Operations in Jammu and Kashmir: Rohit Singh
Operations in Jammu and Kashmir: Rohit Singh
Operations in Jammu and Kashmir: Rohit Singh
General
At the time of Independence, Jammu and Kashmir with a geographical area of
SQ KM WAS THE LARGEST 0RINCELY 3TATE OF )NDIA "UT THIS LARGE AREA WAS
inhabited with only 39 towns and 8903 villages. The total population in 1947 was
ESTIMATED AT ABOUT MILLION 4HE DENSITY OF POPULATION WAS PERSONS PER SQ
km. The main mountain ranges, viz, the Karakoram, Great Himalayas and the Pir
Panjal divide the state into three distinct geographical regions: Jammu and the
outer hills; the valley of Kashmir and the high mountainous regions of the North.2
Demography
Demographically, the outer hills of Jammu region were occupied by a race
of warlike and sturdy Rajputs who were both Hindus and Muslims. The areas
around Jammu were mostly occupied by the Hindu Dogras whereas converted
Muslims were present in areas towards the west. They were called the Chibs in
Bhimbar and Mirpur, and Sudhans in Poonch. The Hindu and Muslim Rajputs of
the Jammu region provided a large number of soldiers to the British Indian Army
and the armies of the Dogra Maharajas. Apart from these races, the Pir Panjals
were also populated by the Hindu Gaddis and Khakas, Bambas and Gujjars of the
Muslim faith.
The population of the Kashmir valley was predominantly Muslim with some
Hindu Brahmins. The Brahmins or the Kashmiri Pandits were a highly intellectual
and industrious people who went outside the state in large numbers to earn their
livelihood. The Muslims were primarily engaged in agriculture or were engaged
as artisans in small trades like carpet weaving, etc. The population of Srinagar
city was 207,787 in 1941 and was the highest in the state.
The western portion of the mountainous North was predominantly Muslim with
a number of other ethnic groups. The people of Gilgit shared a common affinity with
the population of Afghanistan. The eastern part of this region, namely Kargil and
Ladakh were inhabited mainly by the Buddhists of Tibetan ancestry.
Communications
)N NO FULLY
EQUIPPED AIRPORT EXISTED IN THE STATE THOUGH EMERGENCY LANDING
strips were there at Gilgit, Chilas, Srinagar and Jammu. A railway line connected
Jammu from Sialkot.
The major all-weather roads that existed in 1947 were:-
z 2AWALPINDI
-UZZAFARABAD
3RINAGAR 4HE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE STATES
boundary at Kohala and Srinagar was 205 km. Running along the Jhelum
river, this was the most convenient axis to enter the Kashmir valley.
z Jammu-Srinagar: This 320 Km long road crossed the Pir Panjal range at
Banihal Pass was the only road link connecting the valley of Kashmir to the
REST OF THE COUNTRY AFTER 0AKISTANS TRIBAL INVASION
z *AMMU
0ATHANKOT 4HIS TENUOUS TRACK OF +M WAS )NDIAS ONLY ROAD LINK TO
the state of Jammu and Kashmir after partition.
z From Srinagar, a number of roads led to Tangmarg, Bandipur and Pahalgam.
Jammu was also connected to Akhnoor, Rajouri and Poonch by a motorable
road. A fair weather road connected Uri and Poonch over the Haji Pir Pass.
The most important of the non-motorable tracks was the one connecting
Srinagar and Leh. This 389 km long track crossed the mighty Himalayas at the
FORMIDABLE :OJI ,A 0ASS M AHEAD OF 3ONAMARG AND "ALTAL !HEAD OF ,EH
this ancient caravan route went over the Karakoram Pass to Yarkand in Xinijang.
Another 365 km track connected Srinagar and Gilgit via Bandipur, Razdhan Pass
AND 'UREZ 4HIS ROUTE WAS USED BY THE -AHARAJAS FORCES TO MAINTAIN THE GARRISONS
around Gilgit and at Skardu.
Administration
The Maharaja was the Head of the Government as well as the C-in-C of the State
army. The Paramountcy of the British was maintained through a Resident who
had the powers to control almost every affair of the state. The summer capital of
the state was Srinagar and Jammu was the winter capital. The state was divided
into four provinces, namely, Jammu, Srinagar, Gilgit and Ladakh, each under a
Governor. Poonch was a feudal jagir under its own raja whereas Gilgit was held
on lease by the Government of India till August 1947.
Pangs of Partition
Jammu and Kashmir could not remain isolated from the ghastly communal
violence that had engulfed Punjab in August 1947. Hindu and Sikh refugees from
Pakistan and Muslims from India began to pour into the state. Soon, communal
clashes were reported from different provinces of the state. The situation took an
ugly turn when the state army took action against some Muslim trouble-makers
in Poonch. The Muslim League of West Punjab and some newspapers saw this as
a deliberate aim by the Maharaja to harass the Muslim community. On 27 August,
a telegram was sent to the Maharaja from Hazara threatening to attack the state
if atrocities against the Muslims were not controlled. By September, bands of
raiders ranging from 200-500 men carried out harassing raids and looting of
Hindu villages and refugees at Kotha, Chak Haria and Ranbirsinghpura in Jammu
province. On 4 October 1947, an aircraft carried out reconnaissance activity over
Kohala and Palandari. The raiders started harassing the state army contingents
by carrying out hit-and-run attacks at Chirala and Bagh in Rawalkot and also
began infiltrating into Poonch.
All negotiations
Economic Blockade and Negotiations
with Pakistan by the state
By September, Pakistan had put in place a loose
government to
economic blockade of J&K by holding up supplies of open up supplies
essential commodities. It had also snapped the post from Pakistan
and telegraph links to the state. All negotiations by the failed with the
state government to open up supplies from Pakistan latter citing its
failed with the latter citing its inability to provide inability to provide
escorts for supply columns. The state government escorts for supply
sent desperate telegrams to Pakistan and the British columns.
government on 15, 18 and 22 October 1947 in order to
ease the situation but to no avail. By mid-October, large concentrations of raiders
were sited around Bhimbar, Mangla, Mirpur and Fort Owen near Poonch had to
be evacuated by the state forces.
Therefore, with an economic blockade and increasing raids by marauders,
Pakistan had set the stage for a full-fledged invasion of Jammu and Kashmir.
approval of the then British C-in-C of the Pakistan Army, Gen Sir Frank Messervy.
According to the plan, lashkars of 1000 pathans each were to be raised by
every pathan tribe. For this purpose, separate instructions were issued to the
Deputy Commissioners and Political Agents. Once recruited, these lashkars were
to concentrate at Bannu, Wana, Peshawar, Kohat, Thal and Naushera by the first
week of September 1947.
4HE "RIGADE #OMMANDERS AT THESE PLACES WERE TO THEN EQUIP THEM WITH ARMS
ammunition and some clothing. On paper, these issues were shown against
regular Pakistan Army units.
Each Tribal laskhar was commanded by a Major of the Pakistan Army who was
to act as the advisor to the Malik or the nominal commander of the lashkar. The
Major had a Captain and 10 JCOs under his command. Each irregular company
was commanded by a JCO. All the Pakistan Army regulars were pathans. Each
Lashkar were provided with at least four guides/informers.
Forward ammunition dumps were to be established at Abbottabad on 18
/CTOBER AND SUBSEQUENTLY MOVED TO -UZZAFFARABAD AND $OMEL AFTER $ $AY
4HE INVASION FORCE WAS LED BY -AJ 'EN !KBAR +HAN CODE
NAME 4ARIQ AND
assisted by Brig Sher Khan. Their HQ was located inside the Pakistan Army HQ
in Rawalpindi.
All laskhars were instructed to travel in civil buses at night and concentrate at
Abbottabad by 18 October 1947.
The operations were to progress as under:-
z The main force of Six lashkars was to advance on to Srinagar from Domel on
the Muzzaffarabad-Uri-Baramulla-Srinagar road.
z A force of two lashkars would provide flank protection to the main force by
moving on to Gulmarg via the Haji Pir Pass.
z Another force of two lashkars was to capture Handwara, Sopore and Bandipur
by crossing the Nastachun Pass beyond Tithwal.
z A force of 10 laskhars was earmarked for the Bhimbar, Rawalkot and Poonch
areas with the objective of capturing Rajouri and Poonch and then advancing
on to Jammu.
z 7 Infantry Division of Pakistan Army was asked to concentrate in area Murree-
Abbottabad by last light 21 October and be ready to move immediately into
J&K to support the tribal militias and consolidate their positions. One Infantry
Brigade was put on readiness at Sialkot for moving on to Jammu.
z The D Day for Op Gulmarg was 22 October 1947.3,4
Jammu Brigade
Bde HQ
J&K Rifles Regt Centre - Jammu
5 J&K Rifles
J&K Body Guard Cavalry less
ONE SQN
SPREAD IN SUB
UNITS FROM +ATHUA TO "HIMBAR
Four garrison police companies
Kashmir Brigade
Bde HQ
J&K Trg School
/NE 3QN *+ "ODY 'UARD #AVALRY
"ADAMI "AGH #ANTONMENT 3RINAGAR
7 J&K Rifles less two companies - Srinagar
Poonch Area
Force HQ - Punch
1 J&K Rifles - Spread in base area
8 J&K Rifles
(relieving 1st Bn)
9 J&K Rifles
Two Companies 7 J&K Rifles - Rawalkot (spread in sub-units)
Mirpur Brigade
Bde HQ
* Note: The J&K Infantry (KI) battalions mentioned above were later merged with the regular
Indian Army and formed the Jammu and Kashmir Rifles. The J&K Militia were converted into the
Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry.
Operation Jak
Brig Kalwant Singh, the acting CGS of the Indian Army earmarked 1 Sikh, located
at Gurgaon to fly-in to Srinagar and secure the aerodrome and the wireless station
there. The first Dakota carrying Lt Col DR Rai, CO, 1 Sikh landed at Srinagar
airfield at 0830 h on 27 Oct 1947. By the end of the day, the remaining three flights
of Dakotas were completed and 1 Sikh had concentrated at the Srinagar airfield.
A company of 1 Sikh was dispatched to support two platoons of state forces who
WERE HOLDING THE ENEMYS ADVANCE AT A HIGH GROUND KM EAST OF "ARAMULLA /N
the morning of 28 Oct, Lt Col Rai went forward with two more companies of 1
Sikh. On assessing the precarious situation and the overwhelming numbers of
the raiders, he decided to fall back to a stronger position 8 km north of Srinagar.
Lt Col Rai while overseeing the withdrawal of the last screen died after being hit
by a stray bullet in the neck. He was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra posthumously.
1 Sikh suffered 6 fatal casualties in their first contact with the raiders near
Baramulla. The high ground, east of Pattan at Milestone 16 was being held by 1
Sikh, 13 Battery Royal Indian Artillery and six Machine Guns of 3/15 Punjab. A
Company of 1 (Para) Kumaon was holding the Srinagar airfield.
By 31 Oct, HQ 161 Brigade was air-lifted to Srinagar while a battalion 3
(Para) Rajput with a company of 1 Mahar (MMG) had linked up with the Jammu
garrison by road from Pathankot. On 01 Nov, the disposition of Indian troops was
as under.
HQ 161 Bde and one coy 4 Kumaon – Near Srinagar Airfield
1 (Para) Kumaon less one coy – Airfield
Coy 1 (Para) Kumaon – Road Junction Narbal
1/2 Punjab – Road Junction Shalateng
One Coy 1 Sikh – Hill east of Pattan
One Coy 1 Sikh – Srinagar Airfield
Setback at Kahuta
The attempts to relief Poonch from Uri received a setback when the State Forces
PICQUET AT +AHUTA SET lRE TO THE BRIDGE MISTAKING THE RELIEF COLUMN OF "RIGADE
for the enemy. On 21 Nov, this column was ambushed at a road bend killing 16
and wounding 14 soldiers. 24 vehicles also got damaged in this ambush. During
the night of 22/23 Nov, about 900 raiders launched a frontal attack on an isolated
PICQUET OF 3IKH ACROSS THE *HELUM RIVER IN 5RI "UT THE PICQUET MANNED BY ONLY
20 men under a spirited JCO beat back several waves of enemy assaults despite
being cut-off from the rest of the battalion. Meanwhile, 1 (Para) Kumaon less
one company had linked up with the Poonch garrison after fording the river at
Kahuta.
3 (Para) Mahratta Light Infantry, 1 Patiala less two companies, one platoon
of 1 Mahar (MMG) and support elements. The road Beri Pattan-Naushara
was finally cleared on 10 January. 50 Para Bde undertook offensive patrolling
ahead of Beri Pattan and Naushara. 2 Jat carried out Op Satyanas to mop up
the enemy concentration around Beri Pattan and 7 Cavalry along with 1/7
Rajput struck at the enemy base at Assar/Kadala inflicting 300 casualties on
them.
Op Kipper
The aim of Op Kipper (which was the nick-name of Lt Gen KM Carriapa,
Western Army Cdr) was to clear the ridge 9 Km North East of Naushara. This
ridge overlooked the Naushara-Tawi valley. The objective was Kot, the highest
point on the ridge. On 31 Jan 1948, 2 Jat was launched on boats and made to
demonstrate towards Lamberi forest in order to deceive the enemy into believing
that an attack on Jhangar was in progress. In the Meanwhile, 2/2 Punjab moved
towards their objective Pt.3227 and Kot from the left and 3 (Para) Mahrratta Light
Infantry advanced towards Pt.3284, Pathradi and Uparla Dandesar from the
right. The objectives were captured on 01 Feb. Several enemy counter-attacks on
these features were repulsed throughout the day. Tempest aircrafts from Jammu
provided air support for Op Kipper. The artillery also played a decisive role in
softening up the positions before the Infantry attack went in. 156 enemy were
killed and 201 wounded.
Light Infantry which was out on ROP duties was pressed The Battle of
into battle to clear the Naushara valley. The battalion Naushara was
occupied Redian and cleared the enemy from Nunial a turning point
and Bhajnoa. 200 enemy were killed in the Naushara of the campaign
valley. Eight 25 Pounder guns and two 3.7 inch Howitzers in the Jammu
PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE IN BREAKING THE ENEMYS ASSAULT province and
and inflicting heavy casualties on them throughout the broke the resolve
battle of Naushara. At one place, around 500 pathans of the enemy.
were caught in the open and air-burst rounds were
brought down on them. The artillery fire also held the enemy at the perimeter
defences of Naushara when 3 (Para) Mahratta Light Infantry was out on Line
of Communication duties towards Beri Pattan. 963 dead bodies of the enemy
were counted after the fighting was over. Brig Usman made a modest estimate
of at least 2000 enemy fatal casualties. 50 Para Brigade suffered 33 killed and
102 wounded in the actions. The Battle of Naushara was a turning point of the
campaign in the Jammu province and broke the resolve of the enemy.
Jhangar is re-captured
The operation to re-capture Jhangar was divided into three phases. In the first
phase (7-29 Feb), the enemy defences were probed.1 Kumaon Rifles and 4 Dogra
carried out offensive sweeps towards Manpur and Kalal. In the second phase
(1-4 Mar), a double-thrust was directed against Ambli Dhar and Kaman Kosha
Gala. The Tain Dhar and Ambi Dhar features were part of a 6 km long ridge which
overlooked Naushara from the North. 50 Para Brigade captured Ambi Dhar which
was held by the enemy and 19 Brigade made a thrust towards Kaman Kosha
Gala. 2/2 Punjab supported by 4 Dogra of 19 Brigade secured their objectives
by 01 March. 1 Rajput while securing a bump near Katora Khori suffered 11 fatal
casualties.
Op Vijay
In the third and final phase, Jhangar was to be entered on 18 March. The operation
was to progress in two phases. In the first phase, 19 Brigade with 1 Rajput, 4
Dogra, 1 Kumaon Rifles and support units were to capture Pt. 3327 and Pt. 3283
and exploit towards Nakka gap. In Phase 2, 50 Para Brigade consisting of 3 (Para)
Mahratta Light Infantry, 3 (Para) Rajput, 1 Patiala was to secure Pt. 2701, Jhangar,
Pt. 3399 and Pt.3374. 2 Jat, 2/2 Punjab and 2 Rajputana Rifles were earmarked for
the defence of the Naushara garrison. Op Vijay was launched on 15 March. An
enemy Brigade held Pir Thil Nakka which was attacked by 3 (Para) Mahratta and
1 Patiala of 50 (Para) Brigade with artillery support. The objective was secured on
17 March while 19 Brigade had advanced upto Gaikot forest.
Jhangar was entered on 18 March by the two battalions of 50 Para Brigade. C
3QUADRON OF #AVALRY ALSO ARRIVED IN *HANGAR AFTER THE ROAD FROM .AUSHARA WAS
opened. After consolidating their positions, 19 Brigade and 50 Para Brigade were
holding Naushara while another Brigade (King Brigade) was at Naushara.
Op Ranjit
19 Brigade launched Op Ranjit to capture Chingas and Rajouri on 8 April. The
battalions had made good progress and by 9 April, 2 Rajputana Rifles had secured
Mal Contour and 4 Dogra after capturing Barwali Ridge had progressed to Rani
forest and Chor Ban on the right flank. 2 Jat and 1 Kumaon Rifles had progressed
upto Chakli on the left. Chingas was occupied on 11 Apr and 4 Dogra entered
Rajouri on 13 April. 500 enemy were killed in these operations. To support Op
Ranjit, 50 Para Brigade and 80 Brigade carried out diversionary operations in
Beri Pattan and Jhangar. On 16 April, the enemy launched coordinated counter
attacks on Naushara, Jhangar and Rajouri. All these attacks were repulsed but
at Jhangar the fighting had been intense with the enemy managing to reach 450
m from the main defences. On 02 May, 1 Kumaon Rifles carried out Op Birbal
AND CAPTURED 4HANAMANDI )N SUBSEQUENT OPERATIONS AND "RIGADES DROVE
out the enemy from Chhawa ridge and Sadabad-Samani thereby permanently
removing the threat to the Jammu-Naushara line of communication.
On 10/11 May an enemy brigade sized attack on Jhangar was beaten back.
An attack by 50 Para Brigade on Sabzkot and MG Hill was met with failure as the
enemy managed to beat back the Indian assaults.
163 Brigade was tasked to make a diversionary push towards Tithwal from
Handwara and Kupwara. The strength of the enemy in the Handwara-Tithwal
sector was estimated to be around 6000. The Handwara column comprising of 1
Madras and 1 Sikh had driven off the enemy across the Kahmil river and occupied
the Dogarpur ridge by 18 May. The Kupwara column of 3 Royal Garhwal Rifles
secured the Trahgam ridge after suffering initial reverses by 18 May. In Phase 2 of
the operations, 163 Brigade occupied Panzgam ridge on 19 May and Chowkibal
by 20 May. In the final phase, Nastachun Pass was occupied on 21 May without
facing much opposition.
From the pass, 1 Sikh carried out a night advance along Chhamkot-Baltal
track along the watershed and secured the spur overlooking Tithwal by first light
23 May. 1 Madras secured the high ground on the left. The enemy fled in disarray
leaving behind huge stocks of ammunition and supplies.
On the Uri front, preliminary operations for the thrust towards Domel had
begun. 4 Kumaon had captured Chota Kazinag and Pandu by 20 May while 2
Dogra reinforced by 6 Rajputana Rifles failed to drive out the enemy from
Salamabad. 7 Sikh secured Urusa, south of the Jhelum river. The advance on the
Uri-Domel road was met with stiff resistance from the enemy who had occupied
STRONG FEATURES ALONG THE ROAD 4HE PROGRESS WAS ALSO SLOWED DUE TO THE ENEMYS
ability to bring down withering artillery fire on the road and burning of bridges.
Maj Gen Thimmaya, the Kashmir force commander now decided to switch the
axis of attack and harass the enemy west of Pandu, north of the Jhelum. 77 Para
Brigade was launched on a two-pronged thrust. After bitter fighting, 4 Kumaon
captured Pt. 6873, Chinari and Kathai but 2 Dogra could not dislodge the enemy
from Pt.10027 and Pt. 6065.
Meanwhile, 161 Brigade managed to get behind the enemy on Chakothi and
Bandi forest. Sawai Man Guards (later 17 Rajputana Rifles) advanced from Uri-
Salamabad-Pt. 9768 towards Ledi Gali while 6 Rajputana Rifles advanced from
Urusa to Pt.9356. 2/3 Gorkha Rifles finally secured Pir Kanthi and Ledi Ridge
by 20 June. 2 (Para) Madras also failed in completing the left hook of the main
offensive towards Domel. On 17 June, the advance of the battalion to capture
Haji Pir Pass was beaten back by effective withering fire from the enemy who
was in a dominating position due to its occupation of Kiran feature and both the
flanks astride the Uri-Haji Pir road. In a surprise attack on Pandu launched by the
enemy on 23 Jun, 4 Kumaon suffered 13 killed and three wounded. The enemy
finally managed to re-capture Pandu on 24 July by carrying out a two-pronged
attack on the feature. After beating back several attacks by nearly two battalions
of the enemy, 2 Bihar (which had relieved 4 Kumaon) had to withdraw to Uri after
running out of ammunition.
4HE ADVANCE TO $OMEL FROM 4ITHWAL n @/P 3URYA COULD ALSO NOT BE LAUNCHED
DUE TO INADEQUATE FORCE AVAILABLE WITH "RIGADE "UT THE "RIGADE DECIDED
to keep up the pressure on the enemy by remaining on the offensive. 3 Royal
Garhwal Rifles had captured Keran on 9 June. It launched at attack on Mussargate
on the Mir Kalsi ridge but it was met with stiff opposition from the enemy. The
enemy also succeeded in driving out 1 Madras from the Ring Contour feature.
163 Brigade launched several counter-attacks to reclaim the feature but could
not succeed in the absence of fire support. The fall of Ring Contour was a serious
setback and 163 Brigade had to fall back across the Kishanganga river. 163
Brigade now held the line at Tithwal ridge.
Khan and 100 men of the Gilgit Scouts who had sided with the raiders. At Skardu,
the situation was increasingly becoming tense and the five jagirs of Rondhu,
Khapalu, Shigar, Kharmarg and Skardu were being progressively instigated to
move against Skardu. In view of the deteriorating situation, a force of 75 other
ranks of Kashmir Infantry led by Maj Sher Jung Thapa arrived at Skardu from Leh.
By 14 Feb 1948, the total strength of the Skardu garrison was 160.
On 09/10 Feb, a 600 strong force led by Maj Ehsan Ali, a deserter from 6
Kashmir Infantry (KI) at Gilgit launched their attack. All the Sikh troops of KI
manning an outpost at Tsari were killed. The Muslim troops at another outpost
across the river sided with the raiders and pressed on towards Skardu. However,
the attackers were beaten back at Skardu and suffered seven fatal casualties. By
15 Feb, Maj Thapa had organised his defences in and around Skardu fort with
285 men and 271 refugees. The enemy took up positions across these defences
and also occupied Pt. 8853, a hill feature overlooking the fort. For ten months,
the Skardu garrison and the enemy ring around it were locked in continuous
sniping and mortar shelling. Several attacks on the forward pickets of the fort
were beaten back.
had infiltrated in between the relief columns between Skardu and Parkutta. Both
the columns disintegrated and were in retreat. Lt Col Sampooran Bachan Singh
and Maj Coutts swam across the Indus and reached Leh on 15 May. The Sugar
Column of Lt Col Kripal Singh and 150 men surfaced at Sonamarg on 15 Jun.
Thus ended the attempts to relieve the besieged garrison at Skardu.
On 21 May, 1 Patiala in an attempt to link up with the besieged platoon of
Kashmir Infantry at Drass encountered stiff resistance from the enemy at Gumri
suffering 12 fatal casualties. The force recoiled to Matayan. Capt Kashmir Singh
and two platoons of 5 KI crept out of Drass on 6 June. By 25 June, 1 Patiala
concentrated at Baltal and one company of 2 (Para) Madras was at Matayan.
24 May, the first Dakota landed at Leh piloted by the legendary Cmde Mehar Singh
and accompanied by Maj Gen Thimmaya. This act boosted the morale of the tiny
Leh garrison and the citizens of Ladakh. On 01 Jun, D Coy of 2/4 Gorkha Rifles was
air-landed at Leh. On 26 Jul, nearly 600 raiders attacked a position being held by the
Gorkhas at Dumkur out of which 30 were killed. But the Gorkhas withdrew 24 kms
to Nurla. On 05 Jul, elements of 2/8 Gorkha Rifles arrived at Leh from the Manali
ROUTE "Y *UL THE RAIDERS HAD CAPTURED (EMIS /N 3EP THE @!RJUN #OLUMN
made of B and C Companies of 2/8 GR arrived at Leh from Ferozpur via Manali. The
strength of the Leh garrison was nearly two battalions strong and the enemy forces
were 6 and 13 kms away from Leh. Lt Col HS Parab, CO, 2/8 GR was appointed the
Military Governor of Leh with instructions to hold Leh at any cost. Maj Hari Chand
had organised a guerrilla company with local men and elements of 7 Kashmir
Infantry. This force carried out several raids by silently creeping behind the lines
of the enemy. In one such raid, a 3.7 inch howitzer said to have been captured by
the enemy at Skardu was destroyed at Bagso. On 20 Nov, a force organised into X
and Y Companies under the command of Maj RC Mathur advanced on Tharu after
re-occupying Chilling. Khaltse and Lamayuru were reached on 22 Nov. The force
had advanced 80 kms in three days. In the Shyok valley, Thoise was re-taken and
the advance was halted 8 km west of Biagdangdo on 23 Nov.
On 24 Nov, Col Kharab linked up with Brig KL Atal at Kargil.
Op Sparrow
An ingenious plan to push tanks across the nearly 12,000 ft high and snow swept
:OJI ,A WAS MADE AND # 3QUADRON OF #AVALRY LED BY ITS #/ ,T #OL 2AJENDRA
Singh (whose nick-name was sparrow) bore result. The Stuart tanks were secretly
hauled up to Baltal in by the end of October. On 01 Nov 1948, Op Sparrow was
LAUNCHED AND '2 OCCUPIED BOTH THE mANKS OF THE :OJI ,A WITHOUT FACING ANY
major opposition from the enemy. The RIAF Dakotas had softened up the enemy
BY BOMBING THEIR POSITION AT 0INDRAS "Y THE AFTERNOON OF .OV # 3QUADRON
of 7 Cavalry was at Gumri. The enemy, fazed by the sudden appearance of tanks
was in flight. The tanks were also able to clear stiff opposition due to armour
protection against small arms fire and the ability to bring down a high velocity
of fire on fortified enemy positions. By 02 Nov, 77 Brigade had concentrated at
Machoi. On 04 Nov, 4 Rajput passed through 1 Patiala after the latter had cleared
the Island feature and arrived at Matayan. In the next phase, 4 Rajput captured
Batkundi Hill while 1/5 GR held Pt.12967. On 15 Nov, two ridges, Anant and
Kumar were captured by 1/5 GR. 1 Patiala captured Brown hill and 77 Brigade
entered Drass on 15 Nov.
The dash to Kargil was resumed on 18 Nov with 1 Patiala reaching Kharbou
the next day. On 21 Nov, 1 Patiala was at the junction of Drass and Shingo rivers.
C Coy of 1/5 GR fell back on Kharbu and crossed over to the right bank of the
Drass river but they were ambushed at Kharal brigde suffering 18 dead. On 22/23
Nov, a platoon of the Gorkhas drove out the enemy from Kharal brigde while
another party entered Kargil from a short-cut, climbing straight up a steep hill
feature. Thus, Kargil was re-occupied by Indian troops and the link up with the
Leh column was affected on 24 Nov. The attempts to push on towards Marol
received a setback after a Gorkha column was ambushed at Gangam on 29 Nov.
The column having suffered six casualties fell back to Kargil.
Casualties
1103 personnel of the Indian Army made the supreme sacrifice during the 1947-
48 Operations in J&K. This included 76 officers, 31 JCOs and 996 Other Ranks.
3152 men were wounded. In addition, 1990 officers and men of the J&K State
Forces were martyred in the campaign. 9 officers and 23 men of the Royal Indian
Air Force also laid down their lives in the defence of the motherland.
According to an estimate, the enemy suffered 20,000 casualties including
6000 killed.
their acts of valour in the campaign. A total of 5 Param Vir Chakras (PVC), 53
Maha Vir Chakras (MVC) and 313 Vir Chakras were awarded.
Force Levels
The total concentration of forces in the J&K theatre towards the end of the
operations was as under:-
India Pakistan
Div HQ Srinagar Div 7 Inf Div
Jammu Div 9 Frontier Div
Elements of 8 Inf Div
Sri Div
161,163,165, 77 and Srinagar SF
Bdes
Deductions
Political
z !T THE TIME OF )NDEPENDENCE )NDIAS NEWLY ESTABLISHED GOVERNMENT FAILED
TO ANTICIPATE 0AKISTANS DESIGNS OVER *AMMU AND +ASHMIR 4HE )NDIAN
GOVERNMENT ALSO DID NOT RESPOND TO THE *+ GOVERNMENTS PROPOSAL OF SIGNING
a standstill agreement. If the merger of J&K with the Union of India had been
predicted, more efforts could have been made towards gathering intelligence
ON 0AKISTANS OPERATIONAL PLAN FOR THE INVASION INSTRUCTIONS FOR WHICH HAD
been issued to Pakistan Army units as early as on 20 August 1947. Even the
INFORMATION ON @/P 'ULMARG PROVIDED BY -AJ /3 +ALKAT WAS NOT GIVEN MUCH
seriousness at the time. In such a scenario, the process of merger could have
BEEN HASTENED 4HE GOVERNMENT OF *+ WAS ALSO NOT FULLY AWARE OF 0AKISTANS
actual designs when it had carried out a partial economic blockade of the
The political
state. If it did, then it should have not vacillated
till the end before finally agreeing to sign the
leadership ignored
instrument of accession with India.
the military advice
z If the tribal invasion backed by the Pakistan Army
and agreed to cease
had been anticipated well in time more elaborate operations at a time
and detailed plans could have been made for when the Indian
reinforcing the state forces of J&K. Army was poised for
z No clear cut politico-military directives were an offensive towards
given to the Armed Forces for achieving the Muzzaffarabad.
desired end state. The confused thinking in the
government was reflected in the operational instruction issued to Lt Col DR
Rai, CO, 1 Sikh.
z Even when the operations progressed, the government could not clearly
decide on whether the final objective should be to wrest the entire state from
THE ENEMYS CONTROL OR TO DEFEND THE EXISTING POSITIONS
z The political leadership ignored the military advice and agreed to cease
operations at a time when the Indian Army was poised for an offensive
towards Muzzaffarabad.
z If advance notice had been given to the military leadership on the
GOVERNMENTS INTENTION OF AGREEING TO A CEASE
lRE THE ARMY COULD HAVE
positioned itself favourably along the cease-fire line by occupying certain
tactically advantageous features.
Military
z The aerial dispatch of troops to Srinagar was achieved within 72 hrs of the
receipt of the emergency telegram from the J&K state. This was a remarkable
achievement of the General Staff in Delhi which could muster the logistics
and troops at such short notice.
z With no clear-cut politico-military directives, the hastily organised force in
Srinagar cleared the raiders from the Kashmir valley within a fortnight of
being deployed.
z As priority was accorded to wresting control of the Kashmir valley, the advance
from Jammu had covered only 30 kms in 15 days. This delay proved fatal and
had sealed the fate of Mirpur and Kotli forever. Even in the valley, operations
were being conducted by only one brigade (161 Brigade) till December 1948.
z The pace of operations in all sectors was slow due to unavailability of troops
at the right time. The shortage of troops was due to the apprehension of
The pace of
hostilities breaking out with Pakistan along the Punjab
operations in border and commitment of troops for the liberation of
all sectors was Hyderabad.
slow due to z The long lines of communication and the location of
unavailability major supply bases in the plains of Northern India also
of troops at the hindered the progress of operations.
right time. z A combination of factors precluded a rapid Indian
advance on all fronts. Some of these were: establishing
lRM BASES BEFORE EXPLOITING A BREAKTHROUGH INADEQUATE AVAILABILITY OF
troops and supplies; commitment of troops for protecting the long lines of
communications. Lack of supplies and logistics also prevented the Indian
troops from relentlessly pursuing the enemy when it was in retreat and to
further the advance.
z On several occasions, a major Indian offensive was stalled due to the adoption
of guerrilla tactics by the enemy. It had the ability to infiltrate between own
columns or harass the newly-established garrisons from the rear.
z The slow pace of operations is reflected in the following:
In the valley sector, the Indian advance remained where it was on 13 Nov
1947 at the time of the ceasefire on 1 Jan 1949. This is despite the fact that
initially, priority was accorded to the operations in the Kashmir valley. . If
more forces had been concentrated before the total onset of winters and
blocking of passes, the successes achieved till 13 Nov could have been
extended till Muzzaffarabad without giving the enemy enough time to
regroup.
In the Jammu sector, effective operations could be launched only after
the complete concentration of 50 and 80 Brigades and later 19 Brigade
to the Jammu Division. Till December 1947, the situation had remained
grim with the enemy managing to re-capture Jhangar. The first major
breakthrough in this sector could be achieved only on 01 Feb after 50
Para Brigade had inflicted a crushing blow to the enemy at Naushara.
Even after this major success, the enemy managed to prevent the Indians
from consolidating their positions and dig-in for launching an offensive
to either relieve the Poonch garrison or re-capture Mirpur or Kotli.
The garrisons at Drass-Kargil, Leh and Skardu could not be relieved in
time and troops (77 Bde) could be concentrated only after June 1948 when
the pressure of enemy counter-attacks on Uri and Tithwal had abated.
Conclusion
In the ultimate analysis, the liberation of Jammu and Kashmir from the tribal
raiders supported by the Pakistan Army was a remarkable feet achieved by the
Indian Army under extremely difficult circumstances. The operations were
mostly planned and led by Indian officers at a time when a new nation was
in its nascent stages of formation. This would provide them with tremendous
experience and confidence in organising the Indian Army later. The Invasion
of J&K posed the first major challenge to the Indian Army immediately after
achieving Independence. The Army not only stood up to this challenge but the
high standards of training, valour and sacrifice displayed by the men helped in
maintaining its reputation of being one of the finest fighting forces of the world.
The Indian troops were also battle-hardened and achieved tremendous fame
and success due to their exploits in Italy, North Africa and Burma during the
Second World War.
However, the ultimate legacy of the operations of 1947-48 is that the enemy
managed to wrest control of nearly 37 per cent of the total land area of Jammu
AND +ASHMIR 4HE FAILURE TO RE
CLAIM 3KARDU LED TO THE SEVERING OF )NDIAS
geographical linkages with Afghanistan and Central Asia. This takes us back to
May-June 1948, a crucial stage in the operations when a two-pronged offensive
from Uri and Tithwal was launched to capture Muzzaffarabad. The Indian
advance from Uri got bogged down whereas the offensive from Tithwal could
not even be launched. It is debatable whether at this time more troops should
BEEN RELEASED FOR THE OFFENSIVE ACROSS THE :OJI ,A AND TO LINK UP WITH THE BESIEGED
garrison at Skardu by moving across the Burzil Pass from Gurez. None of these
objectives could be met and Drass and Kargil were cleared only in November
4HIS BRINGS US TO THE QUESTION WHETHER THE POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AT THAT TIME
had clearly understood the strategic significance of the Gilgit-Skardu region or
whether more priority was accorded for securing the Muzzaffarabad valley. The
operations in the Jammu division also progressed at a slow pace and no offensive
was planned to re-take either Mirpur or Rawalkot. The link-up with Poonch was
also achieved only towards the end of November. It was also felt at that time that
threatening Mirpur would have threatened the Mangla reservoir provoking an
all-out war with Pakistan.
Mountains consume troops and both the divisions in J&K had limited
resources available for taking decisive offensive actions to liberate the entire
state and defend the cleared areas simultaneously. Again, it may have been a
gamble to deploy more brigades from the Western Command for operations in
J&K. At that time, 29 Infantry battalions of the Indian Army were deployed for
the defence of East Punjab and 19 Infantry battalions were kept in readiness for
the impending operations in Hyderabad. Military analysts also believe that the
Pakistan Army could have been easily defeated in a full-scale war fought in the
plains of Punjab where massed targets could have been presented to the Indian
Army. But, Prime Minister Nehru had already sought the intervention of the
United Nations and had hoped that the two neighbours could live in peace after
hostilities had ceased in J&K. But history was to belie his hopes and Jammu and
Kashmir continues to be a major source of discontent and perpetual conflict
between India and Pakistan.
Rohit Singh is an Associate Fellow at the Centre for Land Warfare Studies.
Notes
1. Source: Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government
of India, Nataraj Publishers, Reprinted edition in 2005.
2. For detailed terrain analysis, please see Scholar Warrior, vol. ii, Spring 2011.
3. A DO letter marked Personal/Top Secret from Gen Frank Messervy addressed to the Pakistan
Army Brigade Commander of the Bannu Frontier Brigade Group was personally received
and opened by Maj (later Maj-Gen) Omkar Singh Kalkat on 20 August 1947 in the absence
of the Brigade Commander. Maj OS Kalkat was then the Brigade Major the Brigade Group.
4HIS LETTER PROVIDED A DETAILED PLAN OF @/P 'ULMARG AND BEARS TESTIMONY TO THE ACTIVE
involvement of the Pakistan Army in the operation. p. 17, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir:
1947-48, Ministry of Defence, Government of India, Natraj Publishers
4. Another source which indicated the active involvement of the Pakistan Army was Shri GK
Reddy, an Indian journalist based in Lahore who had inadvertently received a phone call
to API Lahore from Lt Col Alavai. Alavi stated in his phone call that the attack on Ramkot (a
BORDER OUT POST WOULD BE CARRIED OUT BY @!ZAD +ASHMIR &ORCES ON /CTOBER 0
Operations in Jammu & Kashmir..