Pronoun

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Definition: A word that replaces, relates a noun or equivalent is called Pronoun.

There are 10 types of Pronoun, and those are:

● Personal Pronoun.
I, you, he, she, it, they.
● Impersonal Pronoun.
It
● Demonstrative Pronoun.
this, that, these, those, such, so, etc.
•This is my book.
• That is Joe’s house.
● Distributive Pronoun
Each, either, neither, every, none, anyone.
•You can take either room.
•You can talk to each boy.
•Neither of his legs is defective.
● Indefinite Pronoun.
everybody, one, any, some, none, all, nobody, somebody, etc.
● Reciprocal Pronoun.
each-other, one-another.
•Both of the sisters love each other.
•Indians should not fight with one another.
● Reflexive and Emphatic Pronoun.
myself, yourself, herself, themselves, ourselves.
● Relative Pronoun.
•The man who has just entered my room.
•The mobile that I bought is very costly.
● Interrogative Pronoun.
who, what, where, which, whose, whom.
 •Who took my mobile?
•Whose shirt is this?
•What are you doing here?
● Possessive Pronoun.
mine, yours, ours, theirs, etc.

Adjective
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Definition: An adjective is a word that qualifies or

describes a noun or pronoun.
For example: She is a kind lady. here ‘kind’ represent
the quality of the lady, so here kind is used as an
adjective.
Types of Adjective:
Adjectives are classified into eight types:
•PROPER ADJECTIVE:
This is made from proper nouns. For example– The
Asian style, Punjabi dish.
•ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY:
It indicates the quality of a noun or
pronoun/equivalent. For example, A good proposal, A
great idea, etc.

•ADJECTIVE OF QUANTITY:
This indicates the quantity of a noun or pronoun or
equivalent.
Much advise, A little water, etc.

•NUMBER (Numeral adjective):

Adjectives of a number indicate the number of
nouns/pronoun/equivalents. For example, Five boys,
Two girls, several things, etc.

•DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE:
This demonstrates indicates a noun/pronoun or
equivalent.
This boy, that girl, these books, etc.

•DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE:
To particularize or indicates every member of a group
individually it is used. For example, each boy, every
book, any man, etc.
•INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE:
The ‘wh’ word used before a noun is called
Interrogative adjective.
Which book? Whose book?

•POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE:
This indicates relation or possession with a specific
noun.
My father, your friend, his books, etc.

SOME OF THE ADJECTIVES THAT WE USE IN DAILY

LIFE:
● Quality- Ugly, heavy, dry, good, red.
● Demonstrative – This, that, these, those.
● Quantitative- Some, any, no, little.
● Numerical – Few, many all, several, one, first.
● Interrogative- Which, what, when, who, whose.
● Possessive- My, our, your, her, his, its, their.
● Present/past participle- A moving car, a burnt
man, tiring journey.
● Relative- Who, which, that.
● Emphatic- Own, very, such, same.
● Proper- American, Asian, Indian.
● Exclamatory – What, which, How
Difference between Adjectives and Pronouns

•Demonstrative adjectives and Demonstrative

pronouns:
That is my book. So here ‘That’ is Pronoun.
Please get me that book. And here ‘That’ is Adjective.
Distributive adjectives and Distributive pronoun:
Either boy has stolen my bicycle. Here ‘either’ is used
as an adjective.
I do not like either of the sisters. And here ‘either’ is
used as a pronoun.

•Possessive adjectives and Possessive pronouns:

This is my book. ‘My’ is used as an adjective.
This book is mine. ‘Mine’ is used as a pronoun.
 Adverb
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Definition: A word that adds more
information about place,time, manager
cause or degree to a verb.

Types of Adverb:
•Adverb of Time
This type of adverbs is usually placed at
the very beginning or at the very end of
the clause (front position or end position).
Examples – Soon, ago, before, lately, yet,
then, today.

•Adverb of Manner
Adverbs of manner come after a verb. For
example, Lilly dance beautifully.
Examples– So, bravely, hard, happily,
soundly.

•Relative Adverb
It is used to make the Adjective Clause.
Examples – How, why, where, when.

•Adverb of Frequency
Examples– Rarely, never, always, seldom,
usually, occasionally, twice, never, often,
aways, frequently, often, once, twice,
periodically, sometimes, continually, etc.

•Interrogative Adverb
Examples- How did you do this?
Why are you sorry?
– Why? when? how?

•Adverb of Degree
It modifies an adjective or adverb. It
placed before an adjective or adverb.
Examples – rather, too, really, very, fully,
hardly, fairly, quiet.

•Adverb of affirmation and negation–

Examples- I will certainly go to school.
I have never seen him.
Undoubtedly, certainly, never, not,
apparently, obviously, no.

•Adverb of Place
If in a sentence there is no subject then
adverbs are usually placed after the verb.
Examples – Upward, backward,
everywhere, down, near, away, here, by,
down, there.
 Conjunction
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Definition: Conjunctions join words, phrases and clauses
together. This article provides a brief
overview of the different types of conjunctions and their
function in sentences.
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
● so
● or
● and
● but
Coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, or
independent clauses of a sentence together.
They often link similar grammatical parts of a sentence
together ( parts of speech + parts of
speech / phrase + phrase / clause + clause ).

Here are some example sentences:

1. We went to the park, but we did not have time for the
museum.
2. She has to work late tonight, so she cannot make it to
party.
3. Let's meet at the beach or in front of the hotel.
4. On Friday night we watched TV and a movie.
In a sentence, Coordinating conjunctions come in
between the individual words, phrases,
and independent clauses they are joining.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions
● although / even though
● because / as
● if
● as long as / provided that
● till / until
● unless
● when / once / as soon as
● while / whereas
● in spite of / despite
● after/before
Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause
(which contains both a subject and a
verb and can act as a complete sentence) and a
dependent clause (which also contains a
subject and a verb, but is not a complete sentence).
 Here are some example sentences:
1. They went running, although / even though it was very
hot.
2. We went to the beach despite / in spite of the rainy
weather.
3. We decided to go to the cinema because / as it was too
cold to go to the beach.
4. Monica lives in New York, while / whereas her brother
lives in California.
5. He went to work after he (had) finished his breakfast.

•Subordinating conjunctions always come at the

beginning of a dependent clause. However,
dependent clauses can sometimes come before an
independent clause (separated by a
comma).
So, we could write the above sentences this way:
1. Although / Even though it was very hot, they went
running.
2. Despite / In spite of the rainy weather, we went to the
beach.
3. Because / as it was too cold to go to the beach, we
decided to go to the cinema.
4. While / Whereas her brother lives in California, Monica
lives in New York.
5. After he (had) finished his breakfast, he went to work.
6. Before he went to work, he finished his breakfast.
7. If / Provided that / As long as you go too, I will go there.
8. Unless you go too, I won’t go there.
9. When / Once you are ready, we can leave.
10. Until / Till you get your licence, you can’t drive.

•Coordinating conjunctions join parts of sentence that

are similar whereas subordinating conjunctions often
shows a contrasting or unequal relationship.
 Determiner
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Definition: Word that comes before a noun to
show how the noun is being used.

Kinds of Determiners
1. Articles : a/an, the.
2. Demonstratives : this, that, these, those.
3.Possessives : my, our, your, his, her, their,
its.
4. Quantifiers : a few, a little, much, many, a lot
of, most, some, any, enough.
5. Numbers : one, ten, some, any, many, a few,
all, several, each, every

1. Articles
'A', 'an' and 'the' are called articles in the
English language. These are divided into two
categories:
(A) Indefinite Articles — A or An
(B) Definite Article — The
1.Use of 'A' and 'An' — Indefinite Articles
'A' and 'an' are called indefinite articles. The
use of 'a' and 'an' is basically related with the
sound of pronunciation of word.
'A' is used before words which begin with
consonant sound, no matter
whether their first letter is a vowel or a
consonant.
Examples:
a man, a boy, a university, a European, a pen,
a dog, a useful thing, a useless pen, etc.

'An' is used before words which begin with

vowel sound, no matter whether their first
letter is a vowel or a consonant. e.g
Examples:
an apple, an hour, an M.A.
Use of a/an
(1) Before the countable and singular nouns
which are used for the first time.
(i) I have a book. (ii) She lives in a hut.
(iii) He saw an old man. (iv) Mr Sharma is an
umpire of this match.
(2) Before such singular noun complements
which singnify a business or profession.
(i) She is a nurse. (ii) He is an engineer. (iii)
Neeraj is a doctor. (iv) She is an actress.
two rupees a kilo, six times a day, 80 rupees a
dozen, 20 kms an hour, etc.

Use of 'The' — Definite Article

'The' is called definite article and it can be
used before singular as well as plural nouns in
the following situations:
(1) Before nouns introduced earlier.
(i) I saw a lion. The lion was sleeping under a
tree.
(ii) We heard a noise. The noise came from a
neighbour's house.
(2) Before the superlative degrees of
adjectives.
(i) Ravi is the best singer in the school. (ii) My
uncle is the richest man in the town.

EXCEPTION : If possessive adjectives like my,

his, her, their, your, our, etc. have been used
before superlative degree, 'the' is not used.
Examples:
(i) He is my best friend. (ii) Mr Dixit is our best
teacher.

(3) Before nouns defined by a phrase or a

clause.
(i) The girl in the blue skirt is my sister. (ii) The
man with a little nose is our Principal.
(4) Before singular nouns which signify the
whole class or race.
(i) The dog is a faithful animal. (ii) The
elephant has a long trunk.

(5) Before the names of rivers, seas, oceans,

bays, deserts, islands, chains of mountains,
canals,jungles, plural names of countries and
republics.
The Ganga, The Yamuna, (rivers) The Bay of
Bengal, The Arabian Sea, The Gulf of Maxico,
The Thar, The Sahara, The Himalayas, The
Aravalis, The USA, The UK, The West Indies,
The U.N.,etc.
NOTE : If words like 'Lake', 'Mount' and 'Cape'
come before such entities, 'The' is not used
before such words. e.g. Mount Everst, Lake
Mansarovar, Cape Comorin, etc.
(6) Before adjectives which are used as nouns.
(i) The brave always rule over the earth. (ii)
The rich should help the poo(iii) The weak can
never do anything.
(7) Before the names of things which are
unique and only one in the world.
The sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, the
world, the Taj, the Great Wall of China, etc.
(8) Before names which are in combination of
adjective + noun.
The National Highway.
(9) Before the names of religious books,
musical instruments and ordinal numbers.
The Geeta, the Bible, the Quran, the Ramayan,
the violin, the flute, the first, the fourth, the
eleventh, the last, the next, etc.
(10) When two comparative degrees are used
in one statement.
(i) The more you have, the more you want. (ii)
The sooner, the better.
(iii) The higher you go, the cooler you feel.
(11) When a proper noun is compared with
another well renowned proper noun, that well
renowned proper noun acts as common noun
and 'the' is used before it.
Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India. (Great
Dramatist)
(12) Before the names of religious
communities, castes, nationality, political
parties, ships, trains,
aeroplanes, etc.
The Hindus, the Sikhs, the Jats.
The English] the Indians, the Americans, the
Congress, the BJP, the CPI, the CPM, the Pink
City Express, the Ashoka, the Titanic.
(13) Before the plural surnames used for the
entire family.
The Guptas, (Gupta family) the Sharmas,
(Sharma family), etc.
(14) Before the dates and days of national
importance.
The 15th August, the 26th January, the
Independence Day, the Republic Day, etc.
(15) Before nouns which come after the words
like all, some of, one of, each of.
All the boys, some of the students, one of the
girls, each of the winners.
(The Bay of Bengal, The temples of Mathura.
(17) Before the name of newspapers,
directions and regions.
The Rajasthan Patrika, the East, the North,
Omission of the Articles
No article is used in the following
situations :
(1) Before proper noun, material noun and
abstract noun.
(i) Arjun was a great archer. (Proper noun)
(ii) Gold is more expensive than silver.
(Material noun)
(iii) Wisdom is greater than wealth. (Abstract
noun)
(2) When a common noun is used in wide
sense.
(i) Man is mortal. (ii) Man is a social animal.
(3) Before the names of languages, subjects,
public places, games, diseases and meals at
definite
times.
(i) I am learning French. (language) (ii) She
doesn't like physics. (subject)
(iii) They go to school regularly. (public place)
(iv) We play hockey everyday. (game)
(v) I have lunch at noon. (meal) (vi) He goes to
temple daily. (public place)
(4) Before the names of nations, colours,
festivals, states, cities :
(i) India has a very old and rich culture. (ii) The
leaves of this plant have turned yellow.
(iii) Diwali is celebrated with pomp and
show.(iv) Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan.
(5) Before the word God (when G is capital and
the word God is used for Almighty) :
(i) He prayed to God for help. (ii) God is
everywhere and within ever soul.
(6) Before the names of bed, church, court,
hospital, prison, school/college, university,
when
they are used for their primary purpose.
(i) I go to school to study. (i) My father is
coming to the school to see the teacher.

2. Demonstratives
This and that are used before singular
countable nouns while these and those are
used before plural countable nouns. e.g.
(i) This student is my brother. (ii) These books
are ours. (iii) That cat is mine.
NOTE : 'This' and 'these' are used for the
things and persons which are near the
speaker,while 'that' and 'those' are used for
distant nouns or things.
3. Possesives .

My, our, your, his, her, its, their are called

possessive and these are used to indicate
relation of things or actions with other things
or nouns.
(i) He is my brother. (ii) Your brother is
coming.
4. Quantifiers
(i) Little : It is used before uncountable nouns
and it means very less or negligible.
I am very busy. I have little time for fun.
(ii) A little : It is also used before uncountable
nouns and it means less amount.
There is a little milk in the jug.
(iii) The little : It is also used before
uncountable nouns and it means all that very
less.
I ate the little food you gave me.
(iv) Few : It is used before plural countable
nouns and it means very less or negligible.
He has few book.
(v) A few : It is also used before plural
countable nouns and it means something but
less in number.
Only a few boys passed in English.
(vi) The few : It is also used before plural
countable nouns and it means all that very
less.
I have already read the few books I had.
(vii) Many : It is used before plural countable
nouns and it means large in number.
I have many friends.
(viii) Much : It is used before uncountable
nouns and it means large in amount.
(i) I don’t have much milk.
(ix) Some : It is used before countable as well
as uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences
and to express offer or request. It means less
in amount or number.
(i) There is some milk in the pot.
(ii) Will you spare some time for me?
(x) Any : It is also used before countable as
well as uncountable nouns and it means some
in number or amount. It is usually used in
negative and interrogative sentences. But in
affirmative sentences it can be used with
some negative adverbials :
(i) He didn’t do any work.
(ii) Are there any pens?
(xi) Various and Several : These both are used
before plural countable nouns. Various is used
for many things or persons of different types.
Several is used for many things or persons of
some category.
(i) Various books were lying on the table.
(ii) He sold several books.
(xii) Enough : It is used before both countable
as well as uncountable nouns and it means
adequate in number or amount.
(i) I have enough money.
(xiii) Both : It is used before countable nouns
to indicate their being two in number. It can
also be used before uncountable nouns if they
are of two types.
(i) Both of them were wise. (ii) I will drink both
milk and tea.

5. Numbers
Determiners signifying number are of two
types :
(a) Definite Number : These indicate definite
number such as : one, two, first, second.
(b) Indefinite Number : These indicate
indefinite number.
These are : some, many, many a, a few, all,
lots of, a great deal of, a good deal of, plenty
of, a large number of, several, etc.
Many a : It means several but singular noun is
used with it. e.g.
Many a man has lost everything due to their
greed.
All : It means including everyone or the entire
amount there is :
All of us were tired.
A lot of, a great deal of, a good deal of, plenty
of, a large number of :
All these are used before singular uncountable
and plural countable nouns and these mean
large
in number or amount.
(i) I have a lot of friends. (ii) People have a
good deal of faith in democracy.

6. Distributive
Each, every, either and neither are used to
indicate one person or thing among many
persons or things.
Each : It is used for a definite number. It is
used when the number of persons or things is
limited
or less.
Every : It is used for an indefinite number of
persons or things.
(i) Each question carries equal marks. (ii)
Every word of this letter is correct.
(iii) Either room is good. (iv) Neither boy was
present.
Only : It is used to indicate just the one and
none or nothing else.
(i) Sangeeta is the only girl fit to take this
responsibility.
(ii) The bank is the only place where our
money is safe.
(iii) Rahim is the only cook who can cook such
delicious food.