Geography Cape Exam Notes: Done by Amelia Taylor

GEOGRAPHY
CAPE EXAM NOTES
DONE BY AMELIA TAYLOR

BROAD TOPICS
1. Population Distribution
2. Population Change
3. Population Structure
4. Population and Resources
5. Settlement Processes
6. Hydrology
7. Fluvial Processes and Landforms
8. Coastal Processes and Landforms
9. Processes and Landforms in Limestone Environments
10. Natural Events, Hazards and Disasters
11. Flooding
12. Plate Tectonics
13. Response to Hazards

Population Distribution
(i) Factors influencing population distribution on a global scale.
(ii) Case studies of factors affecting population distribution at a local and regional scale.
(iii) Methods of depicting population distribution- dot, Lorenz curves.
(iv) The merits and demerits of the methods of depicting population distribution.
Population Change – Natural
(i) Factors influencing birth rate, death rate, natural increase, fertility rate, life expectancy,
doubling time.
(ii) The demographic transition model and its applicability to the experiences of developed and
developing countries.
(iii) Population policy - case studies of pro-natalist and anti-natalist policies.
Population Change - Migration
(i) Types of migration: international, internal, permanent, temporary, voluntary, forced.
(ii) Causes and consequences to source (sending) and host (receiving) countries. Case studies.
(iii) Calculation of population growth rates and construction of flow lines.
Population Structure
(i) Population structure in LDCs and MDCs.

(ii) Construction and interpretation of population pyramids.
(iii) Interpretation of population structure in LDCs and MDCs.
(iv) Dependency ratios - calculation and implications.
(v) Youthful and ageing populations.
Population and Resources
(i) Population density and method of depicting population density - choropleth maps.
(ii) The merits and demerits of choropleth maps.
(iii) Optimum population, underpopulation and overpopulation.
(iv) Carrying capacity and factors influencing changes in carrying capacity.
(v) Models of population growth in relation to resources - Boserup and Malthus.
Settlement Processes
(i) Rural settlements - types and patterns.

(ii) Physical and human factors affecting the location of rural settlements. Case study.
(iii) The effects of changes in rural settlements in MDCs.
(iv) The process and problems of urbanization in MDCs and LDCs including the rank - size rule and
primacy.
(v) Causes and consequences of sub-urbanization, counter-urbanization, re-urbanization or
gentrification in MDCs.
(vi) The models of Burgess, Hoyt, Ullman & Harris and their applicability to cities in the developing
world.
(vii) Solutions to urban growth in MDCs and LDCs.
Hydrology
(i) Concepts associated with the hydrological cycle and the river basin.
(ii) (ii) Major flows and factors influencing flows within the hydrological cycle, including
precipitation, stem flow, interception, channel precipitation, pathways of water movement,
storage.
(iii) The storm hydrograph and water budgets (spatial and temporal changes). (iv) Climatic, physical
and biotic (human and vegetation) factors affecting drainage basin characteristics and flows. (v) Factors
influencing drainage patterns, drainage density and their measurements, including stream ordering.
Fluvial Processes and Landforms
(i) Concepts associated with fluvial landforms and processes, (include competence and capacity)
erosion, transportation, deposition.
(ii) (ii) The major flows and processes operating within the river channel, including types of flow
and variations of flow.
(iii) (iii) Stream channel morphology, including width, depth and wetted perimeter.
(iv) (iv) Stream channel characteristics, including meandering.
(v) (v) The influence of physical, biotic (human and vegetation) and geological factors on the long
and cross-profiles of rivers, valleys and changes over time. Include sea level changes.
(vi) (vi) The measurement and calculation of stream velocity, stream width, and channel geometry.
(vii) (vii) Weathering and its influence on river basins: aerial and sub-aerial processes
Coastal Processes and Landforms
(i) Wave formation, structure, types.

(ii) (ii) Major flows (for example, longshore drift) and processes (for example, marine erosion,
deposition and wave refraction) operating in coastal environments.
(iii) (iii) The influence of the processes of erosion, transportation and deposition on the
development of related landforms, including cliffs, beaches, bars.
(iv) (iv) Formation and distribution of coral reefs (including the theories). Threats to coral reef
The influence of human and geological factors (rock type and structure) on the shape and form of
coastal landforms.
(vi) The influence of sea level changes on coastal landforms.
Processes and Landforms in Limestone Env ir onments
(i) Characteristics of limestone as a rock.

(ii) (ii) Chemical weathering processes and limestone. Include formula.
(iii) (iii) Characteristics and development of limestone landscapes. Cite specific examples.
(iv) (iv) Factors affecting the development of limestone landscapes.
Natural Events, Hazards and Disasters
(i) Concept of a natural event, hazard and disaster.

(ii) (ii) Types of hazards - technological, tectonic, climatic and geomorphological.
2. Flooding
(i) Types of floods - riverine, coastal, estuarine.
(ii) Causes of floods - types of precipitation events, influence of human activity, sea level changes,
drainage basin characteristics.
3. Plate Tectonics
(i) Continental drift and plate tectonics.
(ii) The formation of plates, global distribution and the direction of movement of plates.
(iii) Processes operating at different types of plate margins and hot spots.
(iv) Earthquakes - magnitude, relationship to plate boundaries, seismic waves and faulting.
(iv) Distribution and characteristics of volcanoes in relation to plate boundaries.
(v) (vi) Formation of island arcs and origin of fold mountains.
(vi) (vii) Positive impact of volcanic and earthquake activity.
(vii) (viii) Value of folded and faulted landscapes.
4. Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Floods as Hazards
(i) Earthquakes - primary and secondary effects and factors influencing these effects.
(ii) Types of volcanic eruptions, characteristics of volcanic material, nature of the hazards.
(iii) Case studies of the negative impact of floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
(iv) (iv) Photo interpretation, hazard risk maps.
3: NATURAL EVENTS AND HAZARDS (cont’d)
5. Response to Hazards
(i) Current capabilities in predicting earthquake, flooding and volcanic activities.
(ii) Individual and collective responses to earthquake, floods and volcanic hazards before the occurrence
and after the occurrence.
(iii) Government responses to hazards - earthquakes, floods and volcanoes

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GEOGRAPHY

CAPE EXAM NOTES

DONE BY AMELIA TAYLOR

4. Population and Resources

7. Fluvial Processes and Landforms

8. Coastal Processes and Landforms

9. Processes and Landforms in Limestone Environments

10. Natural Events, Hazards and Disasters

12. Plate Tectonics

13. Response to Hazards

Population Change – Natural

Population Change - Migration

(i) Types of migration: international, internal, permanent, temporary, voluntary, forced.

(iii) Calculation of population growth rates and construction of flow lines.

(i) Population structure in LDCs and MDCs.

Population and Resources

(i) Rural settlements - types and patterns.

Fluvial Processes and Landforms

(i) Wave formation, structure, types.

(vi) The influence of sea level changes on coastal landforms.

Processes and Landforms in Limestone Env ir onments

(i) Characteristics of limestone as a rock.

Natural Events, Hazards and Disasters

(i) Concept of a natural event, hazard and disaster.

(i) Types of floods - riverine, coastal, estuarine.

(i) Continental drift and plate tectonics.

4. Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Floods as Hazards

3: NATURAL EVENTS AND HAZARDS (cont’d)

(i) Current capabilities in predicting earthquake, flooding and volcanic activities.

(iii) Government responses to hazards - earthquakes, floods and volcanoes

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