ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AND NOUN CLAUSES

Adjective Clauses are clauses that explain nouns

PATTERNS

Functions Persons Things

Subject who / that which / that

Object whom / that which / that
Possessive whose whose

Who / that is used as a subject of adjective clause and the noun preceding it is

person.

 We know a lot of people. They live in California.

 We know a lot of people who live in California.

S V adv

adjective clause

The man is very friendly. He lives next door.

 The man who lives next door is very friendly.

(Adjective Clause harus berdekatan dengan kata benda yang dijelaskan)

Whom / that is used as an object of adjective clause and the noun that precedes it
is person.

 The man was away on holiday. I wanted to see him.

 The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.

O S V

adjective clause
 Which / that is used as a subject of adjective clause and the noun that precedes it
is non person.

 I don’t like stories. They have unhappy endings

 I don’t like stories which have unhappy endings.

S V O

adjective clause
Which / that is used as an object of adjective clause and the noun that precedes it
is non person.
 I don’t like the novel. You bought it last night.
 I don’t like the novel that you bought last night.
O S V adv

adjective clause
Whose is used to replace possessive for persons and things.
 We saw the people. Their cars had been stolen.
 We saw the people whose cars had been stolen.
poss S V

adjective clause
 The car belongs to me. Its door is broken.
 The car whose door is broken belongs to me
poss S V

adjective clause

NOUN CLAUSES
Noun clauses are clauses that can place the position of nouns. To test whether a clause is noun clause,
change with noun. If it is grammatically true, it is a noun clause
For example:
I know what you have in your pocket
I know the wallet
Characteristics :
1. They have a subject and a predicate.
 2. They have connectors.

3. They are parts of sentences.

4. They are in statement order

A. As subject of Sentence.

 When he will arrive is not important. ( when as connector, he as subject and

will arrive as predicate )

 That he was late caused many problems.

B. As objects of Sentence

 I know when he will arrive.

 I know what happened ( what as subject and connector and happened as

predicate ).

 I am concerned about when he will arrive

C. As Complement of Sentence.

 This is what I want.

 That is what he wanted.

 Adjective and Noun Clauses
1. . _____ have at least four hours of hazardous materials response training is mandated by
federal law.
A. All police officers
B. All police officers must
C. That all police officers
D. For all police officers

2. Chemists are no sure _________

A. how precisely can cold fusion occur
B. cold fusion can occur precisely how
C. precisely how cold fusion can occur
D. can cold fusion occur precisely how

3. Depressant drugs _______ historically have been known to be addictive are called narcotics.
A. and
B. which
C. they
D. about which

4. Vitamins are organic compounds __________ and must be ingested on proper bodily
functions.
A. that they can’t be produced by the body
B. the body can’t produce them
C. that can’t be produced by the body
D. not produced them by the body

5. I don’t understand the assignment _______ he professor gave us for next Monday.
A. whom C. which
B. who D. whose

6. I would like to know ________ you have in your mind

A. what C. that
B. which D. whose

7. Meteorologists, _________, have long sought ways of controlling local and regional climates.
A. whose study of the weather and its patterns
B. they study the weather and its patterns
C. whose study of the weather and its patterns
D. who study the weather and its patterns

8. From ______ I understand, the meeting has been cancelled.

A. what C. that
B. which D. whose

9. A perennial is _____ for more than two years, such as trees and shrubs.
A. any plant that it continues to grow
B. any plant it continuing to grow
C. any plant that continues to grow
D. any plant continuing to grow
 10. Dolphins form extremely complicated allegiances and _______ continually change.
A. enmities that
B. that are enmities
C. enmities that that
D. that enmities

11. Scientists are now beginning to conduct experiments on _______ trigger different sorts of
health risks.
A. noise pollution can
B. that noise pollution
C. how noise pollution
D. how noise pollution can

12. ____ will be carried in the next space shuttle payload has not yet been announced to the
public.
A. It
B. What
C. When
D. That

13. ________ in the first draft of the budget will not necessarily be in the final draft.
A. Although it appears
B. It appears
C. What appears
D. Despite its appearance

14. The television, _______ so long been a part of our culture, has an enormous influence.
A. has
B. it has
C. which
D. which has

15. It is difficult to determine exactly ________

A. what the center of the earth consists of
B. what does the center of the earth consists of
C. what the center of the earth consists of what
D. what of the center of the earth consists

16. Water and petroleum are the only two liquids what occur in large quantities in nature.
A B C D

17. Garlic, who is a member of the lily family, is valued both for its medicinal properties and for
A B C D
its pungent flavor

18. After she took the exam, which it lasted three hours, Cecelia was exhausted.
A B C D

19. The teacher whom book I have said that I could keep it.
A B C D

20. What is most important in this situation it is to finish on time

A B C D
 Participles, Actives, Passives and Reduced Clauses

A. Present Participles (V-ing / Active Meaning)

After finishing his speech, he invited the audience to ask questions. (True)

logical relationship
After he finished his speech, he invited the audience to ask questions.

Returning to her room, the missing jewelry was found by her. (False)

illogical relationship

When the missing jewelry was returning to her room, the missing jewelry was found by
her.

B. Past Participles (V3 / Passive Meaning)

When purchased at this store, all items are on a guarantee. (True)

logical relationship
When all items are purchased at this store, all items are on a guarantee.

When purchased at this store, the buyer gets a guarantee on all items. (False)

illogical relationship

When the buyer is purchased at this store, the buyer gets a guarantee on all items.

Note: Subject of Main Clause is Subject of Participles

C. Actives & Passives

Actives Passives

Simple Present Tense Simple Present Tense

S + V1(s/es) S + Is/Am/Are + V3 + (By Agent)
Simple Past Tense Simple Past Tense
S + V2 S + Was/Were + V3 + (By Agent)
Perfect Tense Perfect Tense
S+Have/Has/Had+V3 S+Have/Has/Had+Been+V3+(By Agent)
Modals (can, may, could etc) Modals (can, may, could etc)
S+Modal+V1 S+Modal+Be+V3+(By Agent)
 A : Children need love

P : Love is needed by children.

A : His parent has sent him to the boarding school.

P : He has been sent to the boarding school by his parent.

A: My servant should cook dinner.

P: Dinner should be cooked by my servant

D. Reduced Clauses

Reduced clauses are clauses whose subjects and be are omitted without meaning change.

Examples.

 Although it was not really difficult, the exam took a lot of time. ( Adverb clauses )

 Although not really difficult the exam took a lot of time..

 The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide. ( Adjective Clause)

 The woman waving to us is the tour guide.( Present participles )

 The letter which was written last week arrived today. (Adjective clauses )

 The letter written last week arrived today. ( past participle )

 The book which is on the table is mine. ( Adjective clause )

 The book on the table is mine. ( other phrase )

Actives, Passives, Participles, and Reduced Clauses

1. The human brain ______ only two percent of an adult’s body weight.
 A. which makes up
B. it makes up
C. makes it up
D. makes up

2. Anthropologists ________ within their environment and evaluate the adaptations they have made.
A. societies are studied
B. study societies
C. who study societies
D. their societies are studied

3. ------ adopted the decimal system of coinage in 1867.

A. Canada
B .When Canada
C. Canada, which
D. There was Canada

4. Air ______ the carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis enters leaves through tiny surface
openings.
A. contains
B. contained
C. containing
D. it contains

5. In the 1960s, due in part to the invention of air conditioning, the population of the United
States ________ a dramatic geographical shift southward.
A. experiencing
B. was experienced
C. to experience
D. experienced

6. Whole-grain food products _________ in most large supermarkets across the United States
and Canada.
A. now can purchase
B. can now be purchased
C. now to purchase
D. the purchase of

7. Temperatures _____ above 110 degrees Fahrenheit are common in the American Southwest.
A. they climb
B. climb
C. that they climb
D. climbing

8. _____ by all, Professor Jones will be missed when he retires.

A. Loved
B. He is loved
C. Loving
D. To love

9. _______ categorized as lipids.

A. Fats and also oils
B. While fats and oils
C. Fats and oils are
 D. Fats and oils

10. Chemicals in paint that pose a fire hazard _______ as combustible, flammable, or extremely
flammable.
A. are listed
B. listed
C. being listed
D. they are listed

11. Considered unique and exotic, _________

A. over 4,000 Americans households keep the llama as a pet.
B. there are over 4,000 Americans households that keep the llama as a pet.
C. the llama is kept as a pet in over 4,000 Americans households
D. the llama kept as a pet in over 4,000 Americans households

12. ______ in size, these cameras take very good pictures.

A. They are small
B. Although small
C. Although are small
D. They small

13. _____ her mistake, the stewardess immediately apologized to the passengers.
A. Realized
B. Realizing
C. She realized
D. To realize

14. Works wrote by Vladimir Nabokov often contain heroes and heroines who have lived in many
A B C D
places.

15. When attempt to explain children’s food preferences, researchers are faced with
A B C D
contradictions.

16. Although not selecting for the team, he attends all of the game as a fan
A B C D

17. Before decided to have surgery, you should get a second opinion.
A B C D

18. According to the conditions of their scholarships, after finishing their degrees,
A B
the University will employ students for three years.
C D

19. Most fatty acids have been find as essential components of lipid molecules.
A B C D

20. By reading the instructions carefully, mistakes on the examinations can be avoided.
A B C D