Chapter 2.

Geophysical Environment
Geographical Location dated February 08, 2012 and RA 10161 dated April 10,
Cavite is part of the Philippines’ largest island, the Luzon 2012, respectively, and the newly converted City of Gen.
Peninsula. Found in the southern portion, Cavite belongs Trias through Republic Act 10675 which was signed into
to Region IV-A or the CALABARZON region. The provinces law on August 19, 2015 and ratified on December 12,
of Batangas in the south, Laguna in the east, Rizal in the 2015.
northeast, Metro Manila and Manila Bay in the north, and
West Philippine Sea in the west bounds the Province. Presidential Decree 1163 declared the City of Imus is the
de jure provincial capital, and Trece Martires City is the
Cavite has the GPS coordinates of 14.2456º N, 120.8786º
E. Its proximity to Metro Manila gives the province a de facto seat of the provincial government.
significant edge in terms of economic development.
In addition, in 1909, during the American regime,
Governor-General W. Cameron Forbes issued the
Executive Order No. 124, declaring Act No. 1748 that
annexed Corregidor and the Islands of Caballo (Fort
Hughes), La Monja, El Fraile (Fort Drum), Sta. Amalia,
Carabao (Fort Frank) and Limbones, as well as all waters
and detached rocks surrounding them to the City of
Cavite. These are now major tourist attractions of the
province. The municipality of Ternate also has Balut
Island.

Table 2.1 Number of barangays by city/municipality and

congressional district; Province of Cavite: 2018
Number of
City/Municipality
Barangays
1st District 143
Cavite City 84
Kawit 23
Political Boundaries Noveleta
Rosario
16
20
The province of Cavite has well-defined political
2nd District 73
subdivisions. Considering the rising population of the City of Bacoor 73
province, the addition of new legislative districts is a good 3rd District 97
move to ensure the befitting representation of the City of Imus 97
province in Congress. Republic Act No. 11069, effective in 4th District 75
the year 2018 and to commence on the next national and City of Dasmariñas 75
local elections, reapportioned the province into eight 5th District 105
Carmona 14
legislative districts. The Act declared 6th District as the
Gen. M. Alvarez 27
lone district of City of Gen. Trias; 7th District is now
Silang 64
composed of Amadeo, Indang, Tanza, and Trece Martires 6th District 33
City; and 8th District is the then municipalities and city in City of Gen. Trias 33
the 7th District except Indang. The move to increase the 7th District 116
number of congressional representatives in Cavite aids Amadeo 26
the province to have better representation in the national Indang 36
government and in effect receive more appropriate Tanza 41
Trece Martires City 13
government services and assistance.
8th District 187
Alfonso 32
Currently, the Province is composed of 16 municipalities Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo 14
and 7 cities with a total of 829 barangays (Table 2.1). Magallanes 16
The seven cities include the seat of the Provincial Maragondon 27
Government – Trece Martires City, the defense frontier – Mendez 24
Cavite City, the provincial summer capital – Tagaytay Naic 30
Tagaytay City 34
City, the City of Dasmariñas under the Republic Act 9723
Ternate 10
which was ratified last November 25, 2009 and which also Total 829
happens to be a lone legislative jurisdiction of 4th District, Source: Provincial Planning and Development Office
City of Bacoor and City of Imus by virtue of RA 10160

4|P a g e
 Figure 2.1 Legislative Map of Cavite Province

Table 2.2 Land Area by City/Municipality, Province of

Land Area Cavite: 2018
Land is an important resource that is a basis of many Land Area Percent
City/Municipality
governance related decisions such as budget, cityhood, (hectares) Distribution
and programming, among others. Land, referred to as dry 1st District
Cavite City 1,183 0.83
land, is the solid surface of the Earth that is not
Kawit 1,340 0.94
permanently covered by water. It is an area of ground Noveleta 541 0.38
which is being used for a particular purpose. It excludes Rosario 567 0.40
area below inland water bodies. The proper usage of land 2nd District
is a major determinant or guiding force on the progress City of Bacoor 5,240 3.67
of a province. 3rd District
City of Imus 9,701 6.80
4th District
Cavite covers 8.72 percent of the CALABARZON’s land
City of Dasmariñas 8,234 5.77
area. This is relatively small, considering that there are
5th District
only five provinces in the region. The land area of Cavite Carmona 3,092 2.17
is equivalent to only 0.48 percent of the total land area of Gen. M. Alvarez 938 0.66
the Philippines; which is 142,706.00 hectares. The Silang 15,641 10.96
municipality of Maragondon has the largest land area 6th District
covering 16,549 hectares while the municipality of City of Gen. Trias 11,768 8.25
Noveleta has the smallest land area with 541 hectares. 7th District
Amadeo 4,790 3.36
Indang 8,920 6.25
Tanza 9,630 6.75
Trece Martires City 3,917 2.74
8th District
Alfonso 6,460 4.53
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo 5,103 3.58
Magallanes 7,860 5.51
Maragondon 16,549 11.60
Mendez 1,667 1.17
Naic 8,600 6.03
Tagaytay City 6,615 4.64
Ternate 4,350 3.05
Total 142,706 100.00
Source: Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan 2011-2020

5|P a g e
Topography
Physiological Areas

C OASTAL PLAIN is the lowest

UPLAND MOUNTAINOUS AREA
lowland area. These areas have an
is situated at a very high elevation
extremely low ground level of EL.
above EL. 400m with slopes of more
0m to EL. 2m compared to the high
than 2%. Amadeo, Silang, Alfonso,
tide level of about EL. 0.8m from
and Tagaytay City have this
the Mean Sea Level (MSL). These
topography. The Tagaytay ridge has a
are the city of Bacoor and
peak elevation of 650m.
municipalities of Kawit, Noveleta,
and Rosario.

C OASTAL AND ALLUVIAL PLAINS CENTRAL HILLY AREA is found

is considered the lowland areas. These on the mountain foot slope and
areas have a flat ground slope of less forms rolling tuffaceous plateau.
than 0.5% and low ground elevation of This topography includes steep hills,
EL. 2m to EL. 30m. The city of Imus ridges, and elevated inland valley.
and the southern part of the City of The plateau has a ground elevation
General Trias are alluvial plains. Into ranging from 30m to nearly 400m
these municipalities forms the transition and a ground slope ranging from 0.5
area between the coastal plain and the to 2%. The cities of Trece Martires
central hilly area. It also covers some and Dasmariñas and the
areas of City of Bacoor, Kawit, municipalities of Indang and Silang
Noveleta, Rosario, and Tanza. have this kind of topography.

Slope
Slope is the degree of inclination of a given area. It is In Cavite, the northern part of the province is flat or level.
the number of feet the land rises or falls over a This is consisting of the parts of the municipalities of
distance of 100 feet and written in terms of Ternate, Maragondon, Naic, Tanza, Rosario, Noveleta,
percentage. The degree of slope affects soil moisture; Kawit, and cities of Cavite, Bacoor, and Imus. The
which influences species selection. It also estimates westmost part of the province, mostly parts of
the erosion potential of the place and helps in Maragondon, Ternate and Magallanes, is ranging from
moderately steep to very steep as well as the eastmost
selecting the most appropriate planting techniques.
part covering the municipalities of General Mariano
Slopes of 15% to 20% may be erosion prone.
Alvarez and a small portion of Carmona and Silang
including the city of Tagaytay. These areas are the most
The National Land Use Committee prescribes the
prone to erosion in the province of Cavite. Lastly, the
following standard slope ranges: remaining cities and municipalities are gently sloping to
 0 – 3% : Flat or level land undulating to rolling (Figure 2.2).
 3% - 8% : Level to undulating
 8% - 18% : Undulating to rolling
 18% - 30% : Rolling to moderately steep
hills
 30% - 50% : Moderately to steeply
mountainous
 Above 50% : Very steeply mountainous

6|P a g e
 Figure 2.2 Slope Map of Cavite Province
Geology
mountains in Cavite. Another peak in Cavite is the Mt.
Geology is the study of Earth, the materials which it is Sungay (Mt. Gonzales) in Tagaytay. The inactive
made, the structure of those materials, and the processes stratovolcano is the highest point in Cavite at 709 meters.
acting upon them. Physical geology is made important in
this sub-chapter. Physical geology deals with the study of Another noteworthy landform in Cavite is the Lucsuhin
the physical features of the earth and the processes National Bridge, locally called Cabag Cave or Lucsuhin
acting on them. This includes volcanoes, earthquakes, Cave, is a national bridge connecting Barangay Lucsuhin
rocks, mountains, and the oceans; just about any feature and Barangay Kalubkob in Silang, Cavite. The bridge
of the earth. crosses Ylang-ylang River and the first national bridge
reported in the country.

Landforms
According to the National Geographic Society, landforms
Soil Types and Classification
are features on the Earth’s surface that are part of the Identification of soil characteristics, most importantly the
terrain. The four major types of landforms are mountains, soil type, is a vital activity in area profiling. This is very
hills, plateaus, and plains. Buttes, canyons, valleys, and useful in recommending the best land-use for that area.
basins are considered minor types of landforms. Moreover, if intended for agriculture, knowing the soil
type will also aid in identifying the most suitable crops to
The Philippines, fondly called as the “Pearl of the Orient” be planted in the area. This will contribute to the
has its diverse environment, well known for its different achievement of optimized land productivity.
landforms. Some of it can be found in the province of
Cavite.

The province of Cavite has its own share in the

mesmerizing beauty of nature that every Filipinos can
enjoy. Pico de Loro, also known as the Parrot’s Beak, is
one of the most popular mountains in the Philippines. The
wide plains of Cavite and the West Philippine Sea, as well
as the coves and beaches of Nasugbu, can be seen at the
peak due to its elevation of 688 meters. Mt. Pico de Loro
is part of the Mt. Palay-Palay-Mataas-na-Gulod Protected
Landscape, the remaining lowland rainforest in Cavite,
covering particularly Maragondon and Ternate, and
Batangas. Mount Marami, one of the ancient volcanic
features of Bataan Arc, Mount Buntis and Mount
Lucsuhin National Bridge
Nagpatong, home to Andres Bonifacio Shrine and claim to
be the execution site of the said hero, are other notable
7|P a g e
The soil surveys conducted by the Bureau of Soils and sand with a substratum of marine conglomerates. It is
Water Management (BSWM) revealed that Cavite is found at Sta. Mercedes in Maragondon and in some
composed of ten (10) soil types. coastlines of Ternate.

The lowland area of Cavite is generally composed of Land Suitability

Guadalupe clay and clay loam. This soil type is
Land suitability is the fitness of a given type of land for a
characterized as coarse and granular when dry but sticky
defined use. The process of land suitability classification is
and plastic when wet. Its substratum is solid volcanic
the appraisal and grouping of specific areas of land
tuff. These types of soils are suited to lowland rice and
concerning their suitability for defined uses.
corn while those in the upland are suited for orchard and
pasture.
Majority of Cavite’s area is for highly restricted
agricultural use. The lowland areas covering the cities of
Guadalupe clay adobes are abundant in the southern part
Imus, Bacoor and General Trias, portions of the
of the cities of Bacoor and Imus bordering the city of
municipalities of Tanza, Naic and Rosario are primarily
Dasmariñas. The soil is hard and compact and difficult to
suitable for irrigated rice/freshwater fishponds. The
cultivate that makes it generally unsuitable for diverse
central part of the Province covering mainly the city of
cropping. It is very sticky when wet and granular when
Dasmariñas, large portions of Tanza, Naic, Gen.
dry. Forage grass is advised for this type of soil.
Aguinaldo and Trece Martires City are primarily suitable
for cultivated annual crops. Cavite’s upland area covering
Hydrosol and Obando sand are found along Bacoor Bay.
the municipalities of Silang, Amadeo, Indang, Alfonso,
The shoreline of Rosario, Tanza, Naic, and Ternate are
Magallanes and a small portion of Gen. Aguinaldo and
lined with Guadalupe sand.
Maragondon and the City of Tagaytay is principally
suitable for perennial tree and vine crop production.
The central area principally consists of Magallanes loam
with streaks of Magallanes clay loam of sandy texture.
The mountainous portions of the Province found at the
This is recommended for diversified farming such as the
western side and the area along the Tagaytay Ridge is
cultivation of upland rice, corn, sugarcane, vegetables,
considered as National Integrated Protected Areas System
coconut, coffee, mangoes, and other fruit trees. The
(NIPAS) land which cannot be altered from its natural
steep phase should be forested or planted to root crops.
habitat (Figure 2.3).

The eastern side of Cavite is consists of Carmona clay

The land suitability information was from the Land
loam with streaks of Carmona clay loam steep phase and
Management Unit (LMU) map from the Bureau of Soils
Carmona sandy clay loam. This type of soil is granular
and Water Management (BSWM). This information will be
with tuffaceous material and concretions. It is hard and used to determine whether the present land use is in
compact when dry; sticky and plastic when wet. This type congruence with the suitability of the land for that use.
of soil is planted to rice with irrigation or sugarcane
without irrigation. Fruit trees such as mango, avocado, Land Resources
and citrus are also grown in this type of soil.
Land Classification
Guingua fine sandy loam is found along the lower part of Land classification ensures the proper location of various
Malabon and Ylang-ylang River at Noveleta. land uses, especially of business, residential, and utility
areas. This is executed by highly trained urban planners
The type of soils that dominate the upland areas is to ensure the harmonious movement of people and their
Tagaytay loam and Tagaytay sandy loam with mountain activities. Land classifications and adherence to them by
soil undifferentiated found on the south-eastern side the public promote balanced development.
bordering Laguna province. Also, on the southern tip are
Magallanes clay and Mountain soil undifferentiated with The land resource of the province is at 142,706 hectares.
an interlacing of Magallanes clay loam steep phase. This is categorized into Alienable and Disposable (A&D)
Land and Forest Land. The Alienable and Disposable Land
The Tagaytay loam contains fine sandy materials, accounts for 129,391 hectares or 90.67 percent share to
moderately friable, and easy to work on when moist. In a total land resource where economic activities
an undisturbed condition, it bakes and becomes hard (Agriculture – 55.24 percent share to A&D) and human
when dry. About one-half of this soil type is devoted to settlements (44.76 percent share to A&D) occur. On the
upland rice and upland crops. On the other hand, other hand, forestland, the land covered with forest or
Tagaytay sandy loam is friable and granular with a reserved for the growth of forests, is 9.33 percent or
considerable amount of volcanic sand and underlain by 13,315 hectares shared to the total. It is assumed that
adobe clay. Mountain soil undifferentiated is forested land resource is preserved to maintain the ecological
with bamboos found in the sea coast. Cavite also has the balance in the province (Table 2.3).
Patungan sand characterized by pale gray to almost white

8|P a g e
 Mineral Resources
Table 2.3 Land Classification, Province of Cavite: 2011 - The upland part of Cavite contains volcanic materials,
2020
tuff, cinders, basalt, breccias, agglomerate and
% % Share to interbeddings of shales, and sandstones in the soil. The
Land Classification Area (ha) Classification
Share dormant and active volcanoes (Taal) are within this
A. Alienable and 129,391.00 90.67 volcanic area and have been the sources of volcanic
Disposable Lands materials which form the Tagaytay Cuesta. The drainage
Production Land 71,474.91 50.09 55.24
systems are deeply entrenched in the tuffs, eroding thin
Built-up Area 57,916.09 40.58 44.76
B. Forest Lands 13,315.00 9.33 interbedded sandstones and conglomerate which are the
1. Classified 5,357.36 3.75 40.24 source of little resources of sand and gravel in the larger
a. Protected 3,928.00 2.75 stream. Adobe stone quarries also flourish in tuff areas.
Areas/ Meanwhile, in the lower part of Cavite, mostly coastal,
Natural Parks marl and conglomerate can be found. Igneous rocks are
b. Military 808.99 0.57 prominent in the high, mountainous regions of western
Reservation
Cavite.
c. Islands 620.37 0.43
2. Unclassified 7,957.64 5.58 59.76
Total 142,706.00 Specifically, the City of Bacoor and municipalities of
Source: Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan 2011-2020 General Mariano Alvarez, Tanza and Ternate have
andesite and basalt; Cities of Dasmariñas and General
Alienable and Disposable Lands
As defined by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA),
alienable and disposable lands refer to those lands of the
public domain which have been the subject of the present
system of classification and declared as not needed for
forest purposes. It is further classified into production
land and built-up areas.

The production land is the area where agricultural

activities and food productions takes place. Most of the
areas in Cavite are of this classification (50.09%).

The built-up areas, on the other hand, are comprised of Corregidor Island
settlements, industrial, commercial and tourism areas. Source: https://jonnymelon.com/corregidor-tour/
This area is mainly for the conduct of economic activities Trias and municipalities of Indang, Maragondon, and Naic
as well as for human habitations. It covers up to 40.58 have sand gravel; and Magallanes has clay.
percent of the total land area of Cavite.
Table 2.4 Mineral Resources, Province of Cavite; 2018
Forest Lands City/Municipality Mineral Resources
The forest lands are those that have either national City of Bacoor Andesite, Basalt
City of Dasmariñas Sand and Gravel
proclamation to become forest reservations or those
City of General Trias Sand and Gravel
lands that are not suitable for any particular use. This General Mariano Alvarez Andesite, Basalt
may be a factor of topography and elevation. Forest lands Indang Sand and Gravel
are divided into two kinds the classified land, which Magallanes Clay
includes protected areas/natural parks, military Maragondon Sand and Gravel
reservation and islands, and unclassified land, also known Naic Sand and Gravel
as the public forest. Tanza Andesite, Basalt
Ternate Andesite, Basalt
Source: CALABARZON Mining and Minerals Industry Profile – Mines and Geosciences
Under classified lands, Mount Palay-Palay and Mataas na Bureau IV-A
Gulod National Parks located in Ternate and Maragondon
are proclaimed as natural parks, part of Ternate are
military reservation, and Corregidor, Caballo (Fort
Hughes), Carabao, Limbones, Sta. Amalia, El Fraile (Fort
Drum), La Monja, Balot Island and Island Cove
(PuloniBurunggoy) are named islands in Cavite.
Unclassified land includes the Tagaytay ridges with slope
greater than 50%, Magallanes forest land and parts of
Maragondon (Figure 2.4).

9|P a g e
 Figure 2.3 Land Suitability Map of Cavite

Figure 2.4 Land Classification Map of Cavite

10 | P a g e
Figure 2.5 Mineral Resources Map of Cavite

Figure 2.6 Existing Land Use Map of Cavite

11 | P a g e
Coastal Resources
Cavite boasts a stretch of about 122.574 kilometers of Mangroves
shoreline. It is found along Cavite City, City of Bacoor, Mangroves are trees or shrubs that grow in the tropical
Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, Tanza, Naic, Maragondon and coastal swamps that are flooded at high tide. Mangroves
Ternate. The richness of Cavite’s coastal resources paved typically have numerous tangled roots above ground and
the way for our recognition as a major producer of form dense thickets.
oysters and mussels. The fisherfolks are also active
producers of sugpo/bangus. On the western coastlines lie Mangroves provide ecological and socio-economic
the breathtaking beaches with pale gray sand. Thus, the importance in terms of protection of shoreline and coral
coastal resource of the province contributes to the reefs, nursery for fishes, shrimps, crustaceans and mud
economic activities related to fishery and tourism. crabs, food and sanctuary for marine life, potential eco-
tourism sites, protection for reclaimed land and wind
Coral Reefs breaker during typhoons.
Coral reefs are colonies of tiny living animals found in
marine waters that contain few nutrients. It is commonly As of May 2015, Cavite has a total of 195.893 hectares of
found at shallow depths in tropical waters and grow best mangrove areas. These mangrove areas are based on the
in warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated waters. It Bio-ecological assessment of Department of /environment
and Natural Resources – Manila Bay Coordinating Office
delivers ecosystem services to tourism, fisheries, and
shoreline protection. It also serves as home to marine (DENR-MBCO) Region IV-A conducted on November 2010
life. which is about 88.47 hectares located at City of Bacoor,
Noveleta, Cavite City, Kawit and Rosario. The mangrove
As of 2013, the Department of Environment and Natural rehabilitation project is established from 2001 to 2015.
Resources Region 4A – CALABARZON had mapped a total Around 102.086 hectares of mangrove areas are planted
of 19.26 hectares of coral reef areas in Sitio Pinagkainan in the last ten (10) years.
and Patungan, Barangay Sta. Mercedes, Maragondon,
Cavite. Sitio Pinagkaingan, located in the eastern part of The species of Mangroves found in the province are:
Limbones cove opposite Carabao Island, has a 34 percent 1. Bakawan Babae (R. mucronata)
live coral cover dominated by non-acropora corals 2. Bakawan Lalake (Rhizophora apiculata)
(32.60%) and a small population of Acropora corals 3. Bakawan bato (R. stylosa)
(1.40%). 4. Api-api (Avicennia officinales)
5. Bungalon (A. marina)
In Sitio Patungan Munti, a slightly sloping ground and 6. Piapi (A. lanata)
good water visibility at 30 ft. depth, has about 32.76% 7. Pagatpat (Sonneratia Alba)
live coral cover where the “staghorn” corals (20%) are 8. Pagatpat baye (S. ovata)
most seen. About 40 percent of the species were 9. Pedada (S. caeolaris)
members of the two biggest families, the Pomacentridae
and Labridae. A school of fusiliers (Caesio spp.) were also Table 2.5 Existing mangrove and mangrove rehabilitation
areas; Province of Cavite: May 2015
observed.
Assessed
Mangrove Existing
Mangrove
In Santa Mercedes Fish Sanctuary, coral reefs found are Rehabilitation Mangrove
Location Areas
of families Acroporidae, Alcyoniina, Agariciidae, Plantation Areas
(2010) in
(ha.) (ha.)
Caryophyllidae, Euphylliidae, Paviidae, Fungiidae, ha.
Meandrinidae, Montraeidae, Mussidae, Pectiniidae, City of Bacoor 1.08 16.448 17.528
Pocilloporidae, Poritidae. Kawit 29.17 33.528 54.800
Cavite City 27.42 4.200 31.620
Naic 1.000 1.000
Maragondon 1.000 1.000
Ternate 1.291 1.316
Tanza 1.000 1.000
Noveleta 27.28 42.619 83.109
Rosario 3.52 1.000 4.520
102.086
Total 88.47 (Old growth is at 195.893
48.413)
Source: PENRO - Cavite

Coral Reefs in Limbones Cove

Image source: www.choosephilippines.com (Photos by: Mike Ajero)

12 | P a g e
Freshwater Resources These rivers are known to have various tributaries
Freshwater is one of the most valued natural resources. passing through the different municipalities of the
Effective management to ensure its sustainable source is province (Table 2.6). These rivers and tributaries
very important and is a primary concern of the generally have a flowing direction from the highlands of
government. Tagaytay City going to Manila Bay with stretches from the
City of Bacoor up to Municipality of Ternate.

Surface Runoff Water source, especially in the upland areas are abundant
Surface runoff is water from rain, or other sources that due to numerous natural springs, waterfalls and rivers.
flows over the land surface, and is a major component of These have become beneficial among domestic, tourism,
the water cycle. Runoff that occurs on surfaces before and industrial users. These include Balite Spring
reaching a channel is also called overland flow. A land (Amadeo), Saluysoy Spring (Alfonso), Matang Tubig
area which produces runoff draining to a common point is Spring (Tagaytay City), Malakas Spring (General
called a watershed. Aguinaldo), and Ulo Spring (Mendez).

There are six major river watersheds in Cavite such as: The province is also endowed with waterfalls such as
1. Bacoor River Watershed Palsajingin Falls (Indang), Balite Falls (Amadeo),
2. Imus River Watershed Malibiclibic Falls (Gen. Aguinaldo), Talon-Butas Falls (Gen.
3. San Juan River Watershed Aguinaldo), Saluysoy Falls (Alfonso) and Tala River (Gen.
4. Cañas River Watershed Aguinaldo). Nowadays, these God-given natural wonders
5. Labac River Watershed are being utilized for recreational and leisure activities like
6. Maragondon River Watershed picnics and gatherings.

Table 2.6 Major Rivers of Cavite

Length Drainage
Name Point of Origin
(km) Location
1. Bacoor River 12.3 Pintong Gubat, Molino passing Tanzang Luma, Salinas and Panapaan Bacoor Bay
North of Tagaytay passing Balite, Sabutan, Biga, Silang, Palapala, City of Dasmariñas,
Pasong Bayog, San Agustin and connects to Pasong Bayog passing Salitran, Baluctot,
Anabu II & Anabu I going to Tanzang Luma, Palico, Imus down to Salinas and Mabolo,
2. Imus River 38.4 Bacoor Bay
Bacoor toward drainage. Tributaries which started from Bucal going to San Agustin
join/connect Imus River in Pasong Bayog. Tributaries found in Baluctot also drain at
Imus River.
Maitim, Amadeo passing Maitim, Lalaan I, Silang, Dagatan, Banaybanay, Calubcob,
Bacoor Bay
3a. San Juan 39.0 Panungyanan, Javalera, Biclatan, Manggahan, Jaime Baker; Buenavista, Pasong
Kawit
River Kawayan, Bacao, Gen. Trias; Sta. Rosa, Noveleta and Putol, Kawit. Tributaries are at
Bucandala and Panamitan.
Pasong Camachile River which started from Santiago passing San Gabriel connects with
3b. Alang-Ilang
San Juan River; San Jose, City of Dasmariñas converging with San Juan River at Bacao,
River
Gen. Trias
From Kaybagal, Tagaytay City passing Loma, Amadeo going to Polanan River, San
Agustin, Gregorio, Osorio, Lucbanan, Conchu, Inocencio, Trece Martires City; Alingaro,
Manila Bay
Gen. Trias passing Lubluban River, Santol, Bucal to Julugan, Tanza.
4. Cañas River 38.9 Julugan,
Also, from Tagaytay City going to Salaban, Amadeo; Balagbag, Mahabang Kahoy,
Tanza
Limbon, Alulod, Indang and connects to Paradahan, Tanza
Other tributaries are found in Buna Lejos, Limbon connecting in Alulod.
Two contributory rivers located in the upland area. Starting from Buna Lejos, Indang
passing Buna Cerca to Calumpang River going to Palangue, Naic to Kay-alamang River
30.5 Manila Bay
5. Labac River passing San Roque down to Labac River.
Patutong Malaki, Tagaytay City passing Habulin River, Barangays II & III, Mendez going
to Kayquit, Indang straight to Banaba Cerca going to Malainen Bago, Naic
Multi-sources Banaba Lejos passing Pantihan I & II. Tributaries are:
Habulin River passing East Tambo to Banaba Lejos; From Palocpoc passing Lumampong
and Banaba Lejos; Magay River to Maragondon River; Narvaez River passing Tabora to
6.Maragondon 35.6 Manila Bay
Maragondon River; Matagbak Buruhan River passing Sinaliw na Munti and Sinaliw na
River Ternate
Malaki; Aliang River in Magallanes starting from Kaytitinga joined Narvaez River passing
Tabora;Another river (unnamed) from west of Kaytitinga and Aliang River passing
Magallanes and joined Tabora to Maragondon River

13 | P a g e
Groundwater Resources Table 2.7 Monthly Average Temperature and Rainfall,
Cavite City: 2018
The groundwater is one of the best sources of fresh Month Mean Temperature Rainfall
water for human and animal consumption. By definition, (ºC) (mm)
groundwater is the water found underground in the January 27.9 16.4
cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. It is stored in February 28.5 0.8
and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, March 28.9 105.8
sand and rocks called aquifers. April 30.8 0.2
May 32.0 20.0
The natural ground elevation or terrain affects the June 29.1 723.0
amount of ground water in an area, as well as the water July 28.2 757.3
extraction demand depending on industrial and residential August 28.9 427.2
demand. September 29.2 194.7
October 30.0 72.8
The huge number of deep wells in the province has November 29.5 13.7
become a major source of concern about the decreasing December 28.2 132.9
amount of groundwater resource in Cavite. The towns of Annual 29.3 2,464.8
Naic, Tanza and Ternate and the cities of Dasmariñas, Source: Philippine Atmospheric, Goephysical and Astronomical
Bacoor, Imus and Gen. Trias highly depend on artesian Services Administration (PAGASA) Sangley Point Observation Center,
wells. These have become their major source of water. Cavite City

These have caused the salt water intrusion in the aquifers

due to over extraction of water. In a study made by the
Table 2.8 Monthly Relative Humidity and Cloudiness, Cavite
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the City: 2018
groundwater in Cavite is depleting at a rate of 1-meter Month Relative Humidity Cloudiness
water level decrease per year. In the upland areas of the (%)
province, groundwater is tapped mainly for domestic use January 77 6
through local water supply systems. February 77 5
March 74 4
April 69 4
Based on the geological studies in Cavite, most of the
May 69 5
ground water is stored in the pyroclastic rock reservoir
June 82 7
and little in the volcano and clastic rock. Potable water is July 84 7
not reported in the near shore due to the presence of August 82 7
alluvium deposits which may be brackish and saline and September 81 6
are not safe for drinking and other domestic use. Another October 74 5
source of groundwater is called infiltrated rainfall which November 73 5
serves as the direct source of most near surface aquifers. December 78 6
Annual 77 6
Inflow from surface water reservoir and irrigation water
Source: Philippine Atmospheric, Goephysical and Astronomical
also contributes to the ground water. Services Administration (PAGASA) Sangley Point Observation
Center, Cavite City
Freely-flowing wells occur in the 30-meter elevation of
Southern Tanza and in the lower portions of near shore
Naic and Ternate while in the City of Imus, it is at the Natural Hazards and Constraints
elevation of about 15 meters. There are eight identified hydro meteorological and
geological hazards in Cavite. These are:
1. Flooding (river overflow and inland)
Climate 2. Storm surge
Cavite has two pronounced seasons, dry from November 3. Rainfall induced landslide
to April and wet on the rest of the year. The following 4. Earthquake induced landslide
tables show the climatological report of Philippine 5. Ground shaking
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services 6. Liquefaction
Administration (PAGASA) from its Sangley Point 7. Tsunami
Observation Center in Cavite City. 8. Ground rupture

The hottest temperature is observed in the month of May The entire province is generally susceptible to ground
while it is coldest in January. Heaviest rains are shaking. A total of 125,756 hectares of Cavite’s total land
experienced in the month of July and there is almost no area covering around 90% of the barangays are highly
rain on the onset of the year in April. susceptible. There are towns in Cavite that are more
susceptible to hazards than the others, vulnerable at
around 7 of the 8 hazards are the towns of Naic and
Tanza. It can also be observed that the town of

14 | P a g e
Magallanes is generally the least susceptible to hazards and storm surge, 231 of them are located along the
among all towns in the province (Table 2.9). coastal areas. The more than 320,000 inhabitants of
those areas are considered living in disaster prone areas.
Around 298 barangays of Cavite, 35.9 percent of all
barangays, are considered highly susceptible to flooding

Table 2.9 Number of barangays by type of hazards; Province of Cavite

Rainfall Earthquake
Storm Ground Ground
City/Municipality Flooding Induced Induced Liquefaction Tsunami
Surge Shaking Rupture
Landslide Landslide
1st District
Cavite City All 11 All All All
Kawit All All 17 16
Noveleta All 5 All 9 5
Rosario All 8 All 18 10
2nd District
City of Bacoor 55 All 32 21
3rd District
City of Imus 38 All 2
4th District
City of Dasmariñas 11 All
5th District
Carmona 1 All 3
Gen. Mariano Alvarez All
Silang 6 All 4
6th District
Trece Martires City All
Amadeo All
City of Gen. Trias 7 All
Tanza 26 9 All 10 14
7th District
Alfonso 30
Tagaytay City 11 31
Gen. E. Aguinaldo 5
Indang All
Magallanes
Maragondon 3 13
Mendez 4 All
Naic 8 3 3 5 7
Ternate 8 2 1 9 4

Table 2.10 Legislations on environmental management;

Province of Cavite: 2002-2017
Ordinance/
Resolution Year Title
No.
Environmental Management 004 2002 An Ordinance prohibiting the
Cavite has the Cavite Environment Code (Provincial smoking and selling of cigarettes in
Ordinance No. 001-S-2008) that guides the province in all public and private primary and
secondary schools and within a
formulating and implementing programs with the ultimate
radius of 100 meters from the
goal of safeguarding and conserving the land, mineral,
school compound, premises and
marine, forest and other natural resources of the providing penalties for violations
province. In each aspect of environmental management, thereof
Cavite also enacted specific ordinances in support of the 001 2003 An Ordinance prohibiting the
Environment Code (Table 2.10). improper disposal of used oil
generated from automotive and
industrial lube oil and petroleum
sludge, providing penalties for
violation thereon and for other
purposes
004 2005 An ordinance to curtail illegal
activities of professional and illegal
squatters in the province of Cavite

15 | P a g e
Table 2.10 continued… Table 2.10 continued…
Ordinance/ Ordinance/
Resolution Year Title Resolution Year Title
No. No.
007 2005 An Ordinance prescribing safety an Ordinance Prohibiting,
measures in the refueling at any Regulating and Prescribing certain
gasoline satiation within the uses of Plastics for Goods and
territorial jurisdiction of the Commodities that end up as
Province of Cavite and providing Residual Wastes and promoting
penalties for violation thereof the use of Eco Bags and other
005 2006 An Ordinance regulating the environment friendly practices as
operation of all junkshops and an alternative and providing
other similar business penalties for violation thereof
establishments and individuals 061 2014 An ordinance establishing the
engaged in buying and selling of Provincial Clean Air and Anti-
metals with monetary value within Smoke Belching Program and
the province of Cavite and for appropriating funds and providing
other purposes fines and penalties thereof
004 2007 An Ordinance on the 129 2015 An ordinance requiring all car wash
establishment of animal facilities operating within the
quarantine checkpoints for foot territorial jurisdiction of the
and mouth disease and other province of Cavite to install septic
zoonotic diseases at strategic entry tanks in their respective premises
points in the Province of Cavite and providing penalties for
and imposing fees thereof violations thereof
001 2008 Cavite Environment Code 167 2017 An ordinance prohibiting the
littering of solid wastes in the
005 2011 An Ordinance adopting the province of Cavite and providing
National Code on Sanitation in the penalties for violation thereof
Province of Cavite
001 2012 An Ordinance for the
implementation of anti-dengue
campaign at the barangay level Solid Waste Management
003 2012 An Ordinance adopting the Manila Management of solid waste is a major environmental
Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan concern of the government. The Republic Act 9003
stipulates the law on proper ecological disposal of solid
007 2012 An Ordinance prohibiting,
regulating, prescribing certain uses waste, which is doing the least harm to the environment.
of plastics for goods and In support of this, the provincial government has enacted
commodities that end up as Executive Order No. 29 which requires all cities and
residual wastes and promoting the municipalities of the province to establish waste reduction
use of eco-bags and other and recovery schemes and to convert their open
environment-friendly practices as dumpsites to controlled ones. This is complemented by
an alternative and providing
Provincial Ordinance No. 007-2012 that regulates the use
penalties for violations thereof
026 2012 An Ordinance regulating cigarette of plastics and promotes the use of environmentally
smoking within the Provincial friendly packaging and practices.
Capitol compound of Cavite and
providing penalties thereof Pursuant to Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid
2013-007 2013 An ordinance establishing the Waste Management Act, the Provincial Solid Waste
“Greening Program” within the Management Board was also created.
province of Cavite

2013-008 2013 Water Consumers Protection Solid wastes are collected and disposed to either sanitary
Ordinance of Cavite landfills or managed open dumpsites. At present, the
province owns and uses 147 units of operational garbage
2013-015 2013 An ordinance creating the Water trucks, compactors and mini dump trucks for its garbage
Quality Management Are (WQMA) collection system with capacities of 10/8 sq.m. and 4
Governing Board for Imus-Ylang- sq.m., respectively. The disposal activities also employ
ylang-Rio Grande River pursuat to around 529 people acting as garbage collectors, street
DENR Administrative Order no. o2, cleaners and office support staff.
Series 2013
2013-021 2013 An ordinance amending certain
Table 2.11 shows the frequency of collection of solid
Provisions of Provincial Ordinance
wastes in each town as well as their type of disposal
No. 007-2012 otherwise known as
system.

16 | P a g e
Table 2.11 Frequency of garbage collection and disposal system by City/Municipality; Province of Cavite: 2018
Status of
City/Municipality Frequency of Collection Type of Disposal Complianc Location of Disposal
e
1st District
Main Roads/Market – Daily
Cavite City By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - San Mateo, Rizal
City Streets – twice a week
Kawit Daily By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - Laguna
Noveleta Two trips/truck/day By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - Calamba City
Rosario Daily By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - Suri, Calamba City
2nd District
City of Bacoor Daily By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - Bay, Laguna
3rd District
Barangay – once a week
City of Imus By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - City of Imus
Market – daily
4th District
City of Dasmariñas Daily By Contract/Sanitary Landfill Operating Brgy. Salawag
5th District
Carmona Twice a week By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - San Pedro, Laguna
Gen. M. Alvarez Thrice a week By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - Calamba City, Laguna
Once a week
Silang By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - Suri, Calamba City
Public market – daily
6th District
City of Gen. Trias Twice a week By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - Calamba City, Laguna
7th District
Amadeo Thrice a week By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - San Pedro, Laguna
Indang Daily except Saturday By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - Suri, Calamba City
Pilotage, San Pedro,
Tanza Twice a week By Contract/Sanitary Landfill -
Laguna
Trece Martires City Daily By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - Trece Martires City
8th District
Alfonso Twice a week By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - Suri, Calamba City
Monday/Tuesday –
Biodegradable
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - San Pedro, Laguna
Wednesday and Thursday –
Non-biodegradable
Pilotage, San Pedro,
Magallanes - By Contract/Sanitary Landfill -
Laguna
Pilotage, San Pedro,
Maragondon Daily By Contract/Sanitary Landfill -
Laguna
Mendez Five times a week By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - Suri, Laguna
Naic Once or twice a week By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - San Pedro, Laguna
Tagaytay City Daily By Contract/Sanitary Landfill - San Pedro, Laguna
Pilotage, San Pedro,
Ternate Daily By Contract/Sanitary Landfill -
Laguna
Source: Solid Waste Management Division, Provincial Government Environment and Natural Resources Office

17 | P a g e