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Module 1 – Overview

 Course Overview, Requirements and Objectives

1. To appreciate OSH and know the importance of various data and

legislation relating to OSH

2. To understand, learn and discuss basic concepts of OSH towards an

effective OSH implementation in the workplace

3. To recognize safety hazards and corresponding applicable basic safety

rules and control measures

4. To perform risks/hazards assessment, evaluation and recommend

measures of control

5. To know how to respond in workplace emergencies and participate

during conduct of emergency drills

6. To identify the prescribed administrative requirements and penalties for

violations

7. To confidently deliver OSH topics for presentation

 Introduction of Speakers and Participants

o ______________________________

o ______________________________

 Diagnostic Examination/Pre-Test

 OSH Situation - Video Showing of the Present OSH Situation and Progress of
Safety Movements in the Philippines
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I.A. Introduction to OSH

Safety is everybody’s concern. Everyone who works in a company has things to contribute for
each other’s safety.

Human Costs

The effect of accident to a worker entails a lot of losses in terms of:

 Disability- (temporary or permanent) Pain and suffering

 Loss of income; loss of earning capacity
 Change in social life
 Death

Economic Costs
The economic cost of incidents and illnesses are far greater than most people realize
Direct Costs:
 Medical Costs
 Insurance premium
 Employee compensation
 Regulatory penalties

Indirect Costs:
 Investigation of the incident
 Cleaning up of incident site
 Disruption in production
 Repair/ replacement of damaged materials/ equipment
 Training of new/ replacement employees
 Poor employee morale leading to low production
 Environmental litigation
 Ecological remediation
 Marketing efforts to project image

Direct
Costs

Indirect Costs

The Iceberg Principle

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OSH Situationer (Global and Local)

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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Labor and Employment

What are the Occupational Safety and Health Standards?

OSH Standards are mandatory rules and standards set and enforced to
eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health hazards in the workplace.
Occupational health and safety is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting
the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. The goal of all
occupational health and safety programs is to foster a safe work environment. As a secondary
effect, it may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, suppliers,
nearby communities, and other members of the public who are impacted by the workplace
environment. It may involve interactions among many subject areas, including occupational
medicine, occupational (or industrial) hygiene, public health, safety engineering, chemistry,
health physics, ergonomics, toxicology, epidemiology, environmental health, industrial
relations, public policy, industrial sociology, medical sociology, social law, labor law and
occupational health psychology.
The OSH Standards are mandatory rules on occupational safety and health
promulgated pursuant to Article 162, Book IV of the Labor Code of the
Philippines, P.D. 442.

BOOK FOUR
HEALTH, SAFETY AND SOCIAL WELFARE BENEFITS
Title I
MEDICAL, DENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
Chapter II
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

Art. 168. Safety and health standards. The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall, by
appropriate orders, set and enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards to
eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health hazards in all workplaces and institute new,
and update existing, programs to ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places of
employment.
 Page |6

• What does safety and health in the workplace mean?

Safety refers to the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply with prescribed
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Standards and which allow the workers to perform the
job without or within acceptable exposure limit to hazards. Occupational safety also refers to
practices related to production and work process.
Health means a sound state of the body and mind of the workers that enables the worker or
employee to perform the job normally.

• What is the purpose of OSH Standards?

OSH Standards aim to provide at least the minimum acceptable degree of protection that
must be afforded to every worker in relation to the working conditions and dangers of injury,
sickness or death that may arise by reason of the worker's occupation. The provision of OSH
Standards by the State is an exercise of police power, with the intention of promoting the
welfare and well-being of the workers.

• What are covered by the General OSH Standards?

All establishments, workplaces and other undertakings are covered, including agricultural
enterprises whether operating for profit or not, except:
 Residential places exclusively devoted to dwelling purposes.
 Mines which is under the Department lf Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
are exempted PRIOR to the effectivity of DO 198.

• What does right to safe and healthful conditions of work mean?

It means that the worker shall be assured of effective protection against the danger of injury,
sickness or death through safe and healthful working conditions.

• What is the minimum standard on safety and health in the workplace?

The OSH Standards provide that every company shall keep and maintain its workplace free
from work hazards that are likely to cause physical harm to the workers or damage to property.
Thus, the worker is entitled to be provided by the employer with:
 Appropriate seats, lighting and ventilation;
 Adequate passageways, exits and fire fighting equipment;
 Separate facilities for men and women;
 Appropriate safety devices like protective gears, masks, helmets, safety boots, coats or
first-aid kits;
 Medicines, medical supplies or first-aid kits;
 Free medical and dental services and facilities.

•Who enforces OSH Standards?

The Secretary of Labor and Employment, through the Regional Director or his other authorized
representative, enforces the OSH Standards in the exercise of visitorial and enforcement
powers.
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Rules of the Occupational Safety and

Health Standards
1000 General Provisions 1160 Boiler
1010 Other Safety Rules 1170 Unfired Pressure Vessels
1020 Registration 1180 Internal Combustion Engine*
1030 Training & Accreditation 1200 Machine Guarding
1040 Health & Safety Committee 1210 Electrical Safety
1050 Notification & Keeping of 1220 Elevators & Related
Occ. Illnesses & Injuries Equipment
1060 Premises of Establishments 1230 Identification of Piping System
1070 Environmental Control 1240 Power Piping Lines *
1080 Personal Protective Equipment 1410 Construction Safety
1090 Hazardous Materials 1420 Logging
1100 Gas & Electric Welding & 1940 Fire Protection & Control
Cutting Operations 1950 Pesticides & Fertilizers
1120 Hazardous Work Processes 1960 OH Services
1140 Explosives 1970 Fees
1150 Materials Handling & Storage 1980 Authority of LGUs
1990 Final Provisions
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SEE APPENDIX A – DO 198

SEE APPENDIX B – ECC Primer

NOTES:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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Module 2 – Understanding OSH

II. General Concepts on OSH

Accident Causation Theories

Accidents occur everyday and, one way or another, will impact virtually everyone. For the
record, an accident is technically anything that happens by chance or misfortune. This
definition provides two important points. First, accidents are unavoidable as a whole; the
chance of one occurring will virtually always be present. Second, the chance of an accident
occurring is a variable that can be changed. While it is impossible to prevent all accidents, it is
possible to decrease their rate of occurrence. Understanding the cause of a phenomenon such
as this is key to decreasing its occurrences, as often knowing the cause is the only was to
formulate effective prevention strategies.

Heinrich’s Domino Theory

As one could easily guess from the commonly used name for Heinrich’s theory, Heinrich
(1936) explained accidents using an analogy to dominos falling over one another and creating
a chain of events. While this theory is not the most advanced or complex theory, it is especially
noteworthy as one of the first scientific theories used to explain accidents. It is often still
referenced today, seven decades later.

When dominos fall over, each tips the next enough to push it over and continue the process
until all the connected dominos have fallen. However, if just a single domino is removed, the
entire process ceases. Heinrich explains accident causation in the same way:

As you can see from the figure, Heinrich identified five

stages of accident causation. The first stage, the
social environment and ancestry, encompasses
anything that may lead to producing undesirable traits
in people. More precisely, this includes the nature and
nurture aspects of someone’s background. Genetics,
poor parenting/socializing, and an unhealthy
subculture are all examples of characteristics of
nature and nurture that can negatively influence
individuals and lead to the next stage of accident
causation. It is worth noting that Heinrich’s inclusion
of genetics and ancestry is very much a product of the
time it was written. A modernized version of this
theory would likely use the term “inherited behavior,”
similar to how alcoholism and temperaments can be
inherited.

The second stage, faults of a person, refers to personal characteristics that are conducive to
accidents. For example, having a bad temper may lead to spontaneous outbursts and
disregard for safety. Similarly, general recklessness can also be one of the manifestations of
poor character. Ignorance, such as not knowing safety regulations or standard operating
procedures, is also an example of this stage.
 P a g e | 10

The third stage, an unsafe act or condition, is often the beginning of a specific incident. Unlike
the first two stages, which affect the probability of accidents occurring, this stage is closer to
the accident in terms of temporal proximity. This can include a specific act that is unsafe, such
as starting a machine without proper warning, or failing to perform appropriate preventative
actions, such as using guardrails or other safety measures. In essence, this stage entails acts
(or failures to act) that occasionally cause accidents.

The next stage, logically, is the accident itself. This, in and of itself, needs little explanation. It
is, simply, when something occurs that is undesirable and not intended. The final stage, injury,
is the unfortunate outcome of some accidents. Whether an injury occurs during an accident is
often a matter of chance and not always the outcome. This relationship highlights the
relationships between stages in terms of causality. An accident occurring is not a sufficient
cause for an injury, but it is a necessary one. Similarly, the undesirable characteristics in stage
two do not always occur in poor environments, but could not occur without such environments.

Given this necessary causality, the most important policy implication is to remove one of the
dominos (though try for more than one just to be safe); produce a healthy subculture through
positive accident prevention training and seminars, attempt to weed out people with
undesirable characteristics (or otherwise address said traits), and, if all else fails, have a
procedure in place for dealing with accidents to minimize injury and loss.

This "Loss - Causation model" which has been made by Mr. Frank E. Bird, Jr. of the
International Loss Control Institute (ILCI) 2 in the USA was based on an earlier model
developed by Heinrich. This model can be considered a "negative" model since the outcome of
failures in the various phases is loss. As such the model can be used to understand the
various causes leading to accidents and as a framework for accident/incident investigation.

Accident Causation and Prevention

Industrial Hygiene (IH)–is the science and art devoted to identification, evaluation
and control of environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may
cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or
among citizens of the community.

Industrial hygiene is strict and rigorous scientific methodology and often requires professional
experience in determining the potential for hazard, exposures or risk in workplace and
environmental studies.
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Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected against physical, social,
spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types
or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be
considered non-desirable. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from
exposure to something that causes health or economical losses. It can include protection of
people or of possessions. Or in short, safety is freedom from accidents.

Accident is usually a result of contact of a body with a source of energy above the threshold
limit of the body or structure. It is an occurrence that interrupts the normal and orderly progress
of any activity. Accidents can result to physical harm, damage to property or delay in operation.

Causes of Accidents
➢ Unsafe acts. A violation of safe procedure
• act of omission
• act of commission
➢ Unsafe Conditions. Seen as a physical or chemical property in the material

Three Steps to Control Hazards and Accidents:

1. Identify- Involves knowledge and understanding of the several types of workplace
environmental stresses and the effect of these upon the health of the worker.
2. Evaluate- The decision- making process resulting in an opinion as to the degree of
health hazard that exists from chemical of physical agents from industrial exposure.
3. Correct- Engineering, Administrative Control and PPE.

1. Identify = Hazard Identification. Identification of hazard is done through:

➢ Inspection. An organized examination or formal evaluation exercise. It involves the
measurements, tests, and gauges applied to certain characteristics in regard to an object or
activity. The results are usually compared to specified requirements and standards for
determining whether the item or activity is in line with these targets. Inspections are usually
non-destructive. It is done before an incident or an accident occurs.

➢ Investigation. To observe or inquire into in detail; examine systematically. It is done

after an incident or an accident.

2. Evaluate = Risk Assessment. Compare what you identified with OSH standards,
3. Correct = Control

➢ Engineering control. Eliminate or reduce the hazard through:

• Initial design specification
• Substitution
• Change the process
• Isolation (Place)
• Ventilation
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➢ Administrative control. Control of employee’s exposure

• Increased breaks
• SOPs
• Isolation (time)
• Medical Exams
• Workplace monitoring
• Scheduled reduced work hours in contaminated areas

➢ PPE. Use protective barrier to protect the worker from the hazard.

Occupational Health (OH)

Occupational Health defines as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. People at work can be
exposed to risks to their health and may contract a range of occupational diseases and
conditions. Some people may die as a result of a contact; others may be permanently
incapacitated, etc.

Aims of Occupational Health:

1. Promotion & maintenance of the physical, mental and social well-being of

workers;
2. Prevention of illness;
3. Protection of workers from ‘risks’ at work;
4. Placement and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment
appropriate to his capacity.

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGIC ERGONOMIC

HAZARDS HAZARDS HAZARDS HAZARDS
 Noise Forms:  Bacteria  Improper tools
 Vibration  Liquids  Viruses and equipment
 Extremes of  Solids  Fungi design
temperature  Gas  Insects/  Unnecessary
 Illumination Route of entry Parasites and unusual
 Pressure  Inhalation design
 Ingestion  Repetitive
 Injection Motions
 Skin  Stress at work
 Eye
Contamination
 P a g e | 13

Physical Hazards

1. Noise- An unwanted sound; Noise can block, distort, change or

interfere with the meaning of a message in both human and
electronic communication.

Three Characteristics of Sound:

 Frequency- is the number of occurrences of a repeating

event per unit time; measured in Hertz cycles per second.
 Loudness- Intensity of the sound; measured in Decibel (dB)
 Duration- Continuous, intermittent, burst, waxing/ waning

Permissible Noise Exposure (OSHA 1981)

TABLE G-16 - PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES (1)
______________________________________________________________
|
Duration per day, hours | Sound level dBA slow response
____________________________|________________________________
|
8...........................| 90
6...........................| 92
4...........................| 95
3...........................| 97
2...........................| 100
1 1/2 ......................| 102
1...........................| 105
1/2 ........................| 110
1/4 or less................| 115
____________________________|________________________________
Footnote(1) When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise exposure of different levels, their
combined effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of each. If the sum of the following fractions: C(1)/T(1) +
C(2)/T(2) C(n)/T(n) exceeds unity, then, the mixed exposure should be considered to exceed the limit value. Cn indicates the total
time of exposure at a specified noise level, and Tn indicates the total time of exposure permitted at that level. Exposure to
impulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level

Control of Noise
1. Engineering methods
 Purchase new equipment
 Preventive maintenance
 Isolation/damping
2. Administrative Control
 Job rotation / breaks
3. PPE
 Ear plugs / ear muffs
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2. Heat Stress- (Hyperthermia) occurs when the body produces or absorbs

more heat than it can dissipate.
 High Temperature
 High Humidity
 Poor Ventilation
 Multiple Heat Source

Control of Heat Problems

1. Engineering control
 Ventilation
 Water sources (fountains/showers)
2. Administrative control
 Job rotation/breaks
3. PPE
 Cotton clothes, multiple changes

3. Cold Stress- (Hypothermia) is a condition in which core

temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism and body
functions which is defined as 35.0 °C (95.0 °F).

Control Methods
1. Engineering Control
 Isolation / enclosure / insulation
2. Administrative Control
 Shift work, rest periods
 Warm food and drinks / medical exams
3. PPE
 Thermal clothing / electric blanket
 Gloves / cap / jacket / wool lined shoes

4. Vibration- refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. The

oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or random such as the
movement of a tire on a gravel road; continuous low frequency oscillation that is more
likely felt than heard; affects the body through direct contact.

Fatigue- is a major safety concern in many fields, but especially in transportation,

because fatigue can result in disastrous accidents. Fatigue is considered an internal
precondition for unsafe acts because it negatively affects the human operator's internal
state.
Prevention & Treatment
1. Engineering
 Tool re-design
 Isolation
2. Administrative
 shifting
 P a g e | 15

3. PPE
 gloves, dampers
5. Illumination- is the deliberate application of light to achieve some
aesthetic or practical effect. Lighting includes use of both artificial light
sources such as lamps and natural illumination of interiors from daylight.
Daylighting (through windows, skylights, etc.) is often used as the main source
of light during daytime in buildings given its low cost.

The importance of Illumination or Lighting

 1915.92(a) of OSH Standards - all means of access and walkways leading to working
areas as well as the working areas themselves shall be adequately illuminated.
o A minimum of 50 lux – passageway, corridor, warehouse
o A minimum of 100 lux – engine and boiler rooms; toilets and washrooms
o A minimum of 200 lux – canning and preserving; planing of lumber
o A minimum of 300 lux – medium inspection; office deskwork with intermittent
reading and writing for filing and mail sorting
o A minimum of 500 lux – fine inspection, fine woodworking, accounting,
drafting, stenographic work.
o A minimum of 1000 lux – extra fine assembling; jewelry and watch mfg;
proofreading in printing plants

Control Methods
 Improve illumination by adding:
 artificial light sources
 natural light sources
 Reduce by:
 Isolation or enclosure
 PPE
 Eye examination

6. Pressure- Pressure is an effect which occurs when a force is applied on a surface.

Pressure is the amount of force acting on a unit area; is the atmospheric force that is
constantly applied on the body, as a result of normal changes in altitude or artificially
induced conditions; Pressure changes cause body stress.

Work in compressed air, for example in pressurized caissons and diving bells, and in diving operations,
may expose people to the risk of decompression sickness.

Control methods

 Pre-employment screening
 Training (Pre-event)
 Scheduled work duration
 Exercise (During event)
 Medical monitoring
 Medications
 Pressure vessels / chamber
 Rehabilitation (Post-event)
 Pressurized suits
 P a g e | 16

Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazard is the danger caused by chemicals to the
environment and people.

A chemical hazard arises from contamination with harmful or

potentially harmful chemicals.

The Routes of Entry of Chemicals

 Skin Absorption- Skin acts as a protective barrier.

Health Effects
 Local irritation
 Generalized Reaction (sensitization or allergic
reaction)
 Absorption is increased with high temperature
and perspiration
 Eye Contamination-enters thru contamination of the eye.
Health Effects
 Irritation
 Blindness
 Swelling
 Ingestion- enters thru mouth; accidental swallowing from eating in contaminated
area; smoking on the job with contaminated fingers and hands; ingestion of inhaled
materials.
Health Effects
 Vomiting
 Dizziness
 Inhalation- most important route of chemical exposure; concentration in the air;
duration of exposure; amount of air inhaled.
Health Effects
 Lack of oxygen
 Difficult to breathe

 Injection

Control of Chemical Hazards

1. Engineering
 Initial selection / substitution
 Chemical hood
 Redesign the process
2. Administrative
 APE / SOP / shiftwork / housekeeping
 MSDS review
 Environmental monitoring
3. PPE
 P a g e | 17

Biological Hazards

Also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a

threat to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans. This can
include medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin (from
a biological source) that can impact human health; these are the factors
that cause infectious and contagious diseases. These are common
problems among health care workers and laboratory personnel handling
biologic specimens.

Some Biologic Hazards that can are Contiguous or can lead to Death
 Tuberculosis- Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the
body. It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit.
Most infections in humans result in an asymptomatic, latent infection, and about one in ten latent
infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of
its victims.

 AIDS- This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves
individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct
contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as
blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk.

 Hepatitis A,B,C,E- implies inflammation of the liver characterized by the presence of

inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than six months
and chronic when it persists longer. A group of viruses known as the hepatitis viruses cause most
cases of hepatitis worldwide, but it can also be due to toxins (notably alcohol, certain medications
and plants), other infections and autoimmune diseases.

 Chicken Pox- is a highly contagious illness caused by primary

infection with varicella zoster virus. Chicken pox is spread easily
through coughs or sneezes of ill individuals, or through direct contact with
secretions from the rash. Following primary infection there is usually
lifelong protective immunity from further episodes of chickenpox.
Chickenpox is rarely fatal, although it is generally more severe in adult
males than in adult females or children. Pregnant women and those with
a suppressed immune system are at highest risk of serious
complications. Chicken pox is now believed to be the cause of one
third of stroke cases in children.
 URTI- Upper respiratory tract infections, (URI or URTI), are the illnesses caused by
an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx.
 Sore Eyes- painful and uncomfortable, usually as a result of an injury, infection, or too much
exercise.
 Sexually Transmitted Disease- is an illness that has a significant probability of
transmission between humans or animals by means of human sexual behavior, including vaginal
intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex.
 Other Skin Diseases
 P a g e | 18

Ergonomic Hazards
It is a technique that brings together several disciplines to solve problems at
work.

The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as follows:

Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding
of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies
theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and
overall system performance.

Five aspects of ergonomics

There are five aspects of ergonomics: safety, comfort, ease of use, productivity/performance,
and aesthetics. Based on these aspects of ergonomics, examples are given of how products or
systems could benefit from redesign based on ergonomic principles.
1. Safety - Medicine bottles: The print on them could be larger so that a sick person who
may have bad vision (due to sinuses, etc.) can more easily see the dosages and label.
Ergonomics could design the print style, color and size for optimal viewing.
2. Comfort - Alarm clock display: Some displays are harshly bright, drawing oneʼs eye to
the light when surroundings are dark. Ergonomic principles could re-design this based
on contrast principles.
3. Ease of use - Street Signs: In a strange area, many times it is difficult to spot street
signs. This could be addressed with the principles of visual detection in ergonomics.
4. Productivity/performance - HD TV: The sound on HD TV is much lower than regular
TV. So when you switch from HD to regular, the volume increases dramatically.
Ergonomics recognizes that this difference in decibel level creates a difference in
loudness and hurts human ears and this could be solved by evening out the decibel
levels.
5. Aesthetics - Signs in the workplace: Signage should be made consistent throughout the
workplace to not only be aesthetically pleasing, but also so that information is easily
accessible

Risk Factors on Ergonomics

1. Position
a. Wrist straight, shoulders relaxed
b. Back and neck as close to their natural alignment as possible
c. Elbows near the side, bent at a 90º angle to reach the work
d. Keep materials close to the body when carrying
e. Don’t twist, bend, reach
2. Force
a. Use as little effort as allowable
b. Push a cart, don’t pull
c. Seek assistance from others
d. Don’t exceed 25kgs when lifting
3. Frequency
a. Reduce the repetitions of movements in activities
b. Rest Breaks
 P a g e | 19

Sample of Correct Positioning in Using the Computer

 P a g e | 20

Risk Assessment
“overall process of estimating the magnitude of risk and deciding whether or not the
risk is tolerable”

Tolerable Risk
“risk that has been reduced to a level that can be endured by the organization
having regard to its legal obligations and its own OH & S policy”

In simple terms, the risk from the hazard should be determined by estimating
 Severity of harm
 Likelihood of harm occurring

Severity of Harm
 Slightly Harmful Superficial injuries, Nuisance, Irritation, ill-
health leading to temporary discomfort

 Harmful Lacerations, Burns, fractures Deafness,

dermatitis, ill-health leading to permanent minor
disability.

 Extremely Harmful Amputations, Major fractures, Fatal injuries,

severe life shortening diseases

Likelihood of Harm
 Highly Unlikely Occurs during accident, breakdown or
emergency situation.
 Unlikely Occurs during regular scheduled practice i.e.
monthly or yearly e.g. during maintenance.
 Likely - Occurs during normal everyday practice.

What is Risk?
“The combination of the likelihood and the consequences of a specified hazardous
event (accident or incident)”
 P a g e | 21

Likelihood / Frequency Criteria

Almost certain The Event is to be expected to occur in most circumstances
- incident could happen daily to weekly
Likely The Event will probably occur in most circumstances
- Incident could happen weekly to monthly
Moderate The Event should occur at some time
- Incident could happen monthly to yearly
Unlikely The Event may occur only in exceptional circumstances

Consequences
Minor First Aid Treatment
Medium Off-site medical treatment required
Serious Serious injury/illness
Major Permanent disability
> 2 people seriously injured
Fatality / Death
Potential /actual breach of legal requirements

IMPORTANCE CRITERIA or RISK MATRIX

 P a g e | 22

RISK ASSESMENT MATRIX

Severity

Likelihood Minor Serious Major

1 2 3

Likely M M H
3 (3) (6) (9)

Unlikely L M M
2 (2) (4) (6)

Highly Unlikely L L M
1 (1) (2) (3)

Severity

Likelihood Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic

1 2 3 4 5

Almost M H E E E
5 (5) (10) (15) (20) (25)

Likely M M H E E
4 (4) (8) (12) (16) (20)

Possible L M M H E
3 (3) (6) (9) (12) (15)

Unlikely L L M M H
2 (2) (4) (6) (8) (10)

Rare L L L M M
1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Legend:
L Low Risk – considered acceptable. No further action of RCMs are necessary
M Moderate Risk – relatively acceptable. However, further RCMs should be considered and existing RCMs
should be monitored
H High Risk – unacceptable level of risk. RCMs must be developed and implemented in short to medium
term
E Extreme Risk – unacceptable level of risk. RCMs must be immediately implemented or the risk
eliminated (i.e case activity)
 P a g e | 23

MANAGE FOR CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT – is an area where the risk is low and the existing H & S
arrangements is adequate

INCORPORATE RISK REDUCTION MEASURES – where the frequency and severity is fairly high and warrant
specific risk reduction measures, such as the use of procedures for controlling the risk or making hardware
improvement

INTOLERABLE – where the number of incidents and the severity are clearly intolerable and warrant a H & S Case

Risk = Probability x Severity

0-4 Low (Manage for improvement whereby risk reduction is not

normally undertaken)

5 - 12 Medium (Incorporate risk reduction measure to demonstrate

ALARP)

13 - 25 High (Intolerable and needs changes to designs and procedures)

P a g e | 24
 P a g e | 25

MANAGEMENT OF RISK
Based on the results of the risk assessment the organization must now decide if:
 No action required
 No additional controls required
 Efforts to be made to reduce the risks
 Work should not be started or continue until the risks have been reduced or
urgent action required

Definition of OSH Terms

Safety – Freedom from accident. The control of hazards to attain an acceptable level of risk.

Incident- An event that may or may not result to loss.

Accident- Unplanned, undesired event, not necessarily injurious or damaging, that disrupts
the completion of an activity.

Hazard- Is any potential or existing condition in the workplace that, by itself or by interacting with
other variables, can result in death, injuries, property damage, and other losses.

Hazard Control- Hazard control involves developing a program to recognize, evaluate, and
eliminate (or at least reduce) the destructive efforts of hazards arising from human errors and from
conditions in the workplace.

Loss Control- Is accident prevention, achieved through a complete safety and health control
program.

Risk- Chance of physical or personal loss.

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Module 3 – Recognizing Safety Hazards and Application of

Appropriate Safety Rules and Control Measures

IV. Basic Safety Rules and Measures

A. Housekeeping and Materials Handling and Storage

Rule 1060 - Premises of Establishment
1. Building premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or danger sign and safety instructions of
standard colors and sizes visible at all times
2. Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the driver of motorized vehicle such as STOP,
YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER, properly positioned within the compound of the establishment
shall be used to increase safety especially during the night
3. Handicapped employees should be restricted only to designated workplaces. As far as
practicable and feasible they should be provided with facilities for safe and convenient
movement in the establishment
4. Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through cleanliness of building, yards,
machines, equipment, regular waste disposal, and orderly arrangement of processes,
operations, storage and filing of materials
5. Personal Facilities: Adequate comfort rooms and lavatories separate for male and female
workers, adequate dressing rooms for female workers and locker rooms for male workers shall
be provided

NOTES:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______
Points on Safety Storage of Materials
________________________________________________________________________________
1. Materials that can react with each other should be stored in separate areas (e.g. acid
and base)
_______
2. Storage areas should be well ventilated and lighted
3. In storage areas of flammable materials, explosion proof lighting fixtures and switches
to be used
4. Fire extinguishers should be sufficient for the amount and the type of materials in the
storage area. Fire Extinguishers should be accessible.
5. Adequate spacing for access (at least 4 feet of space from any structure or shelf)
6. Compressed gas (high-pressure) tanks and cylinders should be stored in upright
position and should be secured with ropes, slings or chain to a rigid structure.
7. No open flame work near the storage of combustible and flammable materials. Hot
work permit is mandatory should welding is extremely necessary.
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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MANUAL HANDLING

1) Size up the load

2) Obtain secure footing – place feet solidly and well apart and close to the object as
practical
3) Crouch close to the load and get a firm grip. Keep back as straight as possible
4) Lift by straightening legs

RULES FOR LIFTING

• Never Bend, Lift, and Twist at the same time!

• Use mechanical aids or assistance when possible.

• Bend your knees and use your legs to lift!

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B. Mechanical Safety
Guarding, or machine guarding, is often thought of as being concerned only with points of
operation or with the means of power transmission. Although guarding against these hazards
is required, this step can also prevent injuries from other causes both on and around machines
and from equipment and damaged materials. Poor machine guarding practices are one of the
greatest contributors to workplace injuries. Guarding or barriers may prevent injuries from the
following sources:

 Direct contact with exposed moving parts of the machine.

 Work process, pieces of wood that kick back from a power ripsaw or metal chips that fly
from tools or from abrasive wheels.
 Machine failure usually results from lack of preventive maintenance, overloading, metal
fatigue or abuse.
 Electrical failure, which may cause malfunctioning of the machine or electrical shocks or
burns
 Operator error or human failure caused by lack of knowledge or skill, emotional distraction,
misunderstandings, laziness, unsafe operation, illness, fatigue and so on.
 Excessive noise is more than just annoyance; excessive noise can be a real hazard
because it can cause permanent hearing damage.

Principles of Safeguarding

 Safeguarding hazards before accidents. Guarding the hazard is a fundamental

principle of accident prevention and is not limited to machinery.
 Benefits of Safeguarding. The primary benefits of proper safeguarding in a
supervisor’s eyes are that it reduces the possibility of injury and it may improve
production.
 Types of Safeguards. The type of machine guard depends on the machine it will
guard.

Where Mechanical Hazards Occur

 Point of Operation- the point in the machine where work is performed on the
material
o Cutting, Shaping, Boring or Forming Stock
 Power Transmission- All components of the mechanical system which transmit
energy to the part of the machine performing the work.
o Flywheels, Pulleys, Belts, Couplings, Gears

 Other Moving Parts- All parts of the machine which moves while the machine
is working
o Reciprocating, Rotating, and transverse moving parts
 P a g e | 29

Requirements for Safeguards

 Prevent contact - prevent worker’s body or clothing from contacting hazardous moving
parts

 Secure - firmly secured to machine and not easily removed

 Protect from falling objects - ensure that no objects can fall into moving parts

 Create no new hazards - must not have shear points, jagged edges or unfinished
surfaces

 Create no interference - must not prevent worker from performing the job quickly and
comfortably

 Allow safe lubrication - if possible, be able to lubricate the machine without removing
the safeguards

METHODS OF MACHINE SAFEGUARDING

 Guards
 Devices
 Location/Distance
 Feeding & Ejecting Method
 Miscellaneous Aids

Fixed Guard

Provides a barrier - a permanent part of the machine, preferable to all other types of guards.

Interlocked Guard

When this type of guard is opened or removed, the tripping mechanism

and/or power automatically shuts off or disengages, and the machine cannot
cycle or be started until the guard is back in place.

(Interlocked guard on revolving drum)

Bandsaw
Adjustable Guard blade
adjustable
guard
Provides a barrier which may be adjusted to facilitate a variety of
production operations.
 P a g e | 30

Self-Adjusting Guard

Provides a barrier which moves according to the size of the stock

entering the danger area.

(Circular table saw self-adjusting guard)

Pullback Device

• Utilizes a series of cables attached to the operator’s hands, wrists,

and/or arms

• Primarily used on machines with stroking action

• Allows access to the point of operation when the slide/ram is up

• Withdraws hands when the slide/ram begins to descend

• Hands in die, feeding

• Point of operation exposed

• Pullback device attached and properly adjusted

• Die closed

• Hands withdrawn from point of operation by pullback device

Restraint Device

• Uses cables or straps attached to the operator’s hands and a

fixed point

• Must be adjusted to let the operator’s hands travel within a

predetermined safe area

• Hand-feeding tools are often necessary if the operation

involves placing material into the danger area

Safety Tripwire Cables

• Device located around the perimeter of or near the danger area
• Operator must be able to reach the cable to stop the machine
 P a g e | 31

Two-Hand Control
• Requires constant, concurrent pressure to activate the machine
• The operator’s hands are required to be at a safe location (on
control buttons) and at a safe distance from the danger area while
the machine completes its closing cycle

Presence Sensing
 Uses systems of light.
 Principle of operation: When the light beam is broken, machine will not start to cycle or
stopping mechanism will be activated.

Gate
• Movable barrier device which protects
the operator at the point of operation
before the machine cycle can be
started
• If the gate does not fully close,
machine will not function

Safeguarding by Location/Distance

• Locate the machine or its dangerous moving parts so that they are
not accessible or do not present a hazard to a worker during normal
operation
• Maintain a safe distance from the danger area

Automatic Feed
(shown on
power press)
 P a g e | 32

Robots
• Machines that load and unload stock, assemble parts, transfer objects, or perform other
tasks
• Best used in high-production processes requiring repeated routines where they prevent
other hazards to employees

Protective Shields
These do not give complete protection from machine hazards, but
do provide some protection from flying particles, splashing cutting
oils, or coolants.

Holding Tools
• Used to place and remove stock in the danger area
• Not to be used instead of other machine safeguards, but as a
supplement

Machine Safety Responsibilities

• Management
• ensure all machinery is properly guarded
• Supervisors
• train employees on specific guard rules in their areas
• ensure machine guards remain in place and are functional
• immediately correct machine guard deficiencies
• Employees
• do not remove guards unless machine is locked and tagged
• report machine guard problems to supervisors immediately
• do not operate equipment unless guards are in place

Training
Operators should receive training on the following:
• Hazards associated with particular machines
• How the safeguards provide protection and the hazards for which they are intended
• How and why to use the safeguards
• How and when safeguards can be removed and by whom
• What to do if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or unable to provide adequate
protection

A good rule to remember is: Any machine part,

function, or process which may cause injury must
be safeguarded
 P a g e | 33

C. Electrical Safety

Basic Electrical Terms

Voltage- the difference in potentials between points (measured in volts)

Current- The movement or flow of electric charges (measured in amperes)

Resistance- The property of material that opposes the flow of electric current (measured in
ohms)

Ohm’s law- the current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely
proportional to the resistance.

Conductor- permits electrons or electric current to flow through it Conductors have low
resistance to electricity and are used for wires, switches and electrical connections.

Insulator- Used to provide barrier around a conductor (to prevent accidental contact).
Insulators have a very high resistance to the flow of electricity and are used to cover wiring and
other electrical components

Semiconductors - can change their resistance to act as either a conductor or an insulator.

They are used to make computer microchips.

Electrical Circuit - Any combination of a conductor and a source of electricity connected

together to permit electrons to travel in a continuous stream. Electricity may take multiple
paths, flowing through all possible circuits. The greatest amount of current will flow through the
path of least resistance, or lowest resistance, or lowest impedance.

Any part of your body that accidentally bridges the gap between two different voltage levels
creates a new electrical circuit, and your body may provide the path of least resistance to the
ground. Equipment grounding connects all conductive materials that enclose electrical lines.
Bypassing grounds or careless handling of grounding connections can result in electrical fires
and fatal accidents

Circuit-Protection Devices (CPDs)

 Fuses
 Circuit breakers
 Ground fault circuit- interrupters (GFCIs)- A GFCI is a supersensitive appliance,
rapid action power switch which breaks a circuit when there is more than 5
milliamps difference between the hot wire and the neutral or grounded
conductors.
 P a g e | 34

Rules for Circuit Protection

 Do not create an octopus connection
 Never bypass, bridge nor disable any circuit protection device in an energized
or live circuit
 Always make sure the power is safely off.
 Replace a fuse with the exact duplicate.
 Use fuse pliers for added protection
 Be sure the markings on the old and new fuses match.

Electrical Shock – is the most serious electrical hazard. This happens when you touch a live
wire, a tool or machine with poor insulation. You then become a conductor. The danger of an
electric shock is not directly related to the voltage, but mainly determined by the following
conditions: current value, type of power supply, duration of electric shock, passage of current
and human condition.

The minimum current at which a man feels an electric shock is about 1 mA at 60Hz;
the limit current at which man can endure the pain of an electric shock is about 7 to
8 mA and the maximum current at which man can still move is about 10 to 15 mA.
The heart is particularly the susceptible to electric shock. The flow of the current
disturbs the hearts rhythm, upsetting the blood flow and affecting its vital
functions. When the current increases, the heart shivers and death results in few minutes.

Lockout - is blocking the flow of energy from the power source to the equipment-
and keeping it blocked out.
Lockout/ tag out protects you from the unexpected start-up of machines or
release of stored energy during service or maintenance.

Lockout- tag out procedure

 Place a lock on a disconnection switch, circuit breaker, valve handle to make sure it
cannot be moved from the OFF or closed
position.
 Attach a written tag at the place where the
equipment would be energized, such as the ON
switch or on a valve that opens a supply line.
 NEVER use you LOTO for blocking personal or
unauthorized items
 NEVER lend or borrow a lock or tag
 NEVER remove someone else’s lock or tag
 P a g e | 35

6 steps to lockout/ tag out

1. Preparation- know the equipment, its energy source before working on it
2. Shutdown- turn off the equipment
3. Isolation- find and isolate every form of energy that the machine uses. This includes
pulling fuses, throwing disconnects and capping any secondary sources of energy.
4. Application- anything that might restore the flow of energy to the work area must be
locked out. In situations where multiple pieces of equipment are being locked, an
authorized employee places all keys in a lock box to which each employee attaches his
or her personal lock.
5. Control- even after the equipment is locked out, you must control the stored energy.
a. Relieve, disconnect or restrain any residual hazardous energy that could be
present
b. Check that all moving parts have been stopped.
c. Relieve trapped pressure
d. Install ground wires to discharge electrical capacitors.
e. Block or support elevated equipment
f. Check continuously if energy build- up is possible
6. Verify
a. Energy source is shut down. Blocked off, controlled and locked out
b. Warn everyone in the lockout area and be sure they are moved to a safe place
c. Activate controls that might restore power to the machine you are working on
d. If equipment does not start, restore all controls to the OFF position and begin to
work

3 steps to removal and Re- Energizing a System

1. Restore Work Area
a. Remove all tools
b. Double check all equipment components
c. Replace all safety features, such as machine guards
d. Close access panels that were opened to perform service
on equipment

2. Notify Personnel. Notify all employees that LOTO devices are

being removed. Remove employees from the area or make sure they
are at a safe distance from the equipment.

3. Remove LOTO Devices. The person who placed each device

must be the one to remove it. Someone who placed a LOTO device is not present, notify your
supervisor who will follow specific procedures. Never remove it yourself.
After all devices are removed, tell involved employees that LOTO is ended and that the
equipment is being re-energized.
 P a g e | 36

D. Fire Safety
Fire is the result of the chemical combination of a combustible material (fuel) with oxygen in
the presence of enough heat. If any one of the three is missing, a fire will not start. The
relationship is called fire triangle. It is important that every worker, not only supervisor, knows
the main causes of fire, how fire spreads, how to fight
fire, and how to prevent fire.

Basic Chemistry of Fire

 Fuel. Or combustible materials. This

includes many substances such as
natural gas (methane), plastics, wood,
natural and artificial fibers, paper, coal
and other living matter. Inorganic
substances are also combustible,
substances like hydrogen, ammonium
nitrate magnesium, phosphorus, sodium
and sulfur.
 Oxygen. Fire normally draws its
fire through the air, which is a
mixture of 21 percent oxygen and
78 percent nitrogen. 16% of
oxygen is needed to sustain fire.
 Heat. Sufficient heat to raise the
temperature of the fuel surface to
a point where chemical union of
the fuel and oxygen occurs. The
temperature at which the
substance gives off these vapors
or gases in sufficient quantity to be
ignited is called the “flash point” of
the substance.
 Chemical Reaction. Vapors of gases, which are distilled during burning
process of a material, are carried into the flame

Three methods of Heat Transfer

 Conduction. Is the transfer of thermal energy between neighboring molecules

in a substance due to a temperature gradient. It takes place in solids, such as
metals, timber, concrete and glass. Some solids, such as metals, are better
conductor of heat than woods, for example.
 Convection. Is one of the major modes of heat transfer and mass transfer. It
takes place in fluids and gases cause by the convection currents.
 P a g e | 37

 Radiation. Is electromagnetic radiation emitted from a material which is due to

the heat of the material, the characteristics of which depend on its temperature.
It is the process of heat transmission through air and gases. If you are sitting
close to a bonfire, he will feel the heat of the fire, even though the surrounding is
cold, this is an example of heat radiation.

****************************************************************************************************

Fire Spread Control

 Starvation or Fuel Removal. There are three ways to achieve starvation:

 Take the fuel away from the fire
 Take the fire away from the fuel
 Reduce the quantity or bulk of the fuel.
 Smothering or oxygen removal. Smothering can be achieved by:
 Allowing the fire to consume the oxygen while preventing the inward flow
of more oxygen
 Adding an inert gas to the burning mixture.

Oxygen levels can be reduced below the minimum (16%) percentage needed for combustion
by purging and rendering the atmosphere inert in closed containers or processing systems.

 Cooling or heat source control. The most common means of fire. Water is the most
effective and cheapest medium for fighting a fire.

Classifications of Fire and Extinguishing Methods

 Class A or combustible materials such as solid materials, wood, cloth,

paper, and natural fibers. Water is used in cooling to reduce the temperature of the
burning material below its ignition temperature. It is the most effective way of
extinguishing the Class A fire.

 Class B fires involve Flammable liquids, greases and gases. Foam,

vaporizing liquids, carbon dioxide and dry powder can be used on Class B fires.
There may be some restrictions on the type of foam which can be used because some
foam breaks down on contact with alcohols.

 Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment. This class of fire can be
controlled by the use of non-conducting extinguishing agents. The safest procedure
 P a g e | 38

is to always de-energize high voltage circuits and treat as Class A or Class B fire
depending on the fuel.

 Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium,

zirconium, sodium and potassium. Water and other common extinguishing agents are
ineffective on this kind of fire because of its extremely high temperature. There is no
agent available that will effectively control fires in all combustible metals. Special
extinguishing agents are available for control of fire in each of the metals and are
marked specifically for that metal.

 Class K fire or kitchen fire. Fires that involve cooking oils or fats are
designated "Class K" under the US system, and "Class F" under the
European/Australasian systems. Though such fires are technically a subclass of the
flammable liquid/gas class, the special characteristics of these types of fires are
considered important enough to recognize separately.

Fire Extinguishers - Is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small
fires, often in emergency situations. This is the first line of defense. Fire extinguishers are
further divided into handheld and cart-mounted, also called wheeled extinguishers.
Handheld extinguishers weigh from 0.5 to 14 kilograms (1 to 30 pounds), and are hence,
easily portable by hand. Cart-mounted units typically weigh 23+ kilograms (50+ pounds).
These wheeled models are most commonly found at construction sites, airport runways,
heliports, as well as docks and marinas.
 P a g e | 39

Proper Use of Fire Extinguishers

The Parts of the Fire Extinguisher

 P a g e | 40

E. Chemical Safety
 P a g e | 41

Module 4 – Hazards Identification, Risk Assessment and

Control (HIRAC)

POLICY AND PROCEDURE

The organization must establish policy and procedure to ensure that identified
impacts as consequence of the project activities are resolved, and that risk-
reduction strategies are being implemented effectively.

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
There must be a determination of all-possible events or processes that could
lead to hazardous incidents. It must involve the definition of inherent and
potential hazards of the substances and processes identified in the impact
assessment. For a thorough risk analysis, it is imperative that necessary data
are available and considered. This may involve the review of the present plant
layout; equipment layout; inventories of hazardous substances; equipment
control parameters; materials safety data sheets (physical and toxicity data);
operating procedures; safety practices and emergency procedures.

HAZARD ACCOUNTING
There must be a list of all existing hazards in the workplace stating how they are
used, processed, disposed off, interact with other processes, behave and
handled.

The system boundaries must be identified with inputs from different groups and
establish priorities as to which hazards need to be evaluated first and identify
linkages that would lead to a cost-effective mitigating measure. The
geographical limits of management interest, time concerned, population groups
to be protected, and the kinds of impacts to be assessed could indicate the
system boundaries.

PATHWAY EVALUATION
There must be an evaluation of the effect of the various routes or exposure to a
person or an ecosystem. The linkage between initiating events or initial
conditions, and the eventual impacts on human health, welfare and ecosystem
must be evaluated. The Fault Tree (Causes) Analyses and Event Tree
(Consequences) Analyses is suggested, to be used in a complementary manner
to provide a more quantitative accident scenario evaluation.

RISK CHARACTERIZATION
Risk must be estimated of the frequency and severity of adverse effects. The
results must be presented in a form useful to management to manage risks.
Risk analyses must be expressed in a quantitative and qualitative manner and
evaluated according as to its priority index (Risk = probability x severity). The
use of an environmental risk matrix with reference to environmental components
can be used to summarize the characterization of risks.
 P a g e | 42

RISK ANALYSIS
Priority risks that were identified must be evaluated for adequacy and
completeness. The risk assessment must include scope of boundaries,
appropriateness of methods used to characterize risks, reasonable
assumptions; level of participation of affected parties, degree of uncertainties in
risk estimates and extent of the set of risk scenarios. Risk analysis will also
provide information for emergency and contingency planning. There must be
risk analysis for environment, safety and health.

RISK MANAGEMENT
The information provided by the risk evaluation process will be the basis for risk-
reduction actions or most appropriate alternatives that appear cost-effective.
The organization must identify the necessity of these reduction measures to
their operation, whenever applicable, based on the performed risk analysis.
Again, the overall risk management program must cover environment, safety
and health risk.

IMPLEMENTATION
The identified environment, safety and health risk program must be
implemented in every activity or areas determined to have unacceptable risk
scenarios. The application of cost-effective measures to ensure a reduction of
the risk to acceptable level must be in place and already applied.

EVALUATION
There must be an evaluation on the effectiveness of the risk management
program. This is to ensure that the objectives and targets are met within the
designed timeframe. The evaluation will also provide the opportunity to improve
ineffective corrective and preventive actions. The person responsible for the
complete implementation and monitoring of the risk management program must
prepare the performance evaluation report and to be submitted to top
management for review.
 P a g e | 43

Module 5 – Workplace Emergency Preparedness

VI. Workplace Emergency Preparedness

The potential for emergencies and disasters to happen at all plant facilities, even at home can
be devastating in terms of casualties, business interruptions, loss of capital investments, etc.
These events cannot be avoided but the management can reduce their frequency of
occurrence and severity of damage when effective preparation and planning is done. No
matter how committed an industrial company may be in terms of occupational safety and
health program implementation, the probability of an emergency may arise at the least
expected times. This module will help employees to make decisions and take appropriate
actions to keep a victim alive, keep injuries becoming worse and how prepare in case of an
emergency.

Emergency is a sudden, unexpected event demanding an immediate action. However, a

disaster is an extremely serious state of emergency where the possibility of loss of life, severe
injury or extensive damage to property exists. A disaster may or may not be preceded by a
state of emergency. Emergency planning involves the development of a specific plan that
details action/s to be taken by trained personnel during an emergency in an effort to efficiently
control it and minimize its negative impact.

DISASTER is sudden, calamitous event bringing wide spread damage or suffering, loss or
destruction and great misfortune, often arriving without forewarning.

EMERGENCY is a sudden, unexpected event demanding an immediate action.

General Procedures In Response To Different Types Of Emergencies.

FIRST AID – is the immediate care given to a victim who has been injured or suddenly taken
ill.

ROLE OF FIRST AIDER:

1. Serves as the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. He is not to compete with nor take the place of the physician.
3. He will assist the physician when he arrives.

OBJECTIVES IN GIVING FIRST AID:

1. To alleviate suffering of the victim.

2. To prevent added injury to the victim and to prevent further harm.
3. To prolong the life of the victim.

EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLE:

 P a g e | 44

1. Survey the scene.

2. Do the primary survey of the victim.
3. Activate medical assistance or transfer facility.
4. Do the secondary survey of the victim

EARTHQUAKE - What to do:

 Act quickly! Protect your body from falling debris by getting under a sturdy desk, table
or doorway

 Keep away from glass windows and free standing furniture.

 When outside, stay away from tall buildings, move to an open field.
 At the end of initial shock, evacuate building when given clearance by the Chief
Marshal
 Go to the assembly area assigned near your position.

FIRE EMERGENCY – If you discover a fire:

 Activate fire alarm (break glass)
 Call for help, dial your hot line number
 Try to extinguish fire if knowledgeable to do so.
 Do not take any personal risks.
 Follow instructions of evacuation team guide.
 Proceed to the assembly area.

EVACUATION
 On hearing the alarm signal, gather vital personal effects and go for the nearest exit
near you.
 Go to the assembly area at the open field assigned near your present location
 If you are away from normal work floor, obey instructions from that floor.
 Do not attempt to return to your own floor
 Security will take any other action.

BOMB THREAT
 If a bomb or suspicious object is discovered – do not touch it, clear the area
 Notify security office
 Prevent other personnel from going into the area
 Security will take any other action required
Module 6 – Compliance to Administrative OSH Requirements
 P a g e | 45

VII. Administrative OSH Requirements

Rule 1020 - Registration
 Every employer shall register his/her business with the Regional Labor Office or
authorized representative to provide the DOLE with information as guide in its
enforcement activities.
 Free of charge
 Valid for lifetime, except when there is change in name, location, ownership; opening
after previous closing

RULE 1040 - Health and Safety Committee

•What is a Safety and Health Committee?

A Safety and Health Committee is a group of employees or workers and

management that plans and makes policies in all matters pertaining to safety and
health in the workplace. All establishments are required to have a Safety and
Health Committee.

•What are the duties of the Safety and Health Committee?

Safety and Health Committee shall:

 Plan and develop accident prevention programs in the workplace;
 Inspect workplace to detect unsafe conditions;
 Review reports of inspection, results of accident investigations and implementation of
accident prevention program;
 Conduct safety meetings at least once a month;
 Submit reports to the manager/owner on its meetings and activities;
 Provide necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities in the proper
conduct of activities relating to enforcement of the provisions of the Standards;
 Train workers in safe work habits and procedures;
 Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan and organize such emergency
service units as may be necessary to handle disaster situations pursuant to the
Emergency Preparedness Manual for Establishments of the Office of Civil Defense.
 P a g e | 46

RULE 1050 - Notification & Keeping of Accident and/or Occupational Illnesses

• Notification - All work accidents or occupational illnesses, resulting in disabling

conditions or dangerous occurrences shall be reported by the employer to the
Regional Labor Office
• If Major work accidents results in death or permanent total disability, employer
shall initially notify the Regional Labor Office within 24 hours.
• 1054: Keeping of Records - The employer shall maintain and keep an accident
or illness record which shall be open at all times for inspection to authorized
personnel.

• Provides the safety officer means for an objective evaluation of the program
• Helps identify high injury rates
• Provides information on accident causes which contributes to high injury rates.
P a g e | 47
 P a g e | 48

SEE APPENDIX C – OSH PROGRAM FORMAT OF DOLE

 P a g e | 49

NOTES:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
 P a g e | 50

MODULE 7 – TIPS ON EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION

Planning Your Presentation

1. Preparing your visual aids

2. Effective Presentation

When to Use Visual Aids

 Summarize factual information
 Visualize idea, concept or procedure
 Show detailed/technical data
 Propose radical new product, service or
procedure
 Explain operations, machines, physical and natural events

Criteria for Planning and Designing Visuals

 Size of the group

 Presentation mode
 Time constraints
 Organizational structure
 Presentation objective
 Available resources
 Budget

Qualities of a Good Visual

 Simplicity (KISS)
 Visibility
 Clarity

Value of Visuals (to the presenter)

 Increases motivation, enthusiasm and confidence
 Strengthens your presentation and supports your purpose
 Creates interests for your presentation
 Generates and holds audience attention
 Allows spontaneous movement

Value of Visuals (to the audience)

 Emphasizes key concepts

 Reduce confusion, misunderstanding and inaccuracies
 Clarifies abstract concepts and technical procedures
 Stimulates imagination and active listening
 Creates more lasting impression
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COMMON DEVISES USED IN LEARNING

 Non-projected Visuals
 Projected Visuals

STEPS IN PRODUCING VISUAL AIDS

1. Identify the needs.

2. State the objectives
3. Specify approaches to the design
4. Consider the needed tools and raw materials
5. Identify the involvement of different people
6. Produce the prototype (try-out model)
7. Test the try-out model
8. Modify the try-out model
9. Finalize the materials

POINTERS FOR EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION

1. Be natural.
2. Avoid distracting mannerisms
3. Think of your venue as a stage.
4. Know the strong points in the room.
5. Use humor when necessary.
6. Establish good eye contact.

TOP TEN DO’S AND DON’TS IN PRESENTATION

1. Do practice, practice, practice.

2. Do choose a medium which suits your audience.
3. Don’t speak in monotone.
4. Do know your equipment/
5. Don’t use excessive hand and body
gestures.
6. Do use your visual aids to support your
message.
7. Don’t procrastinate.
8. Do make eye contact with your audience.
9. Don’t overshoot your time limit.
10. Do practice 10x longer.

HOW TO MAKE THE MOST OUT OF YOUR

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PRESENTATION

 Get to the venue early

 Always rehearse your speech beforehand and during your presentation.
 Ensure you are familiar with the audiovisual equipment.
 Always have technical back-up if you’re using a lot of equipment.
 Try to achieve a look of confidence through positive body language.
 Engage your audience in eye contact.
 Think about your voice.
 Illustrate your speech whenever possible

WHO IS A TRAINER?

A provider of certain __________, ________ and ________ that will affect people’s or
individual’s behavior for a desirable change which, when utilized, can contribute
achieve organizational/group goals.

BE A FEARLESS FACILITATOR

F-

E-

A-

R-

L-

E-

S-

S-

KNOWING YOUR PARTICIPANTS

 The Owl
 The Lion
 The Elephant
 The Tortoise
 The Frog
 The Rabbit
 The Chameleon
 The Peacock
 The Fish
 The Cat
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 The Mouse
 The Monkey
 The Donkey
 The Hippo
 The Snake
 The Rhino
 The Giraffe
 The Ostrich

GIVING AND RECEIVING FEEDBACK

 Communication to a person (or group) that provides information how his or her
actions affect others
 Way of helping to improve his/her communication skills

How to give feedback

 Be specific rather than general

 Share information rather than giving advice
 Be descriptive rather than judgemental
 Direct your comments towards behavior which the receiver can modify
 Consider the needs of both the receiver and the giver of the feedback
 Feedback should be solicited rather than imposed

Receiving Feedback

 Ask clarifying questions in order to understand the feedback.

 Help the person providing feedback use the criteria for giving useful feedback
(specific)
 Avoid making it more difficult for someone to give you feedback (don’t be
defensive)