Language in Action - Grammar
Language in Action - Grammar
Language in Action - Grammar
PARTS OF SPEECH
• Noun
• Pronoun
• Verb
• Adverb
• Adjective
• Preposition
• Conjunction
• Interjection
• Articles
NOUN
Noun is the name of anything e.g. person, place or thing. A noun may be living object
or non living object, relationship, system etc. In grammar structure is also known as
Subject.
PRONOUN
Things to remember:
Associated Pronoun
Kinds of Adjective
• Gradable Adjective
• Non Gradable Adjective
Gradable Adjective
• Positive
• Comparative
• Superlative
Formation of Degrees
• Regular Formation
• Irregular Formation
ADVERB
Adverbs are the words which tell more about the verb.
Kinds of Adverb
Adverb of Time
• Time
• Frequency Adverb
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• Definite
• Indefinite
ARTICLES
Type of Articles
VERB
The word which use to state or express something about a noun or pronoun in
connection with ‘doing’ ‘being’ or ‘having something’ is called verb. i.e. Go, Fly, Eat,
Sleep, Work,
PREPOSITION
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A preposition is a word that shows in what relation the person or thing indicated by it
stands to another. i.e. at, under, on, in, from, to, with, over, behind. A preposition is
placed before a noun or pronoun.
At used with placed usually city/small town and definite point of time
In used with large place or country and indefinite period of time
‘At’ is used with smaller one (place or city) and ‘in’ used with greater one
(place or country)
It may be used with all the tenses. It must be followed by to, till or until
either expressed or understood.
For denotes a period of time. It may be used with any tense except the
present imperfect.
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CONJUNCTION
INTERJECTION
An interjection is word which is used to express sudden feelings or emotions i.e. Alas!,
Oh!, Hurrah!, Hush!, Hallo!
TENSES
Old New
SIMPLE PRESENT
These are strong indicators of simple present. These are also called frequency verbs.
EVERY, Always, Sometimes, Often, Usually, Rarely, Never, and Seldom
NEGATIVE
Does Not = He, She, It, Naming Word & Singular Noun
Do Not = I, You, We, They & Plural Noun
Use of ‘does not’ with ‘Has’ as helping verb in negative simple present is not allowed
and ‘Has’ will be changed into ‘Have’.
Note: Frequency verb (Every, always, sometimes, often, usually, rarely, never, and
seldom) would not change its place with subject while change into negative or
interrogative.
INTERROGATIVE
e.g. We are not agree with this proposal Are you agree with this proposal?
No, I’m not angry. Are you angry?
Yes, I can drive. Can you drive?
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
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Identification
STRUCTURE
Rules:
• ‘Am’ in interrogative is used seldom only when some performing verb about
something is inquired.
e.g. Am I playing well? Am I cooking tasty? Am I driving roughly?
PRESENT PERFECT
Identification
• Completion of action
• Any action which started in past and completed recently
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
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I have been reading newspaper since morning.
She has been watching Star Plus for two days.
They have not been speaking on this issue since last month.
Hafsa has not been reading SST for five days.
PAST SIMPLE
Identification
STRUCTURE
Negative Subject + did not + verb 1 + Object She did not cook food.
Subject + was not/were not+ Object He was not my brother.
Subject + did not + have + Object They did not have 03 red roses.
Rules to use
Following rules as used in Simple Present would also be observed in Simple Past.
• Routine
• Repeated Actions
• Habits
• Universal Truth
• Belongings
• Possession
• Facts & Figures
• State & Report
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• Likes/Dislikes
PAST PROGRESSIVE
Identification
STRUCTURE
Rules:
PAST PERFECT
Identification
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
FUTURE SIMPLE
Identification
• Uncertain future
• Shows future without any schedule, planning and result
STRUCTURE
Negative Subject + will not + verb 1 + Object Sania will not visit Harrapa.
Subject + will not +be + Profession/Quality/Object
She will not be a good architect.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
GOING TO
Identification
STRUCTURE
SHOULD/SHOULD NOT
Identification
STRUCTURE
MUST/MUST NOT
Identification
STRUCTURE
He must go to Masjid.
We must obey teachings of Islam.
She must not tell a lie.
You must not interfere in other’s job.
Identification
• Compulsion to do things
• Higher degree of authoritative statement
STRUCTURE
He has to go in market.
Anwer has to open the window.
I have to call him.
You have to submit files to the Boss.
QUESTION FORMATION
• Select Target
• Use the correct WH words according to the target
• Identify the tense
• Form interrogative of identifying tense
When Time
Where Place
Who Human name
What Information
How many Numbers
How long Duration
How much Quantity
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Note: Frequency adverbs (always, often, sometime, usually, daily) would start from
How Often.
Why
How answers are made in own wording by picking main
What do you think idea of question from the contents of given paragraph
How can you say
Polar Questions
I always get up early in the morning. How often do you get up early in the
morning?
I go for walk in the morning. When do you go for walk?
No, I have never been to Karachi before. Have you ever been to Karachi before?
I start my work at 7’0 clock. What time do you start your work?
She travelled by train. How did she travel?
He has been learning English for four years. How long has he been learning English?
I/We have 10 books of poetry How many books of poetry do you
have?
They stayed abroad for two years. How long they stayed abroad?
I need Rs. 40,00/00. How much rupees do you need?
Changed Subject
Subject Changed in
Passive
I Me
He Him
It It
She Her
They Them
You You
We Us
Simple Present
Present Progressive
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Active Subject + is/am/are + Verb1 + ing + Object
Passive Object + is/am/are + being + Verb3 + by + Subject
Present Perfect
Simple Past
Past Progressive
Past Perfect
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Active Subject + had + Verb3 + Object
Passive Object + had been + Verb3 + by + Subject
Simple Future
e.g. Firdous will visit Harrapa. Shahid will fly that plane.
Harrapa will be visited (by Firdous). That plan will be flown (by
Shahid).
Future Perfect
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