METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATION

Both quantitative and qualitative methods have a place in nursing research, and can inform nursing practice as
long as the steps of the research process are followed carefully and the researcher is careful to adhere to
standards expected to assure rigor. Select one:

True

The findings from in-depth qualitative research are typically grounded in the real-life experiences of people
with first-hand knowledge of a phenomenon. Select one:

True

Quantitative research conducted in the positivist paradigm has sometimes been accused of a narrowness and
inflexibility of vision, a problem that has been called a _______ of the world that does not fully capture the
reality of experiences.

Sedimented View

The positivists paradigm assumes that knowledge is maximized when the distance between the inquirer and
the participants in the study is minimized. The voices and interpretations of those under study are crucial to
understanding the phenomenon of interest, and subjective interactions are the primary way to access them.
Select one:

False

Quantitative studies tend to look at things like internal and external validity
and reliability. Similar constructs to assess rigor in qualitative studies may include credibility, transferability,
dependability, and confirmability. Select one:

True

Through an inductive process, naturalistic researchers integrate information to develop a theory or description
that helps explicate the phenomena under observation. Select one:

True

This is an information that begins at the bottom of the levels of evidence pyramid. This is where ideas and
laboratory research takes place. Ideas turn into therapies and diagnostic tools, which then are tested with lab
models and animals.

Animal Research /Lab Studies

These are the techniques researchers use to structure a study and to gather and analyze information relevant
to the research question.

Research Methods

This is also sometimes called hierarchy of evidence and are assigned to studies based on the methodological
quality of their design, validity, and applicability to patient care. These decisions gives the "grade (or strength)
of recommendation.“

Levels of evidence
Give an example of an information that has not been critically appraised. This Research Design is considered
"unfiltered."

Cohort Study/ Randomized Controlled Trials

This type of research usually occurs in a natural setting with a small number of research participants who are
willing to share their information about a phenomenon in a narrative format.

Qualitative Research

This is a systematic review that uses quantitative methods to summarize the results.

Meta-Analysis

For the naturalistic inquirer, reality is not a fixed entity but rather a construction of the individuals participating
in the research; reality exists within a context, and many constructions are possible. Select one:

True

When authors have systematically searched for, appraised, and summarized all of the medical literature for a
specific topic, this is called a ______?

Systemic Review

Evidence for a study in the positivist paradigm is gathered systematically, using formal instruments to collect
needed information. Select one:

True

These studies are typically designed to collect numerical data, which are statistically analyzed to study research
questions or hypotheses.

Quantitative research study

Qualitative research emphasizes empirical evidence gained

from tightly controlled experiments with manipulation of variables, though some experimental studies can be
descriptive or quasi-experimental. Select one:

True

Within the naturalistic paradigm, much research activity is directed at understanding the underlying causes of
natural phenomena. Select one:

False

Nurses act as principal investigators, members of research teams, identifiers of researchable problems,
evaluators of research findings, users of research findings, patient/client advocates during
studies, and subjects/participants in research. Select one:

True

Quantitative research is an important way for nurses to better understand human experiences and processes
and it has fewer participants and produces richer data that is more subjective in nature than quantitative
research. Select one:

False
The highest level of evidence includes both a background information and an expert opinion. Select one:

False

Researchers in naturalistic traditions emphasize the inherent depth of humans, their ability to shape and create
their own experiences, and the idea that truth is a composite of realities. Select one:

True

The lowest level of evidence includes both a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Select one:

False

Because of their belief in an objective reality, positivists seek to be objective. Their approach involves the use
of orderly, disciplined procedures with tight controls over the research situation to test hunches about the
nature of phenomena being studied and relationships among them. Select one:

True

Give an example of a Research Design that have gone through a rigorous evaluation process. This Research
Design has been "filtered."

Meta-Analysis

RRL
Interpretive methods, such as laboratory experiments and survey research, are aimed at theory (or
hypotheses) testing, while positivist methods, such as action research and ethnography, are aimed at theory
building. Select one:

False

The following are considered steps in the qualitative research process, except?

Hypothesis

The method commonly used in basic research in the pure sciences (e.g. biology, physics, and chemistry) is ___.

Experimental

Related literature are published and unpublished studies that are sources of materials and which have direct
similarities or bearing to the present study being conducted. Select one:

False

Which of the following phrases would be found in a report of a quantitative study?

“A convenience sample was chosen?”

Related studies are written works collectively, especially those that are of enduring importance, exhibiting
creative imagination, and artistic skill which are written in a particular period, language and subject. Select one:

False

The research on “The Health Science Vocabulary Proficiency of Freshmen Nursing students in relation to certain
variables is typical of what method of research?
 Descriptive-correlation survey

Why is it important to understand the philosophy underlying each type of research?

The research method that best meets intended purpose of the study should be used.

What is the first step in the qualitative research process?

Review of literature

The data gathering procedure narrates how the researcher will go along the research legwork. Select one:

True

Which of the following is the primary goal of nursing research?

To improve the delivery of nursing care and enhance the quality of patient care.

The research design shows the research method/s to be utilized in a study. Select one:

True

Ex post facto design is a quasi-experimental study examining how an independent variable, present prior to the
study in the participants, affects a dependent variable. Select one:

True

Which statement best describes qualitative research? Select all that apply.

A. Studies are conducted in natural settings. B. Data are collected from a large number of subjects.

C. Data collected tend to be numeric. D. The research design is subjective.

A, D

Arrange in correct sequence the following steps of the research process.

A. Formulate problem information B. Review related literature

C. Analyze research data D. Determine research design

E. Make conclusions and recommendation

ABDCE

Basic research, also called pure research or fundamental research, is a type of scientific research with the aim
of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena. Select
one:

True

Methodology consists the research design, the research locale or the description of the research environment,
the description of respondents or subjects, the research tool or the instruments to be used, the data gathering
procedure, and the statistical or treatment of data. Select one:

True
Research is one of the roles of a community health nurse in the improvement of the health care delivery
system. A community health nurse conducts a study on the prevalence of HIV infection. What research design
is appropriate to use in this study?

Phenomenological research design

Which of the following phrases would be found in a report of a qualitative study?

“Subjects were asked to relate their perceptions of pain?”

For which of the following research questions would qualitative methods be most appropriate?

What is the meaning of health for migrant farm-worker women?

The summary of findings must be brief as possible, but must include a clear presentation of all the important
information concerning the findings. Select one:

True

The statistical/treatment of data includes the classifications made, the tallying, and the statistical tool used in
the study.

Select one:

True

The related studies are distinct from the related literature in that the former are the results of investigation.
Therefore, they involve a problem and research design; they have findings, conclusions, recommendations.
Select one:

True

The recommendation in a research paper can be defined as a critical suggestion regarding the best course of
action in a certain situation. The whole idea of a recommendation is to provide a beneficial outcome. Select
one:

True

The introduction is the general orientation of the study and it consists of statements on what led the
investigator to promote the study. Select one:

True

Information from anecdotal and opinion articles is usually included in research literature reviews. Select one:

False

In conducting a subject search in an electronic database, you would most likely initiate the search by typing in:

A topic or keyword

In a qualitative research report, the thematic analysis of the data would be presented in the:

Results section

The electronic database most likely to be useful to nurse researchers is:

 CINAHL

A well-written literature review is characterized by numerous quotations directly from primary-source research
studies.

Select one:

False

When a finding is statistically significant, it:

Has a strong likelihood of being valid and replicable

When doing a literature review, the type of information in which a researcher undertaking a new study is least
interested is:

Descriptions of an expert's opinions about the phenomenon

The literature review section should conclude with a critical evaluation of knowledge on the problem of
interest.

Select one:

True

A primary source for a research literature review may be defined as:

A description of a study written by researchers who did the study

Paraphrasing, rather than directly quoting from an article, is a common flaw in literature reviews. Select one:

False

In a quantitative research report, a review of prior research on the problem under study is most likely to be
found in the:

Introduction

A quality literature review includes which of the following characteristics?

It is systematic in nature.

The literature review will be different depending on the way it is to be used: dissertation, research proposal, or
a review for EBP. Select one:

True

A published literature review article would be considered a primary source for a person doing a literature
review on the same topic. Select one:

False

One major purpose of a literature review is to learn what research has already been done in the area. Select
one:

True
The method section of a research report generally includes information about the sample, study design, data
collection, and study procedures. Select one:

True

A literature review is best defined as:

The process of studying published research and the written review outlining what literature was
reviewed.

"Research has suggested that cigarette smoking is a cause of lung cancer" is an appropriately worded
statement for a literature review. Select one:

True

Which of the following sentences best conforms to the generally acceptable form of a research literature
review?

Studies have found that the Lamaze method of childbirth reduces the amount of post-delivery pain
medication required by mothers.

A good literature review includes the researcher's opinions on the issues being investigated. Select one:

False

1st TERM EXAM

Decisions based on EBP include which of the following?

Clinical expertise

The method commonly used in basic research in the pure science like biology, physics, and chemistry is:

Experimental

The research question “what is the decision-making process among intensive care unit nurses who decide to
assist terminally ill patients to die?” is:

Most likely to be addressed using a qualitative approach

The aggregate of those to whom a researcher wishes to generalize study result is the:

Population

Arrange in correct sequence the following steps of the research process. A. Formulate problem information B.
Review related literature C. Analyze research data D. Determine research design E. Make conclusions and
recommendation.

ABDCE

Most evidence hierarchies put which of the following at the pinnacle?

Meta-analyses of multiple clinical trials

Which of the following limits the power of the scientific method to answer questions about human life?

The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human traits

The following are considered steps in the qualitative research process except?

Hypothesis

Which statement best describes qualitative research? Select all that apply. A. Studies are conducted in natural
settings. B. Data are collected from a large number of subjects. C. Data collected tend to be numeric. D. The
research design is subjective.

A&D

For which of the following research questions would qualitative methods be most appropriate?

What is the meaning of health migrant farm-worker women?

The overall plan for answering the research question is called the:

Research design

Determining the feasibility of a research question includes all the following considerations except:

The availability of a relevant theory

A research hypothesis:

Predicts the existence of a relationship between two or more variables

What is the first step in qualitative research process?

Review of literature

All of the following are activities that a quantitative researcher might do during the planning phase except:

Coding subjects’ responses

Why is it important to understand the philosophy underlying each type of research?

The research method that best meets intended purpose of the study should be used.

A researcher’s expectations about the outcomes of a quantitative study are generally expressed in the form of
a:

Hypothesis

A systemic review of many studies is important when deciding on an EBP procedure because:

No single study can answer a research question

Nurse Traecy Meanne strongly believes elevating the head of the bed of the patient in mechanical ventilation is
effective in preventing pneumonia. This is based on her years of practice as a staff nurse in the medical ward of
Callang General Hospital. Which source of evidence is she utilizing?

Clinical experience

Research refers to a systematic and disciplined inquiry that seeks to answer questions and solve problems
using a structured series of steps the goal of clinical nursing research is to:

Update best practice in nursing and improve the quality of life

Researchers can improve the prospects for RU and EBP by doing all of the following except:

Offering clinical nurses resource support for an RU/ EBP project

Which of the following strategies for research utilization is most amenable too adoption by nursing students
and clinical nurses?

Reading professional journals widely and critically

Which of the following is the primary goal of nursing research?

To improve the delivery of nursing care and enhance the quality of patient care

A nurse who reads research articles and incorporates research findings into nursing practice would
demonstrate which of the following research roles?

Consumer

Which of the following terms is not typically used by quantitative researchers to refer to people who
participate in a study?

Informants

Research utilization begins with empirical findings for consideration in practice settings, while EBP begins with:

A search for the best possible information for addressing a clinical problem

The source of evidence is based on the statements and responses of someone who is specialist or expert in a
specific field:

Authority

The research question “should voluntary tubal ligations be performed on women without children?” is:

Not researchable

Which of the following is not a major barrier to research utilization in nursing?

The absence of clinically relevant nursing studies

Florence Nightingale is most noted for which of the following contributions to nursing research?

Data collection and analysis

An especially important goal for the nursing profession is to:

Establish a scientific base of evidence for practice

A student nurse researcher is most likely to find research result in:

Journal articles accessed via research engines

All of the following are data collection sources except:

Literature reviews

Which of the following research design is not considered as qualitative research?

 Correlational study

Most evidence hierarchies put which of the following at the pinnacle?

Meta-analyses of multiple clinical trials

Which classification of the purposes of research is better suited to qualitative research?

Description

The research tradition that focuses on understanding phenomena within a cultural context is:

Ethnographic

Which of the following is not a research tradition widely used by qualitative nurse researchers?

Experimental

Which of the following phrases would be found in a report of a qualitative study?

Subjects were asked to relate their perceptions of pain

You are working in an allergy clinic and notice how difficult it is for many children undergo allergy scratch tests.
You wonder if there is an intervention to help allay children’s fears about the skin tests they get when they are
being tested for allergens. This is an example of:

An opportunity to initiate an EBP review

The research question “Does maternal stress during the first semester of a pregnancy affect infant birth
weight?” is:

Acceptable as stated

Which of the following studies is based on quantitative research?

A study measuring the effects of the sleep deprivation on wound healing

Which of the following Hypothesis are indicative of an experimental research design?

-The incidence of urinary tract infections will be greater in patients whose Foley catheters are irrigated
frequently than in those whose Foley catheters are irrigated less frequently.

-The incidence of urinary tract infections will not differ between patients with or without Foley
catheters.

Based on the hierarchy of research evidence, which among the following studies is considered as having the
highest level of evidence?

A study that integrates and synthesizes multiple randomized controlled trials

2nd TERM EXAM

This type of study involves looking at data from a population at one specific point in time. The participants in
this type of study are selected based on particular variables of interest. Studies that collect data at one point in
time are referred to as:

Cross-sectional studies

Which of the following journals would most likely contain the highest number of primary sources for a research
literature review?

ASEAN Multidisciplinary Research Journal

In a qualitative research report, the thematic analysis of the data would be presented in the:

Results section

The convention of confidentiality is upheld as a means to protect the privacy of all persons, to build trust and
rapport with study participants, and to maintain ethical standards and the integrity of the research process
(Baez, 2002). Confidentiality of study participants can be increased by:

Avoiding the collection of any identifying information

This is a technique designed as being especially effective for capturing information about social norms and the
variety of opinions or views within a population.

Focus Group Discussion

As classically defined, this consist of concepts and a set of propositions that form a logically interrelated
system, providing a mechanism for deducing hypotheses from the original propositions. This can also help to
stimulate research by providing both direction and impetus. A set of logically interrelated propositions is
associated with a:

Classic theory

Areas of health research include which of the following?

a. All of the above

b. Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions (pharmaceutical; medical devices;

psychological; behavioral; physical)

c. Management of diseases and conditions (individual care; end-of-life care; management and decision-
making)

d. Evaluation of treatment and therapeutic interventions

In an era of electronic communications, the researcher should recognize that:

Before entering a chat room, he or she should notify the list owner

Correlational studies are used to show the relationship between two variables. Unlike experimental studies,
however, correlational studies can only show that two variables are related they cannot determine causation
which variable causes a change in the other. Correlational research can most clearly demonstrate:

Functional relationships

The power of theories lies in their ability to:

 Specify the nature of the relationships that exist among phenomena and offer explanations

Research for health covers the full spectrum of research, which spans the following generic areas of activity:

a. Implementing or delivering solutions through policies and programs

b. All of the above

c. Developing solutions or interventions that will help to prevent or mitigate the problem

d. Evaluating the impact of these solutions on the level and distribution of the problem

The building blocks of theory are:

Concepts

The research design for a quantitative study involves decisions with regard to all of the following except:

Whether there will be a theoretical context

This type of qualitative research subsumes a group of approaches that in turn rely on the written or spoken
words or visual representation of individuals. The type of qualitative research in which stories are center stage
is:

Narrative analysis

In a research report, limitations of the study are normally discussed in the:

Discussion section

A quality literature review includes which of the following characteristics?

It is systematic in nature

A primary source for a research literature review may be defined as:

A description of a study written by researchers who did the study

When vulnerable individuals or groups are considered for recruitment in research, researchers and research
ethics committees must ensure that specific protections are in place to safeguard the rights and welfare of
these individuals and groups in the conduct of research. Vulnerable subjects would include:

Pediatric clients

This is a condition in which the identity of individual subjects is not known to researchers. Most human subjects
research requires signed documentation of consent. The safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher
cannot link the participant with the information provided is called:

Anonymity

Examples of research problems in health include which of the following?

a. Preparedness for new/emerging infections

b. Need for new knowledge about social, political, economic and environmental determinants of health

c. Need for new knowledge about local contexts, conditions and health priorities
 d. All of the above

Ethnographic research is a qualitative method where researchers observe and/or interact with a study's
participants in their real-life environment. Ethnography was popularised by anthropology, but is used across a
wide range of social sciences. Ethnographers strive to:

Understand human cultures

The method of having a team composed of specialists in the fields of cultural diversity, ethics, pediatrics, and
women's health develop a case summary of families after examining transcripts relating to the full family unit is
known as:

Investigator triangulation

In a quantitative research report, a review of prior research on the problem under study is most likely to be
found in the:

Introduction

Conducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common qualitative research methods. When conducting
qualitative research, the researcher must make a commitment to:

Absorption and diligence

The nurse-theorist Roy developed this model. The prominent nursing theory aims to explain or define the
provision of nursing. In her theory, Roy's model sees the individual as a set of interrelated systems who strives
to maintain balance between these various stimuli.

Adaptation Model

A case study is a research method common in social science. It is based on an in-depth investigation of a single
individual, group, or event. The greatest strength of a case study is its ability to:

Obtain depth

Which of the following statements is not true?

The building blocks of concepts are theories

Areas of health research include which of the following?

a. Etiology (biologic, endogenous, psychological, social, economic)

b. Disease prevention and promotion of well-being (interventions to modify behavior, promote well-
being or alter physical, biological and environmental risks)

c. All of the above

Examples of research problems in health include which of the following?

a. Absence of effective treatments for diseases in low-income countries such as dengue fever

b. Growing microbiological resistance in, for example, diseases like tuberculosis and malaria

c. Treatment and prevention in HIV/AIDS

d. All of the above

A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you
have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Broadly the research proposal must address the
following questions regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose: What you plan to
accomplish, why do you want to do it and how are you going to do it. Strategies to help prepare a successful
proposal include:

Selecting a problem with clinical or theoretical significance

Which of the following statements is true?

a. The success of a research project is highly dependent on how potential problems have been
identified and resolved before data collection begins

b. All of the above

c. Research concepts and methodologies are dynamic and a good researcher should always be open to
new ideas, concepts, and new ways of doing things

d. Research is not for the highly sensitive, onion-skinned and proud persons

e. The best research teacher is research experience itself

Prior to providing any intervention, an outcome measure provides baseline data. The initial results may help
determine the course of treatment intervention. A pretest is to a posttest as:

A baseline measure is to an outcome measure

Which of the following sentences best conforms to the generally acceptable form of a research literature
review?

Studies have found that the Lamaze method of childbirth reduces the amount of post-delivery pain
medication required by mothers

In conducting a subject search in an electronic database, you would most likely initiate the search by typing in:

A topic or keyword

Quantitative researchers specify a research design before collecting their data and rarely depart from that
design once the study is underway. In qualitative research, the design typically evolves over the course of the
study. Which of the following design features can apply to both a qualitative and quantitative study?

Cross-sectional versus longitudinal data collection

In relation to the major considerations in formulating the research design, this refers to the extent to which
various types of biases are controlled in the study like comparability of subjects, measurement bias and others.

Internal Validity

Informed Consent is a voluntary agreement to participate in research. It is not merely a form that is signed but
is a process, in which the subject has an understanding of the research and its risks. Informed consent is
essential before enrolling a participant and ongoing once enrolled. Informed consent is not obtained when:

The researcher collects information covertly

A code of ethics is an important resource for the decisions that must be made at work. Primary ethical
principles include all of the following except:

Informed consent

The major similarity between theories and conceptual models is that both:

Use concepts as their building blocks

Research for health covers the full spectrum of research, which spans the following generic areas of activity:

a. All of the above

b. Developing solutions or interventions that will help to prevent or mitigate the problem

c. Understanding the diverse causes or the determinants of the problem, whether they are due to
biological, behavioral, social or environmental factors

d. Measuring the magnitude and distribution of the health problem

When existing data from records and/or specimens are used, the researcher may omit informed consent when:

The researcher is gathering data anonymously

The nurse-theorist Orem developed this theory. In her theory, the said model is the performance or practice of
activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being.

Self-Care Model

The electronic database most likely to be useful to nurse researchers is:

CINAHL

All of the following are issues that a qualitative researcher attends to in planning a study except:

Selecting research instruments

This is a technique designed to elicit a vivid picture of the participants perspective on the research topic. It is a
useful and effective method to use when the objective is to elicit individual experiences, opinions, feelings as
well as when addressing sensitive topics.

In Depth Interviews or Key Informant Interviews

The term ethnoscience describes a methodology and a field of substantive investigation. As a methodology,
ethnoscience refers to research protocols that developed within US ethnosemantics of the 1960s, in which the
objective was to use strict elicitation techniques to produce a cultural grammar. The research tradition known
as ethnoscience has its roots in the discipline of:

Anthropology

Provision 1 of the Code of Ethics for Nurses calls us to practice with compassion and respect for the inherent
dignity, worth, and unique attributes of every person. Individuals forfeit many of their rights when
incarcerated. If a researcher unobtrusively studies interactions among patients in a psychiatric hospital, which
ethical principle may be violated?

Right to self-determination
When ethnographers study their own culture or group, they are conducting a(n):

Auto-ethnography

In a nonexperimental study, which of the following questions would not be addressed in designing the study?

Over how long a period will the intervention be administered?

An important consideration when nurses choose to use animals as research subjects is that the nurse:

Recognizes that animals need humane care

Researchers of this approach try to account for people's actions by focusing on the main concern that their
behavior is designed to resolve; a procedure in this approach called constant comparison is used to develop
and refine theoretically relevant concepts and categories. Which of the following approaches involves the use
of a procedure known as constant comparison?

Grounded theory

In a correlational study, as compared with an experimental study, the researcher forfeits control of:

The independent variable

In relation to the major considerations in formulating the research design, this refers to the extent to which the
study results can be generalized to a larger population. It covers issues related to sample selection and sample
size.

External Validity

When a finding is statistically significant, it:

Suggests that the finding is very important

Strategies that qualitative researchers use to enrich and strengthen their studies in the data-gathering phase
are:

Audiotaping interviews

Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and quantitative methods for the next phase is known
as:

Mixed-method research

What type of comparison is implied in the following research question: Are teenaged women less likely to
breastfeed their infants than older women?

Comparison of two or more groups

Human beings, environment, and health are three of the four concepts central to models of nursing, with
nursing being the fourth, as opposed to nutrition. These conceptual models have been defined and linked in
diverse ways to emphasize the relationship among them. Which of the following is not a central concept in
conceptual models of nursing?

Social support

Which of the following must be present in quasi-experimental research?

 Manipulation of the independent variable

When doing a literature review, the type of information in which a researcher undertaking a new study is least
interested is:

Descriptions of an expert's opinions about the phenomenon

A researcher wants to study the process by which people make decisions about seeking treatment for
infertility. The researcher's paradigmatic orientation most likely is:

Naturalism

A hallmark of the scientific method is that it is:

Systematic

Quantitative research is different from qualitative research in all the following ways except:

Quantitative research is based on numerical and narrative data, while qualitative research is based on
objective and statistical inputs

The level of measurement that classifies and ranks objects in terms of the degree to which they possess the
attribute of interest is:

Ordinal

This is a key feature of quantitative research which involves assigning numbers to objects to represent the
amount of an attribute that is present, using a specified set of rules.

Measurement

Which of the following would be the least appropriate title for a study?

Report of a Nursing Study That Investigated the Preventive Health Care Practices of a Group of
AdolescentsB) Report of a Nursing Study That Investigated the Preventive Health Care Practices of a
Group of AdolescentsC) Single Fathers' Perception of the Parent-Child RelationshipD) Children's
Reactions to Cast RemovalB) Report of a Nursing Study That Investigated the Preventive Health Care
Practices of a Group of AdolescentsC) Single Fathers' Perception of the Parent-Child RelationshipD)
Children's Reactions to Cast Removal
 NURSING RESEARCH

Name: __________________________________________________ Date: ______________ Score: ____________

Instruction: Shade the letter of choice in the answer sheet provided. STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED

1. Which of the following is generally true 7. You want to study the effect of sleeping habits of students on
concerning the knowledge base for nursing? their academic performance. What type of descriptive
A. Most of the knowledge that has been used by nurses research would be the most applicable?
was developed by nurses A. Longitudinal research C. Case Study
B. Most of the knowledge that has been used by nurses B. Causal research D. Evaluation research
was developed by members of other disciplines 8. Which of the following is an example of a continuous
C. Nurses have used knowledge developed by nurses and variable?
of other disciplines in fairly even proportions
D. Knowledge and skills applied in nursing practice are A. Religion C. Patients
product of continuous study and scientific investigation B. Staff nurses D. Blood pressure
2. Which of the following types of research probes the unknown
for a specific goal or reason such as solving a problem or 9. If the nurse studies the effect of Nifedipine in lowering blood
developing a program or a product? pressure among hypertensive patient admitted at
A. Basic research C. Action research Brgy.Pinagbuhatan Quezon City, Nifedipine can be
B. Applied research D.Operations research considered as which of the following types of variable?
3. In this type of research, researchers wanted to determine a
certain problem and come up with a solution to that A. Dependent variable C. Compounding variable
problem. The findings are limited to settings actually B. Independent variable D. Alternative variable
studied. This is exemplified by which of the following types 10. A portion of the population to represent the entire
of research? population is which of the following?
A. Basic research C. Action research A. Accessible population C. Sample
B. Applied research D. Operations research B. Target population D. Participants
4. The following are examples of basic research, which is NOT 11. The small group selected from a larger group to participate
included? in the study is known as which of the given options?
A. The relationship of stress to the number of working hours A. Study population C. Sample
of the nurse B. Sample population D. Element
B. The grieving process of the caregivers of terminally ill 12. Which of the following is not a type of non-probability
cancer patients sampling?
C. The effectiveness of banana leaves in the prevention of
A. Snowball sampling C. Convenience Sampling
decubitus ulcers
D. The factors affecting the recovery of stroke patients B. Systematic sampling D. Quota sampling
5. The type of research study in the study of typhoid fever if
relationship has to be established 13. Which sampling involves participants that are selected
based on the proximity to researcher’s residence?
between sanitation practices and the occurrence of typhoid A. Cluster C. Convenience
fever is which of the following? B. Purposive D. Quota
14. The study is province wide in Zamboanga del Norte. Two
A. Exploratory C. Historical
cities were chosen namely Dipolog and Dapitan Cities.
B. Descriptive D. Experimental Four municipalities each within the two cities were
selected next, then four barangays per municipality were
6. The nurses would like to study whether the auscultatory picked for the study. Which of the following represents this
method is effective in determining the patency of the sampling method?
nasogastric tube (NGT). This type of approach in research A. Theoretical C. Multistage
where it progresses through systematic and logical steps to B. Purposive D. Systematic
be able to collect data and involves analysis using 15. What sampling involves participants that are selected
statistical procedures is referred to as? based on the researcher’s knowledge about the
A. Applied research C.Quantitative research population?
B. Qualitative research D.Operations research A. Probability C. Random
B. Purposive D. Quota
16. In conducting a nursing research, the researcher needs to
know the criteria of selecting a research problem. Which of
 the following is the most important criterion in the selection questionnaires to their participant and do not ask them
of the research problem? to write their names.
A. Limitation of the researcher B. The researchers who want to conduct a study about the
effectiveness of bladder training, give relevant
B. Availability of the research Instruments information to their subjects and give them enough
C. Novelty of the research problem time to make a decision

D. Significance of the study C. The researchers who want to conduct a study about the
new treatment method to cancer patients, reviews and
17. In the Pavlovian Theory, the dependent variable is also compares the possible side effects and potential
referred to as which of the following? benefits of the treatment
A. The organism C. The outcome
B. The stimulus D. Subject D. The researchers informed the participant that the study
18. “Infants born to heroin addicted mothers have the same may include invasive questions or procedures
birth weight as infants born to non-heroin addicted mother”
is a n example of a research hypothesis, while “infants 22. Which of the following exemplifies a scale ordered from
born to heroin addicted mothers do not have the same more to less?
birth weight as infants born to non-heroin addicted A. Interval Scale C. Nominal Scale
mothers” is an example of statistical hypothesis. Based on B. Ratio Scale D. Ordinal Scale
the statements given above, what is the difference 23. What is the basic assumption of the Naturalist paradigm?
between research and statistical hypothesis? A. The natural world is objectively knowable
A. Research hypothesis are statements of expected B. Reality is constructed by individuals
relationships between variables while statistical C. The researcher is independent from those being
hypothesis states that there’s no significant studied
relationship that exists between the variables. D. All events in the natural world have antecedent causes
B. Research hypothesis is referred to as the null 24. In the research process, which phase involves the
hypothesis, on the other hand statistical hypothesis is following: defining the problem to be studied, doing a
also known as the alternative hypothesis. literature review, engaging in clinical fieldwork for clinical
studies, developing a framework and conceptual
C. Research hypothesis states that there’s no significant definitions, and formulating hypotheses to be tested?
relationship between the dependent and independent A. Conceptual phase C. Empirical phase
variables, while the statistical hypothesis states the B. Design and planning phase D. Analytic phase
expected relationships between variables 25. “There is no significant relationship between job satisfaction
and job performance of staff nurses in private and
D. Research hypothesis specifies clearly the government hospitals in Iloilo City.” is an example of
characteristics or qualities of the variables being which of the following?
investigated, while statistical hypothesis merely A. Simple Null Hypothesis
predicts the type of relationship but does not predict B. Complex Null Hypothesis
the extent of the relationship C. Simple Research Hypothesis
D. Complex Research Hypothesis
19. A researcher would like conduct a study about the
26. "There is a difference in the level of anxiety of students who
behaviors of ER nurses assigned in the night shift. If a
received final coaching before taking the board exam than
researcher will be covert participant he/she might violate
those who do not receive suchInstructions." This
what right of a research subject?
formulated hypothesis is an example of which of the
A. right to anonymity and confidentiality
following?
B. right to protection from harm
C. right to withdraw from the study A. Non-directional hypothesis
D. right to informed consent
20. When you want to standardize the responses of your B. Null Hypothesis
sample respondents in order to measure the variables in
numerical terms, what would be the best research C. Complex Hypothesis
instrument to use to gather your data? D. Directional Hypothesis
A. Closed-form questionnaire C. Observation
B. Open-ended questionnaire D. Interview 27. Miss Santos remembers one study submitted by a student
21. In which of the following situations best exemplified the risk- was “The Intelligence Quotient and Milk Feeding of
benefit ratio? selected School Aged Pupil of School X.” This kind of
research could be an example of which of the following?
A. The researchers who are conducting a study about the
effects of smoking to pregnancy distribute A. Correlational C. Exploratory
 B. Experimental D. Historical A. 1,4,6 C. 1,3,5,6
28. Which among the following research question is using the B. 1,2,5,6 D. 2,3,4
Solomon Four Group Design?
A. “Health teachings on patients with urinary
incontinence.”
B. “Effects of Genetic Counseling and Pre natal
Supervision on the incidence of Maternal
Complications in High Risk Women.”
30. To obtain mothers of children with cystic fibrosis, a
C. “Effects of Touch and Music Therapy on the Heart researcher contacted one such mother who lived in her
Rates and respiratory Rates of Premature and Full neighborhood and asked her if she knew any other
Term Newborn” mothers of children with cystic fibrosis. Which of the
D.“Effectiveness of the Use of Guava leaves for External following represents the type of sampling method used?
Flushing to Post Partum Patients to Prevent Infection.” A. Probability sampling C. Convenience sampling
29. Independent variables are also called by which of the B. Snowballing sampling D. Purposive sampling
following?
1. experimental 4. Treatment
2. criterion 5. effect
3. response or outcome 6. causal or stimulus

NURSING RESEARCH

Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Score: __________

Instruction: Shade the letter of choice on the answer sheet provided. STRICTLY NO ERASURES!

1.. Which among the following is an example of a historical A. Assent

design? B. Consent of minor
C. Minor agreement
A. A survey on staff nurses and administrators to obtain their D. None of the above
perception on the extent of the nurses’ responsibility for patient 3. Which among the following is an example of a content analysis?
education.
A. A survey on staff nurses and administrators to obtain their
B. Is there any significant difference in readiness to learn perception on the extent of the nurses’ responsibility for patient
about pre-operative teaching between pre-op patients who education.
have high anxiety levels, compared to pre-op patients who
have low anxiety levels? B. Is there any significant difference in readiness to learn
about pre-operative teaching between pre-op patients who
C. The evolution of Nursing Practice from the time of have high anxiety levels, compared to pre-op patients who
Florence nightingale to the 21st century: Significant Indicators of have low anxiety levels?
Change and Transition from Past to Present Practice of
Nursing. C. The evolution of Nursing Practice from the time of Florence
nightingale to the 21st century: Significant Indicators of Change
D. The Practical Implications of the Philippine Nursing Law and Transition from Past to Present Practice of Nursing.
(RA 9173 of 2002) provisions for Nursing Education and
Nursing Service. D. The Practical Implications of the Philippine Nursing Law
(RA 9173 of 2002) provisions for Nursing Education and
2. What is the name of the process used to obtain a child’s Nursing Service.
agreement for participation in a study?
Situation 11: A group of student nurses assigned in the stroke B. Topics about academic performance
unit is interested to find out how the factors, age, sex, lifestyle,
and support system affecting the length of hospital stay among C. Topics on patients’ satisfaction
stroke patients. D. Topics on migration
4. Which research question is not appropriate for the said A. High school graduate level
study?
B. Marijuana usage
a. What is the profile of the stroke patients as to age, sex,
lifestyle, and support system? C. Senior students
b. What is the duration of the hospital stay of the said patients? D. First year students31. Jeremy wanted to study the hygiene
practices of the families in Brgy. Concepcion where in cholera
c. How are the variables age, sex, lifestyle, and support was prevalent. Which among the problems below would be the
system correlated to the length of hospital stay? best to state?
d. Is there a significant difference in the hospital stay of stroke 11. Which of the following is the title for the study that could not
patients when they are grouped according to the use experimental design?
aforementioned variables?
A. The effect of exercise on self esteem in adolescents
5. The limitations that may be identified with the said study may
include the following EXCEPT: B. The effect of diet on sleep patterns in older men.
a. Expertise of the researchers c. time element C. The effect of body position on dyspnea in lung cancer
patients.
b. Availability of the subjects d. lifestyle and support
system D. The effectiveness of using primary nursing in medical ward.
6. Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the 12. Which intellectual process for qualitative analysis typically
study? goes on while researchers are in the field?
a. Selected Demographic and Social factors and their Effects A. Recontextualizing C. Comprehending
on the Length of Hospital stay
B. Theorizing D. Synthesizing
b. The Correlation between Selected Demographic and Social
Factors and the Length of Hospital Stay of Stroke Patients 13. Which of the following statements is not true?

c. Selected Demographic and Social Factors and its Effects on A. In qualitative analysis, the main organizational task is to
Stroke Patients categorize and code the data.

d. Stroke Patients and their Selected Demographic and Social B. Units of qualitative materials (e.g., paragraphs) often include
Factors material for several coding categories.

7. Scope of the research would mean the following EXCEPT: C. Qualitative researchers usually develop a categorization
A. Limitations C. Setting system before data are collected
B. Target population D. Time frame
D. Category systems often need to be modified once coding
8. An influence producing a distortion in study results in which
has begun.
of the following?
A. Extraneous variables C. Halo effect 14. “Quasi-statistics” are most likely to take which of the
B. Hawthorne effect D. Bias following forms?
9. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicate the
strongest correlation? A. Standard deviations C. Correlation coefficients
a. -0.7 b.0.5 c. -0. 2 d.
B. Frequency counts D. Means
0.4
10. Ms. L is a member of the Nursing research group in the 15. Community Health Nurse Becka is going conduct a
College of Nursing. She was task to conduct a study about The research regarding family planning in the municipality of
Effectiveness of the Enhancement Program as a Preparation Marikina. She decided to get her sample population in every
for the Local Board Exam. As a novice researcher, she has to 4th family representing the total population of the said
review the research process. Which of the following topics community. What is the type of sampling method utilized in the
conforms to the priorities to be considered in developing such said research?
study?
A. Stratified Sampling C. Cluster sampling
A. Topics about study habits of students
B. Incidental Sampling D. Systematic Sampling B. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
Model
16. Which of the following is a quantitative research? C. The Cochrane Collaboration Model
A. A beginning students’ definitions of nursing. D. The Stetler Model
22. One of the functions of this type of research is to describe a
B. Determining the characteristics of patient’s requesting phenomenon of interest and may be retrospective, prospective,
abortion. cross sectional, or longitudinal. This type of research is which
of the following?
C. An analysis of the concept of loneliness among the elderly.
a. Phenomenological
D. The process of recovery from a suicide attempt.
b. Correlational
17. The researcher used the following codes to measure
marital status: 1 = married, 2 = separated or divorced, 3 = c. Descriptive
widowed. The researcher is using which of the following levels
of measurement? d. Historical

a. Nominal c. Interval 23. The statement “Competence Evaluation Instrument using

Nursing Process Indicators to assess Clinical Performance of
b. Ordinal d. Ratio Nurses” is an example of which of the following?

18. Which of the following decisions would be most a. Content analysis

consequential to the credibility and integrity of the results in a
qualitative study? b. Evaluative research

A. Whether an experimental or quasi-experimental design was c. Surveys

used. d. Methodological
B. Whether to use a phenomenological or grounded theory 24. Nurse researcher Juliana Elisa wants to investigate the
approach effects the use of external flushing on post partum mothers to
C. Whether to triangulate data sources and data collection determine the extent of post-partum infection. This study
methods illustrates which of the following types of research study?

D. Whether to use manual of computerized methods of a. Quantitative

organizing and managing the data b. Qualitative
19. A cornerstone of the EBP movement in health care fields is c. Phenomenological
which of the following?
d. Experimental
A. The Agency for Healthcare Research Model (AHRQ)
25. Ellaine and her group was assigned by their professor to
B. The Cochrane Collaboration conduct a study about the parenting styles, attitude and child
C. CURN rearing practices of the Mangyans in Oriental Mindoro. Which
research study should they use? a. Historical
D. The Stetler Model
b. Phenomenological
20. Which of the following is an exemplification of Null-
hypothesis? c. Grounded Theory

a. . "Maternal Deprivation Among Hospitalized Children." d. Ethnographic

b. "The Evolution of Computer Technology". A. 20 C. 32

B. 25 D. 42
c. "A person's emotion status is not affected by a relocation to 29. If you want to establish the relationship between two or
nursing home" more variables, what possible statistical tools would you use?
A. Regression analysis C. Analysis of Variance
d. “Infants born to heroin-addicted mothers have the same B. Pearson’s r D. t-test
birth weight as infants born to-non-heroin addicted mothers. 30. “There is higher incidence of marijuana usage among first
year high school students than among high school senior.”
21. Which is the most prominent model for individual utilization
Which of the following best represents the dependent variable?
of research reports?
A. The Iowa Model or Research in Practice
A. "What are the sanitation practices of families in Brgy. D. "What practices do families do in relation to typhoid fever
Concepcion as it relates to the typhoid fever control?" control?"
B. "What are the ways that the families do to control typhoid 32. Sylvia is a nurse researcher in the Research and
fever?" Development Center of the Philippines. She is assigned to
conduct a research on the status of migration of Filipino nurses.
C. ”What are the local measures to control typhoid fever in She is given three months to conduct the study. Which of the
Brgy. Concepcion?" following will be a priority action of Sylvia?
A. Conduct a literature search of the subject matter D. Assume that the research was properly conducted since it
has been published.
B. Formulate the hypothesis
38. Which law in the Philippines states that nurses are duty-
C. Formulate and delimit the research problem bound to do research?
D. Develop the theoretical framework of the study a. R.A. 9106 c. CMO 40, s. 2008
33. In which of the following situations specify an example of b. CMO 5, s. 2008 d. R.A 9173
assumption?
39. What aspect of nursing research is the responsibility of all
a. "People who smoke are more prone to lung cancer than practicing nurses?
those who do not smoke."
a. Conducting research on cost-effective nursing in hospital
b. "There is a difference in the level of anxiety of students who settings
received final coaching before taking the board exam than
those who do not receive such instructions," b. Conducting studies on the characteristics of practicing
nurses
c. “All nurses like to give adequate nursing care, but there are
factors that prevent them from devoting their full time to the c. Keeping up-to-date on research relevant to their practice
care of patients.”
d. Conducting research on client outcomes
d. “Development of Industrial Simulators in Medical and Allied
Education” 40. When the researcher ensures that benefits for participants
or situation are produced, she is observing what ethical
34. Nurse Ida would know the purpose of research report is principle of human research?
which of the following?
A. Prove hypothesis A. Beneficence
B. Communicate what was done with the study B. Right to freedom from harm and discomfortC.
C. Suggests topics for further research Right to protection from exploitation
D. Gain recognition as a scholar for the writes
35. The use of another person’s ideas or wordings without D. Respect for human dignity
giving appropriate credit results from inaccurate or incomplete
attribution of materials to its sources. Which of the following is 41. Jericho is a doctoral student at the University of the
referred to when another person’s idea is inappropriately Philippines. One of the
credited as one’s own?
necessary requirements for graduation is to do a research
A. Plagiarism C. Assumption
study. He needs to formulate a research problem. He knows
B. Quotation D. Paraphrase
that when choosing the research problem, he should consider
36. The final step of the research process for the researcher is
certain criteria. One criterion is the feasibility of the problem.
to perform which of the following?
This can be described by which of the following statements?
A. make conclusions and recommendations C. analyze
the data a. The research problem should have a potential contribution to
B. communicate the findings D. interpret the findings practice
37. Which of the following is a nursing responsibility when
critiquing published nursing research? b. It should not be based upon moral or ethical issues which
are based on personal values.
A. Evaluate whether the findings are applicable to the nurse’s
specific clients c. Genuine interest and curiosity about the research problem
are critical prerequisites.
B. Implements the research findings if at least two studies have
shown the same results. d. Potential researchability of the problem

C. Request the raw data from the researchers so that the nurse
can analyze the statistic again.
42. Mikai conducted a study entitled “Needs and Functioning of
Schizophrenic Patients living in an Assisted Facility”. This is an
example of which type of research? 48. The following are universal assumptions except:

a. Applied c. Experimental a. All human beings need love.

b. Basic d. Library Research b. Breast milk is the best food for infants.
c. Cigarette smoking is dangerous to health.

43. Danielle will be conducting a study that will determine the d. Nursing care influences the recovery of patients.
relationship of continuing professional education and nurses’
competency. She will likely be implementing what type of
research? 49. “There is a significant increase in the rate of healing of
decubitus ulcer among subjects who receive regular application
a. Correlational Studies c. Comparative Studies of topical insulin than in those who do not” is an example of
b. Case Studies d. Content Analysis which type of hypothesis?
a. Non-directional hypothesis c. Directional hypothesis

44. Studies designed to collect data at more than one point in b. Null hypothesis d. none of the above
time over an extended period uses what design? 50. The hypothesis, “Cancer patients on music therapy
a. Cross-sectional c. Longitudinal experience less pain episodes, decrease anxiety, improve
psychosocial outcome than those who receive routine care”, is
b. Evaluation d. Experimental an example of which of the following?
45. Which of the following statement are true regarding a. Simple, Directional hypothesis
positivist and naturalistic paradigms?
b. Simple, Non-directional hypothesis
a. In naturalistic paradigm, reality exists and the real world is
driven by natural causes c. Complex, Directional hypothesis

b. In naturalistic paradigm, subjectivity and values are d. Complex, Non-directional hypothesis

inevitable and desirable.
c. In naturalistic paradigm, values and biases are to be held in
check
d. In naturalistic paradigm, the inquirer is independent from
those being researched and findings are not influenced by the
researcher.
46. What is considered the current priority area of nursing
research?
a. Problems relating to nurses’ professional identity
b. Improvements in patient care and outcomes
c. Staffing and shortage problems
d. Content of nursing curricula
47. Which of the following is a researchable question/s?
a. Does a relationship exist between age and convalescence?
b. What is the relationship between age and convalescence?
c. Is there a significant relationship between age and
convalescence?
d. All of the above
2nd SEM 1st QUIZ

Which of the following statements below is incorrect?

-Data collected in qualitative studies are interpreted
-Qualitative studies explore the meaning of human experience
-When a sample of convenience is chosen, the study is qualitative study
-Qualitative studies explore phenomena
This is a condition in which the identity of individual subjects is not known to researchers. Most human subjects research
requires signed documentation of consent. The safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher cannot link the
participant with the information provided is called:
Anonymity
Which of the following phrases would be found in a report of a quantitative study?
-Data were analyzed and interpreted
-The phenomenon studied was
-Researchers sought to explore the meaning of the hospital experience
-A convenience sample was chosen
Which of the following statement is correct?
-Every researcher has the responsibility to protect participants in a research study including obtaining consent,
ensuring protection from harm, and protecting privacy.
-Legally, informed consent involves three elements; capacity, information, and voluntariness
-All of the statements above are correct
-Informed consent ensures that each participant has a complete understanding of the purpose and methods
used in the study, the risks involved, and the demands of the study.
Research deception involves the non-international representation of facts related to the purpose, nature or
consequences of a study.
False
A code of ethics is an important resource for the decisions that must be made at work. Primary ethical principles include
all of the following except:
Negligence
A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the
competence and the work plan to complete it. Broadly the research proposal must address the following questions
regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose: What you plan to accomplish, why do you want to do
it, and how are you going to do it. Strategies to help prepare a successful proposal include:
Selecting a problem with clinical or theoretical significance
The questionnaire is one of the most widely used tools to collect data, especially in social sciences research. The main
objective of the questionnaire in a study is to obtain relevant information most reliably and validly. Thus the accuracy
and consistency of the survey/ questionnaire form a significant research methodology, known as validity and reliability.
True
This is a technique designed as being especially effective for capturing information about social norms and the variety of
opinions or views within a population.
Face Group Discussion
It is essential to assess the reliability or consistency of an instrument. There are two types of reliability: internal
consistency (e.g., Cronbach’s Alpha) and stability (test-retest)
True
In qualitative research, a researcher must note that the questions should be framed as semi-structured to allow the
respondents to freely provide the answer without the interviewee directly asking or leading the respondents to give the
sought-after answers. Thus, it must not be leading questions but rather thought-provoking questions.
True
The first step in the development of a data collection plan in a quantitative study is?
Identifying and prioritizing data needs
In relation to the major considerations in formulating the research design, this refers to the extent to which various
types of biases are controlled in the study like comparability of subjects, measurement bias, and others.
Internal validity
An IRB is charged with reviewing the research’s purpose and the proposed methodology related to potential risks or
benefits to the participants involved.
True
Which of the following statement is correct?
-Particular care should be taken with participants who are characterized as vulnerable to harm, such as people
with disabilities, children, or older individuals
-The rule of thumb regarding risk factors is when in doubt, ask for permission
-All of the statements above are correct
-The most basic concern in all research is that no individuals is harmed by serving as a participant in a study
In selecting an instrument for a research project, the primary consideration is?
Whether the instrument captures the conceptual meaning of the phenomena of interest
Any breach of integrity during the development, execution, or dissemination of results, whether it be intentional or
unintentional, will seriously weaken or even invalidate a research study.
True
Instrument should be pretested with people who characteristics are similar to those of the eventual study participants.
True
The type of data that is least likely to be used in qualitative studies is?
Bio physiologic measures
One of the factors to consider in protecting the privacy of participants includes the sensitivity of the data in view of the
individual or group being studied.
True
This is referred to as the extent to which an instrument’s content adequately and comprehensively captures the
construct being measured:
Content validity
If a researcher is administering a questionnaire to a highly disadvantaged population, it is sometimes advisable to?
Determine the readability level of the questionnaire
In relation to the major considerations in formulating the research design, this refers to the extent to which the study
results can be generalized to a larger population. It covers issues related to sample selection and sample size.
External validity
Which of the following statement is correct?
-The main objective of a questionnaire in research is to obtain relevant information in the most reliable and valid
manner.
-A questionnaire is one of the most widely used to collect data, especially social science research
-The accuracy and consistency of survey/questionnaire form a significant aspect of research methodology,
known as validity and reliability
-All of the statement above are correct
The use of deception must be carefully considered and justified based on significant prospective, scientific, educational,
or applied value.
True
Phenomenology derives perspectives defined by experience and context, and the benefit of this research is a deeper
and/or broader understanding of these perspectives. To ensure perspectives are revealed, rather than prescribed,
phenomenology avoids abstract concepts.
True
Conducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common qualitative research methods. When conducting qualitative
research, the research must make a commitment to:
Absorption and diligence
A significant advantage of biophysiologic measures is that they are generally sensitive and precise.
True
Institutional review boards(IRBs) assure that no ethical violations occur in any given study.
True
This is a technique designed to elicit a vivid picture of the participant’s perspective on the research topic. It is useful and
effective method to use when the objective is to elicit individual experiences, opinions, feelings as well as when
addressing sensitive topics.
In-Depth Interviews/Key Informant Interviews
A pilot or preliminary study is a small-scale of a complete survey or a pretest for a particular research instrument such as
a questionnaire or interview guide. Saunders et al. (2007) point out the purpose of the pilot test to refine the
questionnaire so that the respondents will have no problems answering the questions, and also, there will be no
problems in recording the data.
True
Informed consent is a voluntary agreement to participate in research. It is not merely a formed that is signed but is a
process, in which the subject has an understanding of the research and its risks. Informed consent is essential before
enrolling a participant and ongoing once enrolled. Informed consent is not obtained when:
The researchers collect information covertly
When vulnerable individuals or groups are considered for recruitment research, researchers and research ethics
committees must ensure that specific protections are in place to safeguard the right and welfare of these individuals and
groups in the conduct of research. Vulnerable subjects would include:
Pediatric clients
Data collection protocols
Specify a standard set of procedures used to collect the research data
Which of the following statement is not correct?
-Information must be presented so it can be completely and fully understood by each participant
-Consent to participate may not be given by an adult, a parent, guardian, or another agent legally authorized to
act on a person’s behalf
-Capacity is a person’s ability to acquire and retain knowledge
-Voluntariness ensures each participant’s ability to exercise the power of free choice without the intervention of
force, fraud, deceit, duress, or other forms of coercion.
Ethical issues in quantitative research focus on protecting individuals who receive an intervention.
True
This is a key feature of quantitative research which involves assigning numbers to objects to represent the amount of an
attribute that is present, using a specified set of rules.
Measurement
Quantitative research focus on the importance of not tampering with the natural setting under study.
False
At what point does a qualitative researcher typically make a lot of decisions about data collection and the research
sample?
While the study is in progress in the field
Which statement best describes qualitative research?
The research design is systematic and subjective
A research protocol ensures that each participant has a complete understanding of the purpose and methods used in
the study, the risks involved, and the demands of the study.
False

2nd SEM 1st term

Concerning the major considerations in formulating the research design, this refers to how various types of biases are
controlled in the study, like comparability of subjects, measurement bias, and others.
a. Comparability
b. Generalizability
c. Internal Validity
d. External Validity
A code of ethics is an essential resource for the decisions that must be made at work. Primary ethical principles include
all of the following except:
a. Respect for human dignity
b. Justice
c. Beneficence
d. Negligence

It consists of six sections: Introduction or Rationale, Statement of the Problem or Purpose and Objectives, Statement of
Null Hypotheses, Scope and Limitations, Significance of the Study, and Definition of Terms.
a. Chapter II
b. Chapter IV
c. Chapter I
d. Chapter III
Concerning the major considerations in formulating the research design, this refers to how the study results can be
generalized to a larger population. It covers issues related to sample selection and sample size.
a. Comparability
b. Internal Validity
c. Generalizability
d. External Validity
The crudest level of measurement is:
a. Ordinal
b. Interval
c. Ratio
d. Nominal
It is a summary of the paper, allowing readers to review the main points and purpose of the paper quickly. It should
include a one-line introduction, objectives, problems, methodology, findings, general conclusion/implication.
a. Dedication
b. Abstract
c. Appendices
d. Acknowledgment
All the following activities occur during the conceptual phase of a study except:
a. Defining a framework
b. Formulating research questions
c. Developing intervention protocols
d. Doing a literature review
When vulnerable individuals or groups are considered for recruitment in research, researchers and research ethics
committees must ensure that specific protections are in place to safeguard these individuals and groups' rights and
welfare in the conduct of research. Vulnerable subjects would include:
a. People who do not speak English
b. Women hospitalized for a mastectomy
c. Pediatric clients
d. Members of a senior citizens group
Degrees such as Associate's, Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctorate correspond to measures on which of the following
scales?
a. Ordinal
b. Nominal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
The aggregate of those to whom a researcher wishes to generalize study results is the:
a. Gatekeepers
b. Sample
c. Population
d. Consumers
This is a crucial feature of quantitative research, which involves assigning numbers to objects to represent the amount of
an attribute present, using a specified set of rules.
a. Statistics
b. Evaluation
c. Table of Specifications
d. Measurement
An infant's birth weight is measured on a:
a. Interval scale
b. Ratio scale
c. Nominal scale
d. Ordinal scale
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Legally, informed Consent involves three elements: capacity, information, and voluntariness
b. Every researcher has the responsibility to protect participants in a research study, including obtaining
Consent, ensuring protection from harm, and protecting the privacy
c. Informed Consent ensures that each participant has a complete understanding of the purpose and methods
used in the study, the risks involved, and the demands of the study
d. All the statements above are correct
This is a sequential listing of all significant parts of the research with corresponding page numbers.
a. Table of Contents
b. Acknowledgment
c. Abstract
d. Dedication
If a researcher is administering a questionnaire to a highly disadvantaged population, it is sometimes advisable to?
a. Determine the readability level of the questionnaire
b. Use mostly open-ended questions in the questionnaire
c. Collect data about the study participants' reactions to the study
d. Pretest the questionnaire with a less disadvantaged sample
This describes the setting of the study and justifies why the study was undertaken in this particular locale. (i.e., particular
conditions relevant to or necessitate the conduct of the study).
a. Significance of the Study
 b. Theoretical / Analytical Framework
c. Definition of Terms
d. Research Environment
Religious affiliation is measured on the:
a. Ratio scale
b. Nominal scale
c. Ordinal scale
d. Interval scale
The measure of variability that takes into account the actual score values is the:
a. Standard deviation
b. Range
c. Median
d. Semiquartile range
Which statement best describes qualitative research?
a. The research design is systematic and subjective
b. Data are collected from a large number of subjects
c. Studies are conducted in laboratory settings
d. Data collected tend to be numeric
In selecting an instrument for a research project, the primary consideration is?
a. Whether the instrument has a good reputation
b. Whether the instrument is familiar to the researcher
c. Whether the instrument captures the conceptual meaning of the phenomena of interest
d. Whether the instrument is costly
This section of the first chapter contains a statement of why the researcher needs to define such terms. Terms must be
alphabetically arranged, italicized, indented, conceptually / and or operationally defined. Definitions must be
appropriately referenced.
a. Significance of the Study
b. Definition of Terms
c. Theoretical / Analytical Framework
d. Scope and Limitation / Scope, Delimitation and Limitation
Informed Consent is a voluntary agreement to participate in research. It is not merely a form that is signed but is a
process in which the subject understands the research and its risks. Informed Consent is essential before enrolling a
participant, and ongoing once enrolled. Informed Consent is not obtained when:
a. The study is determined to be exempt from Institutional Review Board review
b. The researcher collects information covertly
c. The risk/benefit ratio is low
d. The researcher pays a stipend to study participants
Which of the following statements is not correct?
a. Capacity is a person's ability to acquire and retain knowledge
b. Consent to participate may not be given by an adult, a parent, guardian, or another agent legally authorized
to act on a person's behalf
c. Information must be presented so each participant can completely and fully understand it
d. Voluntariness ensures each participant's ability to exercise the power of free choice without the intervention
of force, fraud, deceit, duress, or other forms of coercion
Which of the two variables, the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit or weight in kilograms, uses a higher measurement
level?
a. Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit
b. Both are the same.
c. There is insufficient information to decide.
 d. Weight in kilograms
All of the following are activities that a quantitative researcher might do during the planning phase except:
a. Recruiting subjects for the study
b. Developing methods to control extraneous variables
c. Developing a questionnaire
d. Coding subjects' responses
Research instrumentation involves the use of various tools to gather research data. Which of the following describes the
appropriate use of a checklist?
a. Identifying the acceptable level of performance opposite the observed behavior on a list.
b. Asking another observer if the behavior was similarly observed.
c. Asking the person being observed if he/she mastered the behavior.
d. Giving scores on the behavior observed.
Data collection protocols
a. Vary only marginally from one study to the next
b. Specify a standard set of procedures used to collect the research data
c. Are developed after research staff are trained
d. Are especially important in qualitative research to minimize subjectivity
This part shows the theoretical foundations of the research and how the research should proceed. This part justifies the
rationale for the investigation. It cites the theories on which the study is premised based on the authors' ideas to
establish the relationship among the variables of the study.
a. Definition of Terms
b. Theoretical / Analytical Framework
c. Scope and Limitation / Scope, Delimitation and Limitation
d. Significance of the Study
Keeping a record of the fluid intake, in ounces, of a postsurgical patient is an example of which level of measurement?
a. Interval
b. Ratio
c. Nominal
d. Ordinal
The overall plan for answering the research question is called the:
a. Research design
b. Proposal
c. Problem statement
d. Sampling plan
Which of the following is the final step of the research process?
a. Interpret the findings.
b. Communicate the findings.
c. Analyze the data.
d. Utilize the findings.
In a research report, limitations of the study are typically discussed in the:
a. Methods section
b. Discussion section
c. Results section
d. Introduction
This part presents the list of all references quoted in the construction of the research paper.
a. Dedication
b. References
c. Appendices
d. Abstract
Arrange in correct sequence the following steps of the research process. (Write the letter of the first step up to the last
step.)A. Formulate problem informationB. Review related literature C. Analyze research dataD. Determine research
designE. Make conclusions and recommendation
a. A, B, D, C, E
b. A, B, C, D, E
c. A, E, B, C, D
d. A, D, B, C, E
Which of the following statements below is incorrect?
a. Data collected in qualitative studies are interpreted
b. When a sample of convenience is chosen, the study is qualitative
c. Qualitative studies explore phenomena
d. Qualitative studies explore the meaning of human experience
A researcher's expectations about the outcomes of a quantitative study are generally expressed in the form of a:
a. Hypothesis
b. Framework
c. Conceptual definition
d. Research question
It is not meaningful to calculate an average with data from which of the following?
a. Ordinal measures
b. Nominal and ordinal measures
c. Nominal measures
d. None of the above
The level of measurement that classifies and ranks objects in terms of the degree to which they possess the attribute of
interest is:
a. Nominal
b. Ratio
c. Ordinal
d. Interval
This refers to the data gathering tools (e.g., questionnaires, tests, etc.) used in the study. Herein, the researcher should
discuss who made the instrument, what it measures, how the instrument/s was developed, scored, and interpreted.
a. Research Instruments
b. Research Environment
c. Significance of the Study
d. Definition of Terms
Conducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common qualitative research methods. When conducting qualitative
research, the researcher must commit to:
a. Complexity
b. Contradiction
c. Researcher-driven inquiry
d. Absorption and diligence
Qualitative research reports almost always include:
a. Excerpts from the measuring instruments
b. Evidence of reliability
c. Raw data
d. Statistical analyses
The methods section of a study contains which of the following?
a. The sampling design
b. The names of the statistical tests that are going to be used
c. The discussion including recommendations for future research
 d. The review of the literature
It discusses briefly the method of research used in the study. It also explains why and how the design was used.
a. Significance of the Study
b. Theoretical / Analytical Framework
c. Research Design
d. Definition of Terms
Which of the following phrases would be found in a report of a quantitative study?
a. The phenomenon studied was
b. Researchers sought to explore the meaning of the hospital experience
c. Data were analyzed and interpreted
d. A convenience sample was chosen
Research is one of the roles of a community health nurse in improving the health care delivery system. A community
health nurse conducts a study on the prevalence of COVID-19 infection. What research design is appropriate to utilize in
this study?
a. Phenomenological research design
b. Quasi-experimental research design
c. Descriptive research design
This is a technique designed as being especially useful for capturing information about social norms and the variety of
opinions or views within a population:
a. Face-To-Face Interaction
b. Focus Group Discussion
c. Intrapersonal Communication
d. In-Depth Interviews/Key Informant Interviews
If a variable were measured on a nominal scale, the most appropriate measure of central tendency would be the: A
a. Median
b. Mode
c. They are all equivalent.
d. Mean
A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and have the
competence and the work-plan to complete it. Broadly the research proposal must address the following questions
regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose: What you plan to accomplish, why do you want to do
it, and how are you going to do it. Strategies to help prepare a successful proposal include:
a. Excluding any preliminary work or pilot study
b. Selecting a team with at least seven members
c. Writing what is truly important to you and your staff
d. Selecting a problem with clinical or theoretical significance
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. The main objective of a questionnaire in research is to obtain relevant information in the most reliable and
valid manner
b. All the statements above are correct
c. The accuracy and consistency of survey/questionnaire form a significant aspect of research methodology,
known as validity and reliability
d. A questionnaire is one of the most widely used tools to collect data, especially social science research
At what point does a qualitative researcher typically make many decisions about data collection and the research
sample?
a. While the study is in progress in the field
b. During the development of a research proposal
c. While reviewing the literature
d. After a pilot study has been conducted
This is a condition in which the identity of individual subjects is not known to researchers. Most human subjects'
research requires signed documentation of Consent. The safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher cannot
link the participant with the information provided is called:
a. Confidentiality
b. Informed Consent
c. Anonymity
d. Right to privacy
The measure of central tendency that is most stable is the:
a. They are all equivalent.
b. Mean
c. Median
d. Mode
In a qualitative research report, the thematic analysis of the data would be presented in the:
a. Results section
b. Introduction
c. Methods section
d. Discussion section
At what point does a qualitative researcher typically make many decisions about data collection and the research
sample?
a. While the study is in progress in the field
b. During the development of a research proposal
c. While reviewing the literature
d. After a pilot study has been conducted
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. The rule of thumb regarding risk factors is when in doubt, ask for permission
b. Particular care should be taken with participants who are characterized as vulnerable to harm, such as people
with disabilities, children, or older individuals
c. All the statements above are correct
d. The essential concern in all research is that no individual is harmed by serving as a participant in a study
This chapter presents the data gathered and the information obtained from the study participants, which is in the form
of figures, tables, graphs, and texts. The researchers should discuss the facts of the results and analyses to present its
principles, relationships, differences, and generalization.
a. Chapter IV
b. Chapter III
c. Chapter II
d. Chapter I
The standard deviation is an index of:
a. Variability
b. Skewness
c. Central tendency
d. Bivariate relationships
This is a technique designed to elicit a vivid picture of the participant's perspective on the research topic. It is a useful
and effective method to use when the objective is to elicit individual experiences, opinions, feelings as well as when
addressing sensitive topics:
a. Face-To-Face Interaction
b. In-Depth Interviews/Key Informant Interviews
c. Focus Group Discussion
d. Intrapersonal Communication
A parameter is a characteristic of:
 a. A nominal level measure
b. A site
c. A sample
d. A population
This is referred to as the extent to which an instrument's content adequately and comprehensively captures the
construct being measured:
a. Criterion-related validity
b. Sensitivity
c. Content validity
d. Face validity
The type of data that is least likely to be used in qualitative studies is?
a. Documents and artifacts
b. Self-reports
c. Observational data
d. Biophysiologic measures
Data analysis is to be done, and the nurse researcher wants to include measures of variability. These include the
following EXCEPT:
a. Standard Deviation
b. Variance
c. Range
d. Mean
In a quantitative research report, a review of prior research on the problem under study is most likely to be found in the:
a. Discussion section
b. Introduction
c. Methods section
d. Results section
The first step in the development of a data collection plan in a quantitative study is?
a. Locating existing instruments for key constructs
b. Developing suitable forms for data collection
c. Identifying and prioritizing data needs
d. Pretesting data collection instruments
Which level of measurement permits the researcher to add, subtract, multiply, and divide?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Ratio
d. Interval