CLASS 10th A, B and C

SUBJECT: HISTORY AND CIVICS

CHAPTER – 04
THE SECOND PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

❖ Kindly write these questions and answers in your class work copy.

II. Structured Questions:

1. One of Lord Curzon’s administrative measures that resulted in a strong resentment from the
masses was the Partition of Bengal in 1905. In this context, answer the following questions.
(a). What was Lord Curzon’s argument in favour of the Partition of Bengal? How did the
nationalists interpret Lord Curzon’s motives?
Ans: Lord Curzon cited administrative convenience as the reason for the Partition of Bengal as he
considered Bengal too big to be efficiently administered by a single provisional government.
The nationalists saw that it was a deliberate attempt to divide the Bengalis on religious and
territorial grounds and thereby, disrupt and weaken nationalism in Bengal.
(b). How did the people react to the Partition of Bengal?
Ans: (i). The day Partition came into effect, i.e., October 16, 1905, people protested by observing it as
a day of national mourning, kept a fast, walked barefooted and bathed in the Ganga.
(ii). They organised a hartal in Kolkata and made the whole city vibrant with the slogan Bande
Mataram.
(iii). The Hindus and Muslims tied rakhis on one another’s wrists to show their unity.
(c). What was the impact of Anti- Partition Movement?
Ans: (i). The Anti-Partition Movement brought about change in the Indian National Movement. It
attracted a vast mass of the Indian population, regardless of class or caste distinction, into the
mainstream of nationalist political activity.
(ii). The ideas of Swadeshi and Boycott became the mainstay of the agitational politics of the
national movement. It was realised that both had to go hand and one could not succeed without
the other.
(iii). The people forever lost the faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. Observing that
despite overwhelming chagrin over the partition, the British government refused to annul its
decision, Indians began to lean more towards Assertive Nationalism.

2. With reference to the Surat Split of 1907, answer the following questions:
(a). What were the issues on which the two wings of the congress had differences of opinion? How
did the British exploit the differences between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive
Nationalists?
Ans: The issues on which the two wings of the Congress had differences of opinion were;
i. The Assertive Nationalists wanted to extend the Swadeshi and Boycott movements to the whole
of the country whereas the Early Nationalists wanted to confine these movements to Bengal
only as it was in conflict with their policy of ‘petition and persuasion’.
ii. There was a disagreement between the two groups on the candidate of the President of the Indian
National Congress. The Early Nationalists wanted to appoint Rashbehari Ghosh whereas the
Assertive Nationalists wanted to appoint Lala Lajpat Rai.
The British exploited the differences between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists
by adopting the policy of ‘Concession and Repression’, Concessions for the Early Nationalists and
the Muslims, and Repression to the Assertive Nationalists.

(b). What was the effect of the Spilt between the two wings of the Congress on the National
movement?
Ans: The effect of the split between the two wings of the Congress on the National movement:
i. The split in the Congress weakened the national movement as both the wings started working
separately.
ii. The split in the Congress gave the British an opportunity to exploit the situation to their
advantage. To further widen the gap between the two wings, the British gave concession for the
Early Nationalists and the Muslims, and Repression to the Assertive Nationalists.

(c). Why did the Assertive Nationalists adopt the policy of non-cooperation with the British
Government? Name the Assertive Nationalist leader who organised akharas and lathi clubs.
Why were these organised?
Ans: The Assertive Nationalist adopted the policy of non-cooperation with the British Government
because due to the failure of the Early Nationalists to obtain anything substantial from the British, they
realized that without pressure tactics and some sort of direct action the British Government would not
relent to their demands.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak organized the akharas and lathi clubs to inculcate courage, self-defence, and
patriotism among the Indians.

3. In the second phase of the national movement, there emerged a new younger group of leaders
within the Congress who did not agree with the old leadership. In this context answer the
following questions:
(a) Differentiate between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists in their objectives
and achievements, stating one objective and two achievements of each wing of the Congress.
Ans: The Early Nationalist agitated only for certain administrative and economic reforms. They wanted
that the Indians should have some say in the government and administration of the country. It was
only in 1906 that under the pressure form the aggressive that they talked about ‘Swaraj’ as their
goal. The ‘Swaraj’ as defined by them meant, a system of government as found in the self-
governing British Colonies.
The Aggressive Nationalists on the other hand, demanded ‘Purna Swaraj’- self-government as it
existed in the United Kingdom.
Achievements of Assertive nationalist:
(i) Self Confidence: At that time, the moral of Indian people was very low. The Aggressive
Nationalists instilled self-reliance among the people. They believed that Independence would
come to India only when Indians were strong enough to snatch it from British hands.
(ii) Revival of Indian Handicrafts: By propagating, Boycott and Swadeshi, they helped the revival
of Indian handicrafts and cottage industries.
Achievement of Early Nationalist:
(i) Foundation of Secular and Democratic National Movement: The Early Nationalist leaders
established a movement that incorporated people of all religion, caste, creeds, regions, and
colour. They were successful in promoting the spirit of common brotherhood surpassing
religious and regional diversities.
(ii) Political Education of the Indians: They were successful to a great extent in arousing political
awakening and national consciousness among the Indians. They popularised the ideas of
democracy and civil liberties among the people of India.

(b) Name the Assertive leader known as forerunner of Gandhiji. Why is the person known as the
forerunner of Gandhiji?
Ans: Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the forerunner of Mahatma Gandhi in the following ways:
i. His idea of Swaraj was akin to Mahatma Gandhi’s idea of complete independence.
ii. Like Mahatma Gandhi, Tilak preached the idea of Swadeshi, Boycott and Prohibition.

(c) Explain how the repressive policies of Lord Curzon and influence of international events led
to the assertive nationalism.
Ans: Lord Curzon adopted repressive policy towards Indians. He had no sympathy with aspirations
of the people of India. The anti-Indian attitude of Lord Curzon made the Indians to lose all hopes of
political and economic advances. He passed the following acts against the Indians.
i. Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899: Under this act the elected members of the corporation
were reduced to half.
ii. The Universities Act of 1904: Under this act the governing body of the university were to
be reconstructed.
iii. Act of 1898: The Act of 1898 made it an offense to provoke people against the English.
iv. The Official Secrets Act: This act was passed in 1904. Under this act, even the leakage of
ordinary information regarding the civil administration was considered illegal.
v. Partition of Bengal: Lord Curzon’s most unpopular decision was the partition of Bengal
which he announced un 1903 and carried out in 1905.

4. With reference to the growth of nationalism:

(a) Mention two associations which served the forerunners of the Indian National Congress.
Who were the founders of the two associations?
Ans:
i. Indian National Association in 1876, was founded by ‘Surendranath Banerjee’ and
‘Anand Mohan Bose’.
ii. Bombay Presidency Association in 1852 was founded by Jamshed Jejibhai, Naoroji
Fursungi, Dadabhai Naoroji.

(b) Differentiate between the methods adopted by the Early Nationalists and the Assertive
Nationalists.
Ans: Methods of used by the Early Nationalists:
i. They relied on constitutional and peaceful methods and avoided violence and
confrontation.
ii. They made use of three ‘P’s i.e. Petitions, Prayers and Protests to achieve their
objectives.
iii. They agitated only for certain administrative and economic reforms

Methods used by Assertive Nationalist:

i. They advocated vigorous political action.
ii. They believed in pressure tactics and direct action and adopted the policy of non-
cooperation and resistance to unjust acts.
 iii. They adopted the concepts of Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education and Passive
Resistance.

(c) State two contributions each of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Lala Lajpat Rai.
Ans: Contributions of Gopal Krishna Gokhale:
i. He persuaded the British for Reforms.
ii. He established the Servants of India Society.
Contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai:
i. He founded ‘Punjabi’ and ‘Vande Mataram’ and ‘People’.
ii. He set up Servants of the People Society for the welfare of the downtrodden and outcasts.

5. Tilak said, “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it”. In this context describe:
(a) State any three of his political beliefs.
Ans: Lokmanya Tilak summed up his political belief in his historical phrase, "Swaraj is my
birth right and I shall have it." He believed in total freedom from foreign dominations. Hence,
stood for making the people self-reliant, arousing in them national awakening and launching
political agitations.

(b) State the means he employed to arouse the national passions.

Ans: Tilak adopted several means to arouse a national passion. In 1893, he started the Ganapati
festival in Maharashtra and later revived the Shivaji festival in 1895. The aim was to instil a
spirit of discipline and patriotism among the masses. Besides, he organised Akharas (places for
wrestling) and Lathi Clubs in Maharashtra to make youth brave enough to defy the British Raj.
Again, in 1896, he led a no-rent campaign to expose the British who ruled our country.

(c) In what ways was he the forerunner of Gandhiji?

Ans: Gandhi regarded Gokhale as his political Guru, though his ideals were moulded by Tilak.
Gandhi's stress on prohibition, Swadeshi and Boycott had been preached and practised by Tilak
much before Gandhi. Secondly, Gandhi's ideal of complete independence was similar to Tilak's
idea of Swaraj.

6. Bipin Chandra Pal was said to be “One of the mightiest prophets of nationalism”. In this
context;
(a) Mention his political aims.
Ans: Bipin Chandra Pal popularly known as the Father of Revolutionary Thought in India,
played an important role in awakening National! consciousness in India. He joined Congress in
1887 and through his forceful speeches pleaded for the repeal of the Arms Act. In 1890, he
toured England, France and the United States where he mobilised mass opinion for granting
political rights to the Indians. Back home, he participated in several sessions of Congress and
greatly contributed towards the growth of National consciousness.

(b) State his idea on national education.

Ans: Bipin Chandra wanted education to be organised on Nationalistic lines, so that it would
arouse Nationalistic passions against the foreign rule. Secondly, it would become an effective
instrument of social progress. He strongly disliked those educated Indians who identified with
the ruling class and had a contempt for the common people.

(c) What remedies did he propose to eradicate India’s property and unemployment?
Ans: Bipin Chandra Pal, was one of the mightiest prophets of Nationalism. He not only
mobilised mass opinion on granting of political rights to India, but also proposed following
remedies for eradication of India's poverty and unemployment.
 i. He stood for development of industries in the country, so as to make India self-sufficient
both politically and economically.
ii. He proposed high taxation rate on rich so as to spend the money available on education
and health.
iii. Work hour to be forty-eight hours in a week along with increase in wages.
iv. He preached Swadeshi and the boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty,
unemployment and to improve the economic conditions of the people.

III. Picture Study:

(A) (B)

(a) Identify the persons ‘A’ and ‘B’ given above. To which section of the congress did each
belong? And what were their ultimate objectives?
Ans: A-Gopal Krishna Gokhale. He belonged to Early Nationalist phase.
B-Lala Lajpat Rai. He belonged to Assertive Nationalists.
Ultimate Objectives:
The Early Nationalists agitated only for certain administrative and economic reforms. The Assertive
Nationalists on the other hand, demanded 'Purna Swaraj'- Self-government as it existed in the United
Kingdom.
(b) Highlight three different methods of struggle adopted by each section of the congress.
Ans: Methods of used by the Early Nationalists;
i. They relied on constitutional and peaceful methods and avoided violence and
confrontation.
ii. They made use of three ‘P’s i.e. Petitions, Prayers and Protests to achieve their
objectives.
iii. They agitated only for certain administrative and economic reforms

Methods used by Assertive Nationalist:

i. They advocated vigorous political action.
ii. They believed in pressure tactics and direct action and adopted the policy of non-
cooperation and resistance to unjust acts.
iii. They adopted the concepts of Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education and Passive
Resistance.
(c) State two contributions of the persons ‘A’ and ‘B’ in the freedom struggle.
Ans: Contributions of Gopal Krishna Gokhale:
iii. He persuaded the British for Reforms.
 iv. He established the Servants of India Society.
Contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai:
iii. He founded ‘Punjabi’ and ‘Vande Mataram’ and ‘People’.
iv. He set up servants of the People Society for the welfare of the downtrodden and outcasts.

Sr. Anita Rodrigues

26.05.2020

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