literature,
Namismatics,
and Travels 8
Comparative Thilology(Polyglots) 30
European Languages 72
Non-European Languages S3
Keligionsof the East 23
LANGUAGE INDEX.
Accad " V. Assyrian 38 Italian 97
.
Albanian 72 Kabail 51
, ,
American Languages ..
35 Kanarese 61
...
Anglo-Saxon ,
7-2 Kayathi ,
51
Arabic 36 Keltic 98
Aramaic 37 Konkani 51
Assamese 38 Latin 99
Assyrian ,
38 Libyan 52
Australasian Languages... 39 Mahratta (Marathi) 52
Aztek" V. American Lang. 35 52
Babylonian v. Assyrian " 38 Malay 52
Basque 73 Malayalim 53
Bengali 39 Maori 53
Bihari 39 Oriya "
V. Uriya 71
Brahoe (Brakui) 40 Pali 53
Braj Bhak" " p. Hindi ...
48 Panjabi 55
Burmese 40 Pazand 65
Celtic " V. Keltic 98 Peguan 55
Chaldaic " v. Assyrian ...
38 Pehlvi 55
Chinese 40 PennsylvaniaDutch 66
Choctaw "
V. American ...
35 Persian 57
Coptic " V. Egyptian 45 Pidgin-English 58
Corean 45 Polish 99
Cornish "
v. Keltic 98 Portuguese 99
Cree ) "
v. American Lan- 35 Prakrit 58
Creole \ guages 35 Pukshto (Pakkhto,Pashto) 58
Cuneiform "
1". Assyrian... 38 Quichua" v. American ...
35
Danish 73 Roumanian 100
Dano- Norwegian 73 Russian 100
Dutch 73 Samaritan 59
.. ...
Egyptian 45 Samoan 59
English 73 Sanskrit 59
French 90 Serbian 101
Frisian 93 Shan ...
68
Gaelic " v. Keltic 98 Sindhi 69
Gaudian 46 Sinhalese 69
German 93 Spanish 101
Gipsy 95 Suahili 69
Gothic .. ..
95 Swedish 102
Greek 95 Syriac 69
Gujarati 46 Tamil 70
Gurmukhi " v. Panjabi 65 Technical Dictionaries ...
102
...
Hawaiian... 47 Telugu 70
Hebrew ,. ...
47 Tibetan 70
Hidatsa "
v. American 35 Turki 71
...
Hindustani 49 Umbrian 71
,. ...
co-operationof the Author, by James Ballingal. pp. xxiv.-230, 1882. 7s. Qd.
Linguistic Essays. By Carl Abel, Ph. Dr. pp. viii.-266. 1882. 9s.
Contents. "
Lanfruage as the Expression of National Modes of Thought The "
Conception of
Love in some Ancient and Modern Language?" The English Verbs of Command" The nation
discrimi-
of Synonyms "
Philological Methods- The Connection between Dictionary and Grammar
" The Possibility of a Common Literary Language for the S"lave Nations "
Coptic Intensification
" The Origin of Language" Tae Order and Position of Words in the Latin Sentence.
The Life of the Buddha and the Eablt Histoet of his Oedee;
From Tibetan Works in the Bkah-hgyur and Bstan-hgyur. "With notices on
Essays. From Original and for the most part Unpublished Documents. By T.
DuKA, M.D., F.R.C.S. (Eng.), Surgeon-Major H.M.'s Bengal Medical Service,
Retired, etc. pp. xii.-234. 1885. 9".
Ancient Peoveeus and Maxims feom Buemese Soueces ; or, the Niti
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Reprinted for the Straits Branch of the R, Asiatic Society, from the
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Malayan Miscellanies." Second series. 2 vols. viii. and 307, and 313.
pp.
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Folk Tales of
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Western Asia, from the 13th to the 17th Century. ByE. Bretschnbider, M.D.
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pp.
324, and x.
and 352, with two Maps. 1888. 21s.
Alberuni's India : an
Account of the Religion, Philosophy, ture,
Litera-
A.D. 1000. Translated from the Arabic by Dr. Edward C. Sachau, Ph.D.,
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431. 1888. "1 16s.
This work is also published in the Arabic original. One vol. 4to. cloth. "3 3s.
See Sachau, p.
20.
The Life op
Hiuen Tsiang. By the Shamans Hwui Li and Yen-
IN PREPARATION.
Rapson, M.A.
Linguistic Publications of Truhner ^ Co.y
Archaeology,
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Abel. "
Slavic and. Latin. Ilchester Lectures on Comparative Lexico-
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Delivered at the Taylor Institution,Oxford.
. By Carl Abel, Ph.D.
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Arnold. "
Indian Idylls. From the Sanskrit of the Mahabharata. B}- Sir
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Arnold. "
Indian Poetry. See Triibner's Oriental Series, page 4.
Arnold. "
Pearls of the Faith. See page 23.
Arnold. "
India Eevisited. By Sir Edwin Arnold, M.A., K.C.I.E.,
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the "
etc. With Thirty-two Full-page trations
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1886. 7s. 6c?.
Arnold. "
The Song Celestial. See page 59.
Arnold. "
The Secret of Death. See page 59.
Arnold. "
Loirs and Jewel. Containing "
In an Indian Temple,"
"A Casket of Gems," "
A Queen's Revenge." "With other Poems. By Sir E.
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A Manual of Jurisprudence for Forest Officers.
Badley. "
Indian Missionary Record and Memorial Volume. By
the Hev. B. H. Badley, of the American Methodist Mission. New Edition.
Svo. cloth. \ln Preparation.']
Balfour. The Divine Classic of Kan-Hua. See 40.
"
page
Balfour. "
Taoist Texts. See page 23.
BaUantyne. "
Sankhya Aphorisms of Kapila. See Triibner's Oriental
Series, p. 6.
Beal." See 6, 23 and 24.
pages
57 and 59, Ludgate Hill, London, E, C. 9
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Feom the Indus to the Tigris: Journey through Balochistan,
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Kashmir and Kashgar. A xiarrative of the Journey of the
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Beveridge. "
The District of Bakaeganj ; its History and Statistics.
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Bhandarkar. "
Early History of the Dekkan, Down to the Ma-
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Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh. By Major J. Biddulph,
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Bleek. "
Reynard the Fox in South Africa ; or, Hottentot Fables
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Bretschneider. "
On the Knowledge Possessed by the Ancient
Chinese of the Arabs and Arabian Colonies, and other Western tries
Coun-
mentioned in Chinese Books. By E. Bretschneider, M.D. Physiciaa
,
to the Russian Legation at Peking. Svo. pp. 28, sewed. 1871. Is.
Bretschneider. "
Arch^ological and Historical Researches on
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Bretschneider. "
See "
Triibner's Oriental Series,"page 7.
Budge. "
Assyrian Texts. See p. 38.
Budge. "
History of Esarhaddon. See Triibner's Oriental Series,p. 4.
2
10 LinguisticPublications of Trubner 8f Co.,
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Eleven Land-Grants of the Chattlttktas of AnhilvId.
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Aech^ological Survey of SotrTHERN India. Vol. I. The
Buddhist Stupas of
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Epij?rapbiaIndica and Record of the ArchaeologicalSurvey
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Shropshire Folk-Lore. A Sheaf of Gleanings. Edited by
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Elements of South Indian Paleography. From the
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General Principles of the Structure of Language. By
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CampteU. "
The Gospel of St. Matthew in Formosan. (Sinkang
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12 LinguisticPublications of Truhner ^ Co.,
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Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal. By Col. E. T. Dalton,
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Fornander. An "
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Parthian Coinage. See "
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The Folk-Songs of Southerx India. By Chables E. Gover,
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Bihar Peasant Life ; being a Discursive Catalogue of the
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The Bajas of the Pttnjab. History of the Principal States
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The Mikado's Empire. Book I. History of Japan from
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Coinage of Ltdia and Persia. See "Numismata Orientalia."
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Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time.
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A Compendium of the Castes and Tribes Found in India.
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Sinin-I-Islam. Being a Sketch of the History and
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History of Indigenous Education in the Panjab sincb
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Life and Travel in India. Being Recollections of a
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Eastern Proverbs and Emblems. See page 4.
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Choson: the Land of the Morning Calm. A Sketch of
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Chaldean Magic; its Origin and Development. By
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Beal. "
Dhammapada. See "
Triibner's Oriental Series," page 3.
Bigandet. "
Gaudama. See "
Triibner's Oriental Series,"page 4.
Buhler. "
Three New Edicts op Asoka. By G. BUhlee. 16mo.
sewed, with Two Facsimiles. 2s. 6d.
CMlders. "
A Pali-English Dictionary, with Sanskrit Equivalents,
and numerous Quotations, Extracts, and References. Compiled by the late Prof.
R. C. Childers, late of the Ceylon C. S. Imperial 8vo., double columns, pp.
xxii. and 622, cloth. 1875. "3 3s. The first Pali Dictionary ever published.
Childers. "
The Mahaparinibbanasutta of the Sutta-Pitaka. The
Pali Text. Edited by the late Professor R. C. Childers. Svo. cloth,pp. 72. 5s.
54 Linguistic Publications of Trilbner " Co.,
Childers. "
On Sandhi in Pali. By the late Prof. R C. Childees.
8vo. sewed, pp. 22. Is,
Davids. " SIgiei, the Lion Rock, near Pulastipitea,and the 39th
Chapteu of the Mahavamsa. By T. W.Rhys Davids. Bvo. pp. 30. Is. 6d.
Dickson. "
The Patimokkha, being the Buddhist Office of the fession
Con-
of Priests. The Pali Text, with a Translation, and Notes, by J. F.
Dickson. 8vo. sd., pp. 69. 2".
FausboU. "
JlTAKA. See under JItaka.
FausboU. "
The Dasaeatha-Jataka, being the Buddhist Story of King
R"ma. The originalPali Text, with a Translation and Notes by V. Fausboll.
8vo. sewed, pp. iv. and 48. 2s. 6d,
Fausboll. "
Five JItakas, containing a Fairy Tale, a Comical Story,
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Ten Jatakas. The Original Pali Text, with a Translation
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Fryer. "
^Yxjttodata. (Exposition of Metre.) By Sanghaeakkhita
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Haas. "
Cataxogue of Sanskeit and Pali Books in the Libeaey of
mipration before he was born as Gotama. The great antiquity of this work is authenticated
by its forming part of the sacred canon of the Southern Buddhists, which was finally settled at
the last Council in 24C B.C. The collection has long been known as a storehouse of ancient
fables, and as the most original attainable source to which almost the whole of this kind of
literature, from the Panchatantra and Pilpay's fables down to the nursery stories of the present
day, is traceable ; and it has been considered desirable, in the interest of Buddhistic studies as
"well as for more general literary purposes, that an edition and translation of the complete
work should be prepared. The present publication is intended to supply this want. " Athenwum.
Dlason. "
The Pali Text of Kachchayano's Grammar, with English
Annotations. By Mason, D.D. The Text Francis
Aphorisms, 1 to 673. I.
MinayeflF. "
Grammaire Palie. Esqnisse d'une Phonetique et d'tine
Morphologie de la Langue Palie. Traduite du Russe par St. Guyard. By
J. MiNAYEFF. 8vo. pp. 128. Paris, 1874. 8s.
Miiller. "
Simplified Grammar of the Pali Language. By E. Mullee,
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Senart. "
Kaccayana et la Litte:ratt7re Grammaticale dtj Pali.
Jre Partie. Grammaire Palie de Kaccayana, Sutras et Commentaire, publies
avec une traduction et des notes par E. Senakt. 8vo. pp. 338. Paris, 1871.
12*.
PANJABI.
Adi Granth (The) ; or, The Holy Scriptures op the Sikhs, lated
trans-
from the originalGurmuki, with Introductory Essays, by Dr. Ernest
Trumpp, Munich. Roy. 8vo. pp. 866, cloth. "2 12s. M.
Singh. "
Sakhee Book ; or, The Description of Gooroo Gobind Singh's
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after-
into English. By Sirdar Attar Singh, Chief of Bhadour. With the
author's photograph. 8vo. pp. xviii. and 205. 15s.
Tisdall. "
A Simplified Grammar and Reading Book of the PanjabI
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PAZAND.
Maino-i-Khard (The Book of the). " The Pazand and Sanskrit
Texts (in Roman characters) as arranged by Neriosengh Dhaval, in the
fifteenth century. With English translation, a Glossary of the
an Pazand
texts, containing the Sanskrit, Rosian, and Pahlavi equivalents, a sketch of
Pazand Grammar, and an Introduction. By E. "W". West. 8vo. sewed, pp.
484. 1871. 16s.
PEGUAN.
Haswell. "
Grammatical Notes and Yocabulary op the Peguan
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Ha8W"LL. 8vo. pp. xvi. and 160. 15s.
PEHLEWI.
Hang. "
An Old Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary. Ed., with Alphabetical
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Malwa. Rev. and Enl., with Intro. Essay on the Pahlavi Language, by M. Haug,
Ph.D. Pub. by order of Gov. of Bombay. 8vo. pp. xvL 152,268,8d. 1870. 28".
66 Linguistic PuhUcations of Tr'uhmr " Co.,
Hang. "
A Lecture on an Originax Speech of Zoroaster (Yasna 45)^
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Bombay, 1865. 2".
Hang. "
The Parsis. See '* Triibner's Oriental Series," page 3.
Hang. "
An Old Zand-Pahlati Glossary. Edited in the Original
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the Parsis in Malwa, India. Rev. with Kotes and Intro, by Martin Haug.
Ph.D. Publ. by order of Gov. of Bombay. 8vo. sewed, Ivi. and 132. 15s
pp.
Hang. "
The Book of Arda Yiraf. The Pahlavi text prepared by
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Snnjana. "
A Grammar of the Pahlvi Language, with Quotations
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Principal of Sir-Jamsetjee Jejeeboy Zurthosi Madressa. 8vo.cl., pp. 18-457.
25 1.
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Early Sassanian Inscbiptions, Seals and Coins, illustrating
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Thomas. "
Comments on Kecent Pehlvi Decipherments. "With an
West. "
Glossary and Index of the Pahlavi Texts of the Book op
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extracts from the Din-Kard and Nirangistan ; prepared from Destur Hoshangji
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Haug, Ph.D. Published by order of the Government of Bombay. 8vo. sewed,
viii. and 352. 25s.
pp.
PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH.
Haldeman. "
Pennsylvania Dutch : a Dialect of South Germany
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Com-
PERSIAN.
Ballantyne. "
Principles of Persian CALiGRArHY, illustrated by
Lithographic Plates of the TA"LIK characters, the one usually employed ia
writing the Persian and the Hindustani. Second edition. Prepared for the
use of the Scottish Naval and MilitaryAcademy, by James R. Ballantyne.
4to. cloth, pp. 14, 6 plates. 2s. (id.
Blocllinaim. "
The Prosody of the Persians, according to Saifi,Jami,
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Madrasah. 8vo. sewed, pp. 166. 10s. 6^.
Slochmann. " A Treatise on the Ruba'i entitled Eisalah i Taranah.
By Agha Ahmad 'All With an Introduction and Explanatory Notes, by H.
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The Persian Metres by Saifi, and a Treatise on Persian
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pp. 62. 3s. "d.
Eastwick. "
The Guiisxan. See " Triibner's Oriental Series,"page 4.
Finn. "
Persian for Travellers By A. Finn, H.B.M. Consul at
Eesht. Parti. Rudiments of Grammar. Part II. English-PersianVocabulary.
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Griffith. "
YusuF and Zulaikha. See "Triibner's Oriental Series,"p. 5.
Gulshan-i-Raz. "
The Dialogue of the Gxjlshan-i-Raz ; or, Mystical
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Hdfiz of Shi'raz. " Selections from his Poems. Translated from the
Persian by Herman Bicknell. With Preface by A. S. Bicknell. Demy
4to. pp. XX. and 384, printed on fine stout plate-paper, with appropriate
,
Mirkhond. "
The History of the AtAbeks of Syria and Persia.
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W. H. MoRLEY, Barrister-at-law, M.R.A.S. To which is added a Series
of Facsimiles of the Coins struck by the At".beks, arranged and described
by W. S. W. Vaux, M.A., M.R.A.S. Roy, 8vo. cloth, 7 Plates, pp. 118.
1848. 7s. 6rf.
Morley. "
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Historical Manuscripts in
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8vo. pp. viii. and 160, sewed. London, 1854. 2s. "d.
Palmer. "
The Song of the Reed. See page 37.
Palmer. "
A Concise Persian-English Dictionary By E. H.
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5
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Palmer. "
A Concise English-Persian Dictionary. Together with
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Stkange. Royal 16mo. pp. xii. and 546, cloth. 1883. 10s. 6d.
Palmer. Simplified
"
Persian Grammar. By E. H. Palmer, M.A.
Crown 8vo. pp. viii.-104, cloth. 1885. 5".
Redhouse. "
The Mesnevi. See "
Triibner's Oriental Series," page 4.
Whinfield. "
Gulshan-i-Raz ; The Mystic Rose Garden of Sa'd ud
din Mahmud Shabistani. The Persian Text, with an English Translation and
Notes, chieflyfrom the Commentary of Muhammed Bin Yahya Lahiji. By
E. H. Whinfield, M.A., late of H.M.B.C.S. 4to. xvi., 94, 60, cloth.
pp.
1880. 10.?. 6rf
PIDGIN-ENGLISH.
Leland. "
Pidgin-English Sing-Song ; or Songs and Stories in the
China-English Dialect. With a Vocabulary. By Charles G. Leland. Fcap.
8vo. cl.,pp. viii. and 140. 1876. 5s.
PRAKRIT.
Cowell. "
A SHORT Introduction to the Ordinary Prakrit of the
Cowell. "
Prakrita-Prakasa ; or, 'J'he Prakrit Grammar of Varanichi,
with of the
; the
the (Manorama) Commentary of Bhamaha first complete Edition
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Bellew. A Dictionary
" of the Pukkhto, or Pukshto Language, on a
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By H. W. Bellew, Assistant Surgeon, Bengal Army. Super-royal 8vo.
pp. xii. and 356, cloth. 42s.
Plowden. "
Translation Afghani, the Text Book
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and Explanatory. By Trevor Chichele Plowden, Captain H.M. Bengal
Infantry, and Assistant Commissioner, Panjab. Small 4to. cloth, pp. xx. and
395 and ix. With Map. Lahore, IS75. "2 10*.
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Arnold. " The Iliad and Odysset of India. By Sir Edwiw Abnold^
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Ballantyne. "
Sankhya Aphorisms of Kapila. See page 6,
Ballantyne. "
First Lessons in Sanskrit Graitmar; together with an
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LL.D., Librarian of the India OflSce. Svo. pp. viii.and 110, cloth. 1884. 3s. 6rf.
Ixix.) 4s.
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15. BiiAVABHiyTi's Malati-Madhava. "With the Commentary of
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24. Kadambaei. Edited by Petee Peteeson. 8vo. sd. 1883. 12". 6"?.
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A Compajviox to the SANSKRiT-EEABiifG Undergrabuates
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pp. 64. 3s. 6rf.
Borooah. "
A Practical English-Sanskrit Dictionary. By Anttn-
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581 to 1060. With Supplementary Treatise
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"1 \ls.6d. each.
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Bhayabhiiti and his Place in Sanskrit Literaxure. By
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pp.
Brhat-Sanhita (The). "
See under Kern.
Brown. "
Sanskrit Prosody and I^fmeetcal Symbols Explained. By
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fessor
of Telugu in the University of London. Demy 8vo. pp. 64, cloth. 3*'. 6d.
Bnmell. "
Riktantratyakarana. A Prati9akhya of the Samaveda.
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Burnell. "
A Classified Index to the Sanskrit MSS. in the Palace at
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In 4to. Part I. pp. iv. and 80, stitched,stiflf wrapper. Vedic and Technical
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Burnell. "
DAYADA9AgL0Ki. Ten Slokas in Sanskrit, with English;
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Burnell. "
On the Aindra School of Sanskrit Grahjiarians. Their
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Burnell. "
The Sam avid hanabrahmaka (being the Third Brahmana)
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The jAiMiNlrA Text of the ArsheyabeIhmana of the
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Clark. "
Meghaduta, the Cloud Messenger. Poem of Kalidasa.
Translated by the late Rev. Thomas Clark, M.A. Feap. 8vo. pp. 64,
wrapper. 1882 Is.
Colebrooke. "
The Life and Miscellaneous Essays of Henry Thomas
Colebrooke. Seepage 11.
Cowell. "
Sarva Darsana Samgraha. See page 5.
Da Cunha. "
The Sahyadri Khanda op the Skanda Purana ; a
Davies. "
Hindu Philosophy. See pages 4 and 5.
Savies. "
Bhagavad Gita. See **
Triibner's Oriental Series," page 5.
Dutt. "
Kings of KIshmira : being a Translation of the Sanskrita "Work
Rajataranggini of Kahlana Pandita. By J. Ch. Dutt. 12mo. paper, pp. v. 302,
and xxiii. 4s.
Edgren. "
A Compendious Sanskrit Grammar. With a brief Sketch
of Scenic Prakrit. By H. Edgren, Ph.D., Professor of Sanskrit in the
Universityof Nebraska, U.S.A. Crown 8vo. pp. xii. " 178, cloth. 1885. 10s. 6d.
Gautama. "
The Institutes op Gautama. See Auctores Sanscriti.
Goldstiicker. "
A Dictionary, Sanskrit and English, extended and
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Dictionary of Professor H. H. Wilson,
with his sanction and concurrence. Together with a Supplement, Grammatical
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Theodok GoLDSxiicKER. Parts I. to VI. 4to. pp. 400. 1856-1863. 6s. each
64 Linguistic Publications of Triibner " Co.
Goldstucker. "
Panini : His Place in Sanskrit Literature. An tigation
Inves-
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a study of his Work. A separate impression of the Preface to the Facsimile of
MS. No. 17 in the Library of Her Majesty's Home Government for India,
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of KuMAiuLA-SwAMiN. By Theodor GoLDSTiicKER. Imperial 8vo. pp.
268, cloth. "2 2s.
Gongh. "
Philosopht of the Upanishads. See page 5.
Griffith. "
Scenes from the Ramatana, Meghaduta, etc. Translated
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Edition. '
Crown 8vo. pp. xviii., 244, cloth. 6s.
Contents. " Preface "
Ayodhya "
Ravaii Doomed" The Birth of Rama "
The Heir apparent "
Rama's Despair " The Messenger Cloud " Khumbakarna " The Suppliant Dove " True Glory "
Griffith. "
The EImIyan of Yalmi'ki. Translated into English verse.
Demy 8vo. cloth. Vol. I.,pp. xxxii. 440. 1870. II., pp. 504. III., pp. v.
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KAlidIsa's Birth of the War God. See page 3.
Haas. "
Catalogue of Sanskrit and Pali Books in the Library of the
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Haug. "
The Aitareta Bhahmanam of the Rig Veda : containing the
Earliest Speculationsof the Brahmans on the meaning of the Sacrificial Prayers,
and on the Origin, Performance, and Sense of the Rites of the Vedic Religion.
Edited, Translated, and Explained by Martin Haug, Ph.D.. 2 vols. Cr. 8vo.
Map of the Sacrificial Compound at the Soma Sacrifice, pp. 312 and 544. "2 2".
Hunter. "
Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts (Buddhist) Collected
in Hodgson,
Nepal by B. H. late Resident at the Court of Nep"l. Compiled
from Lists
Calcutta, France, and in England. By Sir W. W. Hunter,
K.S.S.F., LL.D., "c. 8vo. pp. 28, wrapper. 1880. 2s.
Jacob. "
Hindu Pantheism. See "
Triibner's Oriental Series," p. 4.
Jaiminiya-Nyaya-Mala-Vistara. "
See under Auctores Sanscriti.
Kasika. "
A Commentary on Panini's Grammatical Aphorisms. By
Pandit Jayaditya. Edited by Pandit Bala Sastr}, Prof. Sansk. Coll.,
Benares. First part, 8vo. pp. 490. Part II. pp. 474. 16s. each part.
Kern. "
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Kern, Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Leyden. Part I. 8va. pp. 50,
stitched. Parts 2 and 3pp. 51-154. Part4 pp. 155-210. Part 5 pp. 211-266.
Part 6 pp. 267-330. Price 2s. each part. \^Willbe completed in Nine Parts.
Kielhorn. "
A Grammar of the Sanskrit Language. By F. Kielhorn,
Kielhorn. "
Katyayana and Patanjali. Their Relation to each other
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64. 1876. 35. 6d.
pp.
57 and 59, Ludgate Hilly London, B.C. 65
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Tkaxslated I^"To HiifDr for Madan Mohun Bhatt, by
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Mandlik. "
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Mandlik. 2 vols, in one. Roy. 8vo. Text 177, and Transl. pp. Ixxxvii. and
pp.
532. Bombay, 1880. "3.
Professor of Oriental Languages at the College of the Hon. the East India
Company, Haileybury, Third Edition. 4to. cloth, pp. xx, and 180. 1867.
lOs. 6d.
Muir. "
TuAjfSLATioNS from Sanskrit Writers. See page 3.
Muir. "
Original Sanskeit Texts, on the History of the People of
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principtd Indian Deities. Second Edition, pp. xvi. and 524. 1873. 21s.
V. The Cosmogony, Mythology, Religious Ideas, Life and Manners of the
Indians in the Yedic Age. Third Edition, xvi. 492. 1884. 21s.
pp.
ITalopakhyanam. "
Stoey of Naxa ; an Episode of the Maha-Bharata.
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Eev. H. H. MiLMAN, D.D. Svo. cloth. lo".
Oppert. "
List of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Private Libraries of
Southern India. Compiled, Arranged, and Indexed, by Gustav Oppert,
Ph.D. Vol. I. Eoyal 8vo. cloth, pp. 620. 1880. 21".
Oppert. "
On the Weapons, Aemt Oeganization, and Politioai, Maxims
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Patanjali. "
The Ytakaeana-Mahabhashta of Patanjali. Edited
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Peterson. "
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from the Original Sanskrit "
The Mrichchakati, or the Toy Cart " Vikramaand
Urvasi, or the Hero and the Nymph" Uttara R5nia Chantra, or continuation of
the History of RSma. Vol. II. " Dramas translated from the Original Sanskrit"
MalSti and MSdhava, or the Stolen Marriage "
MudrS Rakshasa, or the Signet of
the Jlinister " Ratn"valf, or the Necklace "
Appendix, containing short accounts of
different Dramas.
Wilson. "
A Dictionary in Sanskrit and English. Translated,
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and enlarged from an
for the College of Fort William by H. H. Wilson. The Third Edition edited
Wilson. See also Megha Duta, 65, Eig-Veda, p. 27, and Yishnu-
"
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Puranti, p. 29.
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Gushing'. "
Elementaiy Handbook of the Shan Language. By the
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Gushing. "
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Demy Svo. cloth, pp. xvi. and 600. 1881. '"1 Is. 6d.
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Steele. "
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Dictionary op the Suahili Language. By the Rev. Dr. L.
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8vo. pp. 122, cloth. 7s. "d.
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