I. Comprehension Check. Answer The Following Questions:: Toothbrush History
I. Comprehension Check. Answer The Following Questions:: Toothbrush History
I. Comprehension Check. Answer The Following Questions:: Toothbrush History
Brushing teeth, a common activity today, has been around for a long time. The early history and
evolution of the toothbrush has its origin in the "chewing sticks" used by the Babylonians as
early as 3500 BC.
Ancient Greek and Roman literature even discusses primitive toothpicks that were chewed on
to help clean the teeth and mouth.
As the years passed, toothpicks matured into the chew stick which was about the size of a
modern pencil. One end was chewed into and became softened and brush-like while the
opposite end was pointed and used as a pick to clean food and debris from between the teeth.
The twigs used were carefully chosen from aromatic trees that had the ability to clean and
freshen the mouth. The earliest literature showing the use of these twigs is found in Chinese
literature at around 1600 BC.
The toothbrush was first invented by the Chinese in the XVth century and brought back to
Europe by travellers.
This toothbrush was made of hairs from the neck of a Siberian wild boar which were fixed to a
bamboo or bone handle. The people, however, found the wild boar hairs too stiff.
At the time, very few people in the Western world brushed their teeth, and those who did
preferred horse hairs, which were softer than those of the wild boar!
In Europe, it was more customary after meals to use a goose feather toothpick, or one made of
silver or copper. Other animals’ hair was also used for dental care, right up until this century.
French dentists, promoted the European use of toothbrushes in the seventeenth and early
eighteenth centuries. The first toothbrush mass-produced was made by William Addis of
Clerkenwald, England. Addis, and later, his descendants, manufactured the finest English
brushes, where the handles were carved out of the bone of cattle and the heads of the natural
bristles were placed in the bored holes made in the bone and kept in place by thin wire. The
natural bristles were obtained from the necks and shoulders of swine, especially from pigs
living in colder climates like Siberia and China.
The first American to patent a toothbrush was H. N. Wadsworth in 1857. Companies began to
mass-produce toothbrushes in America around 1885. The first real electric toothbrush was
produced in 1939, developed in Switzerland. The first rotary action electrical toothbrush for
home use was introduced in 1987. Today the brands, types, and colours of toothbrushes on the
market are almost endless. In spite of this, certain African and American populations still use
tree branches to care for their teeth!
3.p266.
1.
1. Prevention in denetrystry involves various methods : advices about oral
hygiene , regula check-ups , treatment to prevnt the disease.
2.Pacients shoul be explaine hou caries can be prevented.
3. The correctness of brushing can be checked by colouring the plaque
with a special dye.
4. The pacient must see himself if he is brushing his teeth correctly.
5. If the toot brush is not available , you need at leats to eat an apple or to
rinse the mouth.
6.Brushing is not effective after meals , if you have snack betweet meals.
7. Pacient should be convinced in the need to examine the condition of the
oral cavity on a regular basis twice a year.
8. This will help to diagnose the diseases of the mouth at an early stage.
9.Early treatment enables to maintain the teeth through life.
At the hygienist
Seven year old boy at Hydgienist
M- Good morning doctor
D- good morning Mark , nice to see you . Have a seat please.
M – what will we do today ?
D – Your mom told me you don’t like to clean you teeth .
M- yes , it is boring.
D- sometime it is , but I will show you why you should do it .
Take this tablet , it is called disclosing tablet . Put it between your teeth and
crush , after mixt the particle with your saliva so that it will cover the
surfaces in a beautiful colour.
M- I have pink teeth .
D- yes they coloured light pink , because you have plaque on them .
Between your teeth the colour is darker , also you can see it at the gum
line. If you not clean your teeth properly , bad bacterias will from the
plaque will destroy your teeth , caries will occur , so they will be black an
painful.
M- why bacteria’s appear?
D- we have bacteria in our mouth witch eat the particles of food , and
eliminate aecidium . You should brush your teeth correct after every meal ,
with brush and floss . If brushing is not possible , eat a raw vegetable like
carrot , celery , or an apple , or rinse youth mouth with water.
M- mom told me not to eat much sweet food
1. D – yes ,she is right sweets are not good for our teeth .After meal you should
use a floss first .
Wrap a piece of string of 18 inches around the two middle fingers , so the
part between fingers will be 3 inches.
M- like this ?
D – yes , know Put the floos betweet your teeth very gentle , until the floss
meets the gum line. Slide the floss gently between the gum and the tooth.
Rub the floss along the surface of the tooth with a gentle up and down movement.
This should be continued until the back of the last tooth is reached.
For every surface of tooh you should take another part of floss.
Great job Mark.
Now take this mouth mulage and a tooth brush , and tell me how you will clean
your teeth.
M- I rinse my tooth brush in water and after take some toothpaste with peach taste.
D- doyou know how much toothpaste you need?
M- yes , to cover the brush
D- actually that’s not correct , we don’t need that much , remember that we should
take a small amout of paste , like a small pea.After you tilt the toothbrush against
your teeth.. The bristle are at a 45 degree angle to the gum line.
Move the brush in small circular movements, a few times on each tooth.
To clean the inside surfaces tilt the brush vertically .Then you are done spit out the
tooth paste ,and don’ rinse with water , because phosphate from the paste will
action better if it is not removed.
You understand ?
M- yes doctor
D- Promise me that now you will take care of your teeth.
M – I promise. Good bye.