Michaela F.

Pineda 11-Fleming
General Biology Week 1

ACTIVITY 1: Plant and Animal Sexual Reproduction

1. They are similar in some ways like both animal and plant reproduction ensures the
continuity of its species. Mating itself, in animals, requires great investment of
effort, showmanship, beauty and etc. Both animal and plant reproduction (during
the alternation of generations in plants) involve mitosis (a type of cell division that
maintains the ploidy of a cell; similar to binary fission in bacteria) and meiosis (a
type of reductive cell division that reduces the ploidy of an organism i.e. from a
diploid cell to a haploid cell) in producing new organisms.
2. They are different in a way that plants produce multicellular haploid spores (that
can reproduce without fusing with another spore and can later develop into a
multicellular haploid which happens to be the dominant stage in ferns and mosses
while less dominant in gymnosperms and angiosperms) while animals (e.g.
mammals), produce unicellular haploid gametes (eggs and sperms) that cannot
reproduce new organisms without fusing with another unicellular haploid gamete.

m
er as
ACTIVITY 2: Investigating Reproductive Strategies between Plants and Animals

co
eH w
Plant Plant Animal Animal

o.
rs e
Organism that Organism that Organism that Organism that
ou urc
reproduces reproduces reproduces reproduces
sexually asexually sexually asexually
Complex Simple
o

Relative
organisms tend organisms tend
aC s

complexity of to reproduce to reproduce

vi y re

the organism Sexually. Asexually.

(including size)

Two parents One parent

ed d

contribute contributes
ar stu

genetic genetic
Number of
information. information.
parents who
Offspring are Offspring are
contribute
is

unique from exact genetic

genetic
Th

their parents copies

information to
and from each (clones) of the
the offspring
other. parent.
sh

Reproductive Gametes from Asexual

Mechanism two parents join. reproduction
With sperm does not involve
fertilize eggs gametes.
inside the body, Reproduction is
the chances of by splitting in
gametes
This study source was downloaded by 100000808247379 from CourseHero.com on 07-09-2021 07:52:53 GMT -05:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/96962376/Biology-Week-1docx/
 meeting are half, or
increased. Each forming new
individual may individuals that
produce fewer are released
eggs and/or from the
sperm. When “parent.”
eggs and sperm
are released to
join outside the
body, the
gametes have a
lower chance of
meeting.
Organisms
that reproduce
in this way must
produce
many gametes.

m
er as
Relative amount Offspring tend to Offspring receive
of parental care have longer little or no

co
eH w
gestation parental
periods, and care. Organisms

o.
rs e developing that reproduce
ou urc
offspring are by forming
protected. new individuals
Parents tend to that separate
o

care for their from the

aC s

young, parent do
vi y re

increasing the provide a form

chances that of parental care
offspring will before the
survive. offspring are
ed d

Organisms that released.

ar stu

invest time and Organisms that

energy in do not care for
caring for their their
is

young tend to young tend to

Th

have fewer produce large

offspring. Some numbers of
sexually offspring.
sh

reproducing Organisms
organisms where few
neither gestate offspring survive
nor care for their to reproduce
young. These have large
offspring are numbers of
vulnerable to offspring.
predators or the Organisms that
This study source was downloaded by 100000808247379 from CourseHero.com on 07-09-2021 07:52:53 GMT -05:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/96962376/Biology-Week-1docx/
 environment. split to produce
These organisms an “adult”
tend to produce offspring often
large numbers of can rapidly
gametes and/or reproduce again.
offspring. This
increases the
chances that
some offspring
will survive and
reproduce.
Genetic Offspring have
variation comes little to no
only from sexual genetic
reproduction, in variation. (note:
which genetic variation does
information from still arise

m
er as
two parents through random

co
combines. mutation)

eH w
Genetic In the event of a

o.
variation helps a change in
rs e species (as a environment or
ou urc
whole) survive. competition for
In the event of a resources,
change in offspring may
o

environment or not have trait

aC s

Genetic increased variations that

vi y re

Variation in competition will

offspring
for resources, allow them to
ed d

some organisms survive.

ar stu

may have If a parent has

slight trait traits that are
variations (due well adapted
is

to genetic to a particular
variation) that environment, its
Th

allow them to offspring will

survive. Over have these same
time, natural traits, which
sh

selection may may provide

favor these them with a
differences, survival
resulting in new advantage.
adaptations.

Guide Questions:
This study source was downloaded by 100000808247379 from CourseHero.com on 07-09-2021 07:52:53 GMT -05:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/96962376/Biology-Week-1docx/
 1. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring that are
genetically identical to each other and to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves
two parents and produces offspring that are genetically unique.
2. Sexual Reproduction, the genetic diversity of sexually-produced offspring is
thought to give species a better chance of surviving in an unpredictable or
changing environment. They are better suitable and adaptive to their environment
due to variations introduced in them during meiosis cell division and crossing over.
So they are more suited to the environment they live in. So, organisms born
through the sexual mode of reproduction are the better and sexual mode of
reproduction is better than the asexual mode.

m
er as
ACTIVITY 3: Looking Beyond: CLONING in Animals and Plants

co
eH w
A. Questions

o.
1. The term cloning describes a number of different processes that can be used to
rs e
produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity. The copied material,
ou urc
which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone.
2. In plants, The advantage of this genetic uniformity is that all of these plants will
have the exact same genetic characteristics, which may not have been transmitted
o

to seeds formed by sexual reproduction. However, this reliance on plants with

aC s

particular genetic makeups reduces overall genetic diversity. This makes them
vi y re

more susceptible to disease. It also makes them less adaptable to changes in the
environment. While in animals, Cloning allows farmers and ranchers to accelerate
the reproduction of their most productive livestock in order to better produce safe
and healthy food. Cloning reproduces the healthiest animals, thus minimizing the
ed d

use of antibiotics, growth hormones and other chemicals.

ar stu

3. It is because animal cloning can have negative consequences to animals of course,

to human beings, or the environment; and it may violate important moral
prohibitions or principles.
is
Th

B. Position paper about “Human Cloning: Is it Biological Plagiarism?”

The cloning of animals has been occurring for a number of years now, and this has now
sh

opened up the possibility of cloning humans too. Although there are clear benefits to
humankind of cloning to provide spare body parts, I believe it raises a number of
worrying ethical issues.

Due to breakthroughs in medical science and improved diets, people are living much
longer than in the past. This, though, has brought with it problems. As people age, their
organs can fail so they need replacing. If humans were cloned, their organs could then
be used to replace those of sick people. It is currently the case that there are often not
This study source was downloaded by 100000808247379 from CourseHero.com on 07-09-2021 07:52:53 GMT -05:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/96962376/Biology-Week-1docx/
 enough organ donors around to fulfil this need, so cloning humans would overcome the
issue as there would then be a ready supply. However, for good reasons, many people
view this as a worrying development. Firstly, there are religious arguments against it. It
would involve creating other human beings and then eventually killing them in order to
use their organs, which it could be argued is murder. This is obviously a sin according to
religious texts. Also, dilemmas would arise over what rights these people have, as surely
they would be humans just like the rest of us. Furthermore, if we have the ability to clone
humans, it has to be questioned where this cloning will end. Is it then acceptable for
people to start cloning relatives or family members who have died?

To conclude, I do not agree with this procedure due to the ethical issues and dilemmas it
would create. Cloning animals has been a positive development, but this is where it
should end.

m
er as
co
eH w
o.
rs e
ou urc
o
aC s
vi y re
ed d
ar stu
is
Th
sh

This study source was downloaded by 100000808247379 from CourseHero.com on 07-09-2021 07:52:53 GMT -05:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/96962376/Biology-Week-1docx/
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)