Lesson 2 Qde

LESSON 2.
INTRODUCTION TO QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
(PART 2)
A. Care, Preservation and Handling of Documents
1. Do’s and Don’ts in the Care, Handling and Preservation of Documents
Do’s
a. Keep documents unfolded in protective envelopes
b. Take disputed papers to document examiner’s laboratory at the first opportunity
c. If storage is necessary, keep in dry place away from excessive heat and strong
light
Don’ts
a. Do not handle disputed excessively or carry them in a pocket for a long time
b. Do not mark the document either by conscious writing and printing at them with
any writing instrument
c. Do not mutilate on damage by repeated refolding, creasing, cutting, tearing or
punching for filling purposes
d. Do not allow anyone except qualified specialists to make chemical or other test
e. Do not treat or dust for latent fingerprints before consulting a document
examiner
B. Instruments and Apparatus Needed in Questioned Document Examination
1. Magnifying lens – lenses 5x magnifying power with built-in lighting are found to be
more useful.
2. Stereoscopic Binocular Microscope – a microscope where three (3) dimensional
enlargements is possible.
3. Measuring Test Plate/Transparent Glass Plate – used for signatures and
typewriting.
4. Table Lamps – with adjustable shades like the available “goose neck” lamp.
5. Ultra-violet Lamp – used for developing or restoring erased writings.
6. Infrared Viewer – used in determining physical difference of the types of papers
and ink.
7. Iodine Fuming Apparatus – for developing latent fingerprints and for the restoration
of invisible writing.
8. Silver Nitrate Solution Atomizer – used to spray silver nitrate paper. Also for latent
fingerprints.
9. Transmitted Light Gadget – the light comes from beneath or behind the glass on
which the paper is placed.
10. Paper Thickness Gauge – used for measuring the thickness of the paper.
11. Copy Camera – like camera with macro lens.
C. Kinds of Handwriting
1. Cursive – writing in which the letters are for the most part joined together.
2. Hand Lettering/printing – any disconnected letters (Block & Manuscript)
3. Natural Writing – any specimen of writing executed without any attempt to control
or alter its identifying habits and its usual quality of execution.
4. Disguise Writing – It is a writing of a person who deliberately try to alter his usual
habits in the hope of hiding his identity.
5. Guided Writing – lowest form of individuals writing
D. Physiological Basis of Handwriting
The impulses to form a letter begin in the brain’s writing center in the CORTEX.
This center is akin to brain areas that control vision, hearing, talking and walking, and
it guides the muscles of the hand as they weave through the complex movement that
makes the words. Since writing begins in the mind, influence how we write just as they
influence how we walk and talk.
In writing, the pen functions as an extension of the hand. The fingers transmit to
the pen the directive impulses and the variations in muscular tension that, according
to the nature of the writer’s nervous organizations, occur during the act of writing.
Hence, as each writer has his own way of holding his hand, manipulating the pen and
exerting pressure, the same pen in different hands will produce entirely different
strokes.
This center near the motor area of the cortex is responsible for the final movement
involved in handwriting. The importance of this center is that when it becomes disease
as in AGRAPHIA, one loses the ability to write although he could still grasp writing
instrument. Thus, the ability to write or power to hold a pen or pencil to form symbols
and words can be said to emanate from this cortical center.
The hand contains two kinds of muscles, which function in the act of writing. A
group of EXTENSOR muscles pushes up the pen to form the UPWARD STROKES,
and ease the tension produced as a result of flexion by a group of muscles called the
FLEXOR muscles, which push the pen to form the DOWNWARD STROKE. These
flexor and extensor muscles combine with lumbrical muscles to form LATERAL
STROKE.
Four groups of muscles are employed in writing, those which operates the joints
of the fingers, wrist, elbow and shoulder. The delicate way in which the various
muscles used in writing work together to produce written forms is known as MOTOR
COORDINATION.
E. Development of Handwriting
First Step
When a person first begins to learn the art of handwriting, penmanship copybook
forms, blackboard illustrations of the different letters are placed before him. His first
step is one of imitation only by a process of drawing, painstaking, laborious slow
copying of the letterforms. The form of each letter at first occupies the focus of his
attention.
Second Step
As the person progress, the matter of form recedes, and the focus of attention is
centered on the execution of various letters, that is they are actually written instead of
drawn.
Third Step
The manual operation in the execution of letters after more progress, is likewise
soon relegated to the subjective mind the process of writing becomes more or less
automatic. As the person attains maturity in writing by many repetitions, writing
becomes an unconscious coordinated movement that produces a record. Attention is
no longer given to the process of writing itself because the subject matter to be written
now occupies the focus of attention.
A. Modification of Handwriting
Factors That Modified Mature Writing
1. Education
2. Training
3. Personal Taste
4. Artistic Ability
5. Musculature and Nerve Tone and the Like
Different Writing Movements Employed by Different Writers

1. Finger Movement – thumb, index and middle finger are used exclusively in the
writing of letters.
2. Hand Movement – it involves action of the hand as a whole, with fingers
playing but minor role, their action, being limited mainly to the formation of the
smaller parts of the letter.
3. Forearm or Muscular Movement – writing is produced by movement of both
hand and arm and fingers in some cases. The elbow is the pivot of the lateral
movement.
4. Whole-arm Movement – this movement involves action of the entire arm
without rest and is employed in very large ornamental writings, in ornamental
penmanship, in blackboard writing, and by few writers in making all the capital
letters.

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LESSON 2.

INTRODUCTION TO QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

A. Care, Preservation and Handling of Documents

1. Do’s and Don’ts in the Care, Handling and Preservation of Documents

D. Physiological Basis of Handwriting

Factors That Modified Mature Writing

Different Writing Movements Employed by Different Writers

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