KATHMANDU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

REPORT ON
COMMERCIAL MULTIPLEX
BUILDING
DESIGN STUDIO-IV

12/1/2018

AAKRITI PRADHAN(73001)
ANKITA SINGH(73005)
ANUGYA PRADHAN(73007)
IRINA TANDUKAR(73015)
LISAMA TAMRAKAR(73019)
PRIYA SHRESTHA(73026)
SHREENIKA MANANDHAR(73036)
 Acknowledgement
We would like to thank respected teachers’ for giving us such a wonderful
opportunity to expand our knowledge for our own branch and giving us guidelines to
present a report. It helped us a lot to realize of what we study for. We would like to
thank those who helped us to make our work more organized and well stacked till the
end. We would like to thank all the managers on duty at the time of performing the
case studies. Their kind hospitality in allowing us to interview and photographs has
contributed greatly to our project. Secondly, we would like to thank our parents who
patiently helped us as we went through our work and helped to modify and eliminate
some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs. Last but clearly not the least; we would
thank The Almighty for giving us strength to complete the report on time.
2
Page

2
 Table of content…
1. Introduction
Commercial complex
History
Multiplex
2. Literature review
 Served space
Cinema
Retail shops
Restaurants and food courts
Supermarkets
Office
 Security and services
3. Case study
National case study
 Civil mall
 Labim mall
International case study
Hangzhou duolan
Wave mall
4. Comparative analysis
5. Service analysis
6. Bipliography
7. Abstract
8. conclusion
3
Page

3
 Commercial complex cum multiplex
Introduction
A commercial building is a building that is used for commercial use. Types
can include office buildings, warehouses,
or retail (convenience stores, 'big box'
stores, shopping malls, etc.). In urban
locations, a commercial building
often combines functions, such as an
office on levels 2-10, with retail on floor
1. Local authorities commonly maintain
strict regulations on commercial zoning,
and have the authority to designate any
zoned area as such. A business must be
located in a commercial area or area
zoned at least partially for commerce.

Structure whose 50 percent or more of floor space is

leased for commercial purposes. Commercial buildings
include, but are not limited to, stores, offices, schools,
churches, gymnasiums, libraries, museums, hospitals, clinics,
warehouses, and jails. Government buildings are included
except for buildings on military bases or reservations.
4
Page

4
 Brief History
Commerce simply its an art of selling and buying goods. In modern world trade and
commerce
is a mostly used topic. I’ve tried to figure out the development of Commerce
simultaneously with architecture.
History links the past to present. It is a point of initiation as after something is
completed it becomes a history. Historical backgrounds always impacts social as well
as economical aspects of a particular region.
HISTORY IN WESTERN WORLD:
Development of Civilization initiated trade
and commerce. In the history of trade, we know
that people used to grow more crops and sell
them to other part. Transportation became a
medium and architecture germinates in the name
of shops. During Greek civilization, Trade was
flourished more and socio-cultural need of that
time and AGORA emerged as a new
architectural structure.
The Agora of the typical city of ancient
Greece was essentially a shopping center in the
heart of the business district. The Emperor
Trajan’s architect, the Greek slave Apollodorus,
built a shopping center adjacent to the
Roman Forum in 110 A.D. It had a two-level
enclosed and ventilated mall lined with open-
fronted shops startlingly similar to today’s most
upto-date concept.

In present context business arcade has turned into

commercial complexes. It is one of the major
elements of urban scope. We can say the present commercial complexes are the
filtered form of Agora with addition of comfort and need in one. Use of modern
material increases transparency level in those structures to maximize exposure.
In this era, many cities are evolving as a business center and Commercial complexes

are the one bejeweling it. Singapore, New York, London, Dubai, Shanghai are the
cities with more commercial vibes. Nowadays commercial complexes are designed in
5

order to attract more consumer so they are now equipped with many leisure
Page

components too.

5
 Roman’s atrium can still be seen in the present complexes. With relative to time
architecture seems changing in the field of trade but the major components of
complexes are same. Interior of the present complexes are
designed to achieve.
CINEMAS
The design of the modern cinema seeks to find a successful
balance between the existing site conditions, individual
auditorium size, raking of seats to provide an unobstructed
view together with good sound and picture quality for the
customer.

DETAILED DESIGN

Siting

open space to accommodate means of escape, create

anidentifiable entry and allow for possible queues. New
multiscreen cinemas should provide easy access and ample
parking to meet Local authority requirements.

Multiple auditoria

In dual cinemas, ratios of 1:2 or 2:3 are used, and 1:2:3 for triplecinemas. An
auditorium width should not exceed approximately twice that of the screen and its
length no more than three times the screen width.
6
Page

6
 Seating

All members of the audience have a clear

and unobstructed view of the screen.
Seating for customers with disabilities
should be integrated within the main body
of the seating for refuge points and
emergency exits. Seating areas of
auditoria should be within0.85-1.05 m2
per person. The distance between the
backs of seats should be a minimum of
900mmalthough up to 1.2m is often used
for maximum legroom and comfort. Seat
widths vary between 500and 750 mm,
with a suggested maximum of 22 seats per row. The distance from the screen to the
front row of seats is determined by the maximum allowable angle between the sight-
line from the first row to the top of the screen and perpendicular to the screen at that
point. The recommended angle is from 30" up to 35"although 45" is

used as the maximum in some circumstances. The 35" sight angle limit above the
horizontal produces a distance to the screen on the centre-line of 1.43 times the height
from the front row eye level to the top of the picture.
7
Page

7
 Gangways

These should have a minimum clear width of 1.05m.In small auditoria (100-250
seats),a single central gangway is sufficient; for medium size venues, a gangway on
either side is acceptable, causing less visual distraction; and in large auditoria(400-
600 seats) the preferred solution is to have twin gangways set in 0.25-0.35 of the
cinema width from each side.

Public areas

The space may include payment booths, advance booking facilities, ticket machines,
refreshment kiosks, merchandising stalls, forthcoming film advertising and
information on current screenings. There should be sufficient room for queuing
comfortably and clear signage to public toilets, auditorium entrances etc. Suitable
access, toilets and lifts are required for visitors with disabilities.

SERVICING FACILITIES

Projection rooms

Projection areas with rewinding benches, sound equipment, dimmer and switch
facilities. To cater for future trends,
a minimum area of 5.5 x 4.0m per
screen should be allowed, with a
minimum ceiling height of
2.6m.Projection rooms require a
separate system of mechanical or
natural ventilation, water cooling
facilities, suitable positioned
lighting and sufficient heating (or
cooling) to maintain a minimum
8

temperature of 10°C.The aim should be to use as large a screen as possible, up to the

Page

limits defined either by given maxima or width of seating. The proportions are1:1.75
8
 height to width and black masking is used around the edges to preserve the maximum
brightness on the screen. Screen construction is generally pvc or metalized fabric
stretched over a metal frame. It should be remembered that the surface will deteriorate
overtime. A minimum depth of 1.35m is required behind the screens for the
installation of speakers, the number and position of which usually depends on the type
of sound system and the size of the auditorium. Space must also be left for the tabs
(curtains) and mechanical systems to the side of the screen.

Sound systems

five speakers aroused, one being specifically for bass sounds, and often with a sixth as
an auditorium speaker. Very widescreens and side sound sources can produce acoustic
problems: generally for cinemas reflected sound paths should not exceed direct paths
by more than 15m.

General servicing

Decorative lighting and any required spotlighting installed in the auditorium must,
obviously, be capable of being dimmed when the film is showing. Illumination of
seating areas and gangways is required during the film programme but none of the
light should fall on the screen or walls. The auditorium system is also used as
emergency lighting under management control. Safety lighting is needed to all public,
key staff and exit boxes throughout the building. This must be kept on as part of the
maintained system and, should the main electricity supply fail, a safety system must
be able to provide sufficient light to allow the public and staff to leave the building
safely. A good standard of mechanical ventilation and/or air conditioning is required
throughout all public areas, and especially the auditorium, to maintain comfort levels.
Acoustic separation is necessary at entrances to each auditorium and also between the
projection rooms and the auditoria. At entrances, this is achieved with lobbies and
sound reducing door sets.
9
Page

9
 LOADING BAYS
These are the link between production or storage process and the distribution system.
Much effort to reduce production costs can be wasted through delayed vehicle turn-
round and increased manning if loading areas are not carefully designed. Particularly
in mixed developments (e.g. shops, offices and small factory units), careful planning
is needed to prevent delays in finding the correct delivery location; for instance, the
provision of an internal phone in the loading bay area can save considerable time.
Purpose-designed bays are not required for some vehicles (e.g. containers or swap-
bodies, aggregate lorries top-loaded from hoppers or dump trucks, and car-
transporters).

Planning

Generally, for end-loading containers and box bodies vehicles, as in retail distribution,
raised decks are preferred. For side-loading curtain-sided and flat-bed vehicles, a
covered, ground level dock is suitable; specific bays are not usually required –loading
Unloading is by fork-lift truck, and a working clearance around the vehicle of 2.5-3m
is required. Long loads, such as pipes, need special consideration. Wheeled pallets are
sometimes used, in which case the layout must therefore avoid any stairs. Doorways
should be 1.5m wide; internal passages should be 2.0m wide. Floors, walls and
corners need to be hard-wearing.

Layout criteria include

pre-assembly of loads, load units (e.g. pallets, bins, cages),unloading procedure (e.g.
roll-in, roll-out or forklift ruck) ,loading to sedaircraftlrail containers, timing of
dispatch ,type of packing required (and storage of pallets etc., and waste) ,any specific
environmental conditions, any special security or legal requirements.

Separate loading bays should be provided for incoming and dispatch. Separate bays,
together with vehicle marshalling areas, are required where the manufacturing system
involves different characteristics between raw materials and finished products - raw
materials needing sidehandt ground level, and palletisation for dispatch needing end-
loading. It is similar for a lare distribution warehouse (e.g. bulk loads of a single
product are delivered and mixed loads of orders are dispatched, in distributors’ own
vehicles) so segregation is needed for traffic management and materials flow in the
warehouse, particularly as vehicle handling peaks may coincide. Traditionally,
income and dispatch were located at opposite ends of buildings, but modern layouts
may need loading bays at strategic locations around the building. This results in
higher construction costs, but should mean lower production costs in the long-term,
10

and is worth careful examination at the design stage.

Page

Number of bays, spacing and layout

10
 Loading bays must never be considered in isolation; they must be related to the
circulation and check-off area behind them. Decision on numbers is a question of
throughput patterns and available area next to the dock for load preparation. Clearly if
vehicles can be handled faster with pre-assembled loads, less loading docks are
required than for lower turn-round with material being assembled as loading operation
continues. Loading bay spacing and layout are influenced by the depth of the
manoeuvring area available and depth of the load accumulation space behind the
dock.

RESTAURANTS AND FOOD-COURTS

The traditional divisions between formal restaurants, snack bars and pubs are now
almost irrelevant as marketing trends dictate that many establishments are now given
specific themes and cater for a particular sector of the market. In addition, following a
general trend in the USA and as a result of time pressures in business life, many
people wish to spend less time eating but this has not necessarily meant a
deterioration in the quality of food offered. As well as moves towards themed
restaurants and an expanded choice of cuisines from around the world, there has been
huge growth in wine bars and coffee bars, generally also geared to specific markets.

There is no doubt that shoppers demand facilities for rest and refreshment if they are
to spend time in a shopping center. Proving dining facilities through judicious
placement of restaurants and food-courts can be a medium to attract people in the
mall.

BAR EMPTIES ROOM

ADJOINING
ROOMS DINING HALL
WAITERS DELIVERY

ENTRANCE W.C. KITCHEN COLD STORE

Fig: Typical Functional Layout of Restaurants

11
Page

11
 Snack bar service

1.5-2.2 m2/person, including counter and

cooking. These are usually restricted to light
meals, served at

the counter or taken by customers to tables

(there may be counter seating), and can be
open 18 to 24hours per day. Food is normally
cooked within the counter area but back-up
preparation, wash-up and storage is required.
Optimum seating is 50 to60; rapid turnover
means that seating should not be too
comfortable or spacious. The high occupancy
rate means heavy wear, and surfaces must be
robust.

Cafe service

0.83-1.5 m2/person. With a limited menu, café are usually family-run businesses and
are designed on traditional lines with the kitchen separate from the dining room. Food
12

may be collected by a waiter from a small service counter or hatch to kitchen.

Page

12
 Coffee bars

1.2-1.4m2/person. Such specialty bars have become very popular. They are mainly
self-service, varying from simple city-centre sites in converted buildings to larger
purpose-built designs. The front counter may sell a variety of coffee beans, from
arena to full roast. with some free samples. The forward cooking area often has a
counter, which may be decoratively screened, with preparation behind. Designs must
have well-organized customer flow to make maximum use of often restricted sites.

Restaurants: Design considerations.

- The exterior appearance should communicate clearly, with signs, lighting and menu
displays. - From outside, people should be able to view the interior seating, style and
features.

- Variety of seating arrangement.

- Access for guest should not be confused with service

entry.

- Minimum width of service aisle 0.9-1.35m.

- Waiter station: 1 per 20-30 seats.

- Floors and walls: Durable and easy to clean.

- Sound absorbing ceiling.

- Cashier should be near to exit.

- Ambience can be created through decoration, lighting,

creating smaller more intimate spaces, level differences,
etc.

- Dining area per seat: 1.5-2.15m2.

- Kitchen area per seat: 0.4-0.6m2.

- Ratio of service area to total area: ¼-1/2.

- Net kitchen area: 15-25%.

- Kitchen area is divided into dry and wash-up areas.

- Kitchen and wash-up are preferably at the same level as dining space.

- Good natural ventilation to the kitchen.

13
Page

- Lighting in kitchen: 215 lux (minimum)

13
 - Other requirements include customer and staff toilets, office space, food storage
including refrigerator and deep freeze, boiler room, etc.

Food-courts: Design Considerations.

- Food-court consists of a seating area around which is grouped a number of kiosks

selling different types of economical price foods.

- It must be in a prime location, fed off a main pedestrian flow with a positive,
striking and identifying entrance.

- Location and kiosks size to be determined in relation to seating capacity.

- A reasonable number of kiosks is needed to provide adequate choice and variety,

e.g. hot, cold, health related, ethnic, etc.

- A rough guide to areas may be to allow between 20-40m2 per kiosks and 1.2m2 per
seat.

- Kiosks will be equipped by the management for the kiosks operators, which include
various catering equipments, including refrigerator, cooker, display counters, etc.

- Noisy or unsightly catering operations should be concealed from public view, but
interesting activities should be visible and will promote sales.
14
Page

14
 RETAIL SHOPS
Retail Design
Retail design is a creative and commercial discipline that combines several different
areas of expertise together in the design and construction of retail space. Retail design
is primarily a specialized practice of architecture and interior design, however it also
incorporates elements of interior decoration, industrial design, graphic
design, ergonomics, and advertising.

Retail design is a very specialized discipline due to the heavy demands placed on
retail space. Because the primary purpose of retail space is to stock and sell product to
15

consumers, the spaces must be designed in a way that promotes an enjoyable and
Page

hassle-free shopping experience for the consumer. The space must be specially-

15
 tailored to the kind of product being sold in that space; for example, a bookstore
requires many large shelving units to accommodate small products that can be
arranged categorically while a clothing store requires more open space to fully display
product.

Retail spaces, especially when they form part of a retail chain, must also be designed
to draw people into the space to shop. The storefront must act as a billboard for the
store, often employing large display windows that allow shoppers to see into the space
and the product inside. In the case of a retail chain, the individual spaces must be
unified in their design.

Design elements
Since the evolution of retail design and its impact on productivity have become clear,
a series of standardizations in the techniques and design qualities has been
determined. These standardizations range from alterations to the perspective of the
structure of the space, entrances, circulation systems, atmospheric qualities (light and
sound) and materiality. By exploring these standardizations in retail design the
consumer will be given a thematic experience that entices them to purchase the
merchandise. It is also important to acknowledge that a retail space must combine
both permanent and non permanent features, that allow it to change as the needs of the
consumer and merchandise change (e.g. per season).

The structure of retail space creates the constraints of the overall design; often the
spaces already exist, and have had many prior uses. It is at this stage that logistics
must be determined, structural features like columns, stairways, ceiling height,
windows and emergency exists all must be factored into the final design. In retail one
hundred percent of the space must be utilised and have a purpose.The floor plan
creates the circulation which then directly controls the direction of the traffic flow
based on the studied psychology of consumer movement pattern within a retail
space. Circulation is important because it ensures that the consumer moves through
the store from front to back, guiding them to important displays and in the end to the
cashier. There are six basic store layouts and circulation plans that all provide a
different experience:

1. Straight plan: this plan divides transitional areas from one part of the store to
the other by using walls to display merchandise. It also leads the consumer to
the back of the store. This design can be used for a variety of stores ranging
from pharmacies to apparel.
16

2. Pathway Plan: is most suitable for large stores that are single level. In this
Page

plan there is a path that is unobstructed by shop fixtures, this smoothly guides

16
 the consumer through to the back of the store. This is well suited for apparel
department stores, as the clothes will be easily accessible.
3. Diagonal Plan: uses perimeter design which cause angular traffic flow. The
cashier is in a central location and easily accessible. This plan is most suited
for self service retail.
4. Curved Plan: aims to create an intimate environment that is inviting. In this
plan there is an emphasis on the structure of the space including the walls,
corners and ceiling this is achieved by making the structure curved and is
enhance by circular floor fixtures. Although this is a more expensive layout it
is more suited to smaller spaces like salons and boutiques.
5. Varied Plan: in this plan attention is drawn to special focus areas, as well as
having storage areas that line the wall. This is best suited footwear and
jeweler retail stores.
6. Geometric Plan: uses the racks and the retail floor fixtures to create a
geometric floor plan and circulation movement. By lowering parts of the
ceiling certain areas can create defined retail spaces. This is well suited for
appeal stores.

Once the overall structure and circulation of the space has been determined, the
atmosphere and thematic of the space must be created through lighting, sound,
materials and visual branding. These design elements will cohesively have the
greatest impact on the consumer and thus the level of productivity that could be
achieved.
Lighting can have a dramatic impact on the space it needs to be functional, but also
complement the merchandise, as well as emphasizing key point throughout the store.
The lighting should be layered and of a variety intensities and fixtures. Firstly
examine the natural light and what impact it has in the space. Natural light adds
interest and clarity to the space; also consumers also prefer to examine the quality of
merchandise in natural light. If no natural light exists a sky light can be used to
introduce it in to the retail space. The lighting of the ceiling and roof is next thing to
consider. This lighting should wash the structural features, while creating vectors that
direct the consumer to key merchandise selling areas. The next layer is emphasizing
the selling areas, these lights should be direct but no to bright and harsh. Poor lighting
can cause eye straining and an uncomfortable experience for the consumer. To
minimize the possibility of eye strain the ratio of luminance should decrease between
merchandise selling areas. The next layer will complement and bring focus onto the
17

merchandise; this lighting should be flattering for the merchandise and consumer. The
Page

final layer is to install functional lighting this includes clear exist signs.

17
 Ambiance can then be developed within the atmosphere through sound and audio, the
music played within the store should reflect what your target market would be drawn
to, this would also be developed through the merchandise that is being marketed. In a
lingerie store the music should be soft, feminine and romanticized; where in a
technology department the music would be more upbeat and more masculine.

Materiality architecture is another key selling tool, the choices made must not only be
aesthetically pleasing and persuasive but also functional with a minimal need for
maintenance. Retail spaces are high traffic area and are thus exposed to a lot of wear
this means that possible finishes of the materials should be durable. The warmth of a
material will make the space more inviting, a floor that is firm and somewhat buoyant
will be more comfortable for that consumer to walk on and thus this will allow them
to take longer when exploring the store. By switching materials throughout the store
zones/ areas can be defined, for example by making the path one material and contrast
it against another for the selling areas this help to guide the consumer through the
store. Color is also important to consider it must not over power or clash against the
merchandise but rather create a complementary background for the merchandise. As
merchandise will change seasonally the interior colors should not be trend based but
rather have timeless appeal like neutral based colors. Visual branding of the store will
ensure a memorable experience for the consumer to take with them once they leave
the store ensuring that they will want to return. The key factor is consistency
exterior branding and signage should continue into the interior, they should attract,
stimulate and dramatize the store. To ensure consistency the font should be consistent
with the font size altering. The interior branding should allow the consumer to easily
self direct themselves through the store, proper placement of sales signs that will draw
consumer in and show exactly where the cashier is located. The branding should
reflect what the merchandise is and what the target market would be drawn to.

Perspective
The final element to a well-executed retail space is the staging of the perspective
(visual) of the consumer. It is the role of the retail design to have total control of the
perspective and view that the consumer will have in retail space. From the exterior of
retail store the consumer should have a clear unobstructed view into the interior of the
store.

Conclusion
A store sells smaller quantities of products or services to the general public. It must
promote an enjoyable and hassle-free shopping experience for the consumer. Shops
18

must have proper/ clear vision. Types: shopping mall, boutique, supermarket,
electronics, medical, etc.
Page

18
 Characteristics:

 Design Elements
 Role (theme; merchandise and background)
 Aesthetical value
 Form follows functions
 Lightings

Ambiance (space, music) spaces must be 100% utilized and should have a purpose
and should be designed in should a way that the flow ends towards the cashier at the
end.

Materiality (durable, warm, pleasing, aesthetical, comfortable, colors)

Perspective (clear unobstructed view into the interior of the store,

must be guided by a proper floor plan’s circulation)

Supermarkets
A supermarket, a form of grocery store, is a self-service store offering a wide
variety of food and household merchandise, organized into departments. It is larger in
size and has a wider selection than a traditional grocery store, also selling items
typically found in a convenience store, but
is smaller and more limited in the range of
merchandise than a hypermarket or big-box
store.

The supermarket typically comprises meat,

fresh produce, dairyA, and baked goods
departments, along with shelf space
reserved for canned and packaged goods as
well as for various non-food items such as
household cleaners, pharmacy products
and pet supplies. Most supermarkets also
sell a variety of other household products that are consumed regularly, such as alcohol
(where permitted), medicine, and clothes, and some stores sell a much wider range of
non-food products.

The traditional suburban supermarket occupies a large amount of floor space, usually
19

on a single level. It is usually situated near a residential area in order to be convenient

Page

to consumers. Its basic appeal is the availability of a broad selection of goods under a

19
 single roof, at relatively low prices. Other advantages include ease of parking and
frequently the convenience of shopping hours that extend far into the evening or even
24 hours a day. Supermarkets usually allocate large budgets to advertising, typically
through newspapers. They also present elaborate in-store displays of products. The
stores are usually part of corporate chains that own or control (sometimes
by franchise) other supermarkets located nearby—even transnationally—thus
increasing opportunities for economies of scale.

Supermarkets typically are supplied by the distribution centres of their parent

companies, usually in the largest city in the province.

Supermarkets usually offer products at low prices by reducing their economic

margins. Certain products (typically staple foods such as bread, milk and sugar) are
occasionally sold as loss leaders, that is, with negative profit margins. To maintain
a profit, supermarkets attempt to make up for the lower margins by a higher overall
volume of sales, and with the sale of higher-margin items. Customers usually shop by
placing their selected merchandise into shopping carts (trolleys) or baskets (self-
service) and pay for the merchandise at the check-out. At present, many supermarket
chains are attempting to further reduce labor costs by shifting to self-service check-
out machines, where a single employee can oversee a group of four or five machines
at once, assisting multiple customers at a time.

A larger full-service supermarket combined with a department store is sometimes

known as a hypermarket. Other services offered at some supermarkets may include
those of banks, cafés, childcare centres photo processing, video
rentals, pharmacies and/or petrol stations.

History
In the early days of retailing, all products
generally were fetched by an assistant
from shelves behind the merchant's
counter while customers waited in front of
the counter and indicated the items they
wanted. Also, most foods and merchandise
did not come in individually wrapped
consumer-sized packages, so an assistant
20

had to measure out and wrap the precise

Page

amount desired by the consumer. This also

20
 offered opportunities for social interaction: many regarded this style of shopping as "a
social occasion" and would often "pause for conversations with the staff or other
customers." These practices were by nature very labor-intensive and therefore also
quite expensive. The shopping process was slow, as the number of customers who
could be attended to at one time was limited by the number of staff employed in the
store.

The concept of a self-service grocery store was developed by

American entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wiggly stores. His first
store opened in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1916. Saunders was awarded a number
of patents for the ideas he incorporated into his stores. The stores were a financial
success and Saunders began to offer franchises. The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea
Company (A&P) was another successful early grocery store chain in Canada and the
United States, and became common in North American cities in the 1920s. The
general trend in retail since then has been to stock shelves at night so that customers,
the following day, can obtain their own goods and bring them to the front of the store
to pay for them. Although there is a higher risk of shoplifting, the costs of appropriate
security measures ideally will be outweighed by reduced labor costs

Typical supermarket architecture

While branding and store advertising will differ from company to company, the
layout of a supermarket remains virtually unchanged. Although big companies spend
time giving consumers a pleasant shopping experience, the design of a supermarket is
directly connected to the in-store marketing that supermarkets must conduct in order
to get shoppers to spend more
money while there.

Every facet of the store is

mapped out and attention is
paid to colour, wording and
even surface texture. The
overall layout of a supermarket
is a visual merchandising
project that plays a major role in retailing. Stores can creatively use a layout to alter
customers’ perceptions of the atmosphere. Alternatively, they can enhance the store’s
atmospherics through visual communications (signs and graphics), lighting, colours,
21

and even scents. For example, to give a sense of the supermarket being healthy, fresh
Page

21
 produce is deliberately located at the front of the store. In terms of bakery items, su-
permarkets usually dedicate 30 to 40 feet of store space to the bread aisle.

As explained by Dr Paul Harrison, cited in Browne (2010), supermarkets are designed

to ‘give each product section a sense of individual
difference and this is evident in the design of what are
called the anchor departments; fresh produce, dairy,
delicatessen, meat and the bakery’. Each of these
sections has different floor coverings, style, lighting
and sometimes even individual services counters to
allow shoppers to feel like there are a number of
markets within this one supermarket.

Architecturally, supermarket is a large scale emporium

of merchandise that doesn’t need to shout in order to be
noticed. Properly situated on its site, supermarket offers
parking ratio of 3.6 sq.ft – 1 sq ft of total store area.
Free standing supermarkets average 22,700 sq.ft. –
31,000 sq. ft with 75-80 % of total store dedicated to selling space and 20-25% to
service spaces such as storage, coolers, prepacking areas etc.

Total store area = 30,000 sq.ft.

Total sales area = 22,500 sq ft

Total services area = 7,500 sq ft

Total parking area = 108,000 sq ft

Now, regarding the ease of shopping, the top shelve be not more than 5’-3” in height
permitting an angle of 15o above the horizontal. Easy to reach zone starts at about 15
inch above the floor.

OFFICE SPACES
Proper Planning, design and management of work place is a key to the success of any
organization. Today, productivity is the key word and it is widely accepted that the
employees’ working environment directly effects his level of comfort and thereby his
performance output. Irrespective of the strength of its relationship to performance,
22

worker satisfaction with the workplace is important to the well-being of office

Page

workers and to the health of the organization. Satisfaction with office space can have

22
 a positive influence on perceptions of the job, the organization, and other life
satisfactions.

The introduction of new technologies and an increased concern for energy efficiency,
growth, and change have added and will add new dimensions to the set of intersecting
subsystems that constitute the work environment. In responding to these new forces,
office designers and management personnel have increasingly focused on three issues
of office design:

- Lighting,

- Air quality, and

- Open-office panning.

Lighting: Lighting is a factor with which most office workers express satisfaction.
However, lighting is also an area with some of the greatest potential for cost savings
in energy usage. Maximum utilization of natural light and efficient artificial lighting
not only saves extra energy used for lighting, but also reduces cooling load in a
building. Workers prefer lighting schemes with multiple-source, directional light as
compared to uniform lighting. Higher levels of satisfaction appear with the ambient
and indirect up-lighting schemes than with direct overhead illumination. Productivity
and accuracy increase with higher illumination levels. Low energy fluorescent lamps
are preferred compare to high-pressure sodium lighting. Natural light is important to
workers, independent of its contribution to task visibility. The variation of natural
light, its soft texture, the color, the temperature, and its ambience are important
factors to be considered. Natural light is important to workers to be in contact with the
time of day, weather conditions, other aspects of the outside world and distant views
provide eye muscle relaxation and visual relief. Because of the high positive value
associated with natural light, workers’ evaluations of the overall quality of their
lighting are more positive.

Indoor Air Quality: When we talk about pollution, we are particularly concerned
about the outdoor environmental pollutions. When we are inside a building, we feel
very safe. But, this may not always be true. An indoor environment can be more
hazardous than outdoor environment in the absence of proper light and ventilation. If
the supply of exterior air in inadequate, the percentage of oxygen in the interior air
declines. The perceived freshness of air is of concern to many office workers. Poor air
quality can result in health effects ranging from fatigue, head-aches, and irritation of
the eyes, ears and throat, to nausea, colds, bronchitis, and long term respiratory
diseases. Indoor air is generally polluted by the presence of volatile organic
compounds and other pollutant gases which results in Sick Building Syndrome.
23

Adequate natural light and ventilation and properly designed indoor gardens can be
Page

the solution to solve these problems.

23
 Open-office planning: A major area of controversy in office planning and design
concerns the effectiveness of open-office systems. The use of the open plan the
concept of the office landscape evolved in response to technological advances in
office building design and the need for greater flexibility and compatibility of office
systems. Today open planning is used for a number of reasons.
- Better flexibility in planning work stations.
- Better natural lighting and ventilation.
- Requires 20% fewer light fixtures
- Energy consumption is reduced by 40%.
- Construction cost is 50% less than conventional planning as it eliminates
partition cost.
- Better communication and flow of work.
- Higher efficiency: usable space as high as 80-90%
Issues of visual and aural privacy and status of staffs are as the shortcomings of open-
planning. Creative use of foliage plants can solve the problem of visual and aural
privacy to some extent.

Efficiency of Office Buildings:

Efficiency of office buildings is the ratio of the total rentable space to the total space
in the building. Average efficiency of the office building is 70%, and with well-
organized planning the efficiency can go as high as 85%. The remaining area is non
rentable space which includes elevators, stairs, toilets, lobbies, corridors, ducts, janitor
and closets. These facilities are usually planned in a compact unit called service core.

Office Planning Module:

Office layout is often based on a module derived with reference to common furniture,
equipment s and necessary clearances. For large general offices, the planning unit or
module is based upon one desk and chair and is thus about 5 by 6 feet. Since this
dimension is also satisfactory for aisles between rows of desks the module can be
used to form a regular grid for the planning of large office areas. In the layout of
private offices the controlling factors are the minimum practical office layout with the
wall and window design. A planning module of 4 to 5 ft works reasonably well for
this purpose. With this module the smallest office would be 8 to 10 ft wide, and a
convenient range of office size is provided in increment of one module.
24
Page

24
 5' 5 windows 20-25'

6' 4 windows 16-20'

3 windows 12-15'

Two
windows

8-10'

Fig: Planning module for Private

Fig:office widths
Private using a
office widths module
using a of 4
Planning module for layout ofto 5 ft with continuous windows
general
layoutoffice spaces
of general office module of 4ft. to 5ft. with
spaces continuous windows
General Requirements:

- Space per person: 8m2 to 13m2 (optimum 10m2)

- Area per floor: 450m2 to 540m2 (No need of doubling the no of lifts, escape routes
and lavatories)

- Most commonly used column spacing: 25ft; min. 20ft.

- Floor to floor height: 12ft. (11ft. to 14ft.)

- Finished ceiling height: 8ft. to 8.5ft.

- Elevators: one per every 25000 ft.2.

- Minimum width of elevator lobbies: 6 to 9 ft.

- General corridor widths: 5 to 6 ft.

- Maximum distance from the employee desk to nearest exit: 150ft.

- Maximum distance from desk to rest rooms and drinking fountains: 150ft.

- Lighting requirements:

- Corridors: 200 lux.

- Conference and reception: 300 to 400 lux.

- General office: 400 to 600 lux.

25
Page

25
 Recreational spaces
Bowling Alley

The most common type of lane is wood. Synthetics are becoming more popular and
some lanes are a combination of wood and synthetic. The lane is 18.288m from the
foul line to the centre of the headpin. It shall be between 41 and 42 inches in width.
The lane plus the gutters shall not be less than 60 inches nor more than 60 ¼ inches
wide.
26
Page

26
 Snooker and Billiard Table
A standard snooker table measures: 11ft 8.5 inches x 5ft 10 inches (3569mmx
1778mm), though commonly referred to as: 12 ft x 6ft. Smaller 9ft 5 inches x 5ft 10
inches (2895.6mm*1554.48mm)
Tables are sometimes used. The height from the floor to the top of the cushion is
between 2 ft 9.5 inches and 2 ft 10.5 inches (851mm and 876mm).
Size of Billiard Table=2.6mx1.5m
Size of Snooker Table=4mx2m
Min space required= 8mx6m
0.75mx(1.3-1.5m)space required to keep cues
27
Page

27
 Arcade Game

Arcade Games constitute electronic appliances which are fully or partly

controlled by computer. They are associated with electronic screens. The
machines, appliances or game tables may not be inoperated. They are
mechanically or electronically powered.
28
Page

28
 SERVICES AND SECURITY :
COMMERCIA COMPLEX includes different services and security for visitors
comfort that includes:-

Fire safety
Shopping centers hold whole host of risks from accidents and trips to the risk of fire.
The shopping centers having complicated retail structuresrequire a fire alarm system
sufficiently to provide communication between active systems such as zoned
sprinklers, smoke control provision, secondary power supplies, emergency lighting
and control centers.

The Dual heat/smoke sensors in electrical rooms and heat sensors in the basement car
park areas. The automatic shutdown of ventilating systems and elevators should be
done when there is any emergency. Division of the building into areas that are free
from smoke for exit should be separated.A logbook is used to keep records of your
efforts to co-ordinate and maintain fire safety. Evacuation time for shopping centers
can be lengthy. Much depends on the efficiency of the staff to manage the evacuation
process

There are several causes for the freezing of fire sprinkler pipes. During the
construction phase, wet-pipe sprinklers may be installed in the interior of the mall. If
the temperature drops to 40 degrees or below, wet-pipe sprinkler piping runs the risk
of freezing.Proper maintenance of sprinkler pipes should be done to avoid bursting
and freezing. In unheated areas, such as exterior areas, attics, or storage rooms, dry-
pipe, pre-action, dry-pendent, or dry-sidewall sprinklers are typically installed by an
expert fire protection service provider. If a fire event happens when the fire sprinkler
piping has an ice block, it will inhibit water flow and the sprinkler head may not
activate. The initial way to prevent a pipe from bursting due to freezing water is to
work with a fire protection service provider which is aware of the risks of freezing
weather on fire sprinkler piping. Dry-pipe, dry-sidewall sprinklers should be installed
so that the pipes won’t freeze. Another way to prevent the freezing is by draining the
water inside the pipes.

Fire protection systems are essential to the safety of customers, employees, property,
and merchandise in malls. The malls plans should have fire escape plans as well in
29
Page

29
 order to evacuate the mall in less times from different direction and less accidents

SERVICES :-

 WASH ROOM
 BAGGAGE
 ESCALATOR
 ELEVATOR
 SEATINGS
 DRINKING FACILITIES

SECURITY :-

 FIRE ESCAPE
 CCTV CAMERA
 METAL DETECTOR

Washroom :-

Washroom is one of the basic service that every commercial building should
30

provide. Regarding the design of washroom many things should be taken under
consideration like height of the water closet , sink position , door and window
Page

opening, orientation etc.

30
 General requirement inside restroom for normal people , children and disable
people are :-

o Wash Basin
o Water closet
o Urinal
o Hand drier
o Napkin disposal

Wash Basin :- single wash basin size of (1’X1’7”) and height of 2’

Numbers regularly employed at any

time Number of water closets

Water closet :-
31
Page

Legal minimum of water closets for female

31
 1

2
1-15
3
16-30

31-50
4

5
51-75
5
76-100
Plus on additional closet for every 25
Over 100 persons in excess of 100.

Legal minimum of for men.

32
Page

32
 Number of Number of water
men closets Number of urinals

1-15 1 1

16-20 1 1

21-30 2 2

31-45 2 2

46-60 3 3

61-75 3 3

76-90 4 4

91-100 4 4

Over 100 4 Plus 1 closet for every 25

persons (or fractions of
25) in excess of 100.
Every fourth additional
closet may be replaced by
a urinal.
33
Page

33
 Hand driers :-

Napkin or tissue disposal

34
Page

34
 Barrier free restroom (focused mainly for disable and children)

The needs of a person seated in a

wheelchair are commonly used as the
standard of accessibility for barrier-free
washrooms in terms of entrance, exit,
and the proximity of equipment. By using
the wheelchair perspective you can also
accommodate a person using a walker,
cane, or crutches. Consideration must
also be given to the mounting heights of
common accessories, such as mirrors,
paper towel dispensers, waste
receptacles, soap dispensers, napkin/
tampon vendors, and toilet partition-
mounted equipment, including grab bars,
toilet tissue and seat-cover dispensers, and
sanitary napkin disposals.

CLEAR FLOOR SPACE to accommodate a single wheelchair must be at least 30" x 48" (760 x 1219mm). The space can be positioned for a forw
to equipment A portion of the clear floor space may be located under fixtures, lavatories, or accessories as long as the required knee and toe
(Fig. 4a). If properly centered in front of controls and operating mechanisms, the clear floor space will allow both left- and right-hand ac
have to be wider if elements are placed in alcoves.
35
Page

35
 MOUNTING HEIGHT REQUIREMENTS for washroom accessories may vary
within a facility depending on the location of individual accessories and the direc-
tion of reach required for their use. To allow side reach by people in wheelchairs,
it is recommended that accessories be mounted with their dispensing mechanisms,
start buttons, coin slots, or dispenser openings located 38" to 54" (965 -1372mm)
above the finish floor; and to ensure forward reach also, they must be located no
more than 48" (1219mm) above the finish floor
Standard requires 48" (1219mm) maximum for both side and forward reaches. Where
elements are mounted over obstructions, such as counters, it is recommended that
they be located no more than 44" (1118mm) above the finished floor. However, depend-
ing on the depth of the obstruction, these can be mounted as high as 48" (1219mm)
for forward approach and 54" (1372mm) for side approach. Mounting heights for
children vary depending on age. The age groups are 3-5, 5-8 and 9-12 years.
TURNING SPACE at least 60" (1524mm) in diameter is required by a single
wheelchair to make a 180-degree turn (Fig. 2a). A 60" x 60" (1524 x 1524mm)
T-shaped turning space with 36" (914mm) wide aisles to allow a three-point-turn

Specification for watercloset serving ages 3 to 12:-

RESTROOM Ages 3 and 4 Ages 5 through 8 Ages 9 through 12

ELEMENTS

Water Closet centerline 12” 12” – 15” 15” – 18”

Toilet Seat Height 11”-12” 12”-15” 15”-17”

Toilet Tissue Dispenser 14” 14”-17’ 17”-19”

Height

Grab Bar 18”-20” 20”-25” 25”-27”

36
Page

36
 PLANNING BARRIER FREE WASHROOM

BEGIN WITH WASHROOM ENTRANCE AND EXIT.

SINGLE-DOOR ENTRIES (Fig. 3a, 13), wherein the door swings into the wash-room, are the most popular layouts.
A level and clear corridor or passageway lead-
ing to the door is recommended to be at least 48" (1219mm) wide. The doorwaymust have a minimum clear opening 32"
(813mm) wide when the door is open 90
degrees. The door should swing into a recommended minimum 60" x 60" (1524 x
1524mm) level, clear space that has at least 18" (457mm) (24" ; 610mm preferred) ofc lear floor space adjacent to the latch
doorjamb. A minimum access aisle 48"
(1219mm) wide is also recommended inside the washroom to allow people in
wheelchairs to get around obstructions, such as sight-barriers, and to accommodate simultaneous in and out traffic
37
Page

37
 Page
38

38
 Page
39

39
 Entrances and exits are properly laid out for universal access; Passageways and access aisles are at least 48"
(1067mm) wide; 80" (2032mm) minimum clear height throughout all circulation routes, passageways and access
aisles; Wheelchair turning spaces wherever required; 30" x 48" (760 x 1219mm) minimum clear floor space is
provided foreach accessory; If 6 or more toilet compartments, there is a 36" (914mm) compartment similar to
the alternate compartment 36" (914mm) wide in addition to the standard accessible compartment.
40
Page

40
 Fire escape
A fire escape is a kind of emergency exit that is usually
mounted to the outside of a building or occasionally
inside but separate from the main areas of the building. It
provides a way to escape in the event of a fire or other
emergency that so that the mall can be evacuated
quickly.

A fire escape consists of a number of horizontal

platforms at each story of a building with ladders or
stairs connecting them. Railings are usually provided on
each of the levels, but as fire escapes are designed for
emergency use only, these railings often do not need to
meet the same standards as railings in other contexts.
The ladder from the lowest level of the fire escape to the
ground may be fixed, but more commonly it swings
down on a hinge or slides down along a track. The
moveable designs allow occupants to safely reach the ground in the event of a fire but prevent
persons from accessing the fire escape from the ground at other times to
prevent burglary or vandalism.

Exit from the interior of a building to the fire escape may be provided by a fire exit door where
as in some cases the only exit is through a window. When there is a door, it is often fitted with a
fire alarm to prevent other uses of the fire escape, and to prevent unauthorized entry.

An alternate form of rapid-exit fire escape developed in the early 1900s was a long canvas tube
suspended below a large funnel outside the window of a tall building. A person escaping the fire
would slide down the interior of the tube, and could control the speed of descent by pushing
outward on the tube walls with their arms and legs. This escape tube could be rapidly deployed
from a window and hung down to street level, though it was large and bulky to store inside the
building.
41
Page

41
 Basic circulation in a commercial complex
In any commercial complex, anyone can find two type of circulation i.e. vertical and horizontal.
Vertical may consists of different methods such as Elevators, Escalators, staircase, ramps etc.
Horizontal whereas may consist of the space between the placement of furnitures inside the
shops as well as the corridor space required for the intermediate area infront of the shop.
Horizontal may also comprise of the size of atrium space to be provided which would be able to
work as the centre point through which the whole circulation of the building may spread out.

The floor plan also acts as a major role playing element so as it creates the circulation which then
directly controls the direction of the traffic flow based on the studied psychology of consumer
movement pattern within a retail space. Circulation is important because it ensures that the
consumer moves through the store from front to back, guiding them to important displays and in
the end to the cashier. There are six basic store layouts and circulation plans that all provide a
different experience:

1. Straight plan: this plan divides transitional areas from one part of the store to the other
by using walls to display merchandise. It also leads the consumer to the back of the store.
This design can be used for a variety of stores ranging from pharmacies to apparel
2. Pathway Plan: is most suitable for large stores that are single level. In this plan there is a
path that is unobstructed by shop fixtures, this smoothly guides the consumer through to
the back of the store. This is well suited for apparel department stores, as the clothes will
be easily accessible.
3. Diagonal Plan: uses perimeter design which cause angular traffic flow. The cashier is in
a central location and easily accessible. This plan is most suited for self service retail
4. Curved Plan: aims to create an intimate environment that is inviting. In this plan there is
an emphasis on the structure of the space including the walls, corners and ceiling this is
achieved by making the structure curved and is enhance by circular floor fixtures.
Although this is a more expensive layout it is more suited to smaller spaces like salons
and boutiques
5. Varied Plan: in this plan attention is drawn to special focus areas, as well as having
storage areas that line the wall. This is best suited footwear and jewellery retail stores.
6. Geometric Plan: uses the racks and the retail floor fixtures to create a geometric floor
42

plan and circulation movement. By lowering parts of the ceiling certain areas can create
Page

defined retail spaces. This is well suited for appeal stores.

42
 The above mentioned circulation patterns helps any person who comes to that building,
circulate with ease throughout the building and the plan acting as the pathway and hence
helping the customers to determine exit. Once the overall structure and circulation of the
space has been determined, the atmosphere and thematics of the space must be created
through lighting, sound, materials and visual branding. These design elements will
cohesively have the greatest impact on the consumer and thus the level of productivity
that could be achieved.

Firstly starting with the vertical circulations, they can be classified as below:-

 Staircase
 Elevators
 Escalators
 Ramps

 Staircase
Regarding the staircase we do have different
choices when it comes to selecting appropriate
staircase for any commercial complex. The
staircase may vary from single flight, quarter turn,
doglegged and open well. The further explanation
about them is given below:-

Straight Staircase
RISE
For a straight staircase measure your rise
measurement first, this is the distance from the
finished floor level where the staircase starts to
the finished floor level on the upper floor where
the staircase is going to. If your floors are slightly
out of level the make sure you get your rise from
the points where the staircase is going to sit.

GOING
43

Once you have your rise you can work out the
Page

going distance (Dimension G)for the stairs this is

43
 the distance the staircase will project along the floor, look at our rise and go chart to see the
correct going to suit your rise height when trying to achieve a 42 degree pitch.
WIDTH
If you are measuring a staircase for between walls make sure you measure the narrowest point
and allow a clearance, this is OK if the staircase is assembled and the staircase can slide into
place without having to be turned in the hole (between the walls) and is also OK if the staircase
is ordered flatpack for assembly in situ between the walls, but if your staircase is going to need
turning in between the walls you need to allow more clearance normally 75mm is OK but this
needs checking before ordering, to work this out you need to draw a rectangle to scale (draw a
rectangle the proposed width by 244mm which is the typical depth of the stair stringers we use
and measure across the furthest points to check you can rotate the staircase)
The width is also important when it comes to your landing room at the top and the bottom as this
needs to be equal or more than the width of the staircase.

The width of a standard domestic staircase is 860mm over all the strings, the minimum width we
would recommend for a Loft staircase is 600mm
over all the strings.

If you are measuring a staircase which is to have

handrails to one side and it is quite tight to the well
hole you need to think about finger room between
the handrail and the side of your stairwell the
minimum clearance we recommend is 40mm this
would mean you need to allow 55mm clearance on
you over all string measurement from the finished
well size.

Quarter Landing staircase

As with straight stairs start with your rise

measurement and use the rise and go chart to work
out the number of risers required and the going size
your treads need to be to give you a 42 degree pitch,
take your going dimension G1 and work out haw
many goings will fit and what width you are left
44

with remember the width of a standard domestic

staircase is 860mm, you will probably have 2
Page

44
 choices of rise heights to choose from eg :- 12 or 13 risers these will have different going sizes
you need to choose the one that suits best, Your next size the G measurment is governed by the
number of goings you need and the width of the staircase.

With a quarter landing staircase you will only need to allow the width of the staircase in the
corner for your turn, with a winder staircase things get a little more complex. With the UK
building regulations there are 2 important factors to remember ; -

1. Minimum 50mm Going - at the inside edge of your

winder treads you must have a minimum going of
50mm, this means on a typical 860mm wide staircase
with a standard 90mm newel post in the corner the
typical area for a 3 tread winder corner increases by
around 30mm so on a 860mm wide stair the typical
winder box size is 890 x 890mm.

Winder staircase: -

UK building regulations require the distance in the

center of a winder tread to have a going no less than
the going on the main part of the staircase, on
staircases wider than 800mm Overall strings this is not
normally an issue but on narrower staircases it is
required to increase the winder box size by more than
the 30mm as detailed above for the 50mm goings to
achieve a walk line going that meets the requirements.
EG - a 600mm wide staircase would need a winder
box size of typically 750 x 750mm.
45

Half Landing Staircase

Page

45
 For Half Landing staircases and Double winder staircases you will need to check the width of the
area you can fit the staircase into and also let us know if there is a restriction as to how far the
staircase can come out at the bottom other than the restriction goverened by headroom from the
stairwell above.

Regarding the building laws in Nepal for the staircase, they are as follows:-

Every Stair having two or more risers shall conform to the following conditions in addition to
Fire Saftey requirement set out in NBC 107

1.1 The minimum clear width(unobstructed by projections or handrails of staircase for

commercial or industrial complex shall be 1250mm.
1.2 The minimum tread shall be 250 mm excluding nosing and the maximum riser will be
175 mm for all buildings
1.3 Handrails shall be provided in all open staircases which shouldn’t be lower than 900 mm
above the centre of the tread
1.4 The maximum number of risers shall be limited to 15 per flight.
1.5 The minimum headroom under a staircase shall not be less than 2000 mm measured
vertically from the nosing of the tread to the soffit plane
above.

Elevators
An elevator is a type of vertical transport equipment that
efficiently moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks)
of a building,vessel or other structures. Elevators are generally
powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or
counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to
raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.

Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor

46

space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities

Page

46
 from 1,000 to 6,000 pounds (450–2,700 kg) in 500 lb (230 kg) increments

In accordance with the types, the elevators can be classified as follows:-

 Hydraulic
 Electric traction

Hydraulic elevators can be further classified as below:-

 Direct Plunger
A car is connected to the top of a single
section piston, that moves up and down in a
cylinder, which is below ground level. The car
moves up when hydraulic fluid is pumped in
to the cylinder from a reservoir, raising the
piston. Hydraulic systems are used primarily
in low-rise installations where moderate car
speed is required, up to 150 feet per minute.
The typical extent of travel is 40 feet, do not
exceed a maximum travel length of 44 feet or
a maximum building height of four floors.

 Holeless
The car is connected on each side with a single
section piston that moves up and down in a
cylinder, which is mounted on top of the pit floor.
The car moves up when hydraulic fluid is pumped
into the cylinder from a reservoir, raising the
piston. Car speed up to 125 feet per minute is
attained and maximum travel length is 12 feet.

 Roped
47

The car is supported by steel hoist ropes and

Page

sheave, which are moved up and down by a

47
 holeless single section piston in a cylinder. Car speed up to 150 feet per minute is
attained and maximum travel length is 48 feet.

Electric traction can be also further classified as below:-

 Geared:- The car is supported in a hoistway by steel hoist ropes, a sheave, and a
counterweight. The car and counterweight ride along vertical guide rails. In a geared
machine, the drive sheave is connected to the motor shaft through gears in gearbox. This
equipment is designed for mid-rise application of five or more floors requiring typical
speeds up to 350 feet per minute.

 Gearless

The car is supported in a hoistway by steel hoist ropes, sheaves and a counterweight. The
car, counterweight and guide rails operate like those in a geared system. The gearless
machine has a motor that connects directly to the shaft of the drive sheave. The
equipment is designed for high-rise applications of 10 or more floors requiring typical
speeds of 500 or more feet per minute.
48
Page

48
 Page
49

49
 Regarding the lift, average waiting time from the time period of button being pressed and the
arrival of lift can be expressed as below

Average waiting time=number of lifts/set

Transportation capacity
50

Transportation capacity is the maximum achievable carrying capacity within a five minutes time
Page

period which is expressed as below:-

50
 Transportation capacity=300(s) * car load(passenegers)

Cycle time(s) * no of lifts

On the basis of design there can be different types of lifts which can be seen prevalent nowadays
and they are octagonal car shape, hexagonal shape, semi-circular, circular, u-shape, circular car.
These all types of lift have outer protective paneling in its outwards area.

Elevators : One per every 25000 ft2

Minimum width of elevator lobbies: 6-9 ft

Minimum size of sump pump:- 1’-6” (wide)* 1’6” (long)* 2’-0” (depth)

The laws provided by the building code, 2006, are mentioned below:-

 Provisions shall be made for all buildings more than 15000 mm in height.
 Not more than 4 lifts shall be provided per bank.
 Shafts for lifts will have to be enclosed by walls having fire resistance of two hours
 Lifts wells that extend for more than two floors shall be ventilated to outside air through
opening of not less than 3.5% of the area of the shaft. Lift wells shall not be vented
directly through the machine room and provision of enclosed ventilation ducts or pipes
should be provided through the machine room in such cases.
 The electric supply for the lift shall be on a separate supply line from the supply mains. In
case of failure of normal electric supply. It shall automatically trip over to an alternate
power source.

Escalators
An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between
floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that
move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would
be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, malls, airports, transit
51

systems, convention centers, hotels, arenas, stadiums and public buildings.

Page

51
 The benefits of escalators are many. They have the capacity to move large numbers of people,
and they can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase. They have no
waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic), they can be used to guide people toward main
exits or special exhibits, and they may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.

Escalators, like moving walkways, are powered by constant-speed alternating current motors and
move at approximately 1–2 feet (0.30–0.61 m) per second. The typical angle of inclination of an
escalator to the horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to about 60 feet
(18 m). Modern escalators have single-piece aluminum or steel steps that move on a system of
tracks in a continuous loop.

"Crisscross" layout

“Escalators have
three typical
configuration options: parallel (up and down escalators "side by side or separated by a distance",
seen often in metro stations and multilevel motion picture theaters), crisscross (minimizes
structural space requirements by "stacking" escalators that go in one direction, frequently used in
department stores or shopping centers), and multiple parallel(two or more escalators together
that travel in one direction next to one or two escalators in the same bank that travel in the other
52

direction).
Page

52
 Escalator step widths and energy usage

Width (between
Single-step Energy
Size balustrade Applications
capacity consumption
panels)

A rare historic design found

Very One passenger, with 3.7 kW
400 mm (16 in) mostly in older department
small feet together (5.0 hp)
stores

Low-volume sites,
uppermost levels of 3.7 kW
Small 600 mm (24 in) One passenger
department stores, when (5.0 hp)
space is limited

One passenger + one

Shopping malls, department 7.5 kW
Medium 800 mm (31 in) package or one piece
stores, smaller airports (10.1 hp)
of luggage

Two passengers – Mainstay of metro systems,

7.5 kW
Large 1,000 mm (39 in) one may walk past larger airports, train stations,
(10.1 hp)
another some retail usage
53
Page

53
 Parking
The act of stopping a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied for more than a brief time. Parking on
one or both sides of a road is commonly permitted, though often with restrictions. Parking
facilities are constructed in combination with most buildings, to facilitate the coming and going
of the buildings' users. A parking lot also known as car lot, is a cleared area that is intended
for parking vehicles. Usually, the term
refers to a dedicated area that has been
provided with a durable or semi-durable
surface.

Types of parking are:

 Surface Parking
 Basement parking

 Surface parking:
Surface parking refers to large paved areas
which is used for extensive vehicle parking. It
is used by unfamiliar users high daily
turnovers and higher percent of small cars
and light trucks.

 Underground parking:
The basement parking space refers to
54

parking located below grade within an

occupied building. Inside or basement
Page

parking used by some unfamiliar

54
 users, moderate daily turnover and medium percentage of small caars and light trucks and
requiring one way aisles of 11’-0” straight ways and 13’-6” turns.

History of underground parking:

 The first basement parking lot is used for commercial use in the core business area of
TEDA.

 2 floors basement parking lot with the area of 14,000㎡ and parking spaces of 283 have
the excellent parking match ratio, which extremely increase the convenience for parking.

 The intelligent management system of parking lot includes unmanned management in

charging, the mark of parking space which is empty or not, lane guidance, reading card
for a distance of less than10 meters.

 Parking spaces have different sizes for 10㎡, 13.75㎡, 15㎡ so as to make customers
park simply.

The underground parking also can be classified according to the time interval of time the vehicle
stays there:
1. For short stay
2. For long stay

 For short stay parking such as shoppers, short term drop offs etc where higher dynamic
and turn capacity is needed wider bays are recommended.
 For long stay parking such as office use where the users are familiar to the space and low
turnover, narrower bays are considered.

Comparison of typical dimension:

The turning radius or turning circle of a vehicle is the size of the smallest circular turn that the
vehicle is capable of making. Turning circle can range from 13.4m to 15m.
55
Page

55
 Regarding the parking space, the side clearance needed for the car is 300mm. The clear height
for the vehicles is 2.10 m with the headroom indicator at about 50-100mm below actual

headroom.
56
Page

56
 For the placement of ramp, maximum gradient for the ramp is 1:20, If ramps are steeper than
1:10 then the length should be least 3m and its gradient half of the gradient of ramp. Ideal
gradient can vary from 1:15 to 1:20 with landing on each 10m.
57
Page

57
 Sustainable Architecture
Sustainable architecture is an architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental
impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and
development space. Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and ecological
conservation in the design of the built environment. The importance of the concept of
sustainability is increasing everyday while the world population is increasing and the overall
quantity of natural resources is decreasing. Shopping centers are one of the most common
structures in the world. On the other hand, shopping centers have turned into social gathering
spaces for lots of people spend their leisure time and socialize in the mall. “Sustainability” in any
area requires a harmonious relation of social, environmental and economic factors. More than
45% is spent by management, repair and maintenance activities.

35% of the energy used in buildings are utilized for lighting. So in order to reduce this energy we
should provide natural lighting in the malls. Daylight is generally associated with high window-
head heights, high reflective ceiling and wall finishes, narrow floor plans, large façade and
skylight openings with high transmittance glazing. The system stipulates that 90% of regularly
occupied spaces should have a direct line of sight to the outside through a vertical window that is
located between 76cm. and 228cm.

Passive Recent Researches in Urban Sustainability and Green Development solar systems can
be used to control natural sunlight and air circulation means can be used whereas to create a
comfortable, energy effective interior environment.

Contemporary shopping centers should also

follow those design criteria as well:

1. Avoid restricting natural conditions

reaching their internal spaces that would be of
positive benefit to their occupants. For
example, buildings should be designed to
maximize the use of daylight over artificial
light; likewise buildings should aim to be
naturally ventilated with fresh air rather than
be controlled through energy consuming heating and ventilation systems.

2. Assist in the collection and storage of received energy sources, particularly solar energy, and
then utilize this when and where required. Buildings should also be designed so that they
58

consume far less energy.

Page

3. Should respect their local surroundings environmentally.

58
 INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY
Hangzhou Duolan (used sustainable architecture)
Hangzhou Duolan is located in Xiasha, Hangzhou, China. The project year was 2012. The
proposal is layered with two programs vertically. The lower two floors are for retail and the
upper floors are for SOHO(Single occupant home office).

The building is developed as a perimeter block to create active street and in order to create public
square and courtyards. To minimize the isolation of living, spaces such as outdoor swimming
pool, roof gardens and gyms are created. Every floor is connected to the roof and the roof also
has gained immediate access to the ground. At the entrance of each floor to the roof a terrace
space is given.

The main aim of giving an immediate access to the roof is to enhance the view towards the Qian
Tang river from the top of the roof garden. It also creates recreational spaces. By creating and
localizing a gradient of semi-public spaces, they have established potential for the creation of a
range of communities of different scale.

The purpose of roof garden is to reduce the urban heat island effect because Hangzhou has
extreme summers. Water recycling is also done by collecting the water from the roof top and
used for water. The roof also provides opportunities for urban farming and also maintains flora
and fauna of the place. This is an example of sustainable of architecture.In such way Hangzhou
duolan uses roof to reduce heat island effect by green roof.
59
Page

59
 Page
60

60
 National case studies:
1. Civil mall

Civil mall is located in Sundhara, Kathmandu. It has a total builtup area of 17308.66sq.m.
The mall is located along the road and is placed where public flow is maximum. So the
mall is mostly crowded. There are two entrances one of which is for pedestrian and the
other is for vehicular entry. The entrance gives way to a plaza where a number of food
stalls, atm, ticket counter and a number of seating spaces. The distance for circulation in
between the food stalls and seating is 15 feet. ACP cladding is done in the façade and
glazed glass is also used.

Features of the Proposed Complex

 The complex is connected via eight meter
wide road
 There are two entrances to the complex
which lessen the traffic congestion.
 The total build-up area is
 Ample of space inside the basement and
surface parking for two wheelers.
 Good facility for common secretariat office.
 Round the clock security system, 24 hours
backup electricity, constant water supply,
postal services, fire detection & fire
fighting, lift escalator and emergency
61

evacuation will be incorporated.

Page

61
  The land is located at the centre of Kathmandu. To have a desire to work in this
prime location is not uncommon. Likewise, considering underground parking,
there will be separate paths for the entrance and the exit
 Open small shop stalls in a plaza space called ramailo bazaar. The rent of these
shops were cheaper than other retail shops.

Target group

Civil mall is public friendly so rather than having a target group the mall has welcomed
people of all age groups and different status. There are retail shops of big brands as well
as open shops stalls in the plaza space creating variation in customers. Cinemas are a
major component in the complex attracting people. Bal sansar targets the children as well
as their parents in the mall.

Building

Circulation: Circulation in the mall is of two types vertical and horizontal. Vertical
circulation is done by stairs, elevators, escalators, etc where as horizontal circulation is done
through the corridor spaces.

Zoning: Vertical zoning is done by placing the noisy zones such as theater, gaming, kids
zone, food courts and retail stores in the upper levels and the retails in the lower levels.
Zoning is done such that the services, retails and circulation are connected so that an easy
flow is created for both customers and staffs.

Retail: The average number of retails in the mall is 25 with 10 in ground floor,26 in first,
27 in second,25 in third. The area covered by retails is

Theatre: The theater has food courts, lobby space and services such as toilets. The total
area is 1023.79 meter square. The total capacity is 556. The number of halls is 3 with 2 of
the same dimension 2400 sq feet and the bigger
one is 4500. The per person area of the movie hall
is

Food courts: The food courts are located in the

ground floor and the upper floors 6th and 7th. The
food courts in the upper floors are placed such
that they have easy access from the theater and
62

gaming zones.
Page

62
 Recreational spaces;Baal Sansar
Location: Civil Mall, Sundhara

Area: 25,000 sq. m.

Capacity: 30-40 staffs

Per person area: 650-850 sq. m.

Targeted age group: 10-12 years kids

ACCESS: Situated at the topmost floor of

the building (5th and 6th floor) which seems
suitable enough for children as it is
separated from day to day hustle area.

FUNCTION: The major aim of Bal Sansar is to provide a recreational space for children, either
by using gaming arcade games or gadget games.

CIRCULATION: The whole building is vertically connected by the stairs and elevators which
are centrally located. Bal Sansar itself is divided into two floors, being mezzanine, it seems to
maintain visual connection among the children and their guardians.

Stairs Width 3 feet

Tread height 8 inches

Riser width 10 inches

PLANNING: The fifth floor consisted of a store for selling kids' toys and other goods along with
gaming area along with a reception space for the owner of Bal Sansar. The upper floor consisted

Services

Parking: There is surface parking for two wheelers. Double basement parking is given with a
height clearance is 7’-5”. The ramp ratio is 1:6.3 with ramp width is 14’. The car capacity is
135. The parking space allocated for each car is 7’3” and 15’ and space for two wheeler is 3’2”
and 6’9” . The space taken by parking is 18.18%.

Washroom: Toilets are provided on each floor except for the underground level. Each
toilet has a area of 5’x3’2”. The boys’ toilet has 4 urinals and 2 w/c with 2 wash basin.
The girls’ toilet has 4 w/c and 2 wash basins.
63
Page

63
 The per person area of elevator is 3.91 sq feet per person and the capacity is 13 people and
the weight is 884 kg.

Lower basement with ventilation shaft, generator and underground water tank. The waste
are collected in minus 1 floor.

Connection of retails and services:

The fifth floor of the civil mall had ramailo bazaar, bal sansar and children shops. These
spaces take benefit from each other. As when the parents take their children to bal sansaar
they also tend to go to the nearby child shops. In addition ramailo bazaar is also in the
same floor where there is a high public flow from the people visiting bal sansar and the
theater above. These spaces also have near access staircases as there are 3 elevators , an
escalators and 3 staircases. Washrooms are present but there are only 4 w/c so during
busy hours and weekends the washrooms are crowded .

Builtup Area distribution (floor wise)

s.no. floor Total builtup area(sq.m)

1. Lower ground floor 2136.77

3. Upper Ground floor 1973.26

2. First 1970.47

3. Second 1952.28

4. Third 1932.38

5. Forth 2326.75

6. Fifth 2601.28

7. Sixth and seventh 2415.47

Total 17308.66
64
Page

64
 floor area distribution (according to services)
i. Lower ground floor

46.79% 47.20%

2.17% 3.26%
Retail Shops Staircase Lift & Escalators Circulation

ii. Upper ground floor

22.27%

7%
2.36%
68.74%
3.50%
2.45%

Retail Shops Toilet Staircase Lift & Escalators Himalayan Java Circulation
65
Page

65
 iii. First floor
3.50% 3.04% 2.45%

31.60%

59.40%

Staircase Lift & Escalator Toilet Retail Shops59.4%

iv. Second floor

Sales

Circulation Retail Shops Staircase Lift & Escalator Toilet

v. Third floor

Sales
3.20%
2.60%
3.67%

30.89%
59.64%
66

Circulation Retail Shops Staircase Lift & Escalator Toilet

Page

66
 vi. Forth floor

Sales 2.58%

2.95% 2.07%

25%

67.26%

Staircase Lift & Escalator Toilet Retail Shops Circulation

vii. Fifth floor

Sales
2.64% 2.30%
1.85%

10.70%
35.70%

Staircase Lift & Escalator Toilet Gaming Arcade Baal Sansar

viii. Sixth and seventh floor

Sales
4.63%
0

35.70%
40.38%

2.84%
2% 2.45%
67

Theatre Staircase Lift & Escalator Toilet Circulation Food Court Gaming
Page

67
 2.Labim Mall

The entrance is 2 feet wide with a ramp 4 feet wide at 12 degree. The mall is also famous for the food
stalls outside the building in the open plaza.
The food stalls in the plaza are located
providing good space for circulation. Flow of
people is
Features of the Proposed Complex
 The complex is connected via eight meter
wide road
 There are two entrances to the complex
which lessen the traffic congestion.
 The total build-up area is
 Ample of space inside the basement for
parking as well as for retails.
 Round the clock security system, 24 hours
backup electricity, constant water supply,
postal services, fire detection & fire fighting,
lift escalator and emergency evacuation will
be incorporated.
 Placed in a prime location where public flow
is great.
68
Page

68
  Considering underground parking, there will be separate paths for the entrance and the exit
so traffic congestion will be low.

Target group

Retails of Labim mall targets mostly high

class people as the retails are of big brands.
But Labim mall is more famous for its
ambience and the components such as
theaters and food courts. The mall has
targeted people of every age group mostly
youths as a place of hangout rather than a
place for shopping destination. The mall is
also famous for its food stalls outside the
entrance in the plaza.

Site:

Façade: Brick façade and façade treatment

by using mosaic tiles. The glasses show the
concept of mass and void. The atrium roof
provides good aesthetics as well as provides
natural light inside the building.

Landscape: Fountain is located in each

entrance with sitting spaces for about 6
people around it. The height of fountain is adjusted such that there is no disturbance to
people sitting nearby it.

Building

Circulation: Circulation in the mall is of

two types vertical and horizontal. Vertical
circulation is done by stairs, elevators,
escalators, etc where as horizontal circulation
is done through the corridor spaces.

Zoning: Vertical zoning in labim mall is

done by placing the zones such as theater
and food courts in the upper levels and the retails in the lower levels so that the visitors
will have view to different . Zoning is done such that the services, retails and circulation
69

are connected so that an easy flow is created for both customers and staffs.
Page

69
 Food courts: labim open spaces afre filled without food courts. The each kiosks is
1.66*1.66 sq.m. there are total of 8 courts. Each court is assists with a service/store road of
0.5m. all the courts they there own gas station and water tanks. The food court also have
sitting space of 1.5*1.5sq.m.

Theatre: Labim mall has 3 halls. Each hall has a capacity of 180. The screen is 30 ft x
40ft (1:1.33). The placement of screen is 7 feet above ground. The angle of projection 43.6
degree. The viewing angle from the first row to centre of screen is 62.24 degree which is
uncomfortable as according to the literature the viewing angle at maximum should be 30.
The circulation aisle on both sides
is 4 feet. There are two exit
staircases. The space between two
consecutive seats is 1’6”. The
maximum projection deviation 5
degree. The screen is 1.2 m away
from wall for placement of
speakers, reflective surface and
maintenance of screen and sound.
There were 14 seats in a row. Fibre
material was used for sound insulation.

The lobby of the hall occupies 3238.26 sq feet. The distance between two halls is 45 feet.
There are 17 staffs of cinema. The washrooms are also located inside the theater with 7
w/c including 1 for the handicapped.

Services
Parking: The total capacity of the cars is 200
cars in the lower basement. and two wheelers
are 600 hours.

 There are 3 pipes red,yellow and grey.

Three ducts for sanitation. Service lift
used by the staffs for waste
management where waste is collected
on the ground floor backside.
 Central gas collection in the lower
ground floor.
 Water tank capacity.
70

Underground water tank: 1,70,000litre

Page

70
 Roof water tank: 53,000litre

 Electricity: 3 distribution boxes is of 380kv each. One for the movie hall. One for half of the
mall and one for the other half.
 Three generators are used as back up and each of them is of 380kv as same as that
electricity. Each takes 12-13li/hr. the

diesel tank is used of 16,000litre. For

emergency 18,000litre diesel tank is used.
 The services road is provided by 3 ft. behind the rental spaces.

Area distribution (floor wise)

s.no. floor Total builtup area(sq.m)

1. Lower ground floor 3065.800

2. First 2,694.19

3. Second 2694.19

4. Third and forth 2,694.19

Total 8374.18
71

Area distribution of floor area

Page

71
 i. Ground floor

Ground Floor

retail shops
café
toilet
circulation
escalator
lift
staircase
ii. First floor

First Floor

staircase
lift
escalator
toilet
retail shops
circulation

iii. Second floor

72
Page

72
 Second Floor

staircase
café
retail shops
lift
escalator
toilet
iv. Third and forth floor

Third $ Fourth Floor

theatre
ticket counter
café
toilet
staircase
escalator
73
Page

73
 Wave mall
Banglore, Noida
Topography: Plain
Site area: 8777 sq.m.
Approached road:
Entrance:2(out of which 1 is parking)
Exit:1
Ground coverage: 41%
Set back: side=7.5m, rear=4m, front=
25m
Height : 26m(G+6)
Built up area: 20,576 sq.m
74
Page

74
  Parking
Parking is provided on lower ground floor and basement at 2-level. Total parking is 4700sq.m.
parking area is 23% of the built up area. Total number of car parking is 110 on lower ground
floor and 2-basement.

 Area distribution (floor wise)

75
Page

75
  Area distribution according to spaces
within floor

Circulation Spaces
76
Page

76
 LOWER GROUND FLOOR

CIRCULATION
 Follows a linear hierarchy
 2 capsules lifts ,2 escalators ,3m wide corridors, 3m
wide
 Staircase(2nos.), 2.5 m
Staircase(2nos.),1.5m
Staircase(1nos.)

Atrium : 640sq.m. space for atrium

77
Page

77
 Ground floor plan

Circulation
Atrium : 512sq.m.

 Main floor ; makes or

breaks the motive of visitor
(first impression is the last
impression).
 Characterized by huge open
area :acting as buffer zone
between exterior and
interior. Alleviate sudden
transition which often is
disorienting.
78

 Toilets are not provided on this floor which is not a good decision in the planning
Page

process.

78
 First floor plan
79
Page

79
 Second floor plan
80
Page

80
 Third floor plan
81
Page

81
 Forth floor plan
82
Page

82
 Multiplex

Area calculation
83
Page

83
 Page
84

84
 Services

Facades
Hordings, Signages
the building’s exterior has been efficiently utilized for branding and advertisements wherein
not affecting the aesthetic of the elevation features of the buildings.

Materials used
Contemporary outlook has been maintained with the use of materials currently trending like
aluminum composite panels and glass facades.
85
Page

85
 Comparative anaylsis
s.n Topics Literature Case-1 Case-2 Internatio Inference
o. nal case – s
Civil mall Labim mall
wave mall

1. Storied 10 5 6

2 underground 3 underground 1
undergrou
nd

2. Floor 12’ 12’ 11’5’’

height

3. foundation Raft 42’’ thick and Raft foundation Raft

s 20’’dia rcc piles foundation

4. Span 12’ to 30’ 17’4’’and

24’6’’

5. Parking -type Double basement- Underground -double

parking-150 cars- parking-200 basement
-capacity 150 bikes parking

Surface parking -
140

6. Plaza The open space at the Enough space in The plaza space 1000sq.ft. Enough
front of the building must reference to the is used as food space for
court n not Used as
be equivalent to the height
height of the circulation
of building
building enough for food court and carry
sustaining the different
flow activities.
86
Page

86
 7. Theatre Area of spectator=1.05m2 Total seating-900 Total seating- - 1.6m2
seats 543

Area per Area per

seat=1.6m2 seat=1.14m2

Visual Angle from 1st

row: 62.24
Visual Angle from 1st Visual Angle from last
row: Max 30 row to edges of screen:
43.6
Visual Angle from last
row to edges of screen:
38

8. Toilets 2 for upto 250 males and Area per Area per -
additional 1 for every 250 booth(female)with booth=2.33m2
males thereafter
circulation=4.5m2
Universal
Atea per booth design-2,8m2
(male)=2.16m2

9. Circulatio horizontal and 2 capsules lift 2 capsules lift 2 capsule

n vertical circulation lifts
should be equally 2 lifts 2 service lifts
distributed 2
4 Escalators in Escalators-0.9m escalators
each-0.9m
Public 3m wide
Public Staircase- - stairs=1m corridor
1.open to well- 3m
width -1.2m Service stairs-
1m corridors
2.doglegged-1m
Emergency
stairs-2m

Corridors-1m

outer alleys-2m

10. Retail • Up to 400 m2 retail average area = average area = Total

floor space= 3.00m
87

spaces 43.10 sq. m 43.10 sq. m retail

Over 400m2 retail area=4,82
Page

area per person- Area per

87
 floor space= 3.30m 4.4m2 person-5m2 7m2

Over 1500m2 retail

floor space= 3.50m

11. cafe Dining area-1.5- Area of a Area of Total Causal-

2.15m cafe=7.8m*10.92m cafe=6m*15.6 area- 2m2
m 848m2
¼ of total area Area per person- Formal-
1.69m2 Area per 1.6m2
person-2m2

12. Food 20-30m2 per kiosks 33m2 per kiosks 38m2 per Total 36m2 per
court kiosks area- kiosks
1.2m2 per seat 0.4m2 per seat 920m2
0.6m2 per seat 0.6m2 per
seat

13. Recreation Bowling alley: Bowling alley- No recreational Total

al area Approximately area 300m2-4 alleys space entertainm
of 350 m2 for 4 alleys ent area-
Pool(2)=2*28.8m2 729m2
Area of pool table=
28.8 m2

14. Staff area Basic floor area of a - The -

changing room : 6m2 approximate
(Office) area was 63.59
Changing space m²
requirements per
employee: Total no. staff -
18
ideal working figure
0.50m2

with locker and wash

basin 0.50- 0.60 m2
88

with locker but

Page

without wash basin

88
 0.30- 0.40 m2

16. Elevations Structural glazing Brick façade ACP and

and ACP glass
Wall paintings facade
Elevations
treatments

15. False Type and height 10’ with gypsum 10’ to 9’’ 8’
ceiling and acoustic
boards gypsum and
acoustic boards

16. Roof Rcc slab, CGI Atrium roof RCC slab

sheet and 5mm with truss
thick solid poly facade
carbonate

17. landscape Central water body 4 fountains and

space in the hard landscapes
entrance and few trees
89
Page

89
 Services Anaylsis

ELEMENTS CIVIL MALL LABIM MALL WAVE MALL

WATER SUPPLY Deep boring Deep boring

AIR CONDITIONING VRF system HVAC centralized ac

POWER SUPPLY 1000 KVA indoor 1250 KVA transformer Transformerd rooms
transformer (4.25*6m ; 6m* 6m)

POWER BACK UP 650 KVA,160 KVA, 100 150 KVA, 380 KVA(*3)
KVA

WATER RESERVOIR 80,000 litre capacity 80,000 litre capacity 2 treated water tank

FIRE FIGHTING Equipped with fire Equipped with fire 2 water tanks
SYSTEM fighting system like fighting system like
extinguishers, fire extinguishers, fire
hoses, etc. hoses,
90

DRAINAGE 10*10*10 cubic ft 10*10*10 cubic ft 8m* 20m

Page

90
 Bibliography

Bibliography
Buisness Architecture. (2011, January). Buisness Architecture , pp. 74-75.

Housing and property webpage. (n.d.). (Nepal Land and Housing Developers'
Association(NLHDA)) Retrieved 01 06, 2012, from Housing and property website:
www.housingnepal.com

Neufert, E., & Neufert, P. (1936). Architects' Data. (B. Baiche, & N. Walliman,
Eds.) Germany: Blackwell Science.

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia Website. Retrieved 01 02, 2012, from

www.wikipedia.com
91
Page

91
 Abstract
Construction Materials:

Use of environment friendly material is an important aspect of green design. Today, concrete is
the most abundantly used material, which replacement is rather impossible. So the attempt has
been put forward to make the concrete environment friendly by replacing cement in concrete by
fly ash to as much as 40%. Fly ash, sometimes referred as pulverized ash, is a waste product that
results from the burning of coal or lignite. In Nepal, coal is used in brick kilns for burning bricks,
thus producing fly ash as by-product. Since it is a waste material, it pollutes the environment and
requires appropriate disposal. Use of fly ash in concrete ensures environment preservation
besides increasing the durability of concrete. Fly ash is used as pozzolan which improves the
workability, setting time, bleeding, pumpability, segregation, heat hydration, permeability and
compressive strength of concrete.

Fly ash can also be used in bricks replacing clay, thus saving the alluvial agricultural soil. The
brick made of 40% fly ash and 60% clay has been proposed as major construction material for
walls. The use of fly ash in place of cement and clay thus saves as much as 30% of the cost of
materials.

Greenery in the building:

Plants have been incorporated in a building simply because they look attractive. Who can fail to
be charmed by the graceful arch of palm leaves or the exotic beauty of orchids? However, the
value of plants goes far beyond the purely aesthetic. Plants are actually good for the building and
its occupants in a number of subtle ways and are an important element in providing a pleasant,
tranquil environment where people can work or relax. If we are to look at green buildings or
ecological buildings at its most fundamental level of understanding it is necessary to bring more
greenery into them, and to balance the abiotic constituents with the biotic as with ecosystem in
nature. Greenery has been incorporated in the building in the of green roof, green walls as bio
shading and indoor gardens.
92
Page

92
 Fig: Green Network

Conclusion
Unlike the boxy featureless shopping centers, dynamic design could be combined with urban and
environmental sensibilities. The activities and architectural context of the site and its
surroundings can be given key emphasis during the design process, thus improving the
architecture and urban character of the Durbar Marg Junction.

Commercial building can be designed as environment friendly building with major emphasis on
incorporating greenery in the building. It can be intended to be energy and resource efficient
building which is non-wasteful, non-polluting, highly flexible and with low running cost. It can
be a sustainable design that helps minimize broad environmental impacts and support the
productivity and well-being of the occupants. In overall, the works has an endeavor to create an
architecture that satisfies the functional need and architectural expression of a commercial
building, responses well to the context creating a better public realm and sense of place, and that
goes well with nature.
93
Page

93